EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ

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2 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THESSALONIKI EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Θεσσαλονίκης Νοεμβρίου 2012 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki November 2012 ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή Νίκος Μερούσης Αναστασία Δημουλά EDITORS Evangelia Stefani Nikos Merousis Anastasia Dimoula

3 Γενικός συντονισμός διοργάνωσης Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Επιστημονική Επιτροπή Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Στέλιος Ανδρέου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Νίκος Ευστρατίου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Κώστας Κωτσάκης, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου, Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Οργανωτική Επιτροπή Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αναστασία Δημουλά, Αρχαιολόγος Ουρανία Πάλλη, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αγνή Αποστολίδου, Αρχαιολόγος-Μουσειολόγος ΑΜΘ Αβραάμ Παναγιωτίδης, Πληροφορικός Επιμέλεια Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Νίκος Μερούσης, Αναστασία Δημουλά Coordination Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh Scientific Committee Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh Stelios Andreou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Nikos Efstratiou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Kostas Kotsakis, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou, Professor Emeritus of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Organising Committee Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Anastasia Dimoula, Archaeologist Ourania Palli, Archaeologist AMTh Agni Apostolidou, Archeologist-Museologist AMTh Avraam Panagiotidis, IT Services Editors Evangelia Stefani, Nikos Merousis, Anastasia Dimoula ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ SPONSORS INSTAP Undertaken with the assistance of the Institute of Aegean Prehistory ΙSBN Έκδοση Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Θεσσαλονίκης αρ. 22 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ 2014 Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του ελληνικού νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύπωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετάφραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου. Παραγωγή Production

4 Περιεχόμενα Contents Πρόλογος Foreword... 5 Σημείωμα των επιμελητών Editors' note... 7 Στιγμιότυπα του συνεδρίου Conference snapshots... 9 Συντομογραφίες Abbreviations...21 Οι αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα και το ιστορικό περιεχόμενο της Προϊστορίας Γιώργος Χ. Χουρμουζιάδης Archaeological research in Northern Greece and the historical content of Prehistory Giorgos Ch. Chourmouziadis 23 Η ιστορία της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: ιστορικές και κριτικές προσεγγίσεις The history of prehistoric research in Macedonia: historical and critical approaches Οι αρχές της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία Κατερίνα Ρωμιοπούλου The beginnings of prehistoric research in Macedonia Katerina Romiopoulou 31 Το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης και οι προϊστορικές σπουδές Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the prehistoric studies Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou 37 The contribution of the British School at Athens and its members to a century of prehistoric research in Macedonia Ken Wardle Η συμβολή της Βρετανικής Σχολής Αθηνών και των μελών της σε έναν αιώνα προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία Ken Wardle 45 A century of research in Dikili Tash René Treuil Ένας αιώνας έρευνας στο Ντικιλί Τας René Treuil 57 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 11

5 Η προϊστορική έρευνα στη Θάσο: Στρατής Παπαδόπουλος Νεραντζής Νεραντζής Research on the Prehistory of Thasos: Stratis Papadopoulos Nerantzis Nerantzis 67 Eustratios Pelekidis and the British Salonika Force Museum Aikaterini Kanatselou Andrew Shapland Ο Ευστράτιος Πελεκίδης και η συλλογή της Βρετανικής Δύναμης της Θεσσαλονίκης Αικατερίνη Κανατσέλου Andrew Shapland 91 Το έργο του W.A. Ηeurtley στη Μακεδονία μέσα από το αρχείο της Αρχαιολογικής Υπηρεσίας και της Βρετανικής Αρχαιολογικής Σχολής Μαρία Παππά The work of W.A. Heurtley in Macedonia through the archives of the Greek Archaeological Service and the British School at Athens Maria Pappa 101 Lithics in the Prehistory of Macedonia: historical and methodological approaches Georgia Kourtessi-Philippakis 113 Τα λίθινα στην Προϊστορία της Μακεδονίας: ιστορική και μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση Γεωργία Κουρτέση-Φιλιππάκη Επισκοπήσεις Reviews Η παλαιολιθική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία: σε αναζήτηση της δυναμικής της Νίκος Ευστρατίου Palaeolithic research in Macedonia: in search of its dynamics Nikos Efstratiou 125 Εκατό χρόνια νεολιθικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: τάσεις και κατευθύνσεις Κώστας Κωτσάκης A hundred years of neolithic research in Macedonia: trends and directions Kostas Kotsakis 133 Εκατό χρόνια έρευνας στην Εποχή του Χαλκού της Μακεδονίας: τι άλλαξε; Στέλιος Ανδρέου One hundred years of research in the Bronze Age of Macedonia. What changed? Stelios Andreou ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

6 H αρχαιολογική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου. Απολογισμός και προοπτικές Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη The archaeological research in Early Iron Age Macedonia. Review and perspectives Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 153 Χρονολόγηση Θέσεις και Εποχές Chronology Sites and Eras Νεάντερνταλ στη Μακεδονία Νένα Γαλανίδου Νίκος Ευστρατίου Neanderthals in Macedonia Nena Galanidou Nikos Efstratiou 181 Αναζητώντας την ταυτότητα και τη σπουδαιότητα του σπηλαίου Πετραλώνων για την ελληνική και ευρωπαϊκή Προϊστορία Ανδρέας Ι. Ντάρλας In search of the identity of Petralona cave and its importance for the Greek and European Prehistory Andreas I. Darlas 195 Χρονολόγηση με άνθρακα-14 των μεγάλων πολιτισμικών αλλαγών στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: πρόσφατες εξελίξεις Γιάννης Μανιάτης Radiocarbon dating of the major cultural changes in prehistoric Macedonia: recent developments Yannis Maniatis 205 Intensity of the Earth s magnetic field in prehistoric Macedonia: a multidisciplinary approach for material selection Despoina Kondopoulou Christina Rathossi Elina Aidona Gregory Fanjat Evdokia Tema Konstantinos Efthimiadis Ένταση του μαγνητικού πεδίου της γης στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: μία διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση για την επιλογή του υλικού μελέτης Δέσποινα Κοντοπούλου Χριστίνα Ράθωση Ελίνα Αηδονά Gregory Fanjat Ευδοκία Τέμα Κωνσταντίνος Ευθυμιάδης 223 Περί προϊστορικών θέσεων στη δυτική Μακεδονία: νομοί Κοζάνης και Γρεβενών Γεωργία Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη About prehistoric sites in western Macedonia: prefectures of Kozani and Grevena Georgia Karamitrou-Mentessidi 233 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 13

