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1 Greek Basic Course Volume 1

2 ". GREEK BASIC COURSE PREFACE FS' 'reeiι 8o.Ic Cσur... νoi..me Ι, ρroviιles introdu.ctory mαteriαls ίιι modenι sρoken Greek lοr tlιe stυιlent ωlιo wislιes Ιο aclιieve α working commαιιd ΟΙ tlιe lιιngllαge cul7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tlιe style is neitlιer entirely J_t/c (couoquiαlj ΙΙΟΓ strictly lormαl. Tlιe Greek ortlιogrαplιy is used lrom tlιe beginniιιg so ιlιαι tlιe student leαnιs Ιο reαd ωlιαi Iιe Iιas leamed Ιο ΒαΥ. Subsequent volumes are plιιnned Ιο carry tlιe stιulent lurtlιer ίnιo tlιe grσιrι_r σnιj vocabulary ΟΙ sρoken Greek αnιj to introduce grαduαlly tlιe more Ι_Ι spoken and wriuen lorms kιιown QS l'σtlισnνoυ.a. used οιι 10rmαΙ occαsions by αιι educated -Greeks and commonly encountered ίιι tlιe press. Tlιe linguist ίιι clιαrge ΟΙ ΙlιίB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clιairmαn ΟΙ tlιe Depαrt. ment ΟΙ Near Eαstem αnd Alrican Languages. Greek te"ιs Iιave been provided by Panαgiotis S. SΑpoιuιtzis αnιj ΛBpαsία Λ liki Sapountzis, lιιnguαge instructors. Tlιese αuιlιors collaborαted ίη ι1ιe writing, clαssroom testing, revision and tαpe recorrling ΟΙ tlιe entire volume, wlιiclι Mrs. Sapoιuιtzis also typed. lomes C. BoBtαίιι reviewed tlιe Englislι portions ΟΙ tlιe te"t lοr IJtyle and cl4rity ΟΙ e"pression. Tlιe accompαnying ιαρe recorrjings were f'rodu.ced ίιι tlιe FSI stυιlios unιjer t"e direction ΟΙ Gary Λ lley. lames R. Fritlι, Deαn Sclιool ΟΙ Languαge Studies Foreign Service Institute Depαrtmenι ΟΙ Stσte 111

3 G REEK BASIC COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS Pref'ace Introduct1on Un:1t 1 Symbo18 UBed x:ii1 Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2 Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used Unit 2 Vσwels Consonants Wr1t1ng systell Assimilat10n ο!' vσwels Basi c DialΩp;us 1.3 Naπatiw Note 2.1 Un1t 3 Bas1c D1alogue Narrat1ve Nσt.e 3.1 '18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't' Palatal1zat100 Def'1n1te Art1cle AS81Jnilat1on ο!' vσwels Gender and agreement Indef'1n1te article 3.3 Def'in1te art1cle-plural Un1t 4 Ba8ic D1alogue Narrat1ve Note Ass:iJιιilatioo 4! Personal prooouns Verb classes ~ ) i,v

4 G REEK BASIC COURSE Unit 5 Basic Dialogue Narrative Note 5.1 Review (Units 1-5) Imp. and Perf. stems Pres. tense, Class Ι verbs Pres. tense verb 'be' Assimilation of vowels Assimilation of /s/ Cases Articles: Accusative Stress Declension Plural Noun: Accusative case Adjective: Accusative case Class 11 verbs Greek writing system Review Drills 'Polite' expressions 64 Unit 6 Narrative Basic Dialogue Narrative Note 6.1 Class Ι verbs: Future Class Ι verbs: Future continuous Class Ι verbs: Simple Future Class Ι verbs: Perfective stem forms Class Ι verbs: Persona:.endings Class Ι verbs: Notation. Class Ι verbs: Subjunctive Irregular perfective stem forms ? v

