9&lJa: HAEKtpoKivlltO 0Xlllla: to IlEta<.popLKo IlEGO tou 210u alwva.

Transcript

1 9&lJa: HAEKtpoKivlltO 0Xlllla: to IlEta<.popLKo IlEGO tou 210u alwva. ElOllYllTtlc:: K. In vt~a<;, op ll11xavlk0c:, enik. Ka8T1YllTtlc: EMn. Euxaptcrrw KUPlE npoel5pe. KupiE~ Kat KUPIOI ouva I5EACPOI, 8a I:;EKIVTJOW IlE Eva PTlTOPIKO EpWTTllla: TO Tl AEKTPOKiVflTO autokivtlto 8a Eivat TO oxtlila TOU 210u alwvo~; Eival Tl npo8emlllou va anavt!iow a' auto TO EpWTTlf.la, EK8eTOVTa~ OpIOf.leVE~ npoowttlke~ OKeIjJEI~ Kat aiyovta~ 0p1ollEva npol3mllata, Ka8w~ Kal KavovTa~ f.lia aval5pof.ltj auttj Ttl crriylltj, TEXvoAoyia~, no AU ouvomlka, ytati OplollEva ano Ta avtlkeilleva I:;E CPEUYOUV ano Tflv Ell5lKOTTlTa TOU IlTlxavoMyou, ama, EV naoll neplmwoei, omovtal TTl~ YEV1KOTEPTl~ E1151 KOTTlTa~ TOU f.ltlxav1kou 0XTlf.laTwv. H opyavwoll TTl~ Of.llAiae; f.lou aa Eival w~ EI:;TJe;: ea u napl:;elllla IllKPTJ EloaywyiJ, 9a aoxoatl9w EV OuvEXEia IlE Tflv TEXvoAoyia TWV TlAEKTPOKivTlTWV OXTlf.lOTWV E I:;ETa~ovTac:; TpEle; muxec:;, Kupiwe; TOU~ OUOowpEuTee;, TOU~ TlAEKTPOKlVflTlipE~ Kat YEVIKOTEpa Tfl OXEl5iaOll TWV OXTlllaTwv. LE Eva EnOf.lEvO KEcpaAatO 9a 8il:;w 0 plolleva OllIlEia TWV ETtlmWOEWV Tfl~ TEXvoAoyia~ TWV TlAEKTPOKivTlTWV 0XTlIl0Tl.UV. AUTli Eival ilia vea TE XvoAoyia, 01 ETtlmWOEI~ iowe; nomee; cpope~ va I:;E CPEUYOUV ano TO lluam Ila~, EYW npoowttlka OKECPTTl Ka OPIOf.ltVE~ Ttl9avec:; ETtlmWOEle; nou Eival KaMTEpo va TI~ yvwpi~ouf.le nom vwpic:;, napa EK TWV ucrrepwv Kat va npoana90uf.le va avtlf.letwnioouf.le Ta npol3mllota nou aa 15T]f.llOUPyiJoouv. Kal, TtAO~, 9a KaTaM I:;w OE IlEP1KO OUllnEpa0f.laTa Kal npotaoe1c:;. nepiailiiiil LTT]v EtmlYTlOll aut!i EI:;ETa~OVTat 01 npoomtkt~ ETtl KpaTTlOll~ TOU TlAEKTPOKiVTlTOU oxlillato~ W~ f.letacpo P1KOU f.ltoou TOU 210u alwva. AKOAou9w~, napouolo ~ovtal 0PI0f.lEVEC:; ETtlmWoElC:; TTl~ EvI5EXOf.lEVTl~ ETtl KPOTTlOll~ autlie; Tfl~ TEXvoAoyiac:; Kat yivovtal npota OEle; Yla f.lla OAOKAT]PWIlEVTl noattlkti f.letacpopwv Kat E vtpyelae;. 1. EloaYII)Yrl Ano TEXVOAOY1Klic:; onoljjt]~, 0 200~ atwvac:; f.lnopei va xapaktflpto9ei W~ 0 alwvae; TWV 8Eaf.laTlKWV I3EATlw OEWV OAWV TWV f.letacpoplkwv IlEOWV. TouTO IOXUEI Ka- Ta f.lei~ova Myo Yla TO autokivt]to. LTlC:; apxte; TOU atwva ouvunlipxav TPEl~ I5tacpopETl Ktc:; TEXVOAoyiEe;: - atilokivtlta autokivt]ta (40% TOU OUVOAlKOU crro AOU) - T]AEKTPOKivTlTa autokivtlta IlE OUOOWPEUTE~ (38% TOU OUVOAIKOU crroaou) -I3Ev~lvoKivTlm autokivtlm (22% TOU OUVOAtKOU crro- AOU). Ta TlAEKTPOKivT]Ta oxtif.lata KaTEixav f.lla TOOO npovof.llakti aeoll crrt]v TOTE ayopa xaptl crro YEYOVO~ OTt, TOOO Ta atllokivtlta, 000 Kat Ta I3Ev~LVoKivTlTa auto KivT]Ta I:;EKlvouoav /5UoKoAa. )\MWcrrE, Tl ano15ooll TWV T]AEKTPOKivT]TWV OXT]llaTWV 15EV litav EUKaTaCPPOVT] Tfl. To 1900 TJ15T], T] yamiktj ETatpEia T]AEKTPOKivT]TWV OXT1f.\aTWV B.G.S., EiXEOflf.lEIWOEl naykoof.110 PEKOP Ki VflOll~ OE anocrraoll 290 km f.le f.lia f.lovo CPOPTlOll TWV OUOOWPEUTWV av Kat Tl TaXUTT]Ta KiVT]Ofl~ limv, I3tl3ata, nom xaf.ltlm f.le OllIlEptVa KptTTiPla. /::"uo Tuxaia YEyovoTa npokoaeoav TTlV El:;acpavlOll TWV T]/o ano Tfl 151E9vti ayopa: 1. To Henry Ford OPXIOE TT] lla~ikti!310lltlxavlkti napaywyti TOU!3Ev~IVOKivTlTOU Ford T f.le anoteaeolla TTll5pacrrlKTi f.leiwoll Tfl~ Tlf.lti~ nwat]oll~ TOU 0 xtif.lato~ autou. To Ford T EnWAEiTO TO 1909 npoe; $850 Kat TO 1925 npo~ $250, evavtt $ nou EnwAouvTO Ta T]/o. 2. To Charles F. Kettering ECPTlUPE TTlV T]AEKTPI KTJ Ili~a Kat tktote Tl EKKiVT]OTl TWV!3EV~IVOKtVtiTWV autokivtjtwv Timv OXEl5Ov El:;ioou EUKOATl f.le aut!i TWV T]AEKTPOK1VliTWV. Yno TIe; OUv9TiKE~ aute~, TO Tl/O aa EiXE ETtt!3tWOEt f.lo VOV e:av e:ixe: napax9ei f.la~lko OE I3lof.lTlxavlKTi KAif.la Ka Kat f.le: nom xaf.lt]aotepo KOcrro<:;, Ti e:av II epeuva E ni TWV OUOOWPWT<.I>V llaektpiktjc:; e:vepyelae; e:ixe TUXEt Ollf.lavTlKTi~ OlKOVOf.llKlie; unoatijptl:;tl~, aaao auto 15EV ouvtl31100v.

