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1 (Bulletin of FFPRI) Vol.11 No.4 (No.45) December 01 1)* ) Prediction of pollen reduction using selected less pollen variety of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) propagated by clonal cuttings and open pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchards Satoshi TAMAKI 1)* and Susumu KURINOBU ) Abstract To evaluate the effect of selection for less pollen Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) for alleviating the social problem of pollinosis, reduction in pollen productivity was predicted in two ways; direct selection assuming a vegetative propagation of the selected clone and indirect selection assuming seedling production from an orchard of the selection. Abundance of male flowering was evaluated individually with a subjective five grade scores from 1 to 5 and then the plot means were calculated for the subsequent analysis. The measurement was done at 3 clone banks, clonal tests and 5 open pollinated progeny tests in the Kansai Breeding Region. This region was divided into three sub-regions, thus the data analysis was done by each sub-region. Repeatability of clonal mean ranged from 0.47 to 0.64, and family mean heritability were 0.43 to 0.8. Parent-offspring correlation was These results suggest that the male flowering ability of Sugi was under the strong genetic control. Genetic gain by direct selection of less pollen clone was on the five grade scoring scale, and the gain by indirect selection was Then the gains were converted to the male flower weight by the published quadratic regression equation. The use of clonal cuttings of less pollen Sugi would reduce pollen production around.3-5.% to those of unselected Sugi, whereas the use of progeny of the selection would reduce around %. Key words : male flowering ability, indirect selection, genetic gain, pollinosis, heritability ( ) ~ Received 8 February Accepted 3 August 01 1) Touhoku Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) ) Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) * Touhoku Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 95 Oosaki, Azatakizawa, Takizawa, Iwate-gun, Iwate , Japan, tamakis@affrc.go.jp

2 198 TAMAKI, S. and KURINOBU, S. 1. (Ozasa et.al 00) 1) ( ) ) ( 005, 009) 3) ( 1999) ) ) 131 ( 010) ( 007) ( 1993, 1996) ( 1993, 006) ( 1996) ( 1996) ( 001) (X) (Y) (Correlated Response Falconer and Mackay 1996) ( ) (Table 1) ( 00) (1994) , 01

3 Prediction of pollen reduction using selected less pollen variety of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) propagated by clonal cuttings and open pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchards 199 Table 1 Table 1 Description of the sites used in testing of male flowering characteristic. Region Site Established year Experimental Design Propagation Number of Strain Location Altitude m RP C Japan Sea coast RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD P RP C Kinki and Setouchi RBD C Districts RBD C P C1 P RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD P RP C Sikoku island RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD C RBD P RBD P RP, ; RBD, ; C, ; P, RP, Row Plot; RBD, Randomized Block Design; C, Clonal cuttings; P, Progenies. x ijkl = μ + s i + r(s) ij + y(s) ik + c l + (c s) il + ε ijkl (1) x ijkl i j k l μ s i r(s) ij y(s) ik cl (c s) il ε ijkl i i j i k l l i GE (1) (h x ) h x = σ c (σ c + σ cs s + σ e rsy) () σ c σ cs GE σ e s r y x ijk = μ + r i + y j + f k + ε ijk (3) x ijk i j k μ r i y j f k ε ijk i j k (σ f ) GE GE (σ f ) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.4, 01

4 00 TAMAKI, S. and KURINOBU, S. GE (σ f ) GE (σ f s ) (σ f ) GE (h y ) h y = σ f (σ f + σ f s s + σ e ry) (4) σ f σ f s GE SAS GLM (x) (y) r x,y = cov(x,y) ( σ x σ y ) 1/ (5) (Adams et. al 001) (5) (r x,y ) (x) (y) (Burdon 1977) r gx,y = r x,y (h x h y ) (6) h x h y (ΔG x ) ΔG x i h x σ Px (7) i h x σ Px (ΔG y ) (x) (y) (Falconer and Mackay 1996) ΔG y = i h x h y r gx,y σ Py (8) i h x h y σ Py (P x ) (P y ) P x = μ x ΔG x (9) P y = μ y ΔG y (10) μ x ΔG x μ y ΔG y μ x μ y 3 (006) (Y) (006) (α) 5 (β) r = 0.93 α = 1.06β 1.0 (11) (11) Y = 64.14(P 1) (P 1) (1) P (9) P x (10) P y P x Y x P y Y y 3. Table , 01

5 Prediction of pollen reduction using selected less pollen variety of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) propagated by clonal cuttings and open pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchards 01 Table Table Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of male flowering scores. Region Mean clonal cuttings σ Px Coefficient of variation C.V.(%) Mean Progenies σ Py Coefficient of variation C.V.(%) Japan Sea coast Kinki and Setouchi districts Sikoku island All regions σ Px, ; σ Py, σ Px, Standard deviation based on variation among clonal means; σ Py, Standard deviation based on variation among family means. (1) Table 3 (p < 0.01) GE (p < 0.01) GE (Table 1) ( 1993) GE () Table 4 (p < 0.01) σ f σ f s (h x ) (Table 3) (h y ) (Table 4) ( 1993, 1996) ( 001) Table 5 (5) 0.41 (6) (1993) 0.53 (1998) (003) (ΔG x ) (ΔG y ) (P x ) (P y ) (Table 5) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.4, 01

