Preface to the Indices

Transcript

1 Preface to the Indices In the first three indices, all page numbers refer to manuscript pages. The organization of the material is designed to make the manuscript contents maximally accessible for researchers. Thus, Index One: diseases, symptoms and syndromes, is ordered roughly a capite ad calcem by English terms for bodily parts and by disease categories rather than by the Greek terms; subcategories are organized alphabetically. In addition there is an alphabetical listing of these main categories at the end of Index One (Guide to the main categories in Index One, p. 287). Index Two: alternative therapeutic procedures; magical and religious elements, is similarly organized on the basis of English categories of behaviour, again basically alphabetical. Index Three: pharmacology, measures and utensils, is again presented according to English categories of equipment, measurement and processes; the listings under each main heading are alphabetical. In the notes to the several indices, as in those to the introductory chapters and the translation, individuals who have provided oral and informal information are primarily identified by their initials. For a full list explaining who these invaluable resource persons are, you should consult the Acknowledgements, pp. xv xviii. Abbreviated forms for key primary and secondary literature are provided in the Abbreviations, pp. ix x.

2 280 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition Index One: Diseases, Symptoms, Syndromes 1 Head bleeding ears 13 bleeding nose 78 catarrh 2 10 cold (and pneumonia) 3 24 cough 18, 19, 24, 45 eyes and eye area 4 4, 13, 14, 24, 34, 37 8, 40 41, 66, 73, 78 headache 48, 58 9, 61, 71 2 mouth and tongue 68 rheum (λήμη) 47 salty phlegm 26 teeth and gums 5 9, 31 2, 50 51, 60 thirst 66 throat, neck 6 10, 14, 17, 24, 68, voice 17, 71 Upper body chest pain, tightness 3, 10, 47 (σφίξιν), 49 1 Page references are to the manuscript pages. Greek terms are provided only where clarification is needed. 2 Compare Papadogiannakis 2001: 167: εἰς ταῖς καταροαῖς καὶ ἀσθενεῖαις ὁποῦ ἔρχονται ἀπὸ κρίος (for catarrh and illnesses that arise from the cold). 3 The word translated as pneumonia is πόντα, πούντα, η from the Italian punta. Pangalos : suggests a heavy cold; Lionis et al.1994: 168, indicates that in West Crete the term may mean pneumonia. 4 MS p. 14, ο λόβος: the whole eye and area around it. Eye pain MS p. 66, πονόμματον, see Rigatos 2005: 281, ο πονόματος. MS p. 73, the white eye or white spot (λευκόμα): a common ailment in folk medicine, see Blum and Blum 1965: 53 4, 69 70, 184, 252; Rigatos 2005: MS p. 32, the term for infection here also means poison : ψακισθώσιν = ψ(ι)ακώνω, see Xanthinakis 1996: 228 and Rigatos 2005: MS p. 14, when the neck is seized or gripped (πιασθή ὁ λαιμός). There are several interpretations of this: 1) may be kinks with pain, or stiffness (SK); 2) may be when your voice is rough or you are losing your voice (KD); 3) GS says it is when various things are wrong with your neck: hoarseness, soreness (he adds that especially when you have a stiff neck you would use the term εστραβοκουτρίκιασα). The professional opinion is also along these lines; according to CL the condition is a sore throat with the voice affected as though someone had grabbed you by the throat so that you have difficulty making sounds. It is not simply laryngitis in that a sore throat is involved. A similar phrase is used MS p. 71, Περί τῆς φωνῆς ὤταν πιασθή.

3 Indices 281 heart pounding, pain 4, 10, 49, lungs (pleuritis) 24, 47, 70 pneumonia (and cold) 24 Intestines and abdominal organs bile, gall bladder 47 8, 60 internal discomfort 3, 9, 10 11, 49, 75 jaundice (χρυσανφλήδα, σαρειλήκην) 7 53 liver pain 72 poisoning 72/3 spleen 8 12, 18 19, 61 stomach/intestines 24, 31, 34, 47, 50, 66, 68, 75, 76 7 stone and kidney pain 3 4, 8, 17, 25, 27, 34, 41 2, 54 vomiting 27, 70 71, 72 3 (for poisoning) see also under Wounds and Infections, swellings Digestion heartburn 47 hiccups 47 Excretion cathartics 23 4, 44, 48, 62 3, 83 constipation: δέν ἠμπορή νά κατουρήσι τό χονδρό του νερόν 9 17 δησκοιληότητος 62 κοίνησιν τῆς κοιλίας 63 diarrhoea/dysentery: δυσεντερίας, φλούσω κήνησις Jaundice has several names: ο ίκτερος. η χρουσοφώδα, το σαριλίκι from the Turkish for yellow, sarilik; see Rigatos 2005: 138, 302, The condition called spleen is often the long-term effect of malarial infection; see Rigatos 2005: Literally, urinate his thick water. According to KD two idioms relate here: one phrase for urination (thin or ψιλό water) and one for defecation (thick, χονδρό water). 10 Φλούσω, Italian flusso, dysentery or diarrhoea; see Papadogiannakis 2001: 98, φλοῦσος; Rigatos 2005: 365, το φλούσο. 11 The condition may include colic and literally means movement ; the more usual term in Crete for diarrhoea is ευκίνησιν (CL).

