ΕΝΤΥΠΟ ΥΠΟΒΟΛΗΣ ΕΝ ΙΑΜΕΣΗΣ ΕΚΘΕΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΟ ΟΥ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΟΥ ΕΡΓΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΕΣΜΗΣ

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1 ΕΝΤΥΠΟ ΥΠΟΒΟΛΗΣ ΕΝ ΙΑΜΕΣΗΣ ΕΚΘΕΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΟ ΟΥ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΟΥ ΕΡΓΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΕΣΜΗΣ INTERIM PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS FUNDED BY DESMI ΤΙΤΛΟΣ ΕΡΓΟΥ PROJECT TITLE ΑΝΑ ΟΧΟΣ ΦΟΡΕΑΣ HOST ORGANISATION ΣΥΝΤΟΝΙΣΤΗΣ ΕΡΓΟΥ PROJECT COORDINATOR Design and Implementation of a Novel Wireless Receiver Chain Using Metamaterial Quad Band Devices 1

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3 Ο ΗΓΙΕΣ ΥΠΟΒΟΛΗΣ ΕΝ ΙΑΜΕΣΗΣ ΕΚΘΕΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΟ ΟΥ / INTERIM REPORT SUBMISSION GUIDELINES Η Ενδιάµεση Έκθεση υποβάλλεται σε ηλεκτρονική και έντυπη µορφή (σε δύο δεµένα αντίγραφα), το αργότερο δύο µήνες µετά την ηµεροµηνία λήξης του Έργου. Η Ενδιάµεση Έκθεση περιλαµβάνει τρία µέρη: The Interim Report is submitted in electronic and print format (in two bound copies), within two months of the Project s completion date, at the latest. The Interim Report comprises of the following three parts: ΜΕΡΟΣ Α / PART A - Ενδιάµεση Έκθεση Προόδου / Interim Progress Report Α.1. Γενικά Στοιχεία Έργου / General Project Information Α.. Περίληψη / Abstract Α.3. Υλοποίηση Έργου / Project Implementation Α.4. Πίνακας εσµών Εργασίας / Work Packages Table ΜΕΡΟΣ Β / PART B Παραρτήµατα / Annexes Β.1. Παράρτηµα Β1 - Παραδοτέα του Έργου / Annex B1 Project Deliverables Β.. Παράρτηµα Β - Άλλες Πληροφορίες / Annex B - Other Information ΜΕΡΟΣ Γ / PART C - Ενδιάµεση Έκθεση Οικονοµικών Πεπραγµένων / Interim Financial Report Η Ενδιάµεση Έκθεση Οικονοµικών Πεπραγµένων υποβάλλεται σε ξεχωριστό ειδικό έντυπο που είναι διαθέσιµο στον ιστοχώρο του Ιδρύµατος Προώθησης Έρευνας σε µορφή αρχείου Excel. The Interim Financial Report is submitted in a separate form in excel format available on the Research Promotion Foundation s website. 3

4 Μ Ε Ρ Ο Σ Α / P A R T A Α.1. ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΕΡΓΟΥ / GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION Πρόγραµµα Programme ράση Action Αριθµός Πρωτοκόλλου Έργου Project Protocol Number Τίτλος Έργου Project Title Ανάδοχος Φορέας Host Organisation INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Communication Technologies Design and Implementation of a Novel Wireless Receiver Chain Using Metamaterial Quad Band Συντονιστής Έργου Project Coordinator Ηµεροµηνία Έναρξης Έργου Project Starting Date Ηµεροµηνία Λήξης Έργου Project Completion Date Ηµεροµηνία Υποβολής Έκθεσης Report Submission Date Εγκεκριµένη Επιχορήγηση Approved Funding Ποσό που καταβλήθηκε από το ΙΠΕ (µέχρι στιγµής) Funding Received from RPF (so far) Ποσό που δαπανήθηκε (µέχρι στιγµής) Actual Expenses Incurred (so far)... ΕΥΡΩ / EUR ΕΥΡΩ / EUR... ΕΥΡΩ / EUR 4

