Πανελλαδικές Εξετάσεις. Αγγλικά. Book 2 - ADVANCED Level. Βιβλίο Προετοιμασίας που περιλαμβάνει:

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1 Πανελλαδικές Εξετάσεις Αγγλικά Book 2 - ADVANCED Level Βιβλίο Προετοιμασίας που περιλαμβάνει: Preparation Units complete PRACTICE TESTS (at a higher level of difficulty) 2. Glosssary for the 15 PRACTICE TESTS 4. Justification of the Answers 5. Τα Past Papers για το Ειδικό Μάθημα της Αγγλικής Γλώσσας

2 EXAM FORMAT ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΓΡΑΠΤΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ - ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΓΝΩΣΗ Δίνεται στους υποψήφιους αυθεντικό κείμενο έκτασης περίπου λέξεων. Στον αριθμό αυτό προσμετρούνται όλες οι λέξεις συμπεριλαμβανομένων των άρθρων, των προθέσεων, των συνδέσμων κ.λπ. Το περιεχόμενο του κειμένου είναι γενικού ενδιαφέροντος. Προτιμούνται θέματα σχετικά με την εκπαίδευση, τον επαγγελματικό προσανατολισμό, το περιβάλλον, τις ανθρώπινες σχέσεις, την οικογένεια, τα ταξίδια, τις δι ακοπές, τα προϊόντα νέας τεχνολογίας, την υγεία, τις διατροφικές συνήθειες και την ψυχαγωγία. 1. ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΓΡΑΠΤΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ Δίνονται 8-10 ερωτήσεις επί του κειμένου. α) Οι τρεις-τέσσερις (3-4) πρώτες απαιτούν μια «σύ ντομη απάντηση». Με τις ερωτήσεις αυτές ελέγχεται η ικανότητα του υποψηφίου να κατανοεί το γενικό νόη μα του κειμένου, καθώς και το πεδίο αναφοράς του ή το συγκειμενικό του πλαίσιο (δηλαδή ποιος γράφει σε ποιον και για ποιο σκοπό, πού δημοσιεύεται το κείμε νο, κλπ.). Κατά τη βαθμολόγηση των σύντομων αυτών απαντήσεων δεν λαμβάνονται υπόψη τα ορθογραφικά και γραμματικά λάθη εφόσον αυτά δεν εμποδίζουν την επικοινωνία, δηλαδή την κατανόηση της απάντησης από το βαθμολογητή. β) Οι υπόλοιπες είναι του τύπου «πολλαπλή επιλογή», δηλαδή ερωτήσεις που απαιτούν από τον υποψήφιο να επιλέξει μεταξύ τριών (3) δυνατών απαντήσεων. Με τις ερωτήσεις αυτές ελέγχεται η ικανότητα του υποψηφίου να κατανοεί επιμέρους νοήματα του κειμένου, ρητά ή υπαινικτικά διατυπωμένα. Η κατανόηση γραπτού λόγου βαθμολογείται με τρι άντα (30) μονάδες στην 100βαθμη κλίμακα, οι οποίες κατανέμονται στην κάθε ερώτηση με απόφαση της Κεντρικής Επιτροπής Ειδικών Μαθημάτων. 2. ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΓΝΩΣΗ Δίνονται τρεις (3) δραστηριότητες/ασκήσεις με στόχο τον έλεγχο της ικανότητας του υποψηφίου να χρησιμο ποιεί τη γλώσσα με τρόπο ορθό και κατάλληλο για την κάθε περίσταση. Η κάθε δραστηριότητα/άσκηση περι λαμβάνει πέντε (5) ερωτήσεις. Ειδικότερα ελέγχονται: α) Η λεξιλογική ικανότητα (επίγνωση σε επίπεδο λέ ξης). Με τη δραστηριότητα/άσκηση αυτή ελέγχεται αν ο υποψήφιος χρησιμοποιεί τις κατάλληλες λέξεις από άποψη σημασίας, κρίνοντας από τα συμφραζόμενα, με τρόπο ορθό από άποψη γραμματικής. Τύπος εξέτασης: «συμπλήρωση» ή/και «αντιστοίχιση». β) Η γραμματική ικανότητα (επίγνωση σε επίπεδο πρό τασης). Με τη δραστηριότητα/άσκηση αυτή ελέγχεται αν ο υποψήφιος χρησιμοποιεί τη γλώσσα με γραμματική ορθότητα στο επίπεδο της πρότασης. Τύπος εξέτασης: «συμπλήρωση». γ) Η πραγματολογική ικανότητα (επίγνωση σε επίπε δο κειμένου). Με τη δραστηριότητα/άσκηση αυτή ελέγ χεται αν ο υποψήφιος είναι σε θέση να χρησιμοποιεί τα στοιχεία εκείνα που εξυπηρετούν τη συνοχή και συνε κτικότητα του λόγου. Τύπος εξέτασης: «αντιστοίχιση» ή/και «τοποθέτηση στη σωστή σειρά». Οι δραστηριότητες/ασκήσεις με τις οποίες ελέγχεται η γλωσσική επίγνωση δεν έλκονται υποχρεωτικά από το κείμενο της εξέτασης. Η γλωσσική επίγνωση βαθμολογείται με τριάντα (30) μονάδες στην 100βαθμη κλίμακα, οι οποίες κατανέμο νται ισότιμα σε κάθε ερώτηση δηλαδή δύο (2) μονάδες κάθε ερώτηση. 3. ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΓΡΑΠΤΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ Δίνεται στους υποψήφιους ένα θέμα και τους ζητεί ται να συντάξουν, στην ξένη γλώσσα, κείμενο έκτασης περίπου λέξεων. Στον αριθμό αυτό προσμετρούνται όλες οι λέξεις συμπεριλαμβανομένων των άρθρων, των προθέσεων, των συνδέσμων, κλπ. Το θέμα διατυπώνεται κατά τέτοιον τρόπο, ώστε να προσδιορίζεται με σαφήνεια τόσο η γενική περίσταση επικοινωνίας (δηλαδή με ποια ιδιότητα γράφει ο υποψήφιος, σε ποιον απευθύνεται, ποια σχέση υποτίθεται ότι έχουν μεταξύ τους, κ.λπ.), όσο και η λεκτική/ές πράξη/εις που πρέπει να αναπτύξει ο υποψήφιος (π.χ. να χαιρετήσει, να περιγράψει κάτι, να διηγηθεί κάτι που συνέβη, να διατυπώσει μιαν άποψη ή επιχειρήματα για κάτι, κ.λπ.). Η παραγωγή γραπτού λόγου μπορεί να είναι περιγραφή η/και διήγηση ή/και έκφραση άποψης ή/και διατύπωση επιχειρηματολογίας. Το θέμα της παραγωγής γραπτού λόγου δεν πρέπει να έχει συνάφεια με το περιεχόμενο του κειμένου το οποίο δίνεται για την κατανόηση του γραπτού λόγου. Η παραγωγή γραπτού λόγου βαθμολογείται με σαράντα (40) μονάδες στην 100βαθμη κλίμακα. 2