6 0 TAMAKI, S. and KURINOBU, S. Table 3 Table 3 ANOVA results for male flowering scores of clonal cuttings, percentages of variance components and repeatability of clonal means. Source of variation Between clones Between sites Between blocks within sites Between years within sites GE Interaction between clones and sites Error Japan Sea coast Kinki and Setouchi districts Sikoku island df MS VC h x df MS VC h x Df MS VC h x (%) (%) (%) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ns df, ; MS, ; VC, ; h x, ; **, p 0.01; ns, p df, degree of freedom; MS, mean square; VC, percentages of variance component; h x, repeatability of clonal means; **, p 0.01; ns, p 0.05 ANOVA was calculated by the linear model of eq.(1).a Table 4 Table 4 ANOVA results for male flowering scores of progenies, percentages of variance components and family mean heritabilities. df MS VC σ f' σ f's Region Site Source of variation % % % h y Family ** Japan Sea coast Year ns 0.3 Block.75 ** 10.6 Error Family ** Kinki and Setouti districts Year ** 51.5 Block 0.34 * 1.4 Error Family ** Mean Year 5.81 ** 13.7 Block ** 8.1 Error Family ** Sikoku island Year ** 79.0 Block 0.83 ** 1.1 Error Family ** Year ** 76.3 Block 0.67 * 0.8 Error Mean df, ; MS, ; VC, ; σ f', ; σ f's, GE ; h y, ; **, p 0.01; *, p 0.05; ns, p GE σ f σ f' σ f's df, degree of freedom; MS, mean square; VC, percentages of variance component; σ f', variance component of family means; σ f's, variance component of GE interaction; h y, family mean heritability; **, p 0.01; *, p 0.05; ns, p ANOVA was calculated by the linear model of eq.(3). σ f' and σ f's were calculated by the ratio of variance component of clonal means and that of GE interaction from ANOVA result of the linear model of eq.(1) , 01

7 Prediction of pollen reduction using selected less pollen variety of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) propagated by clonal cuttings and open pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchards g g g (P x ) (Y x ) 3.7g 11.7g (P y ) (Y y ) g (006) 3 3 8~53 37~70 ( 5 ) Table 5 Table 5 Intensity of selection of less pollen variety of Sugi, phenotypic and genetic correlation of offspring and one parent, genetic gain and predicted value of male flowering scores and male flower weights from response to selection. Population mean Clonal cuttings Predicted values from response to selection Population mean Progenies Predicted values from response to selection Region i r x,y r gx,y μ x Weight ΔG x P x Y x Ratio of Y x / mean μ y Weight ΔG y P y Y y Ratio of Y y / mean g g % g g % Japan Sea coast Kinki and Setouti 1.67 districts Sikoku island All regions i, ; r x,y, ; r gx,y, ; μ x, ; ΔG x, ; P x, ; Y x, P x ; μ y, ; ΔG y, ; P y, ; Y y, P y P x 9 P y i, intensity of selection of the less pollen variety of Sugi which is calculated from the proportion of the population included in the selected group; r x,y, phenotypic correlation of offspring and one parent; r gx,y, genetic correlation of offspring and one parent; μ x, population mean of the male flowering scores of clonal cuttings; ΔG x, genetic gain of direct selection of clone; P x, predicted male flowering score of selected clones; Y x, converted value of P x to male flower weight; μ y, population mean of the male flowering scores of progenies; ΔG y, genetic gain of indirect selection of family; P y, predicted male flowering score of selected families; Y y, converted value of P y to male flower weight. P x was calculated by eq.(9) and P y was calculated by eq.(10). Conversion from the male flowering scores to the male flower weight was performed by eq.(1). Since progeny test sites per region were few, population mean of male flowering scores of progenies were calculated with pooled data of 3 regions. Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.4, 01

8 04 TAMAKI, S. and KURINOBU, S. ( 007, 010) (Namkoong 1966) GE GE (Kleinschmit 1979) GE (Table ) (Table 3 4) (Table 5) ( 009, 010) ( 009) Adams, W. T., Aitken, S. N., Joyce, D. G., Howe, G. T. and Vargas-Hernandez, J. (001) Evaluating efficacy of early testing for stem growth in coastal Douglas-fir. Silvae Genet, 50(3 4), Burdon, R.D. (1977) Genetic correlation as a concept for studying genotype-environment interaction in forest tree breeding. Silvae Genetica 6, (001). 001, (003)., 85, (006)., 1, 1-5. Falconer, D. S. and Mackay, T. F. C. (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th edn. 11 4, 01

9 Prediction of pollen reduction using selected less pollen variety of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) propagated by clonal cuttings and open pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchards 05 Addison Wesley Longman Limited, UK, 464pp. (1999) Cry j 1., 45 (1), (007). 007, 1-3. (010)., 9, Kleinschmit, J. (1979) Limitations for restriction of the genetic variation. Silvae genet, 8(-3), (1993)., 7, (010). 010, Namkoong, G., Snyder, E. B. and Stonecypher, R. W. (1966) Heritability and gain concepts for evaluating breeding systems such as seedling orchards. Silvae Genet, 15, Ozasa, K., Dejima, K. and Takenaka, H. (00) Prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis among schoolchildren in Japan. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol, 18, (010) 1., 174pp. (1994) (00)., 308pp. (009) 0 ( 18 0 )., 13pp. (005)., 87, (009)., 91, (1998)., 109, (1996)., 14, (007)., 5, (1993)., 104, Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.4, 01