5 Στοιχεία Επικοινωνίας Συντονιστή Έργου / Project Coordinator s Contact Information ιεύθυνση Address Τηλέφωνα Telephone No. Τηλεοµοιότυπο Fax No. Ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδροµείο address Α.. ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ (µέχρι 500 λέξεις σε κάθε γλώσσα) / ABSTRACT (up to 500 words in each language) Σύντοµη περιγραφή της πορείας υλοποίησης του Έργου. Να δίνεται τόσο στα ελληνικά όσο και στα αγγλικά. Short description of Project implementation. Should be provided both in Greek and English. In the first half period of the project, all the deliverables set out in the project proposal have been met. Multiband systems (electronic systems that use more than one portions of the electromagnetic spectrum at the same time, for their operation) are in use today in a large number of commercial, scientific and military applications. Such applications include satellite communications, radiometers, scatterometers, and radar for commercial, scientific and military end- users. In these applications, the use of multiple frequencies enables the simultaneous access to bandwidths or gathering of additional data sets for the analysis of natural or man-made targets. Other applications are in mobile telephony, wi-fi and GPS for commercial applications where the combined functionality is needed in the next generation of handheld devices. Currently, the multiband capability is achieved by using subsystem blocks, each designed to operate at a single frequency band. Thus in a multiband system, there is redundant hardware that increases the cost, weight and complexity of such systems. The main objective of this project is the design, development and fabrication of passive quad-band components using metamaterial technology which can ultimately be used in a multiband system. Another goal is to establish a design methodology for the realization of quad-band devices which is essential to the spread of this technology as well as a way to build fully printed metamaterial unit cells. We have proposed the design of a branch-line coupler which forms an integral part of other subsystem blocks such as mixers, amplifiers and phase shifters. A quad-band antenna is also proposed that will serve as the interface between the received electromagnetic wave and the quad-band system. These parts will then be integrated to form an RF system chain and an analysis of the performance of the fabricated RF chain will follow. During the course of this project, some of the goals have already been achieved, while work will begin to accomplish the rests shortly. In short, the design methodology for the realization of the unit cells has been developed and unit cells using this theory have been designed, which will form the building blocks for the devices that will be constructed subsequently. The work on the mixer, the antenna and the integration will be completed during the next 5

6 half of the project. We anticipate that the resulting work will prove that true multiband systems are achievable using metamaterial technology and our estimation is that hardware savings will result which can be translated into cost savings through size and complexity reduction. It is expected that dissemination of the findings will primarily be done through publications in well respected journals and through participation in major conferences in the field. The project is on course to meet future deliverables, and no problems with progress have been encountered so far. Κατά τη διάρκεια του πρώτου µισού του έργου, όλα τα παραδοτέα έχουν ολοκληρωθεί σύµφωνα µε την αντίστοιχη ερευνητική πρόταση. Συστήµατα που λειτουργούν σε πολλαπλές συχνότητες, χρησιµοποιούνται σήµερα σε ένα µεγάλο αριθµό εµπορικών, επιστηµονικών και στρατιωτικών εφαρµογών. Οι εφαρµογές αυτές περιλαµβάνουν δορυφορικές επικοινωνίες, συστήµατα ραδιοµέτρησης και µέτρησης διάχυσης και συστήµατα ραντάρ. Σε αυτές τις εφαρµογές, η χρήση πολλαπλών συχνοτήτων επιτρέπει ταυτόχρονες προσβάσεις σε ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες ή συλλογή επιπλέον δεδοµένων για ανάλυση φυσικών ή τεχνιτών στόχων. Άλλες εφαρµογές περιλαµβάνουν την κινητή τηλεφωνία, wifi και GPS για εµπορικές χρήσεις, όπου η ταυτόχρονη χρήση υπηρεσιών είναι απαραίτητη στις µελλοντικές συσκευές. Σήµερα, η χρήση πολλαπλών συχνοτήτων επιτυγχάνεται µε τη χρήση ενός υποσυστήµατος για κάθε συχνότητα άρα σε τέτοιες συσκευές υπάρχει µεγαλύτερη χρήση εξαρτηµάτων που αυξάνει το κόστος, το βάρος και την πολυπλοκότητα του συστήµατος. Ο κύριος στόχος αυτού του έργου είναι ο σχεδιασµός, η ανάπτυξη και η κατασκευή υποσυστηµάτων τετραπλών συχνοτήτων µε τη χρήση τεχνολογίας µεταυλικών που βρίσκουν εφαρµογή σε συστήµατα πολλαπλών συχνοτήτων. Επίσης, η ανάπτυξη µεθοδολογίας σχεδιασµού για την υλοποίηση τέτοιων υποσυστηµάτων τετραπλών συχνοτήτων που είναι απαραίτητη για τη διάχυση της τεχνολογίας αυτής ως µέσου σχεδιασµού µεταυλικών. Προτείναµε την ανάπτυξη ενός Branch-Line coupler που αποτελεί συστατικό στοιχείο άλλων υποσυστηµάτων όπως π.χ. µείκτες, ενισχυτές και µετατροπείς φάσης. Επίσης προτείναµε την ανάπτυξη αντένας τετραπλών συχνοτήτων που θα χρησιµεύσει ως διεπαφή µεταξύ του εισερχόµενου ηλεκτροµαγνητικού κύµατος και του συστήµατος τεσσάρων συχνοτήτων. Αυτά τα στοιχεία, όταν ολοκληρωθούν σε µια λειτουργική αλυσίδα θα αναλυθούν ως σύνολο. Σε αυτό το έργο, κάποιοι από τους πιο πάνω στόχου έχουν ήδη ολοκληρωθεί, ενώ εργασία για τους υπόλοιπους θα ξεκινήσει σύντοµα. Περιληπτικά, η µεθοδολογία σχεδιασµού των µεταυλικών έχει αναπτυχθεί και τα κυψελοστοιχεία έχουν ήδη κατασκευαστεί µε τη χρήση αυτής της µεθοδολογίας. Η εργασία για τον µείκτη και την αντένα, καθώς και η ανάλυση του ολοκληρωµένου συστήµατος θα ακολουθήσει. 6