3 CONTENTS page 2 Description of the STRUCTURE of the New Test page 4 10 Preparation Units for Section 1 - ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΓΡΑΠΤΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ and Section 2 - ΓΛΩΣΣΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΓΝΩΣΗ page complete Practice Tests for the NEW FORMAT of the Exam page 73 English-Greek GLOSSARY for the 15 Practice Tests page Past Paper page 81 Justification of the Answers (in the Teacher s Book only) Andrew Betsis ELT 31 Pyrgou Greece, tel.: , , fax: , orders@andrewbetsiselt.gr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. Ειδικό Μάθημα - ÁããëéêÜ Components: l Succeed in Ειδικό Μάθημα - ÁããëéêÜ - Student's Book ISBN: l Succeed in Ειδικό Μάθημα - ÁããëéêÜ - Teacher's Book ISBN:

4 Unit 1 Κατανόηση Γραπτού Λόγου Task 1: An Article You read a newspaper article about the expansion of cities. Read the article and then answer the questions below. 1. Rubbishing cities is a popular sport. Not simply because of the garbage, graffiti, pollution, congestion and crowds people complain about - there is something about the very essence of cities and their inhabitants that also offends. 2. Surveys have shown that, while around three-quarters of Britain s town and country dwellers are satisfied with their quality of life, only about 10% of urbanites are happy. That s why you see so many of them on the Brighton seafront every weekend - thousands of Londoners set free for the day, blinking and smiling with surprise at all this light and space, poor mole-people above ground at last. 3. But whatever people say about cities, their behaviour tells a different story. More people live in cities now than ever before. In the 1700s less than 10% of the world s population were city-dwellers. By 1900 the proportion had reached 25%; today it stands at around 50% and the trend is set to continue. Soon, two out of every three people on Earth will be living in a city. Will they all be complaining, or will the city have become a better place? 4. At the very least, life in cities should offer more variety and be more fulfilling than a life spent scratching a bare living direct from the soil; it might even be more fun. But as cities have severed the ties that once bound people firmly to the land, so the links between urban and rural environments have become more important than ever. The inhabitants of today s cities are more utterly dependent on the services of nature than at any previous time in history. We tend to forget that, while London, Paris, Venice, New York and numerous other cities sustain and entertain millions of us, cities are monstrous parasites, consuming the resources of regions vastly larger than themselves and giving very little back. In fact, though cities today occupy only 2% of Earth s land surface, they consume more than 75% of its resources. The implications of that are powerfully illustrated by a concept environmental scientists developed during the 1990s: the ecological footprint. 5. Question: What is 120 times the size of London? Answer: The land area required to supply London s needs. Having analysed the workings of London as though the city were a giant machine, consuming resources and spewing out wastes, researchers found that although the city itself occupies an area of only about 1,500 square kilometres, London actually requires roughly 20 million square kilometres of territory for its supplies and waste disposal. This is London s ecological footprint. Though the city is home to just 12% of Britain s population, it uses the equivalent of all Britain s productive land. In reality, of course, the horizons that supply London MODERN CITIES extend beyond the British Isles to the wheat prairies of Kansas, the soya bean fields of the Mato Grosso, the forests of Scandinavia - and thousands of other locations. 6. It is biology that drives evolution and, from a biological point of view, cities are a seriously bad idea. The dangers of disease multiply when people are crowded together, and our aversion to squalor and unpleasant odours is a measure of the depth at which an innate acknowledgement of those dangers is set in our evolutionary history. We are social animals, true enough, but there are limits, and our hunting and gathering ancestors probably had the numbers about right. They were nomadic, moving around in groups of up to 40 or so, and never staying long enough in one place for pathogens to build up to potentially deadly levels. But cities have been - quite literally - the breeding grounds of disease. 7. Bacterial and viral diseases are the price humanity has paid to live in large and densely populated cities. Virtually all the familiar infectious diseases have evolved only since the advent of agriculture, permanent settlement and the growth of cities. Most were transferred to humans from animals - especially domestic animals. Measles, for instance, is akin to rinderpest in cattle; influenza came from pigs; smallpox is related to cowpox. Humans share 296 diseases with domestic animals. 8. Thus, until comparatively recent times, cities had a wellearned reputation for being unhealthy places. In the early 19th century half the children born in Manchester died before they were five years old; in London half died before the age of three, and conditions were even worse in Vienna and Stockholm, where half died before they were two. No wonder demographers and historians write of the urban graveyard effect. Deaths exceeded births in all great cities. The amazing thing is that cities continued to grow. Despite their deathly reputation, more and more people wanted to live in them. 9. Between 1551 and 1801, for instance, the population of London grew more than tenfold, from 80,000 to 865,000, even though deaths consistently exceeded births throughout those 250 years. Left to its own reproductive capacity, London would have died out. It survived and grew by attracting thousands of migrants from the countryside, where death rates were generally 50% lower than in the cities, and birth rates 13% higher. Clearly, living conditions were healthier in the countryside. But, as agriculture and cottage industries such as spinning and weaving were mechanised, redundant labour had no choice but to seek employment elsewhere - and the industrial cities beckoned. 4

5 UNIT 1 Task 1.a 1. Write TRUE or FALSE in the box next to each of the following statements, according to the text. Then, in the space below each sentence, justify your answer by referring to the text. You may quote directly from the text. a) It s common for people to be negative about cities. Rubbishing cities is a popular sport True b) The writer implies it is harder to make money in the city than in the country. The opposite - scratching a living from the bare soil False c) 75% of the Earth is covered by cities. 2% is occupied by cities - 75% of Earth s resources are used by cities. False d) Britain relies on other countries to provide it with goods. the horizons that supply London extend beyond the British Isles True e) The development of farming led to the growth of cities. the advent of agriculture, permanent settlement and the growth of cities. True 2. Continue this brief summary of the first paragraph (about words). Use your own words as far as possible. be critical of cities. This isn t only because cities are crowded, dirty, vandalised and Nowadays, people tend to have traffic jams. People seem to be negative towards the general character of a city and the people who live in them. 3. Why do you think Londoners smile with surprise when they go to the coast? Because they aren t used to being out in the fresh, open air and not having lots of buildings around them. 4. What do you understand by the term, the ecological footprint? (para. 5) The area of land (around a city) that is needed to support they city. 5. Give 3 reasons why cities are the breeding grounds of disease. Use your own words as far as possible. Because too many people are living in a small area so disease has time to develop and spread easily. Also living close to animals causes people to get diseases from them. 6. What did demographers mean by the urban graveyard effect? (para. 8) More people died in the cities than were being born. 7. What effect did migrants have on London? They boosted the dying population. 5