5 GREEK BASIC COURSE 6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/ Verb /bοrό/ ImpersOI1al use ο! /bori/ Use ο! /kόζmos/ 76 Expressions of Time 6.11 Adjective /polis/ Unit 7 Basic Dialogue. Narrative Note 7.1 usb ογ genitive case Genitive case-articles. Genitive case-nouns 1st and 2nd Declensions Irregular declension. Adjectives: Declension Adjectives: /aft6s/, /όιos/ Adjectives: /polis/ Use of Imalista/. Use ο! /piyθno/ Use of /pueena/ Unit 8 Basic Dialogue. 97 ~arratiνθ 100 Note 8.1 Possessive prononns Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstratiνθ pronouns. /artόs/, /ekin05/ ~nestion words Unit 9 ~.1Se of vero /180/ 109 Basic Dialogue Narrative ,16 vi

6 GREEK BASIC COURSE Νotβ 9.1 3~ declensioη neuter nouns 1n /-ma/ !:~ declension nouns /to y6.1jj./ and /to kreas/ 118 Un1t 1 ο Ba81c D1alogue,a, Narrat1ve. Nσte Verb 'be ι Past tense..... Class Ι verb: Past tense personal endings S1Jιιple Past 10.4 Use ο! verb /arββo/ 0.5 Use ο! verb /kondι!jvo/.... R8ν1ev (Un1ΙS 6-1 ο) Un1t.1 Dr:i1la. Narrat1ve , )0 1 )1,)4 '37 Basic Dialog11e 140 Narrat1ve Note 1,., Class Ι verb8 cont1nuous past 145,.2 Past ιθμθ οί verb /ijxo/.....,46 Un1t, Verb /erxolm/ Vocative ' 'SS Ba81c D1alogue.. 1S. Narrat1ve. Note 12.1,2.2 Class Ι verbs: Iιιιperative Perfect1ve Imperat1ve Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 1JIIpersona1 verb /nyι.zi/ Un1t 1) Ba81c D1al~e Narrat1w. Nσte '3.' Class ΙΙ verbs - Present "ηβθ , S,).2 Future and.bubjunct1ve continu0u8 166 Ν σtatiοη vii

7 G REEK BASIC COURSE Unit 14 Basic Dialoι;ue Narrative ΝοιΘ Unit ~2 declensiσn Feminine nouns in Feminine now1s in Feminine nσuηs Masculine nouns in Ι Numerals Ι!. i Ι-{δa, -4.oal in I~tital -asl.... Κatharevus4 case enάings Basic Dialogue. 181 Narrative Note 15.1 Class ΙΙ verbb: Perfective stem fonn Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1θβ ) Review (Units 11-15) Unit 16 ~lass 11 verbs: Continuόus past 199 Continuous Past in Ι-ayal Irregular verb IVΓΒηol Thiτd declension neuter nouns in I-on/ C1' Adjective: Shitt ο! stress Indeclinable ησuns....ίjrills. 195 Narrat1ve. 200 Hasic Dialop:ue. 202 Narrative Note 16.1 Aaverbs Adverb1als ο! tijne Ccιnparat1ve Superlative v111

8 GREEK BASIC COURSE Un1t 17 Cond1t1onal Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [οηη id /- σn/ Ba81c D1alogue. 212 κan-at1~ Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Iιιpel'βt1ve 217 UD1t Decl1nable nudlβrals λltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tβID torm ο! /θljlo/ Pre8ent Pertect Bι8 1c D1alCJg\lι Rarrat1w Note 18.1 UD1t l' Verb8 v1th pret1xe Plι8t tense augιιιent /e-/ Ba81c D1alogu.e Past P8rtect "" Clu. 111 wrbιι... 1~.2 1 Clu8 111 yβ1imι Stenι tornιat1ve sutt1xe Clas. ΙΠ wrbιι Pre8ent ωnιιβ , C1a8. m wrb8.... Ilarrat1w lote 19.1 τ.ι1ι NσtaΙ10n ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 237 S1Jιιple Future and Subjunct1" :B881c D1alc::ιικ-.,. 2ΙΙ1 Nan-at1ve Note Fonnat1on ο! pertect1ve BteJιιι Cla8s 1 wrbιι Class 11 νerb Clus ΙΙΙ νerb a47 1χ