2 24 TEXVlKO XPOVIKO MapT. - AnpiAlOe; '95 TI Inon:hE:<JI-IOTO EivOl yvwota KOI onoteaouv Ta 0Tl I-IUVilKOTEPO npol3adl-lato Tlle; 011I-1EplVr,e; xaVl Kr,e; KOlVWvioe; 1-I0e;: 1. punovoll TOU nepll3aaaovtoe;, 1610iTEPO TWV OOTI KWV neploxwv 2.80puI30e; 3. <patvoi-levo 8epl-loKI1niou 4. OUYKOlVWVIOKr, OUI-I<POP1l KUKAO<pOPIOKa atuxtji-iota Ev I-Ieow autou TOU OKllVlKOU, 11 TExvOAOyio TWV 11/0 E navepx Tal OTO npookr,vio, OUYKEVTpwvouoa ne; EAnioee; TOU KOlVWVIKOU OUVOAOU YIO Tllv EniAuOI1, av 0 XI OAWV, TOUAOXIOTOV TWV npwtwv 6uo ono TO npoova<pep0i-ievo npoi3atu!qto, 6EV Eivol Aiyol 5E autoi 01 onoiol 8EWPOUV OTI TO 11/0 Eivat TO I-IETa<popIKO l-ieoo TOU 210u OlWVO. LTll ouvexelo So E~ETaOW OUVOTlTIKO Tllv KOTaOTaOTl Tlle; TEXvoAoyiae; TWV Tj/o OE OXeOTl I-IE TIe; analtiloele; Kal TIe; <pia050e;iee; 1-I0e;, So EKSeow I-IEplKee; OKeljJEle; OVO<P0PIKOI-IE TO npol3ml-lom Ta onoio ev6exol-levwe; vo 5Tjl-liouPYTjSOUV ono TI1V Eloaywyli Tile; TEXvoAoyiae; TWV 11/0 Kat So KOVW OpIOl-leVEe; npo TOOELe; yla TTjV OKOAouSllTeo noaitiktj, WOTE 11 TEXVO Aoyia TWV 11/0 va I-Illv KaTOAIi~EI VO UPYEi OTI1V KOIVwvio 1-I0e; neploocltepa npol3anl-loto ono OUTO Ta onoio KOAEiTat va EmMoEI. 2. Hn:xvoAovia TWV I1A KTpoKivqTwv 0XIWOTWV O;U.I PO 2.1. IuaawpeulEC; To 0l1l-1aVTlKOTEpO unoouotll1-10 TOU 11/0 Eival 01 ouoowpeutee; llaektpikrie; EvepYEIOe; (I-InoTopiEe;). KOl TOU TO YlaTi EivOl KQl TO TEXVOAOYIKa ooseveotepo OTlIlEio Tile; OAI1e; TEXVOAoyioe; TOU 11/0. H OTlI-IEPIVTJ KOTaOTOOTl Tlle; TEXVOAoyioe; TWV OUOOW PWTWV 5la<popwv Tunwv ouvoljji~etoi OTOV nivoko 1 TOV onoio iEUOE TO U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium [1]. Ano TOV nivoko auto nopa50~we; 0 nouola~ouv 01 OUOowpEUTee; Ni-Cd, UljJTjATl':; an0i5o 011e; I-IE TO ODI-IEpa KPOTOUVTO, 01 onoiol 510TiSEVTOl!3IOIl11xaVIKWe; ano TllV ETOlpeiO SAFT KOl OTI1V EAAO 50 ono Tll repl-lavoe; AEBE. TTJv eaaelljjl1 autd 5uva I-I Sa va avanatjpwoouile ova<pe:poi-ievol OTOV nivoka 2, OTOV onoio ouvoljji~ovtol OTJI-I00IEUl-levO OTOlxe:ia a ve~aptntou E:pyaoTTJplou IlE:TPiloE:wV (Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A.) [2] Yla OIO<pOpOUe; TunoUe; OUOOWPE: UTWV. 'Ol-lwe;, OrtWe; npokutltei KOI ono TOV n[voko 3 [3], 11 nu KVOTllTa E:VepYE:IOe; Kal TOU KOAllTEPOU Tunou ouoowpe:utwv (OEV rtapoyovtat j3101-1i1xovika) E:iV0l13 <popee; IlIKPOTE:PTJ autile; Tlle; l3e:v~ivlle; (l-ieotl TtI-lD 3120 Wh/kg). To anoteae:ol-la OUTO Sa natjoiooe:l TO 1/9.4 OTO Aiov rtpooe:xee; l-ieaaov, OIOTt OTO naoiolo TOU E:Upwna'lKOlJ npoypol-ll-latoe; JOULE, E:m5lWKETOI TJ KaTaOKE:uri ouo OWPEUTWV AISiou E:VEPYEIOKile; nukvotlltoe; 300 Wh/kg KOl UrtaPXouv l3aoll-le:e; EArtiOEe; on 0 OTOXOe; OUTOe; So E:mTe:uxSEi. Eivol Ollwe; npoq>ovee;, on 0 Opol-loe; eivol QKOllll nom 1l0KpUe;. KOI SO anoltllse:i EVTaTtKD npoonose:lo. 