7 Γεωφυσική έρευνα και αρχαιολογική πραγματικότητα στον νεολιθικό οικισμό Προμαχών-Topolniča Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη Henrieta Todorova Ιωάννης Ασλάνης Ivan Vajsov Μάγδα Βάλλα Geophysical investigation and archaeological reality in the neolithic settlement Promachon-Topolniča Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki Henrieta Todorova Ioannis Aslanis Ivan Vajsov Magda Valla 251 Η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία. Μια συνθετική επαναπροσέγγιση των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων Ιωάννα Μαυροειδή Early Bronze Age in Macedonia. A synthetic re-approach of the archaeological evidence Ioanna Mavroeidi 261 Αρχοντικό Γιαννιτσών, ένας οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου Εύη Παπαδοπούλου 271 Archondiko Giannitson, an Early Bronze Age settlement in Macedonia Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou Evi Papadopoulou Η στρωματογραφική ακολουθία του νότιου τομέα του προϊστορικού οικισμού του Αρχοντικού Γιαννιτσών Δόμνα Ισαακίδου The stratigraphic sequence of the south sector of the prehistoric settlement of Archontiko Giannitson Domna Isaakidou 281 Η Μέση Εποχή Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Ιωάννης Ασλάνης Middle Bronze Age in Macedonia Ioannis Aslanis 291 Η προϊστορική Όλυνθος. Μια τούμπα της Εποχής του Χαλκού ανάμεσα στα Καρπάθια και στο Αιγαίο Barbara Horejs Reinhard Jung Prehistoric Olynthus. Α Bronze Age mound between the Carpathians and the Aegean Barbara Horejs Reinhard Jung 299 Does time stand still in the Aegean? Early Iron Age chronology at Kastanas revisited Stefanos Gimatzidis Σταμάτησε ο χρόνος στο Αιγαίο; Αναθεώρηση της χρονολόγησης της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου στον Καστανά Στέφανος Γιματζίδης ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

8 Ο χώρος και οι νοηματοδοτήσεις του Space and its meanings Settlement and housing during the 6 th millennium BC in western Thessaloniki and the adjacent Langadas province Stavros Kotsos Οικισμός και κατοικία κατά την έκτη χιλιετία π.χ. στη δυτική Θεσσαλονίκη και στην επαρχία Λαγκαδά Σταύρος Κώτσος 315 Ο οικισμός του Κλείτου Κοζάνης στο ευρύτερο φυσικό και ανθρωπογενές περιβάλλον της Νεότερης και Τελικής Νεολιθικής περιόδου Χριστίνα Ζιώτα The settlement of Kleitos Kozanis in its wider natural and anthropogenic environment during the Late and Final Neolithic periods Christina Ziota 323 Αρχιτεκτονικές μορφές της Προϊστορίας στην κοιλάδα του μέσου ρου του Αλιάκμονα Αρετή Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη Architectural forms of Prehistory in the valley along the middle reaches of the Aliakmon river Areti Hondrogianni-Metoki 337 Ενσωματώνοντας το παρελθόν, προσδιορίζοντας το παρόν, νοηματοδοτώντας το μέλλον: αναγνώριση και ερμηνεία πρακτικών δομημένης (εν)απόθεσης στο νεολιθικό οικισμό Αυγής Καστοριάς στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα Γεωργία Στρατούλη Νίκος Κατσικαρίδης Τάσος Μπεκιάρης Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη Integrating the past, determining the present, establishing the future: identification and interpretation of structured deposition at the neolithic settlement of Avgi in Kastoria, Northern Greece Georgia Stratouli Nikos Katsikaridis Tasos Bekiaris Vasiliki Tzevelekidi 349 Αναζητώντας κοινωνικές ταυτότητες: η συμβολή των θερμικών κατασκευών στην οργάνωση του χώρου στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία Εβίτα Καλογηροπούλου In search of social identities: the contribution of thermal structures in the organisation of space in neolithic Macedonia Evita Kalogiropoulou 359 Περίκλειστος κόσμος. Μια συζήτηση για τους περιβόλους στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία με αφορμή το Δισπηλιό Καστοριάς Σταμάτης Χατζητουλούσης Τάσος Σιάνος Γιάννης Σταυριδόπουλος Κοσμάς Τουλούμης Enclosed world: a discussion about enclosures in prehistoric Macedonia based on Dispilio, Kastoria Stamatis Chatzitoulousis Tasos Sianos Giannis Stavridopoulos Kosmas Touloumis 373 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 15

9 Κοινοτικά έργα και μνημειακότητα στους οικισμούς της Μακεδονίας κατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού Ευαγγελία Στεφανή Communal works and monumentality in the settlements of Macedonia during the Late Bronze Age Evangelia Stefani 381 Παλαιοπεριβάλλον - Αρχαιοβοτανική - Ζωοαρχαιολογία Φυσική Ανθρωπολογία Paleoenvironment - Archaeobotany - Zooarchaeology Physical Anthropology Μεταβολές στη βλάστηση της Μακεδονίας κατά το Μέσο Ολόκαινο: ανθρωπογενής επίδραση ή απόκριση στην κλιματική διακύμανση; Κατερίνα Κούλη Vegetation dynamics in Macedonia during the Middle Holocene: human impact versus climate change? Katerina Kouli 401 Η φυσική βλάστηση και οι προϊστορικές κοινότητες της Μακεδονίας. Μια σύνθεση των πληροφοριών της ανθρακολογικής έρευνας Μαρία Ντίνου Natural vegetation and prehistoric communities in Macedonia, Greece. A synthesis of the results of wood charcoal analysis from prehistoric sites Maria Ntinou 409 Φυτά και άνθρωποι στην προϊστορική Βόρεια Ελλάδα. Τα αρχαιοβοτανικά δεδομένα Σουλτάνα-Μαρία Βαλαμώτη 419 Plants and people in prehistoric Northern Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence Soultana-Maria Valamoti Invitation to dinner. Practices of animal consumption and bone deposition at Makriyalos I (Pieria) and Toumba Kremastis Koiladas (Kozani) Vasiliki Tzevelekidi Paul Halstead Valasia Isaakidou Πρόσκληση σε γεύμα. Πρακτικές κατανάλωσης και απόθεσης οστών ζώων στον Μακρύγιαλο Πιερίας και στην Τούμπα Κρεμαστής Κοιλάδας Κοζάνης Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη Paul Halstead Βαλασία Ισαακίδου 425 The vertebrate fauna from a Late Neolithic settlement in eastern Macedonia. Τhe case of Promachon sector - preliminary results George Kazantzis Η σπονδυλωτή πανίδα ενός οικισμού της Νεότερης Νεολιθικής περιόδου στην ανατολική Μακεδονία: η περίπτωση του ελληνικού τομέα του Προμαχώνα αρχικά αποτελέσματα Καζαντζής Γιώργος ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