6 Κατανόηση Γραπτού Λόγου Task 1.b Find a word or phrase from the text which means the same as each of the following. The first one has been done as an example. The words and phrases are in the same order as they appear in the text. Meaning/Definition Word or phrase 1 True nature or character of sth (para 1) essence 2 people who live in a city (para 3) city-dwellers 3 sth that lives off, uses sth else but gives nothing in return (para 4) parasites 4 approximately (para 5) roughly 5 not staying / living in one place for long (para 6) nomadic 6 make sb want to do, go, more towards sth or a place; call; tempt (para. 9) beckon Παραγωγή Γραπτού Λόγου Task 2: Writing EITHER 2.a Discuss the statement below: There are both advantages and disadvantages to living in a city. Write a balanced composition giving your opinion on this statement. OR 2.b A local paper has asked you to write an article on the place where you live. Include information about: 6 l Tourist attractions l Public transport l Educational facilities (for all ages) l Leisure facilities l Environmental problems Write your composition or article (approx. 200 words)

7 Παραγωγή Γραπτού Λόγου UNIT 1 MODEL COMPOSITIONS Task 2 (a) Today's cities are powerful entities. As centres of political, social, and economic activity, their influence is unmistakeable. Approximately 50% of people live in cities, yet many people claim to despise them. Despite this paradox, there are both advantages and disadvantages to living in a city. The greatest benefit to city-dwelling is the proximity to resources. Cities contain everything to satisfy our most basic needs such as supermarkets and hospitals, and also to cater to our every whim. In a city it is possible to see famous art, watch any play or musical imaginable, purchase designer clothing, dine at a restaurant featuring cuisines from around the world, and a host of other options. Living in the country simply cannot provide this variety of options. However, living in a city is not without its drawbacks. Many people complain about the garbage and pollution in cities, and not without good reason. Cities generate immense amounts of garbage and require a vast amount of space to sustain them. For example, London requires 20 million square kilometres of land to produce its resources. Additionally, people living in dense areas are more prone to diseases. Until recently, death rates were higher than birth rates in major cities. In contrast, living in the country is healthier to both people and the environment. Despite these setbacks, I believe that cities are wonderful places to live. Human beings are social creatures by nature, and although it may be difficult to attain the same standard of living in a city, I think it is well worth the opportunity to surround oneself with hundreds of possible new friends. Task 2 (b) Paris has often been called the "city of lights," and many people have romantic dreams about this magical city. In reality, these ideas might be far-fetched, but Paris is still a wonderful place with plenty to do and see. The tourist attractions in Paris are extremely well known. Any trip to Paris must include a visit to the Eiffel Tower, which has come to represent the city. Visitors can also spend hours wandering around the Louvre to see some of the world's most famous art. Additionally, the Arch de Triomphe is an impressive structure marking the beginning of the Champs d'elysses, a very popular shopping area. To get to these landmarks, tourists can take the metro. There are eight inner-city lines as well as trains that run to destinations such as Versailles or the airport. Alternatively, many people enjoy walking through Paris to take in the atmosphere. Life for Parisians themselves is quite good. During the day, young people attend school. There are many facilities, including private primary schools and the prestigious Sorbonne University. In the evenings, Parisians enjoy many leisure activities. There are many parks in which people can sit, relax, or meet with friends. Artistically minded people can attend a play at the Opera House; that is said to be home to the Phantom of the Opera. Living in Paris has several disadvantages, however. The city produces a lot of garbage, which has been particularly detrimental to the Seine River. This river used to be a picturesque part of central Paris, but is now brown and grimy. Despite environmental problems, people still flock to Paris to either vacation or live. No amount of pollution can seem to dim the "City of Light." 7