Anabasis I I.1. Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύτερος

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1 Anabasis I I.1. Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύτερος μὲν Ἀρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι. 2. ὁ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτερος παρὼν ἐτύγχανε Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς αὐτὸν σατράπην ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζονται. ἀναβαίνει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος λαβὼν Τισσαφέρνην ὡς φίλον, καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔχων ὁπλίτας ἀνέβη τριακοσίους, ἄρχοντα δὲ αὐτῶν Ξενίαν Παρράσιον ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 5 ἀπο-δείκνυµι: appoint; point out, indicate, 2 Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 ἀ-σθενω: to be weak, feeble, sick, 1 βίος, ὁ: life, 2 Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 Καστωλός, ὁ: Castolus, 2 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 3 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 Παρράσιος α -ον: of Parrhesia, Parrhesian, 1 Παρύσατις, -ιδος, ἡ: Parysatis (female) 4 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old, old (man), 3 σατράπης, ὁ: satrap, 2 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 2 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 ὑπ-οπτεύω: suspect, suppose; be suspicious 2 1 Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος: from ; gen. of source γίγνονται: are born; a historical present; or were born, see the grammar box 2 Ἀρταξέρξης Κῦρος: in apposition to παῖδες πρεσβύτερος...νεώτερος: comparative adjs. 3 τῶ παῖδε ἀµφοτέρω: dual acc. endings, acc. subject of παρεῖναι 4 παρεῖναι: inf. πάρ-ειµι ὁ µὲν πρεσβύτερος δὲ: the older one but οὖν: then; temporal παρὼν ἐτύγχάνε: happened to be present; τυγχάνω + complementary pple, here πάρ-ειµι, often translates as happens + inf. 5 ἧς : of which; relative pronoun, gen. sg. ἐποιήσε: made (x) (y); this verb governs a double acc.; σατράπην is predicative acc. 8 καὶ δὲ: and also ; καί, also is an adv. 6 ἀπέδειξε: appointed, governs a double acc. πάντων ὅσοι: of all who ; of all as many as introducing a relative clause ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον: at Castolus Plain; the lack of an article suggests that these words are a proper name 7 λαβὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple λαµβάνω 8 ὡς : as 9 ἀνέβη: 3s aor. ἀναβαίνω ἄρχοντα δὲ : and as leader acc. of ἄρχων in apposition to Ξενίαν, which is the second direct object. of ἔχων Historical Present Xenophon frequently employs the present and aorist where English readers expect the simple past and pluperfect. Some readers may wish to preserve the vividness of the Greek, but others will translate present verbs, as γίγνονται above, in the simple past and aorists as pluperfects.

2 2 Anabasis I ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ. ὁ δὲ πείθεται καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἐξαιτησαμένη αὐτὸν ἀποπέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. 4. ὁ δ ὡς ἀπῆλθε κινδυνεύσας καὶ ἀτιμασθείς, βουλεύεται ὅπως μήποτε ἔτι ἔσται ἐπὶ τῷ ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλά, ἢν δύνηται, βασιλεύσει ἀντ ἐκείνου. Παρύσατις μὲν δὴ ἡ μήτηρ ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην. 5. ὅστις δ ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 ἀ-τιµάζω: to dishonor, insult, slight, 2 βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ: a kingdom, kingship, 1 βασιλεύω: to rule, be king, reign, 3 Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 δια-βάλλω: accuse falsely, slander, 1 ἐξ-αιτέω: to ask for, seek out, demand, 1 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5 καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 κινδυνεύω: to risk, venture; it is likely, 4 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µή-ποτε: not ever, never, 2 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3 Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis, 4 συλ-λαµβάνω: to carry off, arrest; help, 3 τελευτάω: to end, complete, finish; die, 2 ὑπ-άρχω: be there, be available for (dat.), 1 φιλέω: to love, befriend, 2 10 ἐτελεύτησε: i.e. ended (his life); this verb is a common euphemism for dying κατέστη: was appointed; set down; 3s aor. act. καθ-ίστηµι used intransitively 11 πρὸς : Tissaphernes addresses the accusation to Artaxerxes 12 ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι: (namely) that ; ind. disc. with pres. opt.: see the grammar box αὐτῷ: against him; dat. of compound verb, as often, treat the prefix of the verb as a preposition and follow with the dat. noun ὁ δὲ: and he; a lone article before δέ denotes a change of subject, i.e. Artaxerxes 13 ὡς ἀποκτενῶν: in order to ; so as going to ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose αὐτὸν: i.e. Cyrus 14 ἐπὶ: to ; acc. of place to which ὁ δ(ὲ): and he; Cyrus, change of subject ὡς: as when ; temporal ἀπῆλθε: aor. ἀπέρχοµαι 15 ἀτιµασθείς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple ὅπως ἔσται: how ; ὅπως + fut. (3s fut. εἰµί) in a desire to avert something, S1921 ἐπὶ: under the power of ; + dative 16 ἢν: if.; ἐὰν + pres. subj. δύναµαι in a fut. more vivid (ἐὰν + subj., fut. ind.) 17 µὲν δὴ: certainly; expressing certainty φιλοῦσα: nom. sg. fem. pple 18 ἤ: than ὅστις: anyone who, whoever ; plural in sense, the antecedent is παντάς below ἀφικνεῖτο: 3s impf.; one would expect an opt. in an general relative clause τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως: of those from (the court of) the king; partitive gen.; παρὰ + ( from the side of ) gen. place from which The historical present is a past tense and therefore subordinate clauses governed by an historical present may be in secondary sequence. See line 12 above.