7 Αναµένουµε ότι τα αποτελέσµατα της παρούσας εργασίας θα αποδείξουν ότι συστήµατα πολλαπλών συχνοτήτων είναι εφικτά χρησιµοποιώντας την τεχνολογία των µεταυλικών και υπολογίζουµε ότι θα είναι δυνατή η µείωση των εξαρτηµάτων που απαιτούνται για την υλοποίησή τους, γεγονός που µεταφράζεται σε εξοικονοµήσεις κόστους κατασκευή, µέσω της µείωσης της πολυπλοκότητας και µεγέθους. Η διάχυση των αποτελεσµάτων θα γίνει έσω δηµοσιεύσεων σε αναγνωρισµένου κύρους περιοδικά και µε συµµετοχή σε µεγάλες διασκέψεις. Το έργο αναµένεται να φέρει εις πέρας όλα τα παραδοτέα και µέχρι τώρα δεν συναντήθηκαν οποιαδήποτε προβλήµατα στην υλοποίηση του έργου. Α.3. ΥΛΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ ΕΡΓΟΥ (µέχρι 1500 λέξεις ανά Ε) / PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION (up to 1500 words per WP) Τίτλος έσµης Εργασίας Work Package Title Κωδικός Φορέα Partner Code Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα (µε βάση το Συµβόλαιο) Personmonths per Partner (according to the Contract) Ε1: ιαχείριση Έργου WP1: Project Management ΑΦ / HO ΣΦ1 / PA1 ΣΦ / PA ΣΦ3 / PA3 ΣΦ4 / PA

8 εδουλευµένοι Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα Personmonths Worked per Partner Στόχοι έσµης Εργασίας (όπως περιγράφονται στο Παράρτηµα Ι του Συµβολαίου) Work Package Objectives (as described in Annex I of the Contract) Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά οι στόχοι της παρούσας έσµης Εργασίας. Briefly describe the objectives of this Work Package. 1) Define work distribution between all participants. ) Assign milestones and define schedules for the project implementation and completion. 3) Define reporting procedure. 4) Plan and control all aspects of the project to achieve its objectives on-time and within budget. Περιγραφή Εργασίας Work Description Καταγράφονται οι δραστηριότητες που αφορούν στη ιαχείριση του Έργου, τυχόν προβλήµατα που προέκυψαν στo πλαίσιο του Συντονισµού του ικτύου Συνεργασίας και πως αυτά επιλύθηκαν. Describe the Project Management activities, any problems that were encountered in managing the Network and how these were resolved. The overall project management is provided by the Project Coordinator (PC) who oversees the project as a whole. The PC is responsible for the planning and monitoring of the work of the consortium and tracks deliverables and is responsible for the management and interim progress reports, cost statements and for the final report. The PC monitors that work (including project deliverables and milestones) is progressing according to the project plan and schedule of work. The PC maintains the plan and produces reports against the plan, and provides revisions of the plan (if necessary) as agreed by the project's management committee. The PC is also responsible for scheduling and organizing meetings for regular review of the work in progress in particular WP's. For the smooth operation of the project, the work has been divided into Work Packages and Deliverables based on which the project's progress is secured and monitored. A team member from the HO has been defined to be responsible for each of the Work Packages (Work Package Leaders) and also coordinates the distribution of work between the participating parties. The HO has the responsibility of reporting the progress of the project to the RFP through bi-annual reports, interim and final progress reports. The Quality Control aspect of the project is performed through the regular meetings with the Team Members, the contact with the Partners and the submission of the formal reports to the PC. Thus far, the bi-annual deliverables D1(a) and D1(b) have been submitted. This report is submitted against deliverable D. Regular meetings between the PC and the HO people are being held on a weekly basis. Παραδοτέα Deliverables Αναφέρονται τα Παραδοτέα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Στο πλαίσιο της έσµης Εργασίας 1, ως παραδοτέα περιλαµβάνονται οι Εκθέσεις Προόδου (Εξαµηνιαίες, Ενδιάµεση και Τελική Έκθεση Προόδου) που θα πρέπει να υποβληθούν στο ΙΠΕ κατά τη διάρκεια του Έργου. Describe the Deliverables emerging from this Work Package. All Progress Reports (Six month, Interim and Final Progress Reports) submitted to RPF during project implementation should be included as Deliverables of Work Package 1. 8