10 Οι αλιευτικές δραστηριότητες στην Προϊστορία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας: ένα πανόραμα των αρχαιοζωολογικών δεδομένων Τατιάνα Θεοδωροπούλου Fishing activities in the Prehistory of Northern Greece: a panorama of the archaeological evidence Tatiana Theodoropoulou 453 Όψεις της διατροφής και του υλικού πολιτισμού της Νεολιθικής και της Εποχής Χαλκού στην κεντρική Μακεδονία. Μια οστρεοαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση Ρένα Βεροπουλίδου Aspects of Neolithic and Bronze Age diet and material culture in central Macedonia: the evidence from shell analyses Rena Veropoulidou 465 Αρχαίο DNA: εφαρμογές, προοπτικές, περιορισμοί Χριστίνα Παπαγεωργοπούλου Ancient DNA: applications, perspectives, limitations Christina Papageorgopoulou 477 Από τα αντικείμενα στις ιδέες: Τεχνολογίες - Τεχνουργήματα - Επικοινωνία From objects to ideas: Technologies - Artefacts - Communication Lete I. The pottery of a neolithic site in central Macedonia 100 years after Anastasia Dimoula Areti Pentedeka Konstantinos Filis Λητή I. Η κεραμική μίας νεολιθικής θέσης στη Μακεδονία 100 χρόνια μετά Αναστασία Δημουλά Αρετή Πεντεδέκα Κωνσταντίνος Φίλης 491 Pottery and stylistic boundaries. Early and middle neolithic pottery in Macedonia Dushka Urem-Kotsou Anna Papaioannou Trisevgeni Papadakou Niki Saridaki Zoe Intze Κεραμική και στυλιστικά όρια. Η κεραμική της Αρχαιότερης και της Μέσης Νεολιθικής στη Μακεδονία Ντούσκα Ούρεμ-Κώτσου Άννα Παπαϊωάννου Τρισεύγενη Παπαδάκου Νίκη Σαριδάκη Ζωή Ιντζέ 505 Συνταγές υλικών και κεραμική παραγωγή των νεολιθικών οικισμών της ανατολικής Μακεδονίας Παρασκευή Γιούνη Clay recipes and ceramic production of the neolithic settlements in eastern Macedonia Paraskevi Yiouni 519 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 17

11 Ταυτότητες ανθρώπων και διακοσμημένα κεραμικά σκεύη κατά τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα: παραδείγματα από την κεραμική παράδοση «μαύρο σε ερυθρό» Δήμητρα Μαλαμίδου Human identities and decorated clay pots during Late Neolithic in Northern Greece: examples from the "black-on-red" pottery tradition Dimitra Μalamidou 527 Συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες στην κεραμική των πρώιμων φάσεων του νεολιθικού Δισπηλιού Μαρίνα Σωφρονίδου Σαράντης Δημητριάδης Continuity and discontinuity in the pottery of the early phases of neolithic Dispilio Marina Sofronidou Sarantis Dimitriadis 537 Εικόνες και αφηγήσεις από τα διακοσμημένα θραύσματα του Δισπηλιού Ευαγγελία Βούλγαρη Images and narratives from the decorated sherds of neolithic Dispilio Evangelia Voulgari 549 Η κεραμική παράδοση των προχωρημένων φάσεων της Πρώιμης Εποχής Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Γιώργος Δελιόπουλος Ιωάννης Παπαδιάς Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου The pottery tradition during the later phases of the Early Bronze Age in Macedonia Giorgos Deliopoulos Ioannis Papadias Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou 561 Η κατανάλωση της κεραμικής και η ενδοκοινοτική οργάνωση στο τέλος της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία: παρατηρήσεις στη χειροποίητη κεραμική από την Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης Ευαγγελία Βλιώρα Ευαγγελία Κυριατζή Στέλιος Ανδρέου Pottery consumption and intra-site organisation in the end of the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia: observations on the hand-made pottery from Toumba Thessaloniki Evangelia Vliora Evangelia Kiriatzi Stelios Andreou 575 The Late Bronze Age pottery of Macedonia: comparisons with the plain of Korçë Tobias Krapf Κεραμική της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού από τη Μακεδονία: συγκρίσεις με την πεδιάδα της Κορυτσάς Tobias Krapf ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