'Evo Ileoo l3ev~lvokivtjto OXll1l0 exel OUTOvOl-lia 600 km 1lE: 50 AlTPO l3e:v~ivl1e;, EVW evo 11/0 1-I0Ale; 15 km I-Ie TI1V E:vepYE:la E:VOe; OUOOWPEUTIi l3opoue; 50 kg [3] HAeKTpoKlvl}lilpec; 01 ouykpioe:le; TWV Teooopwv emkpateote:pwv Tunwv I1AEKTpoKlvl1Tilpwv oi50vtoi OTOV nivako 4 [4]. EKToe; autwv, EvolOq>epov napouolo~e:1 Kal Ilia npwtotunl1 npoonaselo TOU KaSI1YI1TIi Hofer ono TO Biellfeld Tile; replloviae; 0 onoioe; exe:i KOTooKe:uooel nelpol-lattko YPOlll-IlKO KlVI1Ti)pO YIO 11/0 (5]. H ouykpiotl eow anol3aivel unep TOU 11/0, 5lClTI 01 ouyxpovoii1ae:ktpokivi1 TDPE:e; exouv l3apoe; 1-I0Ale; 1.1. kg/kw, evavtl3.5 Kg/KW TWV l3ev~lvoklviltilpwv revlkii axe6iaal) lou oxilpaloc; EKTOe; TWV 0lllywe; I1AE:KTPIKWV unoouottjilotwv TOU OxliI-lOTOe;, Ol1l-1aVnKee; npoono8elee; ylvovtat Yla Til I3EATiwOTl Tile; OUVOAIKlie; oxeoiootle; TOU 11/0. To OXl1I-lO OVTIIlE:TWni~ETOl we; eva evloio ouotillla, TO onoio OXEola~ETol E~ opxi)e; En! Til l300el TWV vewv 5E00l-leVWV Kal xwpie; OEOI-IEUOEIe; ono TI1V TEXVOAOYIKIi npaktiktj TWV I3E:V~IVOKivTlTWV OXI1I-1CtTWV. H npooevyiotl autii EIval npo'lov TWV TeAeuToiwv etwv, evw noaatotepa 0 Aee; 01 npoonoselee; neplopi~ovtav OTTlV anaij lleta Tponli unapxovtwv 0Xlll-1aTwV oe TJAeKTpOKivTlTa. :rtll-iavtikii napolletpoe; TOU npoj3aijllotoe; eivol Tl EAaXI OTonoil1OTl TOU l3apoue; TOU al-la~wllatoe; IlE Til XPliOTl npollyl-levwv l-ies65wv OXE5ioOTle; - unoaoylol-iou, aa AO KOI IlE TTl XPTJOTl eaaq>pwv UAlKWV lleyclatje; avtoxlie; (AI ri ouv8eto UAIKO onon:aouile:vo ana PTlTtVee; noaueoteplkee;, l3uvleaootlkee; Ii Eno~EloIKee;, evloxu Ilevee; I-Ie tvee; uaaou, Kel3Aap, av8paka K.An., Ii OKOI-ITl UAIKO OOVTOULTe;). H TEXvoAoyia autii OEV eivol Yea. 'EXEI ano ETWV Tuxel Eq>0PIlOYTJe; OTTlV oeponoplki) 1310 I-ITlxovio Kat XPTJOlIlOnOlE:iTat EniOTle; YIO Tllv KaTaoKEuri TWV aywvlotikwv outoklvi)twv F1. H E~OlKOVOI-ITlOTJ l3apoue; eivat Aiov OTlllovTIKi). Ev5EIKTtKO ovaq>tpw o Tt TO al-la~wlla TTJe; Williams ~uyi~el A1YOTEPO ono TO TJI-IIOU TOU l3apoue; EVOe; Iltoou OOTlYou [6]. 'OI-IWe;, TO UljJTlAO KOOTOe; Kat 0 I-ITl ovakukawoiiloe; xopaktlipae; TOU UAIKOU Eivat OE: apketee; nepltltwoeie; avaotaati Koi napayovtee; Tlle; xplioewe; TOUe;. revlka, Eivat nop05ekto on Tl autovollia TWV TJAe KTPOKivl1TWV oxtji-icltwv EmbEXE:TOl at08tltne; I3EATiwoTJe; OTav TO Tl/o OVTII-IETWm08Ei E:~ opxne; we; eva yeo OUOTTJlla Kat OXEOIOOTE:i xwpie; TIe; 5e:ollE:UOE:le; TTle; TE: XvoAoyioe; TWV I3Ev~lvOKivTJTWV OXTJl-laTWV. Ynopxouv apketa TiTolO nopooe:iyiloto. onwe; TO GM Impact, TO BMW E1, TO lanwvlko IZA K.An. H npwttloilwe; msovij XpnOTl TWV Tl/o Elval we; em130tllya 15lwT1Krie; XpilOTle; OE: ouv8i)kee; noatje; Kat TOUTO YIOTi, ono I-IE:TPrioEle; nou eylvav OE: 51aCPOPE:e; noae:le; (npoypol-ll-la CITELEC TTJe; EOK), 0 l-ieooe; opoe; TWV OIOVUOI-IEVWV XlAIOl-leTpWv TJllE:pTJoIwe; Eival 1-I0Ale; 49 [7,8]. H msavotllto emkpa TI10TJe; TWV Tj/o noatle; we; TOU I-IE:TacpoplKoU I-Itoou OTIe; noae:le; TOU 21 OU OIWVO E~OPTOTOl ono noaaoue; napayovtee;, oue;avel0i-iwe;, OUVExWe;, 000 EmoElvwvETal TJ punovotl TWV OOTIKWV neploxwv. :A.MTJ 5E: EvoMaKn Kri AUOTl EKTOe; ono TO TjAEKTPOKivTJTa I-Ieoo l-ia~ikrie; I-IE:TOq>Opae; Kat Ta I-IIKPO Tl/o noae:we; 5EV OLoq>oivETat

