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1 Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number 2 GCE AS/A level 1091/01 CHEMISTRY CH1 A.M. THURSDAY, 13 January hours FOR EXAMINER S USE ONLY Section A B Question Mark ADDITIONAL MATERIALS In addition to this examination paper, you will need a: calculator; copy of the Periodic Table supplied by WJEC. Refer to it for any relative atomic masses you require. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Section A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Section B Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately between Section A (10 marks) and Section B (70 marks) TOTAL MARK INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question. The maximum mark for this paper is 80. Your answers must be relevant and must make full use of the information given to be awarded full marks for a question. You are reminded that marking will take into account the Quality of Written Communication used in all written answers. Page 19 may be used for rough work. CJ*(W )

2 2 SECTION A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1. By inserting arrows to represent electrons, complete the boxes below to show the electronic configuration of a calcium atom. [1] 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 2. (a) Calculate the molar mass, in gmol 1, of calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO 4.2H 2 O. [1] (b) Calculate the percentage of water, by mass, in calcium sulfate dihydrate. [1] Ions of two isotopes of the metal lithium are shown below Li + Li + State which one of the following statements is correct. [1] A The electron arrangement of both these Li + ions is 1s 2 2s 1. B The 7 Li + ion will have more protons in its nucleus than the 6 Li + ion. C The 7 Li + ion will be deflected more than the 6 Li + ion in a mass spectrometer. D Both of these Li + ions have the same number of electrons

3 3 4. Complete the diagram below to show how radiation is affected by an electric field and by materials of different thickness. [3] α β γ charged plates + thin paper 5mm lead 5. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen has a relative molecular mass of 180. The percentage composition by mass is C 40.0%; H 6.70%; O 53.3% (a) Calculate the empirical formula of this compound. [2] (b) Determine the molecular formula of this compound. [1] Section A Total [10] Turn over.

4 4 SECTION B Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 6. Potassium metal was discovered in 1807 by the British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy. Its name derives from the word potash since potassium was isolated by the electrolysis of molten caustic potash, KOH. (a) The mass spectrum of a naturally occurring sample of potassium gave the following results. Isotope 39 K 40 K 41 K % abundance These results can be used to determine the relative atomic mass of the potassium sample. (i) Explain the term relative atomic mass. [2] Calculate the relative atomic mass of the potassium sample, giving your answer to four significant figures. [2] (b) The mass spectrum which provided these results was produced by potassium ions in a mass spectrometer. (i) State how potassium ions are formed in a mass spectrometer. [1] State how potassium ions are separated in a mass spectrometer. [1]

5 β (c) Potassium-40, K, is a radioactive isotope that decays by -emission and has a half-life of years. (i) Write an equation for the process by which a potassium-40 isotope emits a β-particle. [2] Calculate how long it will take for the activity of the isotope to decay to th of its original activity. [1] 1 8 (d) The first and second ionisation energies of potassium and sodium are shown in the table below. 1 st ionisation energy 2 nd ionisation energy / kjmol 1 / kjmol 1 potassium sodium (i) Explain the term molar first ionisation energy. [2] Explain why I potassium has a lower first ionisation energy than sodium, [2] II there is a large difference between the first and second ionisation energies of potassium. [2] Total [15] Turn over.

6 6 7. Eurig is asked to measure the rate of reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid. He is given 1.50g of the carbonate and 10.0cm 3 of acid of concentration 2.00moldm 3. CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) (a) Give an observation that Eurig makes during this reaction. [1] (b) Name a piece of apparatus that he could use to collect and measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced. [1] (c) Suggest a method, other than measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced at set time intervals, that Eurig could have used to follow the rate of this reaction. [1] (d) (i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in this reaction. [1] Calculate the minimum mass of calcium carbonate needed to react completely with this amount of acid. [2] (iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas that would be produced at 25 C. [2] (1mole of carbon dioxide occupies 24dm 3 at 25 C.)

7 7 (e) Eurig repeats the experiment starting with a greater mass of calcium carbonate. He follows the rate of the reaction for 3 minutes. He takes a number of measurements which include 150 cm 3 of carbon dioxide at 1 minute and 200cm 3 at 2 minutes, when the reaction finishes. (i) Sketch a curve on the grid below to show these results. Label this graph A. [1] Volume of CO 2 / cm Time/ minutes On the same grid sketch the graph that would be obtained if the experiment were repeated using hydrochloric acid of half the original concentration, keeping all other factors the same. Label this graph B. [2] (iii) Explain, using simple collision theory, why the rates of these two reactions are different. [2] Turn over.