9 D1) Bi-annual (six month) reports (D1(a) Report 1, D1(b) Report, D1(c) Report 3, D1(d) Report 4. D) Interim report. D3) Final Progress report. 9

10 Τίτλος έσµης Εργασίας Work Package Title Κωδικός Φορέα Partner Code Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα (µε βάση το Συµβόλαιο) Personmonths per Partner (according to the Contract) εδουλευµένοι Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα Personmonths Worked per Partner Ε: ιάχυση & Εκµετάλλευση Αποτελεσµάτων WP: Dissemination and Exploitation of Results ΑΦ / HO ΣΦ1 / PA1 ΣΦ / PA ΣΦ3 / PA3 ΣΦ4 / PA Στόχοι έσµης Εργασίας (όπως περιγράφονται στο Παράρτηµα Ι του Συµβολαίου) Work Package Objectives (as described in Annex I of the Contract) Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά οι στόχοι της παρούσας έσµης Εργασίας. Briefly describe the objectives of this Work Package. 1) Promote dissemination of project results in the relevant international forums. ) Encourage exploitation of results. 3) Maximize the visibility of the HO to the scientific community, industry and potential end users. Περιγραφή Εργασίας Βαθµός Υλοποίησης των Στόχων της έσµης Εργασίας Work Description Degree of Work Package Objectives Implementation Καταγράφονται οι δραστηριότητες που εντάσσονται στη ιάχυση και Εκµετάλλευση Αποτελεσµάτων. Γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στο βαθµό υλοποίησής τους (δίνονται αριθµητικές και ποσοτικές αναφορές στα επί µέρους στάδια όπου εφαρµόζεται), στο Φορέα που ανάλαβε και διεκπεραίωσε την κάθε δραστηριότητα, σε πιθανά προβλήµατα που προέκυψαν και σε τυχόν αποκλίσεις από τους αρχικούς στόχους. Describe the implementation of activities regarding dissemination and exploitation of results (quantitative information should be provided where applicable), the PA responsible for each activity, any problems that were encountered and how they were resolved, as well as any deviations from the initial objectives. It is important that the techniques and practices developed within the project continue to exist beyond the life of the project. The project's web site is an important persistent and continuing resource for researchers, practicing engineers, hardware developers and commercial implementers in the European Community and beyond. The main expected result is the spread of our technology and its application in the next generation of wireless systems. Through the far-reaching network of partners and associates of the contributing scientists in academia and industry, the products of the intellectual property will be promoted by the consortium aiming at the exploitation of the resulting hardware for the benefit of the involved institutions, and as an extension for the Cypriot economy. This can be achieved in the form of licensing of the intellectual property, as well as the creation SME companies that will promote the new ideas and technologies that will be the product of the proposed work. Finally, a workshop is anticipated toward the end of the project to provide information to all interested parties and individuals. The HO along with PA are the organizations involved in this Work Package. Thus far, the website has been created by the HO against deliverable D5 and its content is updated whenever new results come out. The journal and conference publications, as well as the workshop will 10

11 occur in the second half of the project. Παραδοτέα Deliverables Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά τα Παραδοτέα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Στo πλαίσιο της έσµης Εργασίας, ως παραδοτέα περιλαµβάνονται οι δηµοσιεύσεις σε επιστηµονικά περιοδικά, η διοργάνωση τοπικών ηµερίδων για παρουσίαση των αποτελεσµάτων του Έργου, οι παρουσιάσεις των αποτελεσµάτων του Έργου σε συνέδρια του εξωτερικού, οι αιτήσεις για κατοχύρωση πνευµατικών δικαιωµάτων, κα. Describe the Deliverables emerging from Work Package including publications in peer-reviewed journals, organisation of local info days for the dissemination of Project results, participation in conferences abroad, patent applications, etc. D4) Presentations of key results in journals and conferences (indicative number of publications between 1-3). D5) Website development. D6) Workshop held at the HO. 11