3 MOpT. - AnpiAlo~ '95 TEXV1KO XPOV1KO nivokoc; 1. IUYKP10'l OUOOWPEUTWV 'la.ektpokiv~twv 0X'lJUlTWV [1]. 25 Energy Peak power Energy Self-discharge Cost Battery type (Wh/kg) (W/kg) efficiency (%) Cycle life (% per 48h) (US$/kWh) Acid aqueous solution Lead/acid > Zinc/bromine Alkaline aqueous solution Nickel/hydrogen Nickel/iron Nickel/zinc Aluminuin/air' <50??? Iron/air ? 50 Zinc/air ? 110 Molten salt Sodiumlsulfur Sodium/nickel chloride ? ?? Lithiumliron sulfide ? 110 Solid state Lithiumlcomoposite ? projected data nivokoc; 2. EPYOOT'1PIOKWC; J.lETp'18ivTO XOPOKT'1PIOTlKC ouoowp UTWV [2], Van Battery Description Initial Module Efficiency Range Specific Volumetric Peak Weight Capacity Energy Density Coloumbie Power Energy Life Technology Manufacturer Model (kg) (Ah) (Whlkg) (Whlkg) (%) (Wlkg) (%) (cycles) mi km SodiumlSulfur ABB B l CSPL PB MK Lithium! SAFTo! Monosulfide America Prismatic Zinc/Bromine SEA ZB Nickel/Zinc Electrochemica R&DCel! NickellMetal Hydrine Ovonics C cel! Ovonics Ext. C-cel! Ovonics H Celi Nickel/ Cadmium SAFT STM > NickeVlron Eagle Picher NIF Lead-Acid Sonnenschein 6V B CEVS 3ET Results Of Advanced Battery Technology Evalutations For Electric Vehicle Applications. W.H. Deluca et. al. SAE technical Paper Series

4 26 TEXVlKa XPOVlKa Map,.. - Allpi.AlO~ '95 nivakae; 3. IUYKPIOfl Tile; nukvotfltae; vepyelae; ouoof.tjpeutwv &pevqvfle; [3]. Aoyoc, nukvotaltwv v py lac; Tunoc, nukvotilta vi:py lac, [Wh/Kg] ouoowp UTal P Vz;iVIlC, [-J Pb Ni-Fe 60 1/54 Ni-Zn 80 1/39 Na-S 120 1/27 Li nivakae; 4. IUYKpIOIlIlAeKTpOKlvIlTrlPf.tJV IlA KTPOKivIlTf.tJV 0XllpaTf.tJv [4]. DC Brush Brushless DC Swlthed Performance CrIteria 'TYpe (PM) Reluctance* InductIon Peak EFF (%) < % Load (%) ? Max. RPM 4,000-6,000 4,000-10,000 >15,000 9,000-15,000 Cost/Peak Shaft kw ($/kw) ? 2, Relative Cost of Electronics Ruggedness Good Fair Excellent Excellent 'Limited data available. nivakae; 5. IuppoArl alacpopf.tjv TUnf.tJV 0XllpaTf.tJV OTIl punavoil TOU Bdyiou [10]. B vqvokivl'ita n&tp AaIOKivI'ITa HA KTPOKivI'ITa CO S NOx+HC IWj.laTil>la aj.leall,.ta CO

5 MOpT. - AnpiAloe; '95 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 27 npoe; TO napov. AKoAou8we;, em8uj.lw va ek8eow 0pIOj.levee; OKel/lele; oxetlko j.le ne; emnrwoele; Tile; ev5exoj.levlle; eloaywy~e; Tile; TexvoAoyiae; TWV 11/0 j.lal;iko OTIl 1310j.lllxavlKri j.lae; KOlvwvia. 3. EmnTWO&I~ TIl~ Tf:XvoAovia~ TWV IlA&KTpOKivIlTWV OXllf.lOTWV 3.1. ITqv KOTOVaAUloq &VtPV&IO<; Eivat yeyovoe; a510llqllo13rittjto OTI TO Tl/o noaile; exel tva OllllaVTlKO npoteplllla evavti TOU 8epiliKou oxijllatoe;. 510n 5ev KaravaAioKel evepyela orav eivat a KIVTlTOnOlllllevo npo epu8pou OllllaToMTIl it yevlko oe ouv8itkee; KUKAo<p0plaKne; OUIl<POPIlOlle;. noootlkri anotilllloll autou TOU npotepijllatoe; 5ev eivat euko All, 510n e~aptotat ana ne; ouykekplj.levee; ouv8ijkee; xpijolle; evoe; autoklvijtou. LuvenWe;. analtouvtat e KTETOj.lE:Vee; j.letpijoele; OTIe; ouv8itkee; Iliae; ouykekpij.ltvtle; noaile; OAEe; TIe; o>pee; Tile; TlIlE:pae;. ~Tlj.lOOIEUj.leva OTOlxela <palvetal va 05T1YoUV OTO ouj.lnepaolla 0 TI TI KaTavoAwOll eve:pyelae; avo Km eivat Yla Ta 11/0 nepinou llilioit autije; TOU avtiotoixou 8/0. H OUYKPI Oll autit 5ev Aaj.lj3ovEI unol/lll TO yeyovoe; OTI 11 Taxu Tllra, 11 emtoxuvoll. aam Kal OAEe; 01 ouv8ijkee; avooewe; TOU Tl/o 5ev Eivat ouykpiolj.lee; j.le TOU 8/0. Ta Tl/o npoe; TO napov 5ev 5ta8trouv KAlllanOj.lo. 8epj.latvoj.leva Ka8ioj.laTa Kat unoxpewvouv TOUe; xpitotee; TOUe; va KIVOUVTat j.le IlIKpOTepll TaxUTTlTa. LuvenWe;. EOV EmKparouoav T1youj.lE8a I3paxunpo8eoj.la OE OIlj.laVTlKO