9 GREEK BASIC COURSE Νote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247 Reviev CUnits 16-20) Uni't. 21 Dri1l.s Narrat1ve $0 257 Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9 Narrat1ve t Note ~1't. 22 3!2 declensiαn neuter ησuns 1η /-08/ US8 οι!lδοβ/ "... Class ΠΙ νerb8 Use οι /δik6s/ Iιnperat1ve......' " 264 2~ Ba81c Dialogue. 267 Narrati....' "...'..... _. 269 Νote Un1't. a) Adjective& in /-1&/ c:ιaae Ι wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve IJιιperat1Ye. Verb /1p4.rxo/ υββ οι word /rmjjdri!...~......~ ~..." Ba8ic Dialogus.. 271ι Narrat1νe Nσte Pa.st part1ciple -. _. 278 Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s. «280 'M1xed' conjugation. 280 Un1't. 24 Ba81c D1alogue..aea Narrative ae5 Pret1x /uana-/ θ8 Presen't. active participle «««289 Un1't. 2$ Bas1c D1a1oι χ

10 Note rd1nal8. Rsvieν (Un1t ).. GREEK BASIC COURSE Dr1U Narrat1v8... Tel1ing ~ ' 306 )01 )03 χ1

11 GREEK BASIC COURSE /' ( ),/ ṇ.. \ n,..,. ο '" '" GREECE InIernalional boundary IndefInile boundary DhIamerisma (RegIon) National capital Θ Νοmόs cenier ~ Ra.Iroad Road J ο s Ο Ι Ο MiIes " i 80 Kilometers xii

12 G REEK BASIC COURSE INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. More than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languages spoken 1η Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an. Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1η Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y res1d1ng 1η Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others. Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1η the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands. such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1η surround1ng countr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1). It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1η the Amer1cas (p.s.a Canada. Argent1na. Braz11). 1η Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a. L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European) fam11y ο! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the second m111en1um B.C. Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups ο! d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1η the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread θ11 over the Greek speak1ng terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared comp1ete1y 1η the'f1rst centur1es ο! the Chr1st1an era. Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. Οη the one hand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ο! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the older Greek; ση the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal, syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ο! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two broad types ο! 1anguage used 1η modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ο! the peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated 1nto the Greek 1anguage 1η the course ο! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18 pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ο! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ο! poetry and flctlon. The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older Greek. and 1s taught 1η schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1η a more or 1ess Ipure I form by newspapers. S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among,themselves about the1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously 1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1η the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our days. χιι1

13 G REEK BASIC COURSE Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed Ιη ' thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use the same m1xture of katharevusa ΟΓ dhimotlk1 e1ements Ιη the1r speech. The ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend οη the sltuat10n 1η whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker may use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor. The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1 ' 1anguage. but kathareνusa 1η 1ts var10us degrees ο! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1η government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10 broadcasts. etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows: Ι, ΚΑ Τ Η Ο ΜΙ L U Μ Ε Ν Ι κatharevusa D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1η the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des Govgrnment ΟΓ other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspσndence. etc. al1 publlc slgns 1η ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa. Thus. for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1η every-day language 1s 'psaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayr I1khth1opolfon I; the word ΙοΓ grocery store 1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc. As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten 1η katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1η kathoml1umen1; and those ο! the extreme left. 1η the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1 dh1mot1k1. x1v

14 GREEK BASIC COURSE The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus: dh1mot1k1 kathom11unen1 katharevusa Modern L1terature Older L1terature Off1c1al Language Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press Every-day Usage Th1s Course The Greek descr1bed 1η th1s Course 1s representat1ve ο! the kathom11umen1 var1ety, 1.e. that ο! the 'standard ' speech ο! educated Greeks. As the 1nfluences from the other styles ο! Greek οη the natural speech ο! an educated person vary aαcord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ο! 'correcti utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented Ιη the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use ο! extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded. The whole Course cons1sts ο! 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes, each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew cons1st1ng ο! a Narrat1ve whlch 1β based οη the vocabulary ο! prev10us un1ts. 1η ~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ο! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1η whlch the student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ο! g1ven words. These dr111s are cont1nued 1η more advanced un1ts 1η connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal forms. κatharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1η the narrat1ves ο! Volume 111 and the rules ο! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1η the subsequent grammat1cal notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ο! th1s Course should have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well θβ newspapers wr1tten 1η katharevusa. The follow1ng parts may be found 1η a Un1 t: Bas1c D1alogue Response Dr111 Useful Words tpo11te Express10ns ' Narrat1ve Grammat1cal Notes Sample Dr111s Subst1tut1on Dr111s Transformat1on Dr111s Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s Response Exerc1se Top1cs for D1scuss1on χν