12 Σηµείωση: Για την περιγραφή των υπόλοιπων εσµών Εργασίας θα πρέπει να χρησιµοποιείται ο πιο κάτω Πίνακας. Note: For the description of each additional Work Package the following Table template should be used. Τίτλος έσµης Εργασίας Work Package Title Κωδικός Φορέα Partner Code Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα (µε βάση το Συµβόλαιο) Personmonths per Partner (according to the Contact) εδουλευµένοι Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα Personmonths Worked per Partner Ε3:Ανάπτυξη Θεωρίας WP3:Theory Development ΑΦ / HO ΣΦ1 / PA1 ΣΦ / PA ΣΦ3 / PA3 ΣΦ4 / PA Στόχοι έσµης Εργασίας (όπως περιγράφονται στο Παράρτηµα Ι του Συµβολαίου) Work Package Objectives (as described in Annex I of the Contract) Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά οι στόχοι της παρούσας έσµης Εργασίας. Briefly describe the objectives of this Work Package. 1) Develop the necessary theory for the customization of the passband location and width ) Formulate appropriate dispersion relations for the unit cells and create MATLAB code capable of computing unit cell lumped elements based on the dispersion relation. 3) Verify operation of the unit cells at the design frequencies based on the generated MATLAB results. 4) Create unit cell microwave circuit models for each type of unit cell. Περιγραφή Εργασίας - Βαθµός Υλοποίησης των Στόχων της έσµης Εργασίας / Work Description - Degree of Work Package Objectives Implementation Καταγράφονται οι δραστηριότητες που εντάσσονται στη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στο βαθµό υλοποίησής τους (δίνονται αριθµητικές και ποσοτικές αναφορές στα επί µέρους στάδια όπου εφαρµόζεται), στο Φορέα που ανάλαβε και διεκπεραίωσε την κάθε δραστηριότητα, σε πιθανά προβλήµατα που προέκυψαν και σε τυχόν αποκλίσεις από τους αρχικούς στόχους. Describe the activities implemented in the frame of this Work Package (quantitative information should be provided where applicable), the PA responsible for each activity, any problems that were encountered and how they were resolved, as well as any deviations from the initial objectives. In the first part of the work, the required theory was developed that formed the basis for the succeeding work packages. Advanced filter/ network theory through pole/ zero analysis was used for this purpose in order to formulate the necessary mathematical expressions (transfer functions) that enabled the customization of the location and the width of the four selected bands of operation. The frequency response of the generalized filter, can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials in s, where s = jω, and is referred to as a transfer function. Mathematically, this can be stated as N( s) T ( s) = D( s) The roots of the denominator polynomial are called poles and the roots of the numerator polynomials are referred to as zeros. In this Work Package a pole and zero analysis of the transfer function of a NRI-TL unit cell was performed and the relevant theory for the design of customized quad-band metamaterials was developed. Standard periodic analysis is often used to describe the dispersion characteristics of microwave 1

13 periodic structures using the ABCD matrix. Using this method for the unit cell structure, yields the dispersion relation: cosβ d = (1+ Z B YB ) where Z B and Y B are the series impedance and shunt admittance of the unit cell shown and βd is the phase shift occurred per unit cell. The quad band nature of the unit cell can be seen on the dispersion diagram where for a given phase shift per unit cell there are four corresponding frequencies. In this part of the work, in order to improve design accuracy the unit cell was extended to contain the effect of the transmission lines that are unavoidable in a practical circuit. The new dispersion relation was derived from the periodic analysis and a MATLAB function was created to yield the resulting frequencies for a desired phase shift. The discrete component values (capacitors and inductors) were also calculated using the given design frequencies and proper phase shifts for each type of unit cell required for the RF blocks that make up the chain. Based on the generalized NRI-TL, the conventional transmission lines that make up the conventional devices were replaced. An example of such generalized NRI-TL has been fabricated at the HO as proof of concept. Using this type of generalized NRI-TL, microwave models were created using the commercial Microwave Office circuit simulator software package and the Ansoft HFSS full-wave EM simulation software in order to increase accuracy of the simulated results. In addition, because different types of devices are required according to the methodology outlined previously, a unit cell simulation was needed for each type of device. The organizations engaged in this Work Package were the Host Organization and PA1, and all relevant deliverables for this WP have been submitted. Μεθοδολογία και Αποτελέσµατα Methodology and Results Περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η µεθοδολογική προσέγγιση που ακολουθήθηκε και αναλύονται τα αποτελέσµατα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Describe in detail the methodology used and the results achieved in this Work Package. Fig. 1 shows the model of a typical Generalized NRI-TL unit cell. Zh Zh Yv Fig. 1. Generalized NRI-TL circuit Model In Fig., the circuit of Fig. 1 can be represented by the following -port network, which has the ABCD matrix of (1). 13