neploploilo Tile; KaTavaAIOKOlleVTle; Evepyelae;. MaKponp6eeoj.la, OIlWe;. TO o<peaoe; auto iowe; va j.ltlv an05elx8ei TOOO ollj.lavtlko ITq ~TqoqqA&KTPIK~<; &VtPV&IO<; npokarapktlkte; lleaf:tee; ane:5el~av on 11 Eloaywyri TWV Tl/o Oe j.likpij KAij.laKa 5ev napouoiol;ei 0Tlj.laVTlKO npol3aijllato OTIl l;ijttlolltlaektpikite; evepyelae;. uno TTJV npoun08eoll OTI Ol ouoowpeute:e; 8a <poptil;ovtal ektoe; TWV wpwv aixj.lije;. AUTO. OIlWe;. nauei va loxuei eov 508Ei OTOUe; xpijotee; TWV Tl/o TI 5uvaTOTIlTa Taxeiae; <poptiolle; TWV OUOOWPEUTWV Ola5itnoTE OT1Yllij Tile; llj.lepae;. 01 ota8j.loi Toxeiae; <poptlolle; analtouv eykateottlj.levtlioxu 10 ewe; 300 KW (9). AVE~eAeYKTTI XPitOll evoe; IlEYOAOU apl81l0u EI; autwv Elval 5uvaTov va aul;ijoel Tlll;ijTllOllTlAeKTplKne; Evepyelae; nepa KO 8e npoypaj.lllatloj.lou TTle; ~EH, j.le anoteaeoj.la em:iyouoa ovoykll KaraoKeune; ota81lwv TlAEKTpOnapaywyije; akoll1l Kat nupllvlkou Tunou onep Eivat anoall TWe; avem8ullllto. EniOlle;. 11 KIVTlTlKOTIlTa TWV KaToiKWv TTle; Eupwna"i Kite; KOlVOTllTae; aul;avet Ka811IlEptVO. METa IlEptKee; 5eKaeTiee;. OTav TI autovoj.lia Kiv'lOlle; TWV 11/0 8a EiVat ouykpiolj.lll j.le to 8/0, eva ekatoj.llluplo ToupiOTee; 01 onoiot emokenrovtat j.le 11/0 yettovikit TOUe; xwpa, ivai m8avov va npokaaeoouv TllV KaTappeUOll TOU TI AEKTPIKOU 5lKTUOU Tile;. ektoe; eav j.lexpi TOTe txel npayilatonoltl8ei TO anoautwe; OAOKAllPWj.levo Kal 5taouv5E5EIlE:VO naveupwnalko 5iKTUO ITq pudovoq Kal oro IPOIVOfJ&VO G&PfJOKqmou To Tl/o Eivat oxtlj.la j.l1l5evlkwv EKnOj.lnwv llovo TomKO OTTIV neploxn AelToupyiae; TOU. Eav Yla TTJ <POPTtOll TWV OUOOWPEUTWV XPTlOlilon01Tl8elTlAeKTplKit Evepyela npoepxoj.levti ana 8epIlOTlAeKTpIKOUe; OTa8Iloue;, TO npoj3atlj.la TTle; punavolle; j.leta<pepetal ektoe; noalle;, OTTIV neploxit TOU OTa8j.lou. EVTOUTOle;, Eival EUKOAO TEpO va avtllletwmo8ei TO npoj3atlj.la TTle; punavolle; OE EninE50 TlAEKTponapaywYIKoU EpyoOTaoiou. El;lxA AOU. 01 u5pollaektpikoi. 01 yew8epj.likol Kat OlllAlaKoi OTa81l0l isev punaivouv TOV aepa. LuvenWe;, Ta OUVO AIKa OTOlXEia punavolle; TOU m:pll3aaaovtoe; uno TWV Tl/o El;apTwVTat ano TTJV nooootlaia OUVEIO<pOpO OTa8 j.lwv KcieE Tunou OTTI OUVOAIKit TlAEKTponapaywyij j.llae; xwpae;. revikwe;, OJ.lWe;. napaj.levei aatl8ite; TI islani OTWOTI OTI TO Tl/o npokaaouv j.likpoteptl punavoll TOU aepa Kat j.ltlisevlkij punavoll OTO Xwpo onou KlvouvTal. EI; autou npokurnei OTI TI islmooit TOUe; 8a eivat EUepYETlKit Kat OTOV neploploj.lo TTJe; punavolle;. amo Kal TOU <paivoj.le:vou TOU 8Epj.lOKTlniou. Ta avwtepw OUj.lnEpOOj.laTa EmKupwvovTal Kal ano istlj.looleulleva OTOlXEia j.leaetwv, onwe; n.x. Yla TTJv nepirnwoll TOU BeAyiou [10).!ra avwtepw anotemoj.lata avtlkatontpil;etal TI lis1 altepottlta TOU BeAyiou va XPllOlj.lOnOl i ov8paka j.leylxatle; nepiektikottjtae; OE 8Eio Yla va napoyei TO 24% TTle; KaTavaAIOKOj.leVTle; TlAeKTpIKije; eve:pyelae;. Ka8we; Kal nuptlvikij evepyela Yla TO 62% autije;. YnoAoYlOj.loi Yla TTIV nepirnwoll TTle; EMaiSae; EupioKovTal ev El;e Ail;el. Mia amll nruxij TTle; punavolle; TOU neplj3aaaovtoe; npokurnei ano TTJ punavoll TTJe; em<pavelae; TTle; YTle; 510 EYKaTaAEAelj.lj.leVWV j310j.ltlxavikwv npolovtwv. Au Tij 5ev enllpeal;etat ano TTIV eloaywyij TWV Tl/o uno TTJv npoon6aeoll va EI;aKoAou8rioel TI Ollj.lEPIVij TaOll XPTlOlj.lonoiTlOlle; avakukawolj.lwv UAIKWV KaTaoKeUne; TWV 0XTlj.lOTWV ITov KuKAocpoplaKo cpopto KOI oro KuKAOq»OPIOKO OTU X~fJaTO KaTo TTIV onol/lit j.lou. TI KUKAo<poplaKit OUIl<P0PIlOll 0 <peiaetat OE Tpele;. Kupiwe;. altiee;: 1.!TO neploploj.levo nmtoe; TWV oiswv. 