12 In search of social networks during the Neolithic Period in Macedonia (Νorthern Greece): the case of chipped stone industries Odysseas Kakavakis Αναζητώντας τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα της Νεολιθικής Εποχής στην περιοχή της Μακεδονίας: η περίπτωση του πελεκημένου λίθου Οδυσσέας Κακαβάκης 599 Ο χαλαζίας ως πρώτη ύλη στις λιθοτεχνίες της προϊστορικής Μακεδονίας Ουρανία Πάλλη Quartz as raw material in the chipped stone industries of prehistoric Macedonia Ourania Palli 607 Η λιθοτεχνία του Ηλιότοπου, μιας προϊστορικής θέσης του ανατολικού Λαγκαδά Σοφία Λύχνα Μαρία Χάδου The lithic industries from Iliotopos, a prehistoric site in eastern Langadas Sofia Lychna Maria Chadou 615 «Είμαστε μόνοι τριγυρισμένοι από νεκρές εικόνες». Προβλήματα των νεολιθικών μαρμάρινων ανθρωπόμορφων ειδωλίων με αφορμή παραδείγματα απο την Ημαθία Νίκος Μερούσης "And we re alone surrounded by dead images". Problems of neolithic marble human figurines according to examples from Emathia Nikos Merousis 625 Η αναπαράσταση των ανθρώπων στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία Στράτος Νανόγλου The representation of humans in neolithic Macedonia Stratos Nanoglou 639 Ταξίδια του νεολιθικού Spondylus. Αρχαιολογικές καταδύσεις στα βαθιά νερά της αιγαιακής Προϊστορίας Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου Φώτης Υφαντίδης The journeys of neolithic Spondylus: a chronicle of research in the prehistoric Aegean Marianna Nikolaidou Fotis Ifantidis 645 Η μουσική στις προϊστορικές κοινωνίες. Η περίπτωση του νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού Καστοριάς Χρύσα Τσαγκούλη Music in prehistoric communities. The example of the neolithic settlement at Dispilio of Kastoria Chrysa Tsangouli 661 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 19

13 Μουσειολογία Κοινωνική Αρχαιολογία Museology Social Archaeology Θεωρητική αρχαιολογία και νέα μουσειολογία Δημήτριος Β. Γραμμένος Theoretical archaeology and new museology Dimitrios Grammenos 673 Ευτυχώς, τα στεφάνια μας είναι ακάνθινα Αναστασία Χουρμουζιάδη Thank God, our wreaths bear thornes Anastasia Chourmouziadi 677 Οι αρχαιολόγοι και οι αρχαιο-«λόγοι». Οι ταυτότητες των ερευνητών, οι «λόγοι» και η αναπλαισίωσή τους στην προϊστορική αρχαιολογία της Μακεδονίας Κοσμάς Τουλούμης The archaeologists and the archaeo- logoi. The identities of the scholars, the discourses and their re-contextualization in the prehistoric archaeology of Macedonia Kosmas Touloumis 685 Από τη «Θεά της Παλαιάς Ευρώπης» στην αρχαιολογία του φύλου: η κληρονομιά της Marija Gimbutas Δήμητρα Κοκκινίδου Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου From the Goddess of Old Europe to gender archaeology: the legacy of Marija Gimbutas Dimitra Kokkinidou Marianna Nikolaidou 695 Επίλογος: πού είμαστε τώρα, πού θα είμαστε αύριο Κώστας Κωτσάκης Epilogue: where we stand now, where we will be tomorrow Kostas Kotsakis 707 Κατάλογος συμμετεχόντων List of contributors ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

14 Συντομογραφίες Abbreviations ΑΑΑ ΑΔ ΑΕ ΑΕΜΘ Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών, Αθήνα Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Αθήνα Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς, Αθήνα Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη, Θεσσαλονίκη ΑΕΜΘ 20 χρόνια Π. Αδάμ-Βελένη & Κ. Τζαναβάρη (επιμ.), Επετειακός τόμος, Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 20 χρόνια, Θεσσαλονίκη Αρχαία Μακεδονία ΙΙΙ Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Γ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη Σεπτεμβρίου 1977, Θεσσαλονίκη 1983 Αρχαία Μακεδονία IV Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Δ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη Σεπτεμβρίου 1983, Θεσσαλονίκη 1986 Αρχαία Μακεδονία V Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ε διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη Οκτωβρίου 1989, Θεσσαλονίκη 1993 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VI Ανακοινώσεις κατά το ΣΤ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη Οκτωβρίου 1996, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VII Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ζ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη Οκτωβρίου 2002, Θεσσαλονίκη 2007 ΠΑΕ Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, Αθήνα AJA BAM BAR BSA BCH JAS PPS American Journal of Archaeology, Cambridge, Mass Beiträge zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, Bonn British Archaeological Reports, Oxford The Annual of the British School at Athens, London Bulletin de Correspodance Helénique, Paris Journal of Archaeological Science, Amsterdam Proceedings of Prehistoric Society, Cambridge ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ABBREVIATIONS 21

15 Pottery and stylistic boundaries. Early and middle neolithic pottery in Macedonia Dushka Urem-Kotsou Anna Papaioannou Trisevgeni Papadakou Niki Saridaki Zoe Intze The study of material culture style has a long history in archaeology and has been commonly used to identify ethnic and other types of social identity in the archaeological record. During this extended period the approaches to the concept of style have developed following the general trend of theoretical debates in archaeology. At least since Childe s time stylistic characteristics of pottery and other forms of material culture were used to define archaeological cultures and to correlate them with people. Based on the belief that contrasting patterns of stylistic variation could signal ethnic boundaries, most studies implicitly or explicitly related material culture distribution with people that shared a common cultural concept and ethnic affiliation, thus relating archaeological cultures with ethnic groups. Through the mapping of spatial distribution of stylistically similar forms of material culture archaeologists attempt to track the movement of groups over the landscape and to reconstruct the network of interaction between archaeological cultures. Decades of discussion on the use of style in the study of past societies has resulted in the recognition that the relationship between social groups and material culture is much more complex than the traditional idea of predictable relationships between archaeological cultures and ethnic groups implies. During the 60s and 70s new approaches to style arose, which recognized that material style could be manipulated by people and could serve as a medium of communication. These approaches see style as a symbolic expression that serves to communicate information about identity among individuals and groups 1. In information exchange theory vessel decoration, shape or any other visible attributes constitute emblematic 1. Wobst Wiessner Sackett messages of identity. The concept of pottery style has become synonymous with vessel decoration and surface treatment. Most studies following this approach focused on decorated pottery and on the use of vessels as tools in social strategies, particularly in the information exchange system. Others, who also view material culture as a medium of symbolic expression, focused on the meaning of style emphasizing that material style is historically grounded and contextually defined, and could be actively used in the representation and negotiation of social relationships 2. A growing number of studies shows that style has a broader range of roles and could be related to gender, to individual or group status, or to the cosmological and religious concepts of particular groups 3. It becomes apparent that various aspects of style including decoration could convey various meanings depending on the context in which the objects are used. Through the study of style archaeologists become aware that people create their own social and cultural realities and therefore their identity is not fixed but is liable to change for different reasons, according to the social context and their own interests. The concept of style has been further enriched by the recognition that style is not inherent only in highly visible characteristics such as morphology and decoration, but resides in many aspects of material culture including technology. Lechtman 4 and others have demonstrated that technology has a style of its own, which could exist in every stage of the manufacturing process and thus in every technical feature of the vessels. The concept of technological style is based on 2. Miller Hodder Miller David et al Stark Lechtman A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA 505