4 282 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition λησεντερία 12 18, 43 haemorrhoids 13 25, 55, 65 rectal pain/bleeding 11, 15, 32, 42 urinary problems: δέν ἠμπορή νά κατουρήση 11 12, 13 δὲν κρατεῖ τό οὔρος του 26 δυσούρειαν, τραγγουριαν τὸ οὖρος σὰν κρατιθή 41 φχιαγγόπονον Limbs and extremities feet 6, 14 15, 16, 35 6, 77 rheumatism 39, 77 8 running sores (legs) 52 Skin, nails and hair black coals (μαὐροκάρβοννον) black frying pan (μαυροτήγανον) blisters (κονδείλια) , 69 (throat) caries (τριδώνες) 42 dandruff, scurf (πητούριδαν) 54 dermatitis (συκάμινον) See Lionis et al.1994: 171 where λυσεντερία is being replaced by the term δηλητηρίαση; see also Rigatos 2005: 202, η λυσεντερία, a range of syndromes featuring diarrhea, and η λυσαντεριά, dysentery proper. 13 The usual term for haemorrhoids in this notebook is ζοχάδες, see also Rigatos 2005: 127, οι ζωχάδες, εσωχάδες. Rigatos p. 205 also lists as haemorrhoids one of the five forms of eczema, called in Crete, μαγιασίλι (μαγιασίλι του πάτου); see n. 20 below. 14 Τραγγουριαν is a corruption of strangury. 15 Probably painful urination, see Papadogiannakis 2001: 115: φιάγκον: ἡ δυσουρία. Φιάγκωσα is the verb. Rigatos 2005: , citing the Geoponikon of the 17th-century Cretan monk Agapios Landos, gives το φιάγκο and το φιάγκωμα: dysuria or retention of urine either from kidney stones or engorged tissues. These are Cretan dialect terms which a local source (KD) suggests may also indicate constipation. 16 This disease is probably anthrax: see Xanthinakis 1996: 97, το καρβούνι (Ρέθυμνο) = η νόσος άνθραξ. Μεσν. κάρβουνον (Latin origin). 17 This disease, clearly named for the main treatment method, is locally thought to be some kind of herpes, according to GS. 18 See Rigatos 2005: 149, καντήλι, το (= κονδείλια MS p. 26); more often in this notebook the term φούσκα, φουσκαλίδες is used for blisters (MS pp. 30, 69). 19 Skin condition whose name derives from the mulberry fruit. According to CL it has an allergic base and an origin in allergic reactions to mulberry leaves (a common allergen); now the meaning has been extended to include kinds of contact dermatitis generally. The

5 Indices 283 eczema (μαγιασίλιον) 20 24, 42 erysipilas (ἀνεμοπήρομα) 73 fistulae 4, 20 (eye); 4, 21 hair loss 19, lichen (ἀληχήναις) 22 31, 60, 72 nails (κορόνειχα ἡ κορκονειχα) 23 16, 39 40, 2 pellicles (ψαχνίδα) polyps 35 scabies, scurf (ψόρα) , 46, 60, 86 scrofula/struma (χελώνια) 26 9, 10, 19, 32, 71 sore like red bread term is also used for skin reddened by chafing (GS); see also Rigatos 2005: 323, σύγκαμμα, το το παράτριμμα. Ο ερεθισμός του δέρματος από τρίψιμο. 20 Common eczema is perhaps the most frequent use for this term; Rigatos 2005: 205 describes 5 afflictions in Crete which are called το μαγιασίλι: μαγιασίλι των αμαθιών, τση μύτης, του πάτου (haemorrhoids), του γδερμάτου, το αφθιού. See also Lionis et al. 1994: MS p. 19, διά τοῦς κασιδιαρέους: (scalp is η κασίδα or ο κασίδης). This can mean hair loss, as well as dermatological afflictions of the head, hair and beard, popularly treated with caustic ointments; see Rigatos 2005: 344, ο τριχοφάγος, and 154 η κασίδα. 22 Also written as Λειχῆνες; chronic itchy skin rash; see Rigatos 2005: 191, λειχήνα, η και λειξήνας, ο. According to CL, this skin disorder has an auto-immune character and an allergic base, but is chronic, not acute or sub-acute. There is a dry form which continues on as another stage after the initial allergic reaction. 23 Probably a dialect term; both medical (CL) and local sources (GS) confirm that this is a condition of the nail bed not caused by external blow or bruising. The nail can appear black underneath, may become malformed, and the degree of sensation felt at the roots of the nail may be affected. 24 Mandeson 1961 translates ψαχνίδα as pellicles of the head. 25 ψόρα or ψώρα may include itch, scabies, mange; in popular medicine many kinds of scaly dermatic conditions may be so loosely diagnosed. According to CL, the condition, caused by a parasite, is characterized by uncontrollable itching and was common in the past with people engaged in agriculture, as the parasite thrives in poorly ventilated storage areas for agricultural produce (CL). 26 Scrofula: also called Struma and King s Evil. The name here is linked to the Greek for tortoise or turtle (χελώνη, χελώνα) and in popular medicine covers several scurfy types of skin diseases; see Lionis et al.1994: 166; Rigatos 2005: 375; Papadogiannakis 2001: 135, n. 687, χελώνι, τὸ ἡ χοιράς. 27 Unclear what this is; KD describes a skin sore rather like a large granulated red mole called μουρνέ or μουρνιά. This is often a cancerous or precancerous skin tumour with an appearance resembling a mulberry (hence the name); see Rigatos 2005: 221 and Lionis et al.1994: 170. Alternateivly the red bread description might simply indicate a large red hot oedema with pain, resembling bread s red-hot glow when it is taken from a stone oven (CL).