3 Anabasis I βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥστε αὐτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. καὶ τῶν παρ ἑαυτῷ δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο ὡς πολεμεῖν τε ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν καὶ εὐνοϊκῶς ἔχοιεν αὐτῷ. 6. τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἥθροιζεν ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, ὅπως ὅτι ἀπαρασκευότατον λάβοι βασιλέα. ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν. ὁπόσας εἶχε φυλακὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι παρήγγειλε τοῖς φρουράρχοις ἑκάστοις λαμβάνειν ἄνδρας Πελοποννησίους ὅτι πλείστους καὶ βελτίστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσαφέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι. καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αἱ Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀ-παράσκευος, -ον: unprepared, 1 ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 βέλτιστος, -η, -ον: best, 1 δια-τίθηµι: treat, handle, arrange; dispose, 1 δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5 ἐπι-κρύπτω: conceal, cover over, 1 ἐπι-µελέοµαι: take care of, take care that, 2 εὐ-νοικός, -όν: well-disposed, favorable, 1 1 διατιθεὶς: treating ; nom. sg. pres. pple ἀπεπέµπετο: impf. middle ὥστε : so as ; + inf., a result clause 2 αὐτῷ βασιλεῖ: to to ; dat. of special adj. φίλους, which is pred. of the inf. εἰµί ἢ: than καὶ δὲ: and also ; καί is adverbial; δέ is postpositive but here removed to avoid separating words that naturallly go together τῶν βαρβάρων ἐπεµελεῖτο ὡς... εἴησαν: took care of the barbarians that they be; i.e. took care that the barbarians ἐπιµελέοµαι + gen. obj. + object clause παρὰ ἑαυτῷ: at his own side; in his power 3 ὡς εἴησαν ἔχοιεν: that they be and be ; 3p pres. opt. εἰµί, ἔχω in an object clause in secondary seq. after ἐπεµελεῖτο (ὅπως + fut. ind. in primary seqeuence); ἔχω ( holds is disposed )+ adv. is often ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5 Ἰωνικός, -ή, -όν: Ionian, 1 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as much, many, or great as, 4 Πελοποννήσιος, -α, -ον: Peloponnessian, 1 συλ-λογή, ἡ: levying, raising, collecting, 1 φρουρ-άρχος: commander of a watch, 1 φύλαξ, -ακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, protector, 1 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4 equiv. to to be + adj. πολεµεῖν: explanatory (epexegetical) inf. with ἱκανοὶ 5 ὡς µάλιστα ἐδύνατο: as best as he could ὅπως...λάβοι so that might ; purpose, aor. opt. λαµβάνω in secondary seq. ὅτι : as as possible; a usual translation for ὅτι/ὡς + superlative, see also ll. 5 and 9 6 ἐποιεῖτο: impf. mid. 7 εἶχε: ἐ-έχε, 3s impf. ἔχω παρήγγειλε: 3s aor., governs a dat. pl. 9 ὅτι : + superlative: see line 5 above 10 ὡς: on the grounds that ; ὡς + pple suggests alleged cause; here, it is used with a gen. absolute καὶ γὰρ: and in fact; introducing a new thought (S2814) ἦσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί

4 4 Anabasis I Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι, τότε δὲ ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου 7. ἐν Μιλήτῳ δὲ Τισσαφέρνης προαισθόμενος τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευομένους ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον, τοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν ἀπέκτεινε τοὺς δ ἐξέβαλεν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας συλλέξας στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν καὶ ἐπειρᾶτο κατάγειν τοὺς ἐκπεπτωκότας. καὶ αὕτη αὖ ἄλλη πρόφασις ἦν αὐτῷ τοῦ ἁθροίζειν στράτευμα. 