16 the notion of technological choices and the idea that there are many different ways to reach similar results 5. While there are more ways of doing things, the choices that potters make are related to the social contexts in which they learn and practice their craft. The study of pottery technology focuses on the manufacturing processes or chaîne opératoire, which include materials used in the manufacturing of the vessels, building, decorating and firing techniques, surface treatments etc 6. It appears that technological style may be stable over long periods of time, particularly certain aspects of the chaîne opératoire such as building techniques 7. Since it often relies on unconscious behaviors achieved through the learning process, technological style could unconsciously express and signal group membership and thus be useful for the study of both the interactions between people and of the social boundaries in the archaeological record 8. Ethnographic research shows, however, that technologies tend to cross-cut ethnic or other social boundaries and that the spatial distribution of technological styles is directly related to the mobility of potters 9. It appears that seasonal or more permanent residential displacement of potters could play a significant role in the dissemination of knowledge and in the creation of pottery microstyles, and therefore in technological variability in a particular region 10. Furthermore, potters may change their style throughout their lifetimes due to various reasons including economic benefits and consumer demands, or as a response to competition that may exist between potters within or between communities 11. Thus, the movement of potters and the interaction among them could be crucial in the formation of stylistic variability in the archaeological record. To this should be added the mobility of the vessels themselves through the exchange networks. It is important to note that the study of style on various levels including macro- and micro-scale could provide different kinds of information. The study of style on the larger scales is more likely to shed light on broader social systems. Nevertheless, within each larger regional system numerous local systems must have existed. It is on the local level that the interaction of people must have been more dynamic, since local people are likely to be more closely economically and socially interdependent 12. Thus, the study of technological style which focuses on a community and inter community level seems to be more useful for understanding the formation of microstyles, while the study of style on a regional and inter regional level will provide information on the interaction of people on a larger scale and will indicate broader social boundaries 13. These studies convincingly demonstrate that technological differences could distinguish ceramic traditions, and also that the vessel shape and decoration as much as the aspects of technology make a particular pottery tradition as such. It seems therefore that pottery style could be more fully understood if the study is based on the concept of chaîne opératoire and includes the morphological, decorative and technological aspects of vessels, while focusing on both the micro- and macro levels. Such an approach is applied in the systematic study of pottery from several neolithic sites in Macedonia, Greece (fig. 1) 14. The study is still in progress, but some of the first results will be included in this paper, which attempts to synthesize the available data related to Early and Middle Neolithic pottery from central and western Macedonia. Distribution of different ceramic traditions will be discussed with the aim of approaching the relationship between early farmers in these regions. The discussion is based on the vessels morphological, technological and decorative characteristics, as well as on the preliminary results of petrographic analysis. It should be stressed that information on pottery style in the regions under study varies in terms of quantity and quality, since very few ceramic assemblages have been fully published. Information on pottery comes mostly from short reports that usually focus on decorated vessels, which allows only a general picture on pottery style to be formed and restricts the discussion mainly to decorated pottery. The early pottery Based on new radiocarbon dates and pottery style at least two phases of the Early Neolithic can be distinguished in central and western Macedonia. The earliest sites, Paliambela Kolindros 15 (central Macedonia) and 5. Lemonnier Lemonnier Gosselain Gosselain Hegmon Gosselain Stark et al Gosselain Dietler & Herbich Gosselain Gosselain 2008, Halstead Dietler & Herbich Gosselain Stark et al The study is carried out within the project THALIS- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Exploitation of resources in the Neolithic Period in Northern Greece. Material culture and environment, project coordinator Prof. K. Kotsakis. 15. Paliambela Kolindros , , , BC (Μανιάτης et al Κωτσάκης & Halstead 2002). 506 DUSHKA UREM-KOTSOU ANNA PAPAIOANNOU TRISEVGENI PAPADAKOU NIKI SARIDAKI ZOE INTZE

17 Fig. 1. Map with Early Neolithic and Middle Neolithic archaeological sites in central and western Macedonia. Phyllotsairi Mavropigis 16 (western Macedonia), place the beginning of the Neolithic in Macedonia in the mid 7 th millennium or slightly earlier. To this phase must belong also the settlements of Revenia 17 and Axos A 18 both in central Macedonia. More detailed information on the earliest pottery comes from Pieria, namely from Paliambela and Revenia. For the other two sites pottery from this period is known only from short reports which provide very general information. Despite the scarcity of information it seems that the earliest pottery from all the sites is monochrome, mainly undecorated with very restricted, if any, occurrence of impresso and painted decoration. A few painted and impresso sherds are found in Paliambela, but in the upper layers of the earliest pits deposits 19 (fig. 2). A similar situation is observed in Revenia, though corresponding deposits have not yet been radiocarbon dated 20. Vessels are well burnished, usually without a slip or less often red-slipped, of small and medium size, and merely open-shaped. 16. Phyllotsairi Mavropigis /50, , BC (Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 2009, 122. Karamitrou-Mendesidi et al. 2013). 17. Μπέσιος et al. 2003a. Μπέσιος & Αδακτύλου Χρυσοστόμου Χρυσοστόμου ΑΔ 51, Χρονικά Β2, Παπαδάκου Παπαδάκου et al Παπαϊωάννου Silva Ούρεμ-Κώτσου et al c. a. Fig. 2. Early decorated pottery (Paliambela Kolindros). a, b.: impresso, c, d: painted decoration. The data for the earliest pottery in the regions under study is too limited to allow for any picture on stylistic distribution to be formed. Although the pottery is probably undecorated in its entirety, it seems however that certain stylistic differences must have existed at least in the colour of the vessels. Judging from two closely located settlements, Paliambela and Revenia, early vessels display colour variability with each settlement showing different preferences in colours (fig. 3). Since the evidence for this period in both settlements in particular, and in Northern Greece in general, is very limited it is b. d. POTTERY AND STYLISTIC BOUNDARIES. EARLY AND MIDDLE NEOLITHIC POTTERY IN MACEDONIA 507