6 284 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition spots (πανάδες) warts (μυρμιγγιαῖς) 27 8 see also under Contagious Diseases Wounds and infections bites 29 46, 72, 78 burns 4 cut tendons, veins gangrene (?) (φάγουσα) 31 71, 76, 78 infected wounds 23, 33 4, 35, 36, 52, 71, 76, 78 knife cuts or gunshot wounds 1, 2, 15, 16, 35, 36 7, 50 swellings: abdomen 9, breasts 67, 69 eyes 34 face 55 feet or legs 6, 16, 46 genitals 32 39, 46 hands 6 hydropsy(νερόπιασμα) 6 non-specific , 39, 73 (erysipelas) spleen 12, 18 19, 61 throat 24 Reproduction and birth childbirth 2, 14, (?), 52, lactation 42, 43, 56, 65, 67, 69 menstrual problems 3, (?), 43 4, 48, General local agreement that these are white spots that appear on your skin after exposure to sun. Professional opinion (CL) is similar; non-specific white spots or areas arising from stress; an auto-immune disease called λεύκη. See also Rigatos 2005: 192. Tsampounaras 1987: 1996 suggests freckles as a translation. 29 MS p. 72: the bite is by a rabid animal, ο λησασμένος from rabies: ἡ λυσvσσα, λυσσάζω. See Rigatos 2005: As in ancient Greek, the term νεύρα is used in popular medicine for tendons, not nerves (CL). 31 The term φάγουσα describes a condition that eats away at flesh; also called φαγέδαινα; it may indicate gangrene or cancer. See Papadogiannakis 2001: 121, Εἰς φάγουσαν. Αὔτη εἶναι ὀ καρκίνος, ἡ μουρνέα καὶ ἡ γάγρενα. See also Rigatos 2005: MS p. 39, the term for genitals, τὰ ἐδδία, is the same as the Homeric αἰδοῖα. 33 Generic term for swelling, tumour, tumefaction, intumescence is το πρήξιμο.

7 Indices 285 prolapsed womb sterility/impotence 5, 8 9 (bound), 37, 63, 65 (bound), 78 Fevers (θέρμη) 35 30, 32, 42 3, 46, 62, 63, 78 9 Contagious diseases Anthrax (?)(μαὐροκάρβουνον) 28 9 Leprosy (λέπρα, λουβιασμένος) , 46, 60, 72 Orf disease (ὄρφος) Plague (πανούκλα) 29, 76 Venereal diseases The French disease (μαλαφράντζα) Gonnorrhoea (σκουλαμέντον) 11, 22, 26, 51 Psychological/neurological, sexual health, general well-being children crying 37 depression 2 3 drunkenness 28 epilepsy (σεληνιασμόν) 39 14, 52 3, 62 fear (prosecution) 67 8 nervous system, energy loss , 24, 30, 48 9, 66 7 night fears (?) νύκτορα MS p. 65: Οταν εὐγαίνει ἔξω ἠ μήτρα καὶ εἶναι σκανδαλισμένα: protruding out and tipped aslant is suggested by this description. CL suggests σκανδαλισμένα is derived from the word for the trigger of a gun (σκανδάλη) and describes something dropping down and hooking back, turned or twisted. The words is used also in a nautical context and relates to dislodging an anchor; so a womb dislodged or out of place. See also Rigatos 2005: 289, πτώση της μήτρας, 35 This term is also used for typhoid fever (CL) and for malarial fevers. 36 Leper: ο λουβ(γ)ιάρης, ο μεσκίνης. To suffer from leprosy: λουβιάζω, λωβιάζω. Leprosy, the disease: λουβγιάρα, η λεπρή, η μεσκίνισσα. There was leprosy on Crete into the twentieth century. 37 Orf disease is viral, contagious ecthyma, and can pass between humans and animals. Its source is often milking animals. According to CL, this is an old name for a disease which was widespread in Crete about one hundred years ago. It involves lesions of the skin, primarily on the hands and is most often self-treated. 38 Primarily this is syphilis, but other socially transmitted disorders such as herpes may be implicated. CL adds that this term is used most frequently in the south coast area of Crete and may reflect a history of exposure to syphilis at seaports such as Aghia Galini and Plakias. See also Lionis et al.1994: 166, 170 and Papadogiannakis 1990: 353, See Lionis et al.1994: 167, 171 and Rigatos 2005: MS p. 21, διναμοτικὸν from the verb meaning strengthen, invigorate, fortify: δυναμώνω.