15 GREEK BASIC COURSJ Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found 1η each un1t. Narrat1ves beg1n w1th Un1t 2. The occurrence ο! other parts may vary. Use ο! Th1s Course 1. Bas1c D1a1ogues Most Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st ο! 10 sentences. Ιη more advanced un1ts the d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts ο! 10 to 14 sentences. The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11dup or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. Each member ο! the c1ass repeats the 1tem 1mm~d1ate1y after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronunc1at1on. Ι! Ιη the 1nstru~torIs ορ1η10η the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by the student. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ng after h1m (or her) as many t1mes ββ necessary. After the c1ass hours each student goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng. dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart. After the sentences ο! the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed the students take part 1η act1ng out the D1a1ogue. The 1nstructor may take one ο! the parts the f1rst t1me or two. Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11 any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke βη actor. 2. Response Dr1l1s Response dr111s cons1st ο! quest10ns and answers based οη the d1a1ogue and narrat1ve st1uat1ons. ~nd are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111 ΑΙ referr1ng ιο the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 ΒΙ referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1 s1tuat1oni 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. The answers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e. and the student 1s supposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue that the restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the student must accept 1t as a 'real ' fact and say ΒΟ when answer1ng the quest1on: 'Where 1s the restaurant?i Ιη the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns 1η the Response Dr111s are g1ven w1th the dr111s. Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must be dr111ed 1η the same way ββ the sentences ο! the Bas1c D1alogues. Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposed to formulate the answers 1η h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent to the g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 οη the Response Dr111s are ηο 10nger dr111ed 1η the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ο! a free conversat10n based οη the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve. xv1

16 G REEK BASIC COURSE 3. Useful Words and rpo11te Expressions must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor and ' memor1zed by the student 1η the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues. 4. Narrat1ve The narrat1ve presents 1η expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to that represented 1η the Bas1c D1alogue. ΟΓ a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1th broader vocabulary. The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary 1tems 1η the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue. After the students have thus fam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads through the whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. The students 11sten w1th the1r books closed. The students summar1ze 1η Eng11sh as much as they understand ογ the narrat1ve. Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh. The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns ογ Response Dr111 'Β' and the students answer them. The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold 1η the student's own words Ιη class the next day. The narrat1ves 1η Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both Ιη transcrlpt10n and 1η the Greek wr1t1ng system. Ιη subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on 18 om1tted. 5. SampIe Dr111s are to be treated 1η the same way as the sentences ογ Bas1c D1algou8s. 6. Subst1t~t1on. Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to be used 1η accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng ογ each dr Response Exerc1se Response Exerc1ses occur at the very end ογ each un1t. The quest10ns of these exerc1ses are not necessar1iy reiated to any part1cuiar un1t. GraduaIIy. as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoome ογ more general character. The purpose ογ a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto a free conversat1on with1n the scope ογ h1s vocabulary. Ιη Un1ts and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. AIl these answers should be dr11ied 1η the same way as the sentences ογ the Bas1c D1aIogues. Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st ογ quest10ns only, and the student 1s supposed to be abie to answer the quest10ns by h1mseif. Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct 1Γ 1t 1s appropr1ate and 1s good Greek. The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor 1Γ necessary. The student repeats the corrected answer. χν11

17 G REEK BASIC COURSE 8. Top1cs for D1scuss1on These dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1ts 1η 11eu of Response Exercisc~s. The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the c1ass to take part 1η the d1scuss1on. One of the students 1s asked to develop the top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed by the 1nstructor. Another student should present h1s arguments to derend the oppos1te po1nt of v1ew. Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se between the two posltlons. Then other students jo1n 1η the d1scusslon. When one toplc has been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon. The exerc1se goes οη unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussed and tota11y exhausted. GLOSSARY At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocabu1ary 1tems 1ntroduced 1η that volume. Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt Ιη whlch the other forms of the verb are 11sted. χνιι!