18 PALIAMBELA KOLINDROS REVENIA KORINOS Fig. 3. Early pottery style (Paliambela Kolindros and Revenia Korinos). difficult to postulate as to the possible meaning and role of the colours in the categorization of material culture, which however might have some role to play, at least on a micro-level, as people from these two villages could have been easily distinguished by the colour of their pots. Late Early Neolithic - early Middle Neolithic (approximately /5800 BC) The next Early Neolithic phase covers the end of the 7 th millennium. As significant changes in the material culture that would allow for a conventional, yet clear cut, differentiation between the late Early Neolithic and early Middle Neolithic are not observed, and in the absence of radiocarbon dates and quantitative data, it is difficult to follow this transition. The sites dated to this period are by far more numerous in comparison to the previous one. Red-slipped ware became the characteristic monochrome ware in late Early Neolithic and even more so in Middle Neolithic. Painted pottery seems to dominate among the decorated wares in all the regions. In addition, plastic decoration is found in very small amounts in all the assemblages, while the impresso ware is present in small quantities in all the settlements in the regions under study, with the exception of the sites of the Langadas basin. Based on the available evidence two general trends in painted pottery can be distinguished which loosely form two broad stylistic zones. In the northern part of the regions under study painted pottery consists almost exclusively of white paint on a red slip 21, which is characteristic for the early painted pottery tradition of the Balkans. In contrast to this, in the southern part reddish paint applied on the white/cream surface of the 21. Giannitsa basin: Aksos A and Giannitsa B (Χρυσοστόμου 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, Χρυσοστόμου ΑΔ 51, Χρονικά Β2, Χρυσοστόμου & Χρυσοστόμου 1990). Edessa region: Filotas (Ζιώτα & Μοσχάκης 1999). Mesimeriani Toumba (Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2002a). Apsalos-Komvos also has red-slipped, incised and impresso pottery though no painted decoration is mentioned (Χρυσοστόμου et al Χρυσοστόμου & Γεωργιάδου 2001). 508 DUSHKA UREM-KOTSOU ANNA PAPAIOANNOU TRISEVGENI PAPADAKOU NIKI SARIDAKI ZOE INTZE

19 RITINI AGIOS NIKOLAOS REVENIA KORINOS RODITIS PALIAMBELA Fig. 4. Late Early Neolithic - Early Middle Neolithic. The southern stylistic zone. 5. MIKRI VOLVI LITI III Fig. 5. Langadas Basin: impressed, plastic and incised decoration (Mikri Volvi), painted decoration (Lete III-Komvos Serron). vessels is prevalent 22, resembling the Thessalian pottery 22. Pieria: Paliambela Kolindros (Κωτσάκης & Halstead Παπαδάκου Μανιάτης et al Παπαδάκου et al. 2012), Revenia Korinos (Μπέσιος et al. 2003a. Μπέσιος & Αδακτύλου Παπαϊωάννου Silva Ούρεμ-Κώτσου et al. 2012) and Ritini-Agios Nikolaos (Μπέσιος et al. 2003b. Ιντζέ 2011). In the area of Kozani: Aliakmon valley: Servia-Varytimidis (Ridley & Wardle Ridley et al Wardle & Vlachodimitropoulou 1998), Roditis-Paliambela (Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη 2002, Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη ΑΔ 55, Χρονικά Β2, ), Varemenoi Goulon (Χονδρογιάννη- Μετόκη 1990, 2002, 2009) and Kryovrysi Kranidion (Χονδρογιάννη- Μετόκη 1990, 1992, Ζιώτα & Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη 1993), Kitrini Limni (Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 1987, 1999, 2000, 2005b, Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη ΑΔ 54, Χρονικά Β2, Καραμήτρου- Μεντεσίδη ΑΔ 55, Χρονικά Β2, ), Phyllotsairi (Καραμήτρου- Μεντεσίδη 2005b, 2009). In some sites in the area of Kitrini Limni the characteristic painted pottery may differ, as in Megali Toumba Agios Dimitrios (Φωτιάδης & Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη Καρα- tradition (fig. 4), though white on red is not unknown 23. In addition, a third zone could be clearly distinguished in the aforementioned Langadas basin 24, to the east of Thessaloniki, where painted pottery seems to be relatively scarce, while impresso decoration is entirely absent. Instead, impressed and incised pottery is present (fig. 5). Particularity of the settlements in this area is further reinforced by the shapes of the vessels (fig. 6). μήτρου-μεντεσίδη 2005b). Grevena area (Wilkie Καραμήτρου- Μεντεσίδη ΑΔ 51, Χρονικά Β1, Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 2005a), Kremastos (Τουφεξής Τουφεξής ΑΔ 51, Χρονικά Β1, ), Matsouka Rachi (Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 2005a). 23. Nea Nikomedeia (Youni 1996). 24. Lete III or Komvos Serron (Τζαναβάρη et al. 2002), Lete I (Τζαναβάρη & Φίλης 2002, Dimoula et al. present volume) and Mikri Volvi (Λιούτας & Κώτσος 2006). POTTERY AND STYLISTIC BOUNDARIES. EARLY AND MIDDLE NEOLITHIC POTTERY IN MACEDONIA 509