8 286 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition sleep disorders 13, 59, 63 4 (νύκτορα?) 41 General panaceas; non-specific remedies aromatics 23 balm 50 benefits of rosemary 75 6 for any weakness 30 mixture/tonic 48 9 ointment 22 3 Oribasios plant 78 prophylactic 66 7 vinegar 76 7 Non-medical advice get rid of bugs 20 good shoe leather 14 help in law court 67 8 prevent snake bite 78 protect bees 28 protect flocks 30 protection against all magic 55 8 stop dogs barking 32 see also under Unknown Unknown release from binding spells 6, 7, 8 9, 55 8, 65 νύκτορα When someone raves (παραλαλή) in the night: the professional view is that this is a psychological term indicating delirium and possible hallucinations (CL), and see παραμιλώ, παραλήρω in Rigatos 2005: 264. Locally, people are more inclined to say this cure is for someone talking in their sleep, or even sleepwalking (KD and GS). The term νύκτορα is not yet solved. A pentalpha is drawn beside the cure and may indicate that some kind of night terror might be the problem. Rigatos 2005: has teeth grinding, το νυχτερινό, also possible here. 42 See discussion of this term in the notes ad loc. It is possibly either night terrors or night blindness (νυκτάλωψ).

9 Guide to the main categories in Index One Indices 287 Contagious diseases, p. 285 Digestion, p. 281 Excretion, pp Fevers, p. 285 General panaceas; non-specific remedies, p. 286 Head, p. 280 Intestines and abdominal organs, p. 281 Limbs and extremities, p. 282 Non-medical advice, p. 286 Psychological/neurological, sexual health, general well-being, pp Reproduction and birth, pp Skin, nails and hair, pp Unknown, p. 286 Upper body, pp Venereal diseases, p. 285 Wounds and infections, p. 284

10 288 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition Index Two: Alternative Therapeutic Procedures: Magical and Religious Elements Astronomical and Astrological elements calendar of inauspicious days, by months dew (?) 44 εἰς τό ἀγιάζει 53 predictions according to the Day of the Cross, Sept stars 12, 63 sun, sunrise 7, 50, 53, 62, 63 waning of moon τήν λίγεψιν τοῦ φεγγαρίου 18 στήν χάσην τοῦ φεγγαρίου. 28 τήν χάσιν τῆς σελήνας.ι 28 τήν χάσιν τῆς σελήνης 52, 62 τήν χάσιν τοῦ φεγγαρίου. 58 9, 61 2, 71 zodiacal signs and influences Magical objects and actions black-handled knife 12 brother s blood 11 bury at triple cross-road 77 eight-year-old child (urinate over) 6 milk of woman nursing male child 29 ring from donkey s hoof 52 spit into eye (against evil eye) 73 talons of hawk, wear 32 unicorn (?) (μονόκαρον, λεόκορνον) 73 womb of a female animal, virgin 37 write magical letters 58, 59, 63, Religious festivals and liturgy Easter Friday 53, 62 Easter Sunday 7 priest to recite the prayer 63 4 Troparion for Pentakost 65 when they say Christos Anesti 7 when they say the Credo 19 Sacred objects 43 A mid-nineteenth century Ἰατρικόν (MS 1997, Athens, National Library of Greece) has a similar calendar on page 204. Only a few of the days correspond however. 44 May also mean, cool, airy place.