18 GREEK BASIC COURSE \!ΝΙΤ t ~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!Ξ_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~ ~~~!:!!Ξ!!_~2~! ~ the ~Us!! I!ί~θ.. parentheses and quotaιίon marks are used toge :~her (, ) νμη a more Uteral tranalation is given 1η addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent. Brackets [ ] are used Ιο indicate vords in the ~11sh equ1valent vhich do not Μνβ βη equ1valent in Greek. equ1valent. ParentbeSe8 ) 1Ddicate vordb vhich are in the Greek but noι ίη a noral EnElish 'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on o~ the Greek. but νμι Englisb speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. '1be use o~ parentheses ιun brackets ββ explained βboνβ shσuld ιaaα the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case. On ΙΜ Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch are 8ΟlDθt1ιιιes onι1tted. Alternate pronunciat1on o~ the same word or alternate vords are given atter a slant line /. Ση ΙΜ Granιιιιatical Motes, slant lines / / are used to ββι or~ Greek sounda, word8, phrases or _entence. 1n trιιnacr1pt1onvith1n an EngU8h text. t

19 GREEK BASIC COURSE Unit, Καλημέρα σας. kalimέra sas. Good nιorn1ng (Iyour good daύ Ι). Καλησπέρα σας. kal1s~ra sas. Good arternoon. 2!: Good evening. (Iyσur good arternoon/.ετθω1ωιι ). Καληνύχτα σας. kalintxta sa5. Good n1ght. (said οη parting). ΧαΙρετε. ~rete. He110. 2!: Good bye. Γει.C σου. Υ'- su. 81. πως p6s bow εισ&ε/ειστε isee/iste you a,rβ. πως είσ&ε; KCΣλά p6s :!βθe? ka1l. Hσw are you1 _11, Ν ευχαρι.στω erxar1st6 thanks (11 thadk l ) και and έσε!ι; θβίβ you κι. ' έσε!ς; kesis? and yσu? ΚαλC εύχαρι.στω, κι.'έσε!ς; ka1a erxar1stδ kesis? IIJD rine, tbanks, and you? ΝαΙ. ~ ΙΙCλι.cπα. nι. ςa:: mflista. Yes. 'ΌχΙ.. 6χ1. Νο. Παρακο:λω paraka16. Please. Ξ: Yσu1re velcoie. (ι Ι beg l ). '~f~!~~! arieιιd t.'umbers ~να ~ω ΟΩβ δύο δίο tvo 2

20 G REEK BASIC COURSE ιινιτ, ~ρcα: trfa three ~Ισσερα: t~sera Eσur πι,,~ε p&nde five ~ξι. ιsks1 six έπ~fι./έφ~fι. ept4/eft' βπθο 6K~ώ/6x~ώ okt610xt6 eight l;""fα:/l""ι.fι. ema/erry4 nine δικα ~ka ten Grammat1cal Notes Modern Greek 1β wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek. The spelllng 1β to a large extent h1stor1cal aod 1β therefore not cons1stent on a number ο! polnts. In order to ιιιakθ 1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts ο! th1s course are vr1tten both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. Beglnning,,1th the un1t 11 Qverything Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10n 1β used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes. Tbe tradscrlpt10n used here 1β aπ adaptat10n ο! Lat1n ]etters for l1iost sounds and Greelc 1etters for a tn. It 1β not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc ι transcriptlon. For exυιp1e the 1etter ΙΧ/ stands for one sound before la,o,u/ and for another sound before le,1/. 510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e οη the basis ο! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1e letter may be used for both sounds. The transcrlption used 1η th1s course cons1sts ο! the follov1ng 1etters and other ιιyιi>ols: Voιιιels: a, ο, u, e, 1 Consσnants: V01ce1ess: Ρ, t, θ, Ic, Β, t, ts, χ Volced: b, d, b, g, Ζ, v, dz, γ, r, 1, Μ, n, Υ The acceot mark ΙΊ 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e ίη a p}ιrase 01 sentence and ΙΊ 1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress. The weak stress 1s unmarked. Α word sa1d 1η iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) ν111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress 1'1. 1n a sentence thls may be replaced by secondary ΙΊ or even by weak Btress (unmarked). The stress 1n Greek 3