14 Zh Zh Yv Fig.. -port network representation of the circuit in Fig.1 The ABCD Matrix of the above -port circuit is given by the well known relation: A B 1+ Z hyv Z h (+ Z hyv ) = (1) C D Yv 1+ Z hyv Where in the case of the Generalized NRI-TL unit cell, 1 1 Z h = jωlhs / + + () jωc 1 hs jωc hp / + jωl And 1 1 Yv = jωcvp + + (3) jωl 1 vp jωlvs + jωcvs Considering that the resonant frequencies of the resonators in the circuit are described by : hp ω = 1/ L C (4) ω hs hp vp hs vp hs ω = 1/ L C (6) vs = 1/ L hp vs C vp ω = 1/ L C (7) vs hp (5) Then, Zh and Yv can be rewritten as ω hs j Z h = jωlhs / (1 ) (8) ω ω hp ωc hp / (1 ) ω And ω vp j Yv = jωcvp (1 ) (9) ω ω vs ωlvs (1 ) ω From the theory on the analysis of infinite periodic structures, for the case of a nonattenuating, propagating wave on the periodic structure, the corresponding Bloch propagation constant (dispersion relation) of the above unit cell, is given by the following equation: A+ D cosβ d = ( ) (10) 14

15 By substituting (8) and (9) into (10), we obtain the following dispersion relation: cosβ d = 1+ Z Y h v (11) Under the closed stopband condition, we get two passbands, separated by a stopband centered at ω or, which is the resonant frequency of the parallel resonator in the horizontal branch of the circuit as well as the series resonator in the vertical branch of the circuit. At the center of the passband, the phase velocity is infinite and this can be expressed as the frequencies where β=0. The stopband at ω or is created when the vertical branch becomes short circuited and the horizontal branch becomes open circuited. This means that at the stopband, there is no propagation and this can be expressed as the frequencies where β is infinite. By (11), the β=0 frequencies are found by if we set Z = 0 and Y = 0. To find the frequencies where Z = 0 and Y v ω h = 0, we set (8) and (9) equal to zero, resulting in the following equations: = ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω (1) hor _ zero 0.5( hp + hs + hshp ) ± 0.5 ( hp + hs + hshp ) 4 hs hp Where ω = 4 / L C (13) ω hshp hs hp = ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω (14) ver _ zero 0.5( vs + vp + vsvp ) ± 0.5 ( vs + vp + vsvp ) 4 vs vp Where ω = 1/ L C (15) vsvp vs vp v By setting these two sets of zero frequencies equal, we get the closed stopband condition, when ω = ω = ω (16) hp vs or ω hs = ω vp (17) LhsChp And ω hshp = ωvsvp or = LvsCvp (18) 4 Equation (18), defines the center of the stopband that separates the two passbands. This can be seen by inspection of Fig. 1, where at the frequency ωor the parallel resonator in the horizontal branch becomes open circuited and the series resonator in the vertical branch becomes short circuited. The passband centers are defined by equation (15), which are defined at the frequencies where β=0. In addition, as a result of equations (16)-(18), the impedance of the horizontal branch Z h and the admittance of the vertical branch Y v become equal within a constant, defined below by the calculation of the Bloch impedance of the circuit. Again, from the analysis of periodic structures, we know that A D+ ( A+ D) 4 Z Bloch = (19) C By substitution of the ABDC parameters, we then obtain Z = Z (0) h Z Bloch + Yv hy v At around the β=0 frequencies, (0) becomes Z h Z Bloch (1) Y Z = Z Y () h h qy v v Bloch Z = (3) v Where q= Z Bloch is the Bloch impedance at the centers of the passbands where β=0. Substituting (8) and (9) into (1), results in the following expression: 15 h

16 L hs Z Bloch (4) Cvp From (11) and (3), (1 cosβd) With A = = Y vp (5) ( q) From (3) and (3), the following polynomial is established: 4 A 3 Aωor ω ω ( ωor + ωvp + ωvsvp ) ω + ω+ ωorωvp = 0 (6) C C vp vp The above polynomial has the four roots, ω1, ω, ω3, ω 4. Therefore, the polynomial yields four equations for the four unknowns C vp, ω or, ω vp, ω vsvp. By relating the known roots to the polynomial coefficients, we get: C = ω ω ωω = ω ω (7) or vp A C = ω + ω ω + ) = (8) C C 1 ( 1 3 ω4 C vp = ( ω ω ωω + ωω + ω ω ω ω + ωω = ( ω + ω + ω or vp vsvp Aωor = ( ω 1ωω ωωω 3 4 ωω 1 ω3 + ωω 1 ω4 = (30) C 3 ) From the above four equations, the four unknowns can be solved. A C vp = (31) C 1 C C ω = 3 (3) or 1 C ω = C 1 vp 0 C (33) 3 C C 3 1 ω vsvp = C C0 (34) C1 C3 Then, the rest of the component values can be evaluated. 1 Lvp = (35) ω C vp Lvs ωvsvp vp 1 = (36) C Cvs ωor vs vp 1 = (37) L L = (38) hs qc vp 1 = (39) L Chs ωvp C hp hs hs 4LvsCvp = (40) L vp ) (9) 16