11 Indices 289 bones in a cross 30 holy lance, write with 59 holy water 43 plant from a churchyard wall 5 (male or female saint significant) tile from a church 59 Spells, charms, and counter charms to say and or write binding spells, protection 55 8, 65 childbirth enemies (law courts) 67 8 fevers 63, 78 9 general protection 55 8 headaches 58 9 sleep 59

12 290 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition Index Three: Pharmacology, Measures and Utensils A) Utensils and basic tools (i) Implements, instruments, devices black-handled knife: ἔνα μαὐρομάνηκον μαχέρι 12 ceramic roof tile: κεραμίδιον 50 charcoal brazier: μαγικάλι κάρβουνα 20 clyster, ἐγγληστήριον, κλήσματα 70, 81 cupping glasses, βεντούζες 70 fine sieve: ψυλύ τριχιάν 16 ψιλήν σῆτα(ν) 18 (x2), 35, 45 fine syringe: σερβιτζάλη ψιλό 22 grinding mill τόν μήλον (μύλος) 77 harness/yoke for oxen: ἔνα ζηγόν του βοδιοῦ 6 hollow part of the harness: την λακοσά τοῦ ζηγοῦ 6 metal casserole inside a boiler (extraction process) σέ τέτζεριν νά βράσούν εἰς ἔνα χαρανὴ 48 mortar: στό γουδί 28 nail head, heated: τήν κεφαλήν τοῦ καρφίου πυρωμένην 29 needle: τήν βελώνα 7 packing needle: κάψε μίαν σακοράφην 68 raki boiler/copper: σέ ρακοκάζανον (=τὸ καζάνι) 43 razor: ξυράφιον, ξουράφιον 29, 35 reed straw: καλάμι 36 small syringe: σερβιζάλη μικρόν 8 spoons: ἔνα κοχλιάρη, χουλιαριά, 1 spoon size used for sweets of the spoon : μίαν Κουταλιά τοῦ γλυκοῦ 11 still or alembic: μέ τόν λαμπίκον 41 tablet, board: ἔνα πινάκι 1 two bricks: δυο τούβλα 25 two pieces of holm oak wood: δυό ξύλα πρινάρινα 20 (ii) Receptacles baking tin, clean, ταβάν, καθαρόν 51 barrel, cask, ἔνα βουτζῆ 6 bowl, new bowl, τσυνάκι, τζανάκη ἀφόριον 3, 8 buckets, δύο κουβάδες 6 casserole, metal, τέτζεριν 48 cauldron, χαρανή 48

13 Indices 291 container, ἐνα κιασέ 14 cups, τρίς κουπιαῖς, μίαν κούπαν 10 flask, glass jar or beaker, γιαλή 10, 11 frying pan, το τηγάνι 30 glass container, γαστέρα γιαλένιο 70 jars, bottles, μπότζα, μπότζες 7, 48 (μπότης, beaker or jar) pan, round earthenware, ο ταβάς χωματένιον 26 porringer, γαβάθι (γαβάθα, ἡ) 63 (wooden or earthen pot or bowl) pot or vessel, ἐνα ἀγγείον (το αγγείο) 25 pot, heavy, dutch oven, γαστρί 9 pot, iron, ἀγγείον σηδένιο 76 (σηδένιον = σιδερένιος) pot, new, τσουκάλη καινούργιαν 1, 9, 11 τσουκάλη ἀφόριον 7 ἀφόριον τζηκάλη 18 ἀγγεῖον ἄπκεστον 14 pot, new clay, κενούργιον ἀγγεῖον πήληνον 36 (iii) Textile material cloth, πανή 9, 15, 27 πανί 17 cloth, clean white, πανίον ἄσπρον καθαρόν 53 cloth or paper, pale blue or milk white, ἔνα πανή γαλάζο 45 τό πανί ἤ τό χαρτή 18 cotton, βαμπάκη 29, 30 felt or wool cloth, μίαν τζόχα 4 lint, ξαντο 1 sheet, ἔνα σεντόνη 8 straining cloth, τουλουπάνη 19 thick, hairy fabric, ἀμπά thread, ράμα 76 tow or wadding, στουπεῖα 1, 75 unwashed wool, μαλιά ἄπλητα The exact colour is at issue: sky blue according to KD; possibly a bluish white, like milk according to Pangalos : 6, 567, γαλάζο γαλανός: white like milk. 46 Pangalos : 5, 143, ὁ ἀμπᾶς: the thick hairy fabric out of which one prepares the thick (eponymous) jackets (Arabic derivation).