21 GREEK BASIC COURSE falls a1vays οη one ο! the last three sy11ab1es ο! a word. There are three types ο! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: 1,1 111 and 1.1 (the spec1a1 signs for these are 11/, 1111 and 1#1 respect1ve1y). These punctuat10n ιnarks are not used 1η the same vay or v1tb the B8Jllθ vli~ues as 1n either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values to the punctuat10n ιnarks. 'T'he coιπιna 1,1 1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediιw 1t 1s character1zed by a ra1sed pitch ο! the last stressed syllab1e ο! the phrase. Α per10d 1.1 1s used to 1nd1cate the end ο! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb. It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng. Α quest10n ιnark 111 1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1η questions. Quest10ns 1η Greek w~y be div1ded 1nto tvo categories:,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben', 'vhere', 'hσw', etc.), e.g.,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc. 2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as, 'Are you g01ng there1' 'D1d be saύ tbat1', etc. The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns ο! tbe first category 1β οη tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng gradually to the 1ast syllab1e. Quest10ns ο! the second categ~ry have tbe bighest p1tch οη tbe stressed syllab1e οι tbe 1ast vord. Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are" ο! cσurse, not abso1ute, but are bigb or loιr relat1ve to each other. Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1β be1gbt οι tone) liiwjt be caretul1y d1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there 1β frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo. Very spec1al attent10n ιιιust be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ο! each Greek sentence. It should never be treated as if 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence. Tbe punctuat10n nιarks vill he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on as vell as constant and pers1stent dr111 ν111 g1ve Μιιι a correct prcnunc1at10n. 4

22 G REEK BASIC COURSE υνιτ, Tbere are Ι1τθ voνe1 sounds in Greek: /1/ Soιιevhat l1ke! οι!!~!!!!!!, but h1gher, tenser and v1thout the k1rfa, k6r1, 1r{n!, {stera gl1de οι that voνe1. /8/ /./ Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front unrounded τσιιe1 [1]. L1ke e οι 1et T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) nι1d tront unrounded voιιe1 [e]. SOJllθvhat 1jke! 10!!~~!:' but RUch shorter 11 unstressed. e&6, ker6s, It1mos, mιsros kill, 4na, parakal6, pot!mi Techn1cally: a 1οιι unrounded /0/ /ui τσwθ1 {a]. thch l1ke ο οι c10th. Τecbn1cal1:τ= a h1gher-iiiid rounded back Toνel [ο]..s08vhat l1ke 00 1η boot or u 10 ~' but h1gher, tenser, and v1tbout the ~ g11de οι English. Techn1cally: a h1gh back rounded e06, 6ra, p6ros, etxar1st6 kun6, kuldr1, kalu, ualfa voιιe1 [u]. Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s G.D.I.2 /1/ k{rios 1or6tas efiιrerfoa ae!na korits1 fkaros 1mιSra οίο nda

23 GREEK BASIC COURSE /e/ leoforlo ~repe perno patates p~nde et!lete mimn t!na ner6 ιha /a/ trfa 6ra 4I-ostos kal$. aδeli:ί pate!ras ιιdra /0/ 6ra p6nos korιnί 6noma ak6ma aft6s mikr6s sor6s 6mikroD άίοβ /u! ur4 kut6s kun6 ρuj.δ uranδs us{a Ute kald uδt!teros Note 1.3. Consonants /b/ L1ke b ο! bob Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al bοrδ, bt!no, blka bamb4a, buk411 stop [b). 6

24 GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT, /d/ Like d ο! dot but with the tongue dίnο, kοndι, pandd, /f/ /g/ touching the teeth. Techn1cally: a voiced dental stop [~] L1ke f 1η fom Technically: a voiceless labiodental sp1rant [f]. L1ke ~ 1η ~~~. Rare except after pand6fles f40, falakr6s, f6ros furd, fflos, fe16s grernn6s, grfnya 4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos Technically: a vo1ced dorso-velar /k/ stσp [gj. L1ke c ο! cot but wi tho~t ΙΜ strong purf ο! breath. Fronted before /1/ and /e/. k6ta, kano, kdpa kd, kfrios Technically: a vo1celess /1/ /ιr./ dorso-velar stop [k]. γβυ be like! ο!!!~! (before /o~u, a/), fronted beιόre /e/ am /1/ (v1th B~PE speakers almost l1ke!l before /1/). Technically: a yoiced apico-dental lateral [1]. Like!!! -ο! ~; may be fronted (toνards ~) ijefore /1/. Techn1cally: a b1lab1al la01, luluo1 lost6s, lekls, leksik6 1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s, l1manj, lituryf. masima, ιιιakros, m6xθos mikr6s, πάra, ~ηo /rj Like ~ ο! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, fronted before /e/ and /i/. Tech.~ical1y: /n/. ~ 3D apico-dental nasal na6s, n01163, nus η~ob, n1sf, nfxta 7