2.!TTlV avoykll e<papj.loyije; opiwv TaxuTTJrae;, wote va ano<peuyovtat Ta atuxrij.lata Kal oe nepirnwoll a Tuxitj.laTOe; va neplopil;ovtol 01 ouvenetee; TOUe;. 3.!TOV akavovloto Tpono oist!yllolle;. 0 onoioc;, ev noa Aoie;, o<peiaetat Kal OTO yeyovot::, OTI Ta 5lo<popa 0 xrij.lata exouv 5la<popeTIKo xapakttlpiotiko anoiso Ollt::,. ea napoj.loial;a TTl poij TTlt::, KUKAo<popiae; j.le OTPOj3IAWiSTI poij peuotou. H avoj.lell;ti, OTO iolo peuj.la KUKAo<popiat::" 0Xllj.loTWV j.le TOOO isla<popetiko xapakttjplotika onwe; Eivat TWV Tl/O Kat TWV 8/0, npo<pavwe; 5ev 8a emalloel TO KUKAO <poplako npoj3afllla, ana-wt::, 8a emteivel TO ij5t1 unop XOV npoj3atlj.la j.letal;u TWV 8/0 5Ia<p0pETlKOU Tunou. ~08E:VTOt::, Ott TO Tl/o eival eva veo npolov. exouj.le TTl 5UVOTOTTlTa va ano<paoiooulle TTl 8eonlOll npoisla

6 28 TeXVtKO XPOVtKO MOpT. - Anpihtoe; '95 ypoq)(.i.lv Ot onoiee; vo i5lenouv TIlV onoi5ooll TWV 11/0. nx-, OhO TO 11/0 va exouv TIlV aut~ lleytotil TaXUTIlTO KOl enttoxuvoil. TeXVlKWe; eivat i5uvotov va enekteivoulle TO IlETPO auto Kal OTa S/O Ile Til /3o~Seta IlAe- KTPOVtKOU ouot~llatoe; eaevxou Tile; Illlxav~e;. AnOTe AeOlla autou TOU Ile.POU 8a eivat 11 KiVIlOIl TWV OXIl IlOTWV we; va eupiokovtal en! Oli5IlPOTPOXlWV, Ile OTa SepTi TOXuTIlTa, xwpie; OUTe evo e~ OUTWV va exel Til i5uvototilto va npoanepcl(jel TO OhAa. H npotaoll i awe; va cpaivetat nom pi~oanaotlkti, amo i5ikatoao Yllllevll ana TOV TepOOTtO aplsllo SUIlOTWV Tile; a 0cpOATOU. To lletpo auto lowe; va entoupei Tllv avtlseoil TWV Ka TOOKeuOOTWV, i510tt 11 anoi5ooll TWV OXIlIlOTWV eivoi TO KaT' e~ox~v nei5io avtaywvloilou TWV npoiovtwv TOUe;. 'OIlWC;, ae; avtaywvto80uv aaa~aoue; neplopi~o VTee; TIlV KOTaVOAWOIl evepyelae; TWV 0XIlIlOTWV TOUe;. EniOlle;, OTO nei5io TWV npoi5laypacpwv aocpaaeiae; U nopxel avoykil Stomolle; unoxpewttkwv npoi51aypacpwv. ilostvtoe; OTt 01 unopxouoee; npoi51oypacpte; i5ev avttlletwnl~ouv TO avacpuolleva npo/3atillato, n.x. U t\lilao peullata ~ Tooele;, njnol ouoowpeutwv entkivi5uvol oe nepimwoil OUYKpOUOIle;, eov i5lappayei TO nepi/3aililo TOUe; Ti eov i5ev eivat OTepeWe; npooi5ei5ellevoloto 0Xlllla. H 8eanlOll i5lesvwv Kat 0XI esvikwv npoi5laypacpwv Sa txel TO npooseto anoteaeolla TOU neploploilou TOU KOOTOUe; nopaywy~e; TWV 11/0. TOUTO i5ev loxuei Yla Ta S/o, 11 i5e /3lOllllxavia em/3apuvetal OllllavTtKO OTllv npoanosela OUllllopcpwoTie; Tile; Ile TIe; i510cpopee; TOnt Kte; npoi5laypacpee;. Mia MAll mux~ Tile; enimwoile; TWV 11/0 OTIlV KUKAOcpoplaKij OUIlCPOPIlOll npoepxetat ana TO yeyovoe; OTt Ta 11/0 eivat KaTO nom anaouotepa TWV S/o. MaKpo XPovla, OTOV TO npo/3alllla TWV ouoowpeutwv So exel enthusei. TO KOOTOe; lla~ik~e; napaywy~c; TWV 11/0 So eivat KaTO noau xallllaotepo TWV avttotoixwv 8/0. ruvenwe;, Sa eival npoom] oe nom euputepa TIl~llaTa Tile; KOIVWvioe;. TeAIKO, Sa npenel va unoaoyi~oulle o Tt 80 cpsooel va avttotolxei eva autokivllto oe KoSe ev~aiko OTOIlO. ektoe; av AIlCPSOUV i5paottko Ile.pa. ruvenwe;, 0 KpanKOe; npoypollllattoiloc; Kat oxei5la OIlOe; ocpeiael va M/3el oo/3apo unot\lll autte; Tte; npoomlkee; ITIl GUlJnepr<popa TOU KaTavaAwT~ Ka8we; i5ev unopxouv llexpl OTtYIl~e; i5lesveie; llpoi5laypacpee; i50kiil~e; Tile; autovolliae; KiVIlOIlC; 1'wv 11/0. 