14 292 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition B) Measurements and quantities (i) Measured amounts cups, τρίς κουπιαῖς, κούπαν 10, 12 drams, δράμι(ον), δράμια 1, passim drops (3), στάζε τρεῖς 13 ρανίδα 40 forkful, μίαν πιρουνιάν 42, 46 glass, ποτήρη, ποτίρι, ποτήρι 5, 8, 11, 12, 22 grains, ἀπὸ γράνες κόκους 50 5 σπιρια 49 half a coffee cup, μισό φλιζάνι 7, μισόν φλαζάνιον 18 large jug or karto, το κάρτο 48 half of a karto, μισόν κάρτον 25 oka, ὁκάδες 49 1, 5 ounce, ουγγια ή ουγκια = οὐγγία, ἡ = one ounce) 15 half ounce, μισύ οὐγγία 15 para, parades, παρά 50 7, 35, 48 small coffee cup(s), φλιζάνια 2, 7 spoonfuls, χουλιαριά, χουλιαργιαῖς, 1, 17 (ii) Estimated quantities, amounts and portions an amount equal to half, σὰν τό μισό(ν) 44 an amount the same as, 44 ὁσὰν, ταρυφίλες ἄρτον τοῦ, ἴσα μέ ταρίφιλες Small units of weight; see Rigatos 2005: 91, γράνο, το: Φαρμακευτική μονάδα βάρους, ο κόκκος (grain) βάρους περίπου όσο ένας κόκκος σιτάρι ή κριθάρι. 48 A karto is one quarter of an oka, The name derives from a unit of measure/weight, a καντάρι (MT); see also Rigatos 2005: 153, κάρτο, το και κάρτος, ο: το τέταρτο μιας μονάδας βάρους (της οκάς, της λίτρας κ.ο.κ.). 49 Oka, measure of weight equal to 2.82 pounds. See Rigatos 2005: 251, οκά, η Μονάδα βάρους του τουρκικού μετρικού συστήματος, σε χρηση και στην Ελλάδα μέχρι τα μέσα της δεκατετίας του 50. Υποδιαιρείτο σε 400 δράμια και ισοδυναμούσε με 1280 γραμμάρια. Μονάδα μέτρησης αιθέριων ελαιων. Ηταν δακτυλήθρα συγκεκριμένου μεγέθους, όγκου λίγων κιβικών εκατοστρόμετρων. 50 Turkish money: o παράς = ο παρᾶς, παρᾶδος equivalent to 1/40th of a piastre. The term may be used as a measure of indifference or small worth, but see also Papadogiannakis 2001: 127 for a recipe where παράδες are specified, the monetary value being the unit of measurement for the amounts required. 51 ταρυφίλες, see note at MS p. 44 for this expression, probably derived from the Turkish tâli fiil, meaning let it be/do thus.

15 Indices 293 a considerable amount, καμπόσα 26 small amount, ὀλίγον 13, passim a small amount, the right amount, ἀξάγι ἔνα ἀξάγι μαστίχα amount the size of a hazelnut, ἴσά μὲ ἐνα φουντούκη 18 εἶσα μὲ ἐνα φουντοῦκι 20 amount up to the size of one lentil, ἔως μιάν φακήν 21 amount the size of chick peas, 45 ὠσὰν ροβύθια an amount equal to a suck or sip of a Turkish pipe, λούλαδες ο λουλάς 4 Handful, μία φούκτα, χφούκταν, 7, 17 Hands, χεριά Pinches: up to a pinch (of snuff ), ἔως μίαν πρέζαν (ταμπάκον) 54 22, 42 equal to a pinch of snuff, ἴσα μὲ πρέζαν ταμπάκου 44 Portions: τὸ ἔνα μέριδιον, μερίδια (τριά, δύο) 26, 44 μερδικόν 38 one half a portion, ἀνάμιση = ἐνα μιση μερδικόν up to a small cup, ἔως ἔνα φλιζάνιον From the Latin exagium; see Rigatos 2005: 115, εξάγιο, το: Φαρμακευτική μονάδα βάρους της Βυζαντινής περιόδου, ίση με μιάμιση δραχμή. Απαντάται τους μετέπειτα αιώνες και ως ξάγι. See also Pangalos : 5, 168, ἀξαγιάτικα, τα (and ἀξαγιάτης and ἀξάγια) mean something closer to an appropriate amount: Ἡ πληρωμὴ τὴν ὀποίαν πληρώνωμεν πληροῦντες τὸ μέτρον ἀξάι μέ τὴν εἰς εἶδος πληρωμήν The quantity in this context is a puzzle. Normally the word would indicate the quantity you can grasp with one hand; see Rigatos 2005: 375, χεριά, η Η ποσότητα που μπορεί να πιάσει κάποιος με το χέρι. Μονάδα μέτρησης για διάφορα εμπειρικά παρασκευάσματα. Αλλιώς δράκα, δραξιά, χεροβολιά, χερόβολο. I have translated the passage as good for ten applications. 54 πρέζαν: as much as you can pinch up with three fingers (KD). 55 Pangalos : 6, 119, μερ δικοί Ἐκ τοῦ μεριδικοί (μερίδιον).