25 GREEK BASIC COURSE /ρ/ /r/ Like Ρ ot P2S but wi thout the strong puff οι breath. Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al stop (ρ]. Usually a single flap or tap ο! tbe tongue against the ridge behind the Ροtίri, ρίηο, paraka16, pueenιί pern6 r6nd, 6ra, ruxo, r'vo, p6ros koritsi, revίθ1 upper teeth. Technically: an /s/ /t/ /ν/ alveolar flap [r']. Like!! ο!!!~~!. Technically: a vo1celess apico-dental spirant (s] L1ke t ο! tot but without the strong puff ο! breath, and with the tonguetquch1ng the teeth. Techn1cally: a vo1celess apicodental stop (tj. L1ke V ο!!!~!. Technically: a vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant /τ/. s4mos, su1a, sovar6s Isya, 'se, ίβ1χοβ tfnos, poti, t4ksis τeν'oβ, Τ'ΖΟ, vun6 vfxas, v6rio8 /χ/ Made by friction ο! air pass1ng tbrough as tongue 1s in position r~r /k/. Before /a,o,ui (or before consonants xar4, xor6s, xdfta follσwed by one ο! these νσwθlb) oxtd, xtaρ6ό1 the sound 1s back, l1ke German 2~ αf!~!!, ~~~!!, before /e,1/ (or consonants follσwed by one ο! these vσwels) the x1m6nas, xι!rete, xees, :ιxeίb sound 1s front, more l1ke ch 1η Oθrιιιan 1ch. Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar sp1rant (χ]. 8

26 G REEK BASIC COURSE UΠT, /Ζ/ L1ke ~ ο! ~~!!. Technica11y: Ζ6, p zo, zite, zaxari /Υ/ /'6/ /8/ /ts/ /dz/ a voiced apico-denta1 spirant [Ζ). Made by frict10n ο! air pass1ng through as tongue is 1η pos1tion for / gf. (It 1β a vo1t:ed counterpart οι /χ/). TechrI1cal1y: a v01ced dorso-ve1ar 3p1rant (Υ). L1ke ~~ οι ~~~!!:. Tecbnically: a vo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant (δ]. L1ke ~~ ο! ~h!!!. Techn1cal1y: a v01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant (8). L1ke ts 1ο nets. Techn1ca11y: a v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cj. L1ke <!! 1ο!!:!!~. Techn1cally: a v01ced ap1co-dental affr1cate {Ζ]. zumί ayor4, _γαρ1, yrύιa, ynost6s 4yuros, θδ6, δadί, δd108 διχι1, ~ndro, δ1ρβ6, δeks14 anibema, B41asa, auk1&~18, 81savr6s. kor:l'ts1, ts1iendo, tscy tsuv411, ts1yuo kafedz:ls, dz{dz1kas /Υ/ L1ke l 1η l!!!~. Techn1cal1y: a ~ω, pe&y4, XΙ1ya, ΡΥ6, palatal gl1de ΙΟ. ky4to, y1mka, pyite, alίβ)οa, yeory6s, yίtona8, 4)"108, ya yatr6s, J4ro., The Qr.eek alpbabet Coos1at8 ο! 24 1etters:!:!~~!!:!!!!!~!:!ε~!~ ιι λ /a/ β Β /./ Υ r /Υ/ δ Δ /'6/ ε Ε /e/ ζ Ζ /Ζ/ 1η Greek: IίλcpcΣ βη~ιι Υcfμ( μ) ιι διλ-ς-(σ Ιφι.λον ζη~(σ Νυ8 οι letter !!!~!:!!!!~!:!~!Ξ: /Il.ta/ /nta/ /Υ-.ι /~1ta/ /lpsllon/ /Zfta/ 9

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