8. πρὸς δὲ βασιλέα πέμπων ἠξίου ἀδελφὸς ὢν αὐτοῦ δοθῆναι οἷ ταύτας τὰς πόλεις μᾶλλον ἢ Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀξιόω: deem worthy; lay claim to, request, 1 ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 ἐκ-πίπτω: to fall out, be driven out, 1 κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2 Τισσαφέρνους: Tissaphernes ; i.e. belonged to Tissaphernes; Τισσαφέρνε-ος, predicate gen. τὸ ἀρχαῖον: formerly; adverbial acc. δεδοµέναι: being given; pf. pass. pple δίδωµι; pf. denotes a state 12 ἀφειστήκεσαν: had revolted; 3p plpf. 13 προαισθόµενος: aor. mid. pple τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευοµένους: that (they) were deliberating these same things; ind. disc. (missing acc. + pple) governed by προαισθόµενος 14 ἀποστῆναι: aor. inf. ἀφίστηµι in apposition to to τὰ αὐτά τοὺς µὲν τοὺς δὲ: some.others 15 ὑπολαβὼν: i.e. welcoming; nom. sg. aor. pple τοὺς φεύτοντας: those ; pres. pple φεύγω, object of ὑπολαβὼν συλλέξας: nom. sg. aor. pple µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5 πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3 προ-αισθάνοµαι: to perceive in advance, 1 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 1 16 καὶ καὶ : both and κατὰ κατὰ: on on; over over 17 ἐκπεπτωκότας: pf. act. pple., ἐκπίπτω αὕτη...ἦν: this was ; i.e. Tissaphernes behavior; τοῦτο attracted into the fem. sg. of the predicate ἄλλη πρόφασις 18 αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest or possibly dat. of possesion with impf. εἰµί τοῦ ἁθροίζειν: of ; gen. sg. articular inf., translate as a gerund (-ing) in English 19 ἠξίου: he requested ; ἐ-αξίοε, 3s impf. ὢν: (since) being ; causal, nom. pple εἰµί αὐτοῦ: i.e. Artaxerxes, modifies ἀδελφὸς δοθῆναι: that be given; ind. disc., aor. pass. inf. δίδωµι; τὰς πόλεις (πόλις) is the acc. subject οἷ: to himself; dat. sg. reflexive pronoun ἔ 20 Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν...: that ; ind. disc. αὐτῶν: them; i.e. cities, obj. of ἄρχειν

5 Anabasis I συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα ὥστε βασιλεὺς τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ᾐσθάνετο, Τισσαφέρνει δ ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα αὐτὸν ἀμφὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δαπανᾶν ὥστε οὐδὲν ἤχθετο αὐτῶν πολεμούντων. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Κῦρος ἀπέπεμπε τοὺς γιγνομένους δασμοὺς βασιλεῖ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων ὧν Τισσαφέρνους ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων. 9. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο ἐν Χερρονήσῳ τῇ κατ ἀντιπέρας Ἀβύδου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον. Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε αὐτὸν καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους δαρεικούς Ἄβυδος, ὁ: Abydus (town) 1 ἄγαµαι: admire, wonder, marvel at, 1 ἀντιπέρα, -ας, ἡ: opposite, over against 1 ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 δαπανάω: spend, consume, use up, 2 Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 δασµός, ὁ: tribute, a division (of spoils), 1 ἐπι-βουλή, ἡ: plot, the plan against, 1 ἔχθοµαι: to hate, 1 21 αὐτῷ: with ; dat. of compound verb πρὸς...: against ; with reflexive pronoun 22 ὥστε...ᾐσθάνετο: so that ; result clause, impf. αἰσθάνοµαι; ὥστε + inf. denotes a possible result while ὥστε + finite verb denotes an actual result 22 Τισσαφέρνει: with ; dat. of association governed by acc. sg. pple πολεµοῦντα 23 αὐτὸν...δαπανᾶν: that ; ind. disc., acc. subj. αὐτὸν, i.e. Cyrus; α-verb pres. inf. 23 ὥστε...ἤχθετο: so that ; result with impf. mid., see 22 οὐδὲν: not at all; feel no hate, inner acc. 24 αὐτῶν πολεµούντων: gen abs., pres. pple καὶ γὰρ: and in fact; a new thought S2814 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5 συγ-γίγνοµαι: associate or converse with, 3 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4 συν-πράττω: help in doing, do along with 1 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5 Χερρονήσος, ἡ: Chersonese, 3 26 γιγνοµένους: pres. mid. pple 25 βασιλεῖ: dat. sg. ὧν: which; an acc. pl. ἅ, which was attracted into the gen. of the antecedent 26 Τισσαφέρνους: (belonging to) Tissaphernes;Τισσαφέρνε-ος; gen. of possession modifying ὧν 26 ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων: happened to ; τυγχάνω + complementary pple, here ἔχω, often translates as happens + inf. 27 κατ ἀντιπέρας: over opposite + gen. τόνδε...τρόπον: in this manner; adv. acc. τούτῳ: with ; dat. of compound verb 29 ἠγάσθη: began to admire; inceptive aor. δίδωσιν: shift to 3s historica pres. Note how English prefers two finite verbs where Xenophon prefers a participle and finite verb. ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευµα συνέλεξεν (I.1.9) As written: and he, having received the gold pieces assembled an army English prefers: and he received the gold pieces and assembled an army