16 294 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition C) Operations, processes bathe or soak in brine, oil, 6, 12, 51 burn and make ashes and a powder, 2, 4, 7, 13, 15, 22, 25, 27, 34, 35, 37 burn with heated object, 68 9, 30 cook and use the cooking water, 3, 22, 43, 54, 65 {?} cook, roast, dry and make a powder or flour, 12, 27, 41 2 distil: use alembic, 41, 43 other distillation, extraction methods, 7, 34, 38 9, 48, 50, 66, 70, 78 draw off, skim, 36, 42 ferment or rot substance, 25 fumigate, smoke or steam, 8, 14, 20, 25, 31, 32, 52, 60 61, 65 6, 74 make a compress or poultice, pound or powder and put on, 3 4, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 31, 32 3, 46 cook, heat and put on warm, 3, 9, 10, 24, 28, 29, 33, 34, 42 3, 50, 52, 61, 62, 72 make a clyster, 70, 81 make an ointment, 1, 2, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19 22, 33 4, 36, 38 41, 46 make pills or capsules, 26, 45, 64 5, 82 mix, blend, beat, cook or dilute with: blood, 11, 44, 53, 62 coffee, 2, 4, 9, 10 egg, 1, 3, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26 7, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 51, 64 honey, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 27, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49, 54, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72 milk, 20, 29, 32 3, 42, 43, 45, 53 oil, 1, 2, 9, 11, 12, 15 7, 20, 22 3, 38, 31 6, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 51, 62 4, 71 3, 77, 78

17 Indices 295 raki, 2, 4, 9, 10, 22, 26, 35, 48, 50, 52 vinegar, 3, 15, 16, 19, 25, 27, 31, 35, 38, 50, 54, 60, 61, 64, 66, 75 water, 2, 4, 7 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46 9, 53, 54, 62, 69, 73 6 wine, 1, 2 3, 5, 9, 11, 13 17, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42, 43, 48, 50, 61, 63, 66 71, 73 6, 78 phlebotomize, 39, 43, 70, pound and use juice, 12, 13, 18, 26, 37 pound to powder and make tea, 2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 18, 26 reduce by cooking, 1, 9 10, 17, 27, 36, 44, 51 rub with rough cloth, 31 scarify, cut, shave, 29, 35 6, 40 use cupping glasses, 70 use syringe, 8, 22

18 General Index This index covers the introductory chapters (pp. i 45) and the notes to the translation (pp ). Aëtius of Amida 2 access, to medical care 7, 18 Aghia Photini medical clinic 29 Alexander of Tralles 2 Amari valley Andartes 26 Andreas the European, Senôr 13 Andredakis, George Emanuel 28, 29 Andrew of Crete, Metropolitan 18 Antigonos, King 13 Arab conquest, occupation 18, 19 Arabic language 5, 45 sources 18, 39 Arcadi, Moni 20 Arcadia 15, 27 Aristotle 13 Assomaton, Moni 33 astrology i, 5, 8, 135, 288 Athens, medical school 9 University of 9, 21, 28 Athos, Mount 8, 33, 34 Koutloumous manuscript 8 Belli, Onorio 25 Belon, Pierre 25 Black Years, 1 see also Mavra Chronia Blum, Richard and Eva Blum 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 40 Bologna 12, 24 bone setter 4 Bronze Age 24, 27 see also Minoan art Byzantine astrology 8 empire 6, 9, 18, 27 Gialou story 41 Greek, terms 41, 42 hospitals 18, 22 hospital manuals xii, 2, 4 hymn 55 medical traditions 18 medicine and medical literature xi, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 18, 19, 22, 33, 37, 39 plant exports 25 Casabona, Giuseppe 25 see also De Goethuysen, Jodocus (of Flanders) Charkiadonikolis, 32 see also Theodorakis, Nikolaos Konstantinos charlatans, 6, 7, 15, 16, 20 see also komboyiannites, quack doctors, travelling healers charms 2, 4, 8, 34, 37, 41, 57, 109, 117, 133 Clusius, Carolus 25 see also L Écluse and l Écluse, Charles de Constantinople education of Greeks in 9 fall of 6, 11, 18 medical hierarchy in 19 University of 9 Cornaros, Vintsentsos 11 see also Erotokritos Cretan dialect ii, xvi, 134, 40, 41, 42, 51, 59, 75, 77, 171, 177, 186, 282, 283