20 Fig. 6. Langadas Basin: characteristic shapes (Mikri Volvi). Within the northern stylistic zone a certain consistency among settlements concerning decorative motifs of white on red painted wares seems to exist, particularly in regard to the arrangement of the motifs, which very often create complex antithetic compositions 25. In the southern stylistic zone, where the greater number of sites is known, the characteristic red on white/cream painted ware appears to be quite consistent regarding the motifs. However, greater variability is observed between the settlements of this area concerning pottery wares. Thus, at Servia-Varytimidis mottled ware is referred to as the largest decorated category, while red on white/cream is found in smaller amounts. In the settlements of Roditis, Matsouka Rachi and Kremastos black topped vessels (figs 4, 6) exist along with the red on white/cream, while in Nea Nikomedeia, Matsouka Rachi and Phyllotsairi, along with the red on white/cream, a small quantity of the white on red is reported. The impression of the greater variety in the southern zone is further reinforced by the variability in certain aspects of pottery technology. In particular, in manufacturing the characteristic reddish on white/cream painted ware potters attempted to achieve similar aesthetic results in different ways. Thus, in Pieria potters occasionally used a white slip to form a light coloured surface as a background for reddish decoration, instead of the usually preferred calcareous clays which produced light coloured fabrics. The motifs of painted ware tend to be solid, covering large parts of the vessel s surface, and although these underlying concepts are shared throughout the southern stylistic zone, certain variability can be noted in individual settlements or small groups of settlements which form micro-regions (e.g. Pieria). The zones described above are not conceived as closed impermeable systems with uniform and homogenous characteristics that form geographically defined 25. Tasić entities, but as complex and interacting zones. As we have seen, in the settlements of the southern zone where the red on white/cream decoration is dominant, the white on red ware is either absent or is present in small quantities. On the other hand, in the settlements where white on red painted ware is dominant the red on white/cream is scarce but not unknown 26. In addition, within both zones some settlements might have been more isolated or maintained their own expression in pottery style for other reasons. Such settlements appear to be Ksirolimni 27, Drosia 28 and Sosandra 29 the pottery of which seems to display certain local characteristics. During this entire period the vessels are mostly openshaped however close-shaped vessels, with or without neck, are also present for the first time and become more frequent in the Middle Neolithic. In the late Early Neolithic and particularly during the Middle Neolithic more complex shapes appeared such as vessels on a high foot or with multiple legs. Vessels are of small and medium size, with rare perforated lugs and ring or flat bases. It appears that pottery, for a long time after its appearance, was still not regularly used to fulfill everyday needs such as cooking and large scale storage and this is likely to be true also for the early Middle Neolithic. Noticeable is the increase of painted pottery in the Middle Neolithic assemblages, a trend that becomes even more visible in the later phases of this period. Advanced and late Middle Neolithic (5900/ BC) In the later phases of the Middle Neolithic a somewhat different picture emerges. The excavated sites dated to this period are not as numerous as in the previous 26. Χρυσοστόμου Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη Κώτσος Γεωργιάδου DUSHKA UREM-KOTSOU ANNA PAPAIOANNOU TRISEVGENI PAPADAKOU NIKI SARIDAKI ZOE INTZE

21 Fig. 8. Barbotin (Apsalos-Grammi). Fig. 7. Bitumen decoration (Apsalos-Grammi). Bitumen decoration on the close-shaped vessel (middle) as it looks when the material itself is entirely lost. It could be easily mixed up with pattern burnished decoration. The same motif is visible on the internal surface of the bowl (below). one 30, yet it is evident that in late Middle Neolithic pot- 30. To this period belong the following settlements: Apsalos- Grammi in Almopia (Χρυσοστόμου et al Χρυσοστόμου et al Βουζαρά Ούρεμ-Κώτσου et al. in press), Rizari in the area of Edessa (Χρυσοστόμου 2008), and Giannitsa B (Χρυσοστόμου 1993). In the area of Thessaloniki are: Thermi (Παππά et al Pappa Παππά 2008), International Fair of Thessaloniki (Παππά 1993, 1997, Pappa 2007), Vassilika (Γραμμένος 1991) and Stavroupoli (Γραμμένος Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2002b, Ούρεμ-Κώτσου & Γκιούρα 2004). In Pieria is Paliambela Kolindros (Κωτσάκης & Halstead 2002), while in Aliakmon valley are Servia (Heurtley 1939, Ridley & Wardle Ridley et al Wardle & Vlachodimitropoulou 2000), Varemenoi Goulon (Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη 2002, 2009), Kryovrysi Kranidion (Χονδρογιάννη- Μετόκη 1990, 1992, Ζιώτα & Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη 1993), Palla Rachi of Aiani (Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη & Παπαγιαννάκης Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη ΑΔ 51, Χρονικά Β2, Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 2009) and Megalo Nisi Galanis in the Kitrini Limni ters decorated their pots with greater variety. The white on red painted ware is generally decreasing and there must be differences between the settlements regarding this issue. However, the reddish on white/cream painted ware continues to be notably present and perhaps spread over larger areas. New materials for the decoration of the vessels were introduced and novelty in decoration techniques also appeared. In particular, painting with organic material such as tar produced from birch bark, known as bitumen decoration (fig. 7), appeared in the northern part of the regions under study, and is found in the Giannitsa basin (e.g. Giannitsa B) and Aridaia (Apsalos-Grammi) up to the area of Kozani (e.g. Megalo Nisi Galanis). Also, various forms of barbotin decoration have been introduced which however seems to be more common in the northern part (fig. 8, 10.2). Interestingly, motifs in painted decoration might crosscut the regions but could be implemented with differbasin (Fotiadis et al and the references therein). In Kitrini Limni area more Middle Neolithic sites are mentioned, though without specifying early or advanced/late phase (Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 1987). Dispilio, Kastoria (Σωφρονίδου Σωφρονίδου & Δημητριάδης present volume and personal communication). According to radiocarbon dates (Στρατούλη Στρατούλη & Μπεκιάρης 2008) the first phase of Avgi Kastoria also belongs to this period. POTTERY AND STYLISTIC BOUNDARIES. EARLY AND MIDDLE NEOLITHIC POTTERY IN MACEDONIA 511