6 6 Anabasis I ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὥστε καὶ χρήματα συνεβάλλοντο αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν τροφὴν τῶν στρατιωτῶν αἱ Ἑλλησποντιακαὶ πόλεις ἑκοῦσαι. τοῦτο δ αὖ οὕτω τρεφόμενον ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα. 10. Ἀρίστιππος δὲ ὁ Θετταλὸς ξένος ὢν ἐτύγχανεν αὐτῷ, καὶ πιεζόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν οἴκοι ἀντιστασιωτῶν ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθόν, ὡς οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing faction, 3 Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν: willing, intentionally, 2 Ἑλλησποντικακός -ή -όν: Hellespontian, 1 Ἑλλήσποντος, ὁ: the Hellespont, 1 Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 Θρᾷξ, κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6 1 ὁ δὲ: and he; i.e. Cyrus ὁρµώµενος: pres. mid. pple 2 τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ: with the Thracians; i.e. against the Thracians, dat. of association; the Chersonese is a peninsula extending out into the Aegean sea on the northern (Thracian) side of the Hellespont 3 τοῖς οἰκοῦσι: dat. pl. pres. pple οἰκέω in attributive position modifying Θρᾳξὶ, dat. 4 καὶ: also; adverbial εἰς τὴν τροφὴν: for ; expressing purpose 5 ἑκοῦσαι: willingly; adjectives in the nom. case are often translated as adverbs τοῦτο δὲ: modifies subject: τὸ στράτευµα οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4 περι-γίγνοµαι: prevail over; survive (gen.) 1 πιέζω: press, weigh down, squeeze, 1 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, assemble, 4 συµ-βάλλω: to join (in battle), contribute, 1 τρέφω: to rear, foster, nuture, 2 τροφή, ἡ: feeding, food; rearing, upbringing 1 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6 Χερρονήσος, ἡ: Chersonese, 3 χρυσίον, τό: gold piece, coin, money, 2 ὠφελέω: to help, to be of use, benefit, 3 6 τρεφόµενον ἐλἀνθανεν: was secretly maintained; escaped notice being maintained λανθάνω commonly governs a complementary pple αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest 7 ὢν ἐτύγχανεν: happened to ; pple εἰµί; ὑπὸ : by ; gen. of agent with pass. voice οἴκοι: adverb (old locative of οἶκος) 9 εἰς µισθόν: for...; governs two accusatives ξένους: mercenaries; foreign (troops) ὡς..: on the grounds that he would ; or since ὡς + pple for alleged cause; ἄν indicates the clause is equiv. to a potential optative (hence, the auxiliary would )

7 Anabasis I δίδωσιν αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν, καὶ δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτας πρὶν ἂν αὐτῷ συμβουλεύσηται. οὕτω δὲ αὖ τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τρεφόμενον στράτευμα. 11. Πρόξενον δὲ τὸν Βοιώτιον ξένον ὄντα ἐκέλευσε λαβόντα ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἐς Πισίδας βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι, ὡς πράγματα παρεχόντων τῶν Πισιδῶν τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χώρᾳ. Σοφαίνετον δὲ τὸν Στυμφάλιον καὶ Σωκράτην τὸν Ἀχαιόν, ξένους ὄντας καὶ τούτους, ἐκέλευσεν ἄνδρας λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ὅτι πλείστους, ὡς πολεμήσων Τισσαφέρνει σὺν τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing faction, 3 Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian, 2 Βοιώτιος, -η, -ον: Boeotian, 1 ἕξ: six, 1 Θετταλία, ἡ: Thessaly, 1 κατα-λύω: to dissolve, disband, destroy, 3 λανθάνω: to escape notice, forget, 3 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6 παρ-έχω: to provide, furnish, supply, 1 11 εἰς µισθόν: (pay) for...; governs two acc.; the obj. of δίδωσιν is understood 12 δεῖται αὐτοῦ: and asks from him; gen. of source καταλῦσαι: aor. inf.; µὴ is used instead of οὐ to indicate a wish 13 πρὶν: until; + ἂν + aor. mid. subj. in a general temporal