19 298 A Cretan Healer s Handbook in the Byzantine Tradition dittany 35 Renaissance 11, 12, 22, 24, 25 Crete (Candie) 26 early travellers to 22, 25, 26 landscape of xv, 2, 11, 12, 24, 25, 27 terrain 2, 11 crosses, 37 see also marginal notations, symbols Cyprus xii De Goethuysen, Jodocus (of Flanders) 25 see also Casabona, Giuseppe demotic Greek 12, 18 see also vernacular Greek dimôdi iatriki 5 see also folk medicine, laïki iatriki, popular medicine, Diocles of Carystos 13 Dioscorides, Pedanius xi, 3, 8, 13, 19, 24, 34, 43 Herbal 8, 9 distillation 39, 45, 95, 123 education of physicians 6, 7, see also medical schools L Écluse and l Écluse, Charles de 25 see also Clusius, Carolus empiriki 14, 16, 7, 18, 19 see also healer and praktiki encheiridia 5 Epiros, Epirot region 15, 27 epistimoniki iatri 17, 21, 22, 28 see also trained physicians Erotokritos 11, 12 see also Cornaros, Vintsentsos fee, absence of 16, 34, Ferrara 12 Fleming, Alexander 28 Florence 24 folk medicine, healing 2, 7, 15, 17, 37, 38, 40, 51, 109, 113 see also dimôdi and laïki iatriki, popular medicine foreign travellers 21, 22, 25, 26 foreign words 43 5 Galen, Claudius ix, xi, 3, 8, 13, 19, 34, 38, 40, 43, 44, 59, 89, 119, 161 Geoponica, Geoponikon 3, 8, 11, 33 Ghini, Luca 24 Ghini, Ottavian 24 goities 34, 41 see also charms, magic Gortyn 18 Greek medicine 2, 18, 160 Greek Orthodox ritual 5, 8, 37, 41 Greek pharmacology, ethno pharmacology xii, 6 9, 13, 15, 19 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 39 Greek science xi, 6 Greek students in the West 6, 12, 21 Gregory, Pope 12 hatchings 37, 57, 109, 115, 121 see also marginal notations, symbols healer i, xii, 1, 5, 6, 13 22, 24, 28, 32 see also praktiki, empiriki Heidelberg 24 Heraclion 11, 20, 21 Hieropais, Nikolaos xii Hill, Sir Arthur 8 9 Hippocrates ix, xi, 3, 13, 34 Hippocratics 8, 13, 19, 21, 40 hospitals (on Crete) Byzantine 4, 18 field hospital 22, 28 Venetian 19 Turkokrateia 21 iatrosophia i, v, xi, xii, xiii, xvi, 1 9, 11 17, 19, 23, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 49, 49, 59, 67, 133, 159 resilience of i, 6, 9, 18, 159

20 General Index 299 see also popular iatrosophia iatrosophion i, xi xiii, 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 33, 37, 40, 41, 45 iatrosophist 2, 3, 7, 8, 38, 131 Ida, Mount vii, 25 6, 27 (photo), 28 see also Psiloritis Ilarion, Abbot and Monk 33 Ioannina 15 Ionian Academy 9 islands 20 Italian terms 1, 5, 7, 8, 44 5, 67, 75, 125, 131 training of physicians 12, 13, 24 Jesuit 39 Kanavas, Ioannis 34 see also Tsaîkatzis komboyiannites 20 see also charlatans, quack doctors, travelling healers Kontopidis, Michael 3, 13 Koutloumous, Moni 8 see also Athos, Mount laïki iatriki 5, 22 see also dimôdi iatriki, folk medicine, popular medicine Landos, Agapios, Monachos 8, 11, 33, 129 Latin terms 5, 14, 44, 75 texts 13 Leiden 15, 24 5 Leo, Medicus 2 libraries (on Crete) 20, 33 Lotus Land 26 Loukaris, Kurillos, Patriarch 6 Madagascar 39 magic i, v, 1, 5, 18, 34, 37, 41, 49, 61, 63, 109, 155 see also charms, goities magicians, spell-casters 18 maies 6 see also midwives Mani 27 manuscripts 19, 20, 33, 34, 37, 39 see also Byzantine hospital manuals and medical literature, monasteries, and texts, Graeco-Roman, classical marginal notations 37, 117 see also crosses, hatchings, meanders, pentalpha, symbols matinada, matinades ii Mattioli, (Matthioli), M. Pietro Andrea 24, Mavra Chronia, see also Black Years 1 meanders 37, 53, 57, 109, 115, 133 see also marginal notations, symbols medical schools 7, 9, 21, 29 see also education of physicians, Greek students in the West, Western education Meletius, Medicus xi, 2 Meronas i, ii, xvi, 1, 12, 29, 31, 32 5, 37, 44, 157 Michiel, Pietro Antonio 24 midwives 4, 5, 6, 16, 18, 21, 29 see also maies Minoan art 24 see also Bronze Age, Monastiraki, Sybritos monasteries 2, 6, 8, 9, 18, 20, 27, 33 see also Arcadi, Assomaton, Koutloumous, Toplou Monastiraki 26, 29 Montpelier 24 Morea 7 National Library of Greece 5 New World plant importations 40 norms, cultural 11 number forty 53 oath, physicians 21 occupation of Crete, German 1, 12, 26, 29