17 1 = (41) C Lhp ωor hp Theory of a GNRI-TL with host TL Any such realizable unit cell such as the one discussed above, must unavoidably have transmission line sections to host the lumped element components that make up the unit cell. The effect of these transmission lines is a shift of the target frequencies at a desired phase shift. Thus a new model must be considered, where these effects are calculated and taken into account when designing such unit cells. One way to calculate these effects is by following the same reasoning as above, but the unit cell model must also include the transmission lines. Fig. 3 shows how this is done. Zo, l Zh Yv Zh Zo, l Fig. 3. Unit Cell -port with host TL The ABCD Matrix of the above -port circuit is given by the relation: A C B cosβl = D jy0 sinβl jz 0 sinβl 1+ Z hy cosβl Yv Z + l h ( Z hyv ) cosβ 1+ Z Y jy sinβl h v 0 jz 0 sinβl cosβl evaluating the above matrix multiplication, the following ABCD parameters result: A= (1+ Z Y )cos l+ jz Y [ Z (1+ Z Y ) + Z ]sinβl cosβl+ jy sinβl cosβl Y Z v h v β 0 v h h v h (1+ (4) After where l is the length of the host transmission line and βl represents the phase shift incurred by the transmission line. Thus, the new dispersion relation, becomes: cosβ d = (1+ Z hy v)(cos βl sin βl) + j{ Yo[ Z h (1+ Z hyv ) + Z h ]} The imaginary term of the above equation must be zero, which results in the following: cosβ d = (1+ Z hy v)(cos βl 1) As an example, let s consider the case where a phase shift Φ=βd= 45 0 is required at the frequencies f1=1ghz, f=ghz, f3=4ghz and f5=5ghz. The host transmission line, has a phase shift of 0.5 radians (around 15 degrees). Plotting the above two dispersion relations with respect to frequency, results in the following graph in Fig.4. Z h Y v )sin 17

18 8 Plot of Dispersion Relation Frequency > bd > π Fig. 4. Plot of the dispersion relations, with and without the host TL The blue line represents the Generalized NRI-TL and the red line represents the Generalized NRI- TL with the host TL. The black vertical line is located at βd=45 degrees. The four points where the βd=45 degree line cuts the blue dispersion line, are the four design frequencies. It can be seen that this βd=45 degree line intersects the red dispersion line not at the design frequencies, but at frequencies that are offset by a certain amount. This is the error that should be rectified. To do this, the series inductance and the shunt capacitance of the host TL should be calculated and subtracted from the Generalized NRI-TL values of Lhs and C hp respectively. Then a recalculation of all the other component values must be done, and the unit cell performance recalculated. Fig. 5 below, shows the correction that occurs and is represented by the green curve which now coincides with the blue curve of the original, theoretical unit cell at the four design frequencies and at the desired phase shift of 45 degrees. 5 Plot of Dispersion Relation Frequency > bd > π

19 Παραδοτέα Deliverables Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά τα Παραδοτέα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Describe the Deliverables emerging from this Work Package. D7) Pole-zero analysis and transfer function development for generalized NRI-TL unit cell D8) Dispersion relations for each type of unit cell. D9) MATLAB function capable of computing the design frequencies and component values for a given phase shift. Τίτλος έσµης Εργασίας Work Package Title Κωδικός Φορέα Partner Code Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα (µε βάση το Συµβόλαιο) Personmonths per Partner (according to the Contact) εδουλευµένοι Ανθρωποµήνες για κάθε Φορέα Personmonths Worked per Partner Ε4:Ανάπτυξη κυψελοστοιχείων WP4: Development of fully printed and lumped element quad band unit cells ΑΦ / HO ΣΦ1 / PA1 ΣΦ / PA ΣΦ3 / PA3 ΣΦ4 / PA Στόχοι έσµης Εργασίας (όπως περιγράφονται στο Παράρτηµα Ι του Συµβολαίου) Work Package Objectives (as described in Annex I of the Contract) Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά οι στόχοι της παρούσας έσµης Εργασίας. Briefly describe the objectives of this Work Package. 1) Develop full wave EM simulations for the quad band unit cells required. ) Unit Cells layout and assembly. 3) Fabricate the metamaterial unit cells. 4) Test and tune the fabricated devices. Περιγραφή Εργασίας - Βαθµός Υλοποίησης των Στόχων της έσµης Εργασίας / Work Description - Degree of Work Package Objectives Implementation Καταγράφονται οι δραστηριότητες που εντάσσονται στη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στο βαθµό υλοποίησής τους (δίνονται αριθµητικές και ποσοτικές αναφορές στα επί µέρους στάδια όπου εφαρµόζεται), στο Φορέα που ανάλαβε και διεκπεραίωσε την κάθε δραστηριότητα, σε πιθανά προβλήµατα που προέκυψαν και σε τυχόν αποκλίσεις από τους αρχικούς στόχους. Describe the activities implemented in the frame of this Work Package (quantitative information should be provided where applicable), the PA responsible for each activity, any problems that were encountered and how they were resolved, as well as any deviations from the initial objectives. For the successful operation of the quad-band components in the subsequent Work Packages, their building blocks had to be developed first. These building blocks are fully printed NRI-TL unit cells with characteristic impedances of 50 ohms and ohms. For their design, the Theory developed in WP3 was used to realize the optimum band location and width. Full wave EM simulations were performed and their equivalent circuit parameters were extracted. The goal was to be able to design the unit cell for the set of frequencies set fourth by WP3 and a corresponding insertion phase of βd=π/ at these frequencies. The design equations that yield the 19