cl., αὐτῷ: with ; dat. of compound verb τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ: with neuter στράτευµα 14 ἐλἀνθανεν τρεφόµενον: see note l. 6 pg. 6 αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest 15 ὄντα: acc. sg. pple εἰµί, ξένον is a pred. ὅτι πλείστους: as as possible; ὅτι ὡς + superlative 16 ὡς βουλόµενος: on the grounds that he ; since... ὡς + pple for alleged cause 17 ὡς παρέχόντων Πισιδῶν: on the grounds that ; since, a second alleged παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5 πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5 Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian, 2 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberate together, advise, 3 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2 τρέφω: to rear, foster, nuture, 2 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5 cause, but here with a gen. absolute πράγµατα παρεχόνων: a common idiom for causing trouble or causing problems τῇ χώρᾳ: for ; dat. of interest Σοφαίνετον Ἀχαιόν: acc. obj. of ἐκέλευσεν 19 καὶ τούτους: these also ; in apposition to the names, modifed by acc. pl. pple εἰµί ἐλθεῖν: aor. inf., ἔρχοµαι ὅτι πλείστους: see line 15 above 20 ὡς πολεµήσων: in order to ; so as going to ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose Τισσαφέρνει: with ; dat. of association σὺν φυγάσι: with ; i.e. along side with, dat. of accompaniment; note the difference between fighting with (dat. association) and fighting along side with (dat. accompaniment) τοῖς Μιλησίων: modifying dat pl. φυγάσι

8 8 Anabasis I Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι. II.1. ἐπεὶ δ ἐδόκει ἤδη πορεύεσθαι αὐτῷ ἄνω, τὴν μὲν πρόφασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παντάπασιν ἐκ τῆς χώρας καὶ ἁθροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους τό τε βαρβαρικὸν καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραγγέλλει τῷ τε Κλεάρχῳ λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ συναλλαγέντι πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἀποπέμψαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὃ εἶχε στράτευμα καὶ Ξενίᾳ τῷ Ἀρκάδι, ὃς αὐτῷ προειστήκει τοῦ ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἄνω: up, above; inland, 2 ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian (Greek) 4 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian, 3 21 ἐποίουν: ἐποιε-ον; >ποιέω 22 ἐδόκει: it seemed; impersonal impf. αὐτῷ: to him; dat. of reference 23 ἐποιεῖτο: 3s impf. mid. ποιέω ὡς βουλόµενος: on the grounds that ; since see line ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους: as if against ; τὸ Βαρβαρκὸν (στράτευµα), τὸ Ἑλληνικόν (στράτευµα): add στράτευµα 25 ἐνταῦθα: modifies ἥκειν 26 ὅσον στράτευµα: as large ; object of dat. sg. aor. pple λαβόντι ἦν αὐτῷ: he had; there was to him a dat. of possession Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4 παντά-πασι: all in all, altogether, entirely, 3 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5 προ-ίστηµι: to set in charge over (gen), 1 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2 συναλλάσσω: reconcile, have dealings with 1 καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ ἀποπέπψαι: dat. and aor. inf. also governed by παραγγέλλει 27 συναλλαγέντι: being reconciled; dat. sg. aor. pass. pple τοῦς οἴκοι: those at home; οἴκοι is an adv. is the attributive position ἀποπέµψαι: whatever army he had ὃ στράτευµα: whatever army ; object of inf. ἀποπέµψαι ; εἶχε (ἔ-εχε) is impf. καὶ Ξενίᾳ ἥκειν: a third dat. and inf. governed like by the παραγγέλλει on the next line 28 ὅς προειστήκει: who ; relative clause with 3s plpf. προ-ίστηµι Relative clauses with Missing Antecedents In Greek, the demonstrative antecedent of a relative clause is often omitted when it is the same case as the relative pronoun. When this occurs, the antecedent (e.g. στράτευµα) is often included in the clause. In translation, it is acceptable to continue to omit the antecedent. (τοσοῦτον στράτευµα) ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευµα line 26 (so large an army) as large an army as there was to him (οὖτον στράτευµα) ὃ εἶχε στράτευµα line 27-8 (this army) what(ever) army he had