22 Fig. 9. Red on cream painted ware (Rizari), bitumen decoration (Apsalos-Grammi) Fig white-topped (Stavroupoli), 2. barbotin (Stavroupoli), 3. red on cream with characteristic thessalian flame motif (Paliambela Kolindros), 4. white and bitumen paint on red slip (Varemenoi Goulon) ent materials as the examples from Apsalos and Rizari indicate (fig. 9). It seems that the differences between northern and southern areas continue in this period as well, but the stylistic groups seem to be more readily recognized. Thus, settlements in the Aliakmon valley appear to form a separate group and continue to resemble the Thessalian tradition. Dispilio at Kastoria, with black paint on a cream slip along with barbotin, impresso and incised decoration suggests that in this area settlements might have formed a separate group. This also holds true for Megalo Nisi Galanis in the area of Kozani, which must differ to a certain extent from the aforementioned settlements in the Aliakmon valley and Kastoria. Several settlements in the area of Thessaloniki (Stavroupoli, Thermi, Vassilika and probably the International Fair) also form a separate group with the characteristic white topped ware as a hallmark (fig. 10.1), while further north (Aridaia and to a lesser extent Giannitsa) settlements are distinguished by the characteristic bitumen painted ware. However, particular technological and decorative styles cross-cut the regions such as bitumen, organic material used for black painted decoration, a tradition related to the northern zone, which penetrates well into the south-west and south where, by contrast, inorganic materials had seemingly been preferred for black painted decoration. Also, the coexistence of the previously separated styles in painted pottery has been recognized, such as the combination of white and bitumen painted decoration on the same vessel, but this so far appears to have had a local character (fig. 10.4). Judging from the example of Paliambela some settlements seem to have been more open to interaction. This is supported by the presence of pottery styles in this settlement which are characteristic for all the regions under study including Thessaly (i.e., bitumen, barbotin, red on white/cream and white on red painted ware, white topped etc.) (fig. 10.3). However, the example of Apsalos-Grammi with pottery exclusively painted with bitumen shows that there also must have 512 DUSHKA UREM-KOTSOU ANNA PAPAIOANNOU TRISEVGENI PAPADAKOU NIKI SARIDAKI ZOE INTZE

23 been sites with more local character concerning their pottery style. Changes are also observed in the shapes of the Middle Neolithic vessels, which display greater variability than that of the previous period. Apart from the variety of open-shaped forms, there are also many closeshaped vessels, and a greater variety of sizes. This must be related, to a certain extent, to the changes in the use of pottery to include cooking and long term storage. Summary The aim of this paper was to summarize the state of the knowledge on the Early and Middle Neolithic pottery from central and western Macedonia, Greece, in order to get a better understanding of the pottery of these periods in relation to their producers and users. To this end we have examined all the available evidence on pottery morphology, decoration and technology. It should be stressed that the archaeological investigations in the last two decades uncovered numerous neolithic sites and significantly increased the knowledge on the Neolithic period in Macedonia. In spite of the enormous efforts of the archaeologists to deal with the huge amount of new material and data the information on pottery remains quite limited, while radiocarbon dates for many of the sites are still not available 31. However, some general trends can be observed. Summarizing the observations on pottery style in the earliest phase of the Neolithic it is obvious that the data is insufficient for any general and synthetic propositions. It seems however, that the earliest pottery was not decorated or very few of the vessels were decorated with impresso and painted decoration. Despite the absence or very limited presence of decoration and the relatively few shapes there must have been stylistic differences between the earliest pottery at least in the colour of the vessels that was achieved by deliberate use of different clays and firing techniques 32. In the late Early Neolithic and early Middle Neolithic decorated pottery increased in amount, particularly the painted wares. It is probably not without significance that pottery in that period is still used merely for food consumption. Of some relevance could also be that the number of known sites from this period increased significantly, which might indicate an increase in popula- 31. The completion of the ongoing studies of well dated pottery assemblages will certainly provide new evidence that could change to a certain extent the picture on the ceramic sequences in the regions discussed in this paper. 32. This was also observed in the study of the Early Neolithic pottery from several sites in Thessaly, see Δημουλά tion. Such a phenomenon has already been observed in Thessaly 33. An increase in decorated pottery, particularly of painted vessels, therefore might be related to the role of the vessels in consumption practices and thus in active communication between the increasing population 34. Two general trends can be distinguished in painted pottery, white on red background and the opposite red on white/cream background. Apart from the importance of consumption practices in the social life of early farmers the widespread occurrence of particular pottery styles might also have been related to the greater mobility of potters and probably of the pots itself 35. From this aspect the settlements in the Langadas basin, with their distinguishing pottery style, stand out from the rest in central and western Macedonia. In the late Middle Neolithic stylistic variability among the regions and the settlements is more evident, as is the mixing of decorative styles. Local expressions which linked neighboring settlements in small groups is apparent, but in most of the sites styles from the north and south are present, though in different proportions. Furthermore, some sites appear to have been isolated like Apsalos, while others like Paliambela seem to be quite open to interaction. Greater use-range of pottery is apparent, although vessel use in food consumption practices is still highlighted as the amount of fine wares and the increase in their decoration suggests. In addition to highly visible stylistic characteristics, which form both broader stylistic zones and micro regions, technological choices further add to stylistic variability and form smaller micro-regions. The use of organic tar for bitumen decoration, which is the hallmark of Apsalos-Grammi and is also reported in other contemporaneous sites, such as Giannitsa, Mikro Nisi Galanis, Varemenoi and Paliambela puts forward the issue of the role of the network of exchange as a form of communication for ideas and habits, and the role of the settlements specialised in the production and circulation of particular products 36. Such a discussion begs also for a systematic study of both macroscopic and petrographic analysis of the assemblages from the settlements in Macedonia. Petrographic analysis on pottery, conducted on few sites in 33. Perlès Kotsakis in press. 35. The ongoing petrographic analysis of the pottery of Ritini Agios Nikolaos so far indicates the import of at least one red-slipped vessel. At least two vessels were found to be of off-site origin in Lete I (Dimoula et al. present volume). 36. Apsalos might have been one of the centres where birch bark tar (bitumen) was produced (see Ούρεμ et al. in press, Urem- Kotsou in press). POTTERY AND STYLISTIC BOUNDARIES. EARLY AND MIDDLE NEOLITHIC POTTERY IN MACEDONIA 513