0 KMe KaTaoKeuaOTije; i5ii5el Ta euvoikoj pa YI' autov OToIxeia. AUTO Ta otolxeia nom anexouv ana auto TO onoio Sa i5lamotwoel 0 XP~OTl1e;. Ta npayllattko OTOlxeia e~aptwvtat ana TtC; OuvStlKee; eklletomeuoile; TOU OX~llaTOe;, onwe; n x : 1. Til 1l0PCPOAoyia Tile; neploxtie; KiVIlOlle;, TIe; avwcpepelee; Kal Tte; KOTwcptpelee;. 01 avttotooele; avappi XIlOlle; eivat i5uvatov va npokaaeoouv Tllv ekcpop TIOll TWV ouoowpeutwv nom vwpitepa ana TO a vallevollevo. 2. H ouxv~ lleta/3oaij Tile; TaXUTIlTOe; i5ilaaa~ TJ OUXV~ ekkivtjoll Kat en!toxuvoll TOU oxijllatoe;, ekcpopti~el TOUe; ouoowpeutee; nom vwpitepa ana TO avallevollevo. 3. H aaoyiottj XPijOll TWV /3oIlSTJTlKWV unoouottjilo TWV (Ka8aploTijpwV, SepllavOIle;, pai51okaoetocpw YOU, KAlllaTtOIlOU K.hn.) txouv TO ii5lo anottaeolla KalllelWVOUV apallattko Tllv autovollia TOU 11/0 ele; TO ~IlIOU TOU avallevollevou. n.x. oe lletp~oele; nou eylvav OTO E1 Tile; BMW [11], eupesil (ltlll KaTavo AWOIl evepyelae; Yla TTJV KivTJOIl (oe KUKhO FTP-75) ~TOV 13.3 KW/100 Km Kat Yla Til StPllavOIl ~Tav 8 KWh/100 Km (oe KhlllaToAoYIKee; ouvsijkee; repllavlae;). 01 neploootepol KaTavaAwTee; i5ev eival yvwotee; au TWV TWV yeyovotwv. KOTO Til YVWIlIlIlOU, aev npenel va IOUe; Ta anokput\loulle. 01 neploootepoi ana au TOUe; Sa SeAijoouv va SUOlOOOUV llepoe; Tile; ove~e; TWV npoe; XOPlV TTJe; nolotiltae; ~wije; TOUC; Kal npoe; XOpLY Tile; uyeiae; TOUe;. 'Onwe; eniolle;, i5ev npenel va TOUe; anokpumoulle TTJV aait8ela oxettkolle TIe; emmwoele; Tile; punavoile; OTIlV uyeio TOUe; Kat OTTJV uyeia TWV nat OIWV TOUe;. rttjv neplox~ TOU Los Angeles, eupeetj o Tt 11 XWpTJTtKOTTJTa TWV nveullovwv oplollevwv natolwv ~Tav KaTo 40% IlIKpOTepTJ Tile; lleoile; KaVOVIK~e; Ttlltle;. 0eAW va ntoteuw, OTt KOTW an6 TIe; ouvs~kee; autte;, TO 11/0 ea TlJxel TTJe; anoi5oxije; TWV KaTavaAWTWV we; 0 Xlllla noatje;, nap' OAIl TTJV neploplolltvtj autovollia Ki VIlO~e; TOU. 4. Iu",n&paO",OTo KOI npottl0&1c; Eov Kovoulle ilia KPlTlKij avaapolltl OTO nopeasov e ~eto~ovtee; TOV Tpono Ile TOV onoio avamuxetjkav TO lletacpoplko OUOT~llaTa Tile; KOIVWvioe; Ilae;, npenel va 0IlOAOYtl00ulle OTt TOUTO ouve/3tj KOTa xaotlkov TPOno. ilev un~p~e e~ apxije; ilia OUOTTJllaTIKij a~ioa6yil OIl TWV olacpopwv evaaaakttkwv TeXVOAOYIWV Kat OUoellia ektilllloll TWV nteavwv emmwoewv KoBe Illae; ek TWV TexvOAOYIWV autwv eni Tile; ~Wtle; Ilae; Kat en! TOU nepi/3aaaovtoe; Iloe;. EniOlle;, ouoellia eylve apxi Ktl oktt\lll eni Tile; anattoullevtje; unoaolltle;, Ile anote Aeolla, Tte; neploootepee; cpopee;, 11 unoi5oll~ va ovamuooetoi ek TWV UOTepwv Kal ouvtlewe; nom apyo. BploKollaoTe Twpa OTO OIllleio onou eva ek TWV KUpiwv lletacpoplkwv OUOTTJIlOTWV Ilae; oev eivat naeov avekto. Myw Tlle; punavoile;, TWV KUKAocpoplaKwv a TUXTJIlOTWV. Tile; KUKAOCPOplOKtle; OUIlCPOPTJOIlC; Kat TOU 90pu/3ou, Ta onoia npokaaei Kat OIOTt anelaei Til ~Wtl eni Tile; Ylle; ala TOU cpaivolltvou TOU 8eplloKllniou. 