9 Anabasis I ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα τοὺς ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν. ἐκάλεσε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μίλητον πολιορκοῦντας, 2. καὶ τοὺς φυγάδας ἐκέλευσε σὺν αὐτῷ στρατεύεσθαι, ὑποσχόμενος αὐτοῖς, εἰ καλῶς καταπράξειεν ἐφ ἃ ἐστρατεύετο, μὴ πρόσθεν παύσεσθαι πρὶν αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπείθοντο ἐπίστευον γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα παρῆσαν εἰς Σάρδεις. 3. Ξενίας μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λαβὼν παρεγένετο εἰς Σάρδεις ὁπλίτας εἰς τετρακισχιλίους, Πρόξενος δὲ παρῆν ἔχων ὁπλίτας μὲν εἰς πεντακοσίους καὶ ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 ἡδέως: sweetly, pleasantly, gladly, 2 ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5 καλῶς: well; beautifully, 5 κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2 κατα-πράττω: to accomplish, execute, 1 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 ξενικός, -ή, -όν: of a stranger or foreigner, 1 οἴκα-δε: homeward, home, 2 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as many as, as great as, 4 παύω: to stop, make cease, 5 1 πόλεσι: dat. pl. πόλις τοῦ ξενικοῦ: the foreign (army) λαβόντα: aor. pple modifies dat. sg. Ξενίᾳ but is so far removed that it agrees with the understood acc. subj. of ἥκειν 2 πλὴν ὁπόσοι...φυλάττειν: except as many as ; relative clause; the antecedent is omitted: see the grammar box on pg. 8 ἢσαν: 3p impf. φυλάττειν: explanatory (epexegetical) inf. with ἱκανοὶ 3 καὶ: also; adverbial 4 ὑποσχόµενος: aor. pple ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι 5 εἰ καταπράξειεν, µὴ παύσεσθαι: that if he accomplished, (he) would aor. opt. and fut. inf.; ind. disc. with ὑποσχοµενος; equiv. to a fut. more vivid (ἐὰν + subj., fut. ind.) but in secondary sequence an opt. replaces ἄν + subj. πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on, 5 πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) 5 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6 (ταῦτα) ἐφ ἃ: (these things) for which ; ἐπὶ + acc. expresses purpose; a relative clause with antecedent omitted; see pg. 8 6 πρὶν καταγάγοι: until ; aor. opt. in a general temporal clause; an opt. replaces ἄν + subj. in secondary sequence οἱ δε: and they 7 ὁπλίτας: in apposition to τοὺς above λαβόντες: i.e. taking up; aor. pple παρῆσαν: 3p impf. πάρ-εἰµί 8 εἰς: at Σάρδεις: acc., the city Sardis is pl. in form µὲν δὴ δὲ: then; δή is temporal and is independent of µέν δέ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων: those 9 ὁπλίτας: in apposition to τοὺς above εἰς: nearly; up to in approximation 10 παρῆν: 3s impf. πάρ-εἰµί εἰς: up to...; (S1686d)

10 10 Anabasis I χιλίους, γυμνῆτας δὲ πεντακοσίους, Σοφαίνετος δὲ ὁ Στυμφάλιος ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους, Σωκράτης δὲ ὁ Ἀχαιὸς ὁπλίτας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους, Πασίων δὲ ὁ Μεγαρεὺς τριακοσίους μὲν ὁπλίτας, τριακοσίους δὲ πελταστὰς ἔχων παρεγένετο ἦν δὲ καὶ 4. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης τῶν ἀμφὶ Μίλητον στρατευομένων. οὗτοι μὲν εἰς Σάρδεις αὐτῷ ἀφίκοντο. Τισσαφέρνης δὲ κατανοήσας ταῦτα, καὶ μείζονα ἡγησάμενος εἶναι ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδας τὴν παρασκευήν, πορεύεται ὡς βασιλέα ᾗ ἐδύνατο τάχιστα ἱππέας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους. 5. καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν δὴ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους τὸν Κύρου στόλον, ἀντιπαρεσκευάζετο ἀντι-παρασκευάζω: prepare in response, 1 Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian (Greek) 2 γυµνής, -ῆτος, ὁ: nude/light-armed soldier,1 ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5 κατα-νοέω: to understand well, perceive, 1 Μεγαρεύς -έως: Megarian, of Megara, 2 µείζων, -ον (-ονος): greater, larger; better, 1 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4 παρασκευή, ἠ: expedition; preparation, 1 13 ὡς: about; as if in approximation 14 µὲν δὲ: (both) and 