8 8 (f) With the aid of an energy distribution curve diagram, explain why raising the temperature by a small amount causes the rate of a chemical reaction to increase by a large amount. [3] QWC [1] Fraction of molecules with energy, E Energy, E Total [17]

9 BLANK PAGE Turn over.

10 10 8. (a) During the last 200 years, the average temperature of the Earth has risen. One hypothesis put forward by many scientists is that this is due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The table below shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at 50 year intervals since Year Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere / % by volume The following graph based on data from NASA research, shows the annual global temperature relative to the average temperature between 1951 and Global Temperature uncertainty estimates Temperature difference / C Average temperature Year 2000

11 11 (i) Explain how these two sets of data led many scientists to this hypothesis. [2] QWC [1] Suggest why the data does not convince all scientists that this hypothesis is true.[1] (iii) Suggest two reasons why the uncertainty is greater in the period than the period [2] (iv) Give two reasons for the changing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere after [2] Turn over.

12 12 (b) In fizzy drinks, carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure and when the pressure is released the fizz appears. In a bottle of fizzy drink, the following chemical equilibrium exists: CO 2 (g) CO 2 (aq) (i) Chemical equilibria are often described as dynamic equilibria. Explain the term dynamic equilibrium. [1] When the top is removed from a bottle of fizzy drink it goes flat because much of the dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of solution. Explain why this happens in terms of chemical equilibria. [2] QWC [1] Total [12]

13 13 9. (a) The diagram below includes the visible atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen (the Balmer series). increasing frequency (i) Label the line of lowest energy on the diagram. [1] Explain why the lines become closer together at the high frequency end of the spectrum. [1] Turn over.

14 14 (b) Recently hydrogen has been receiving interest as a source of energy. It can be prepared by the steam reforming of methane. CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + 3H 2 (g) H = 206kJmol 1 (i) State Le Chatelier s Principle. [1] Giving your reasons, state how the equilibrium yield of hydrogen is affected, if at all, by I increasing the temperature at constant pressure, [2] II increasing the pressure at constant temperature. [2] (iii) Calculate the atom economy of hydrogen production in the above reaction. [2]

15 15 (c) Another way of producing hydrogen is from reforming natural gas. H H H 2 H C H H H C C H + 2 H H Use the values in the table below to calculate the enthalpy change for the above reaction. [2] Bond C C C H H H Average bond enthalpy/kjmol Total [11] Turn over.

16 Lisa was asked to measure the molar enthalpy change for the reaction between magnesium and copper(ii) sulfate solution. Mg(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s) She was told to use the following method. Weigh out about 0.90g of powdered magnesium. Accurately measure 50.0cm 3 of copper(ii) sulfate solution of concentration mol dm 3 into a polystyrene cup (placed in another polystyrene cup to provide insulation). Place a 0.2 C graduated thermometer in the solution and measure its temperature every half-minute, stirring the solution before reading the temperature. At the third minute add 0.90 g of powdered magnesium, but do not record the temperature. Stir the mixture thoroughly, then record the temperature after three and a half minutes. Continue stirring and record the temperature at half-minute intervals for a further four minutes. Lisa s results are shown on the graph below Temperature/ C Time/ minutes 8

17 17 (a) Explain why the temperature of the copper(ii) sulfate solution was measured for three minutes before adding the magnesium. [1] (b) (i) Determine the maximum temperature change by drawing lines of best fit for both sets of points and extrapolating both lines to the third minute. Temperature rise from the graph after extrapolation C [2] Explain why extrapolation gives a more accurate temperature change than using the maximum temperature recorded in the experiment. [1] (c) Use the temperature rise from the graph to calculate the amount of heat given out during this experiment. (Assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm 3 and that its specific heat capacity is 4.18JK 1 g 1 ) [1] (d) (i) Calculate the number of moles of magnesium in 0.90g. [1] Calculate the number of moles of copper(ii) sulfate in 50.0cm 3 of a 0.500moldm 3 solution. [1] (e) Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction between magnesium and copper(ii) sulfate solution. [2] (f) Name a piece of apparatus that Lisa could use to accurately measure 50.0 cm 3 of the solution. [1] Turn over.

18 18 (g) State why she did not need to accurately weigh the powdered magnesium. [1] (h) Explain why it is better to use powdered magnesium rather than a strip of magnesium ribbon. [1] (i) The data book value for this molar enthalpy change is 93.1kJmol 1. Express the difference between Lisa s value and this value as a percentage of the data book value. [1] (If you do not have an answer in (e) assume that the molar enthalpy change is 65kJmol 1, although this is not the correct answer.) (j) State the main reason for Lisa s low value in this experiment and suggest one change that would improve her result. [2] Total [15] Section B Total [70]

19 Rough Work

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