'Exoulle Tllv unoxpewoll va ene~epyaotoulle ilia yea otpatilyiktllletacpopwv, nt9avwe; Ile illy eloaywy~ TJ AeKTpOKlVtlTWV lletacpoplkwv Iltowv, lla~ikwv KOI a TOIlIKWV. oe avtlkatootooil TWV S/o. TOUTO npenel va emi5lwxeei OUOTllllaTIKa Kal Ile KaToMIlAo OUVTOVI OIlO Ile TIlV avtiotolxil evepyelaktl noaitikij Kal noai TlKtllleTacpopwv. 0 puelloe; unokatootaolle; TWV S/o a noil/o nptnel va eival OIOpKWe; uno eaevxo Kat va OUIl /3ai5i~el Ile TIlV evepyelaktl noaltlktl. MAWC;. TO npo /3AtlllaTa Ta onoia ea avakut\louv eo eiva! xelpotepa Kat ana auto TO onoia avtllletwni~oulle ~Ilepa.

7 MapT. - AnpiAlo<; '95 TExvlKa XpovlKa 29 BI~Aloypa!pia 1. Electric Vehicles Progress, Sep. 1, 1992, p Electric Vehicle Progress, Jan. 1, 1993, p Irie N., Fukino M. Horie H.: Nissan FEV, A new Consept Electric Vehicle, 11th Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS-11), Florence, Electric Vehicles Progress, Dec , p K. Hofer: Non-contract Electric Drive for Road Vehicles, EVS-11, Florence, ' Rourke B.P: The use of composite materials in the design and manufacture of Formula 1 racing cars. Proc./nst. Mech. Engrs., Part D, 1990, Vol. 204, p Liccardo M., Maggetto G.: CITELEC: European association of cities interested in electric vehicles, EVS-11, Florence, Valachis P: Feasibility study of the introduction of Electric Battery Driven Vehicles in Athens, Summary presented to the Committee for Transport & Tourism of the European Community, Center for Renewable Energy Sources, Nov Nor J.K.: Charging stations for electric vehicles, EVS 11, Florence, G. Maggetto: Advanced electric drive systems for buses, vans and passenger cars to reduce pollution, EDS Project of the European Community, synthesis report, Oct Scheuerer Klaus, Goubeau Andreas: The BMV E1 A purpose designed electric vehicle, EVS-11, Florence, EuxapIOTW nom. npc,&lipoc; : EuXaPIOTOUI1E TOV KUPIO LneVT~a, 0 TE AEUTaio<; O~.IlATJTriC; TTJC; npwttjc; EVOTTJTac;, eivat 0 KU PIOC; rewpyiou, op IlTJxavIKOC; TWV HAnAn IlE Sella: «HAEKTPOKivTJTO ri SEPI1IKO AEWCPOpeiO OTIC; aotikec; OUYKOlvwviEC;; (Mia OUYKPIOTJ)>>. 0 KUPIOC; rewpyiou e XEI TO AOyO. gepo: HAEKTpoKivnTO neep~lk6 AEOOCPOpEiO OTLC; aotlkec; OUYKOlVOOviEC;; (Mla OIJYKplOn). ElOl1Yl1Tnc;: n. rewpviou, 5p MH, HAnAn. KUPlE npoeope, KupiEC; Kat KUPIOl, H OUYKPIOTJ ouo napollolwv IlETacpoplKwV Ileowv TOU TJAEKTPOKlvTJTOU AEWCPOpeiou (TpOAEf) Kat TOU SEPIlI KOU AEWCPOpeiou Eivat Ilia OUOKOATJ oouaela Kal npenel va yivetol npooektika xwpic; IlEYGAEC; YEVlKEUOElC; Kat Aall!3avovTOC; unoljjtj navtote akollll Kat TtC; IllKpec; Oiacpopec; nou unapxouv IlETa!;U TWV Olacpopwv noaewv KOL IlETO!;U TWV Oiacpopwv aotlkwv OlKTUWV ouykolvwviac;. LE YEVlKec; YPOllllec; IlnOPOUIlE va napottjprioouile o Tt TO TJAeKTpOK1VTJTO AEWCPOpeiO eivat eva 0XTJl1a IlE E E;atpETIKa naeovektrillata Kat I1E oplolleva IlEIOVE KTf)llaTa. MeTO!;U TWV!300lKWV naeovektrlllgtwv TOU eivat TJ IlTJ 1l0AUVOTJ TOU nepl!3aaaovtoc;, TJ XOllllM OTGeIlTJ Sopu!3ou TOU Kat 11 unap!;ll evoc; OTt!3apou KIVTJTripa, nou ovamuooei Ilia OllllOVTtKri MvallTJ ea!;llc; xwpic; va xpelg~etat noam OUVTf)PTJOTJ. H XPTJOlIlOnoiTJoTJ TTJC;