15 ἦν: were; 3s impf. but subject is 3p καὶ καὶ : both and τῶν : among those ; a partitive gen. as predicate of ἦν 16 εἰς: at ; as often with ἀφικνέοµαι (aor.) αὐτῷ: for him; in reply to his command κατανοήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple 17 εἶναι: that ; ind. disc. with inf. είµί παρασκεύην is acc. subj., µείζονα is an acc. sg. predicate ἢ: than Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) 5 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 στόλος, ὁ: expedition, journey, 2 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5 Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian (people) 2 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδας: as if against the Pisidians; ὡς with a pple or even a preposition often expresses intention (S2996) 18 ὡς βασιλέα: to the king; ὡς is used as a preposition only with people (S3003) ᾗ (ὁδῷ) ἐδύνατο τάχιστα: in what (way) ; relative clause with dat. manner, the missing ὁδός is fem. dat. sg.; 19 ὡς: about; as if, in approximation καὶ µὲν δὴ: and indeed; µὲν δή is often used in transitions by historians (D 258) 20 Τισσαφέρνους: from ; Τισσαφέρνε-ος, gen. of source

11 Anabasis I Κῦρος δὲ ἔχων οὓς εἴρηκα ὡρμᾶτο ἀπὸ Σάρδεων καὶ ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυδίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐπὶ τὸν Μαίανδρον ποταμόν. τούτου τὸ εὖρος δύο πλέθρα γέφυρα δὲ ἐπῆν ἐζευγμένη πλοίοις. 6. τοῦτον διαβὰς ἐξελαύνει διὰ Φρυγίας σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας ὀκτὼ εἰς Κολοσσάς, πόλιν οἰκουμένην καὶ εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά καὶ ἧκε Μένων ὁ Θετταλὸς γεφύρα, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 2 ἐπ-είµι: to be on, be upon, 2 ἑπτά: seven, 4 ἐρέω: will say (fut. tense), 3 ζεύγνυµι: to join, unite, yoke, 1 Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 Κολοσσαι, οἰ: Colossae, 1 21 οὓς εἴρηκα: (those) whom ; 1s pf. ἐρέω (stem ἐρ- has no present form) ὡρµᾶτο: began to set out; ἑορά-ετο, inchoative impf. 22 ἐξελαύνει: marches; historical present σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for three stages; acc. of extent; i.e. equiv. to a three-day march παρασάγγας: for 22 parasangs; acc. of extent; This is a Persian measurement. According to Herodotus, a typical soldier could march 5 parasangs per day (V.53), and so, if we assume a march of 15 miles per day, a parasang is approximately 3 miles. Λυδία, ἡ: Lydia, 2 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3 ὀκτώ: eight, 2 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 6 Σάρδις, ίων, αἱ: Sardis, capital city of Lydia 5 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 23 τούτου: i.e. of the river τὸ εὖρος: subject, supply a linking verb 24 ἐπῆν: 3s impf. ἐπ-είµι; over the river is omitted but understood ἐζευγµένη: pf. pple ζεύγνυµι governing a dat. of means διαβὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple διαβαίνω 25 σταθµὸν ἕνα: for ; acc. of extent παρασάγγας: for ; acc. of extent 27 οἰκουµένην: inhabited καὶ καὶ : both and 28 ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω ἡµέρας ἑπτά: for ; acc. duration of time Distances A παρρσάγγης, parasang, (~3 miles) is a Persian unit of measurement. According to Herodotus, a soldier could march 5-6 parasangs per day (V.53), and so, if we assume a march of miles per day, a parasang is approximately 3 to 3.3 miles. A σταθµός, stage or station, (~15-17 miles) is a Persian unit of measurement and may refer (1) to the place where one sleeps after a day s march or, more often in Xenophon, (2) to the distance traveled in a day s march. Since a stage refers to a period of time rather than a fixed distance, the number of parasangs covered in each stage will vary depending on the terrain. Xenophon very frequently refers to both stages and parasangs when he describes distances. When, for example, he states in line 22 that Cyrus marched σταθµοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ δύο, for three stages for 22 parasangs, he is indicating that Cyrus traveled in a three-day march, in which he covered 22 parasangs (~66-70 miles).