20 component values of the divider unit cells are the following: 1 Chs =, L ω C 1 1 hp =, C or L ω vs =, or L ω or = hs ω z ωz1 hp vs 1 =, C vp Lvpω or L hp = L hs, ωor In these equations, ω or is the resonators center frequency, C hs, C hp, C vs and C vp are the unit cell resonator capacitances and L hs, L hp, L vs and L vp are the corresponding resonator inductances. An example lumped element quad band unit cell and has been fabricated at the PCB laboratory of the HO. Fully printed circuits were not designed due to the difficulties in modelling and limitations in the manufacturing capabilities of our lab. Additionally, in this Work Package, a simulation was developed to explore the possibility of making quad band components using a cascade of unit cells. Once the unit cell microwave models were completed the layout gerber files were generated. The next step was be to import these gerber files into computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software in order to separate the various circuit board layers and assign appropriate milling and drilling tools to each layer. The output of the CAM software was then used to feed the circuit board plotter with the machine language data that was used for the PCB milling functions of the H100 circuit board plotter. After the board machining was complete, they were prepared for assembly. Soft substrates were not used. Fabrication is still pending due to the delay in receiving the necessary capacitors to complete the build. Following fabrication, the unit cells will be tested using the Agilent E8363B Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) available in the PCB lab. -port magnitude and phase data will be taken and based on this data, the device will be tuned if necessary to improve performance. The involved organizations in this Work Package are the HO and PA1. Μεθοδολογία και Αποτελέσµατα Methodology and Results Περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η µεθοδολογική προσέγγιση που ακολουθήθηκε και αναλύονται τα αποτελέσµατα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Describe in detail the methodology used and the results achieved in this Work Package. The four frequencies of operation that were chosen were f1=900mhz, f=1.55ghz, f3=.017ghz and f4=.59ghz. The desired phase shift that we wish to be incurred by each unit cell at these four frequencies is 45 degrees. Using the equations and the software developed in WP3, the 50ohm, 35.35ohm and 70.7 ohm unit cells were designed in the circuit simulator. The schematic of the 50 ohm unit cell is shown below: 0

21 This unit cell has its host Transmission Line length included in it and its effects are taken into account in the calculation of the required component values. The figures below show the magnitude and phase data of these unit cells 1

22 It can be seen from the figures above that at the four design frequencies, the phase is + or 45 degrees and the insertion loss at the passbands is minimum. Similar performance is also seen on the 70.7 ohm unit cell and the ohm unit cell. Even though the 70.7 ohm unit cell was not specified in the proposal of this research work, it was deemed necessary to design and fabricate it since the performance of the Rat-race coupler using NRI-TL unit cells will be slightly better to the performance of the Branch-Line Coupler, after some preliminary simulations in the circuit simulator. The next step in the design process was to design the unit cells in a CAD software in order to set the topology and the structure of the unit cell and its components. Below, an image from AutoCAD shows this design for the 50 ohm unit cell.

23 The next step in the design process was to design the unit cells in the full-wave EM simulator to verify the magnitude and phase performance. This is the final step before the generation of the gerber layout files that are used for the board fabrication of the unit cells. 3

24 The magnitude data below shows the similarity between the response of the circuit simulator and the full-wave EM simulator, which allows for the creation of the gerber layout files. Ansoft LLC XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 Curve Info ANSOFT db(s(,1)) Setup1 : Sweep1 db(s(1,1)) Setup1 : Sweep Y Freq [GHz] In the next few weeks, the fabrication will be completed, since the capacitors ordered for the unit cells have not yet arrived. Once the capacitors are in the lab and the unit cell fabricated, the measured data will also be presented. For this Work Package, D10 and D11 have been submitted and D1 will be submitted with the arrival of the capacitors. Παραδοτέα Deliverables Αναφέρονται επιγραµµατικά τα Παραδοτέα που προέκυψαν µέσα από τη συγκεκριµένη έσµη Εργασίας. Describe the Deliverables emerging from this Work Package. D10) 50 and ohm fully printed unit cell full wave EM simulations. 4