12 12 Anabasis I ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς πεντακοσίους, Δόλοπας καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ Ὀλυνθίους. 7. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαινάς, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. διὰ μέσου δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου ῥεῖ ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως. ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαιναῖς ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, fierce, 2 Αἰνιᾶνες, οἱ: Aenianians (a Greek people), 1 γυµνάζω: train, exercise, 1 Δόλοπες, οἱ: Dolopians (a Greek people), 1 ἐρυµνός, -ά, -όν: fortified, fenced, 1 θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3 1 Δόλοπας Ὀλυντίους: in apposition to ὁπλίτας 2 ἐξελαυνει: marches σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for ; acc. of extent; i.e. see information box on page 11 3 παρασάγγας: for ; acc. extent εἴκοσιν is the number εἴκοσι with a removable-ν 4 οἰκουµένην: inhabited Κὐρῳ ἦν: Cyrus had; to Cyrus there was, impf. εἰµί and dat. of possession βασίλεια: a palace; common in neut. pl. 5 ἃ: which ; antecedent is neut. pl. θηρίων Ὀλύνθιοι, οἱ: Olynthians (a Greek people), 1 ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 6 ἀπὸ ἵππου: on horseback ὁπότε βούλοιτο: whenever ; opt. in a general temporal cl. in secondary sequence γυµνάσαι: aor. inf. αὐτοῦ: it s; i.e. the river s 8 εἰσιν: 3p pres. εἰµί ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων: (from) under the palace 9 ἔστι δὲ καὶ: there is also; adverbial καί 10 µεγάλου βασιλέως: of the Great King ἐπὶ : on ; dat. of place where

13 Anabasis I ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν. ἐνταῦθα λέγεται Ἀπόλλων ἐκδεῖραι Μαρσύαν νικήσας ἐρίζοντά οἱ περὶ σοφίας, καὶ τὸ δέρμα κρεμάσαι ἐν τῷ ἄντρῳ ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ὁ ποταμὸς καλεῖται Μαρσύας. 9. ἐνταῦθα Ξέρξης, ὅτε ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς τῇ μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει, λέγεται οἰκοδομῆσαι ταῦτά τε τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὴν Κελαινῶν ἀκρόπολιν. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος ἡμέρας τριάκοντα καὶ ἧκε Κλέαρχος ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 ἄντρον, τό: cave, 1 ἀπο-χωρέω: go from, depart, 2 Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 1 δέρµα, -ατος, τό: the skin, hide, 1 ἐκ-δέρω: to flay, 1 Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4 ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 ἐρίζω: to complete, rival, quarrel, wrangle, 1 ἡττάοµαι: be inferior to, be bested/beaten, 1 Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 κρεµάννυµι: to hang, 1 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5 12 καὶ: also ἐµβάλλει εἰς : i.e. flows into 13 εἴκοσι ποδῶν: of ; gen. of measure as predicate 14 λέγεται: is said; pres. pass. ἐκδεῖραι: aor. inf.; Μαρσύαν is the obj. of both this inf. and the pple that follows; Marsyas had found a double flute (aulos) and had challenged Apollo to a music competition 14 νικήσας: nom. aor. pple with Ἀπόλλων 15 ἐρίζοντα: (while) competing ; acc. sg. pres. pple. with Μαρσύαν οἱ: with him; i.e. with Apollo; a dat. of association; dat. sg. of reflexive pronoun ἔ περὶ σοφίας: i.e. skill in music Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3 Μαρσύας, -ου, ὁ: Marsyas (river, god) 4 Ξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Xerxes, 1 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 5 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6 σοφία, ἡ: wisdom, skill, intelligence, 1 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5 κερµάσαι: aor. inf. κρεµάννυµι 16 ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί (ῥέουσιν): relative clause, supply a main verb such as flow ; διὰ: on account of + acc. καλεῖται: pass., governs a pred. nom. 17 ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος: following ἀπεχώρει ἡττηθεὶς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple 18 τῇ µάχῃ: in the battle; i.e. the battle of Salamis, note the definite article; dat. of time when λέγεται: see line 14 οἰκοδοµῆσαι: aor. inf. 19 ἔµεινε: aor. µένω ἡµέρας τριάκοντα: for ; acc. of duration, Cyrus was waiting for Clearchus

14 14 Anabasis I 2.9 ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς Θρᾷκας ὀκτακοσίους καὶ τοξότας Κρῆτας διακοσίους. ἅμα δὲ καὶ Σῶσις παρῆν ὁ Συρακόσιος ἔχων ὁπλίτας τριακοσίους, καὶ Σοφαίνετος Ἀρκάδας ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους. καὶ ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέτασιν καὶ ἀριθμὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ σύμπαντες ὁπλῖται μὲν μύριοι χίλιοι, πελ ἅµα: at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 4 ἀριθµός, ὁ: a count; number, amount, 2 Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 διακόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 2 ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 Θρᾷξ, -κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 Κρής, Κρητός, ὁ: a Cretan, 1 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 ὀκτα-κόσιοι, -αι, -α: eight hundred, 1 22 καὶ: also; adverbial παρῆν: 3s. impf. πάρ-ειµι παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 σύµ-πας, -πασα, -παν: every, all, whole, 2 Συρακόσιος, -α, -ον: Syracusan, 2 Σῶσις, ὁ: Sosis (a person) 1 τοξότης, ὁ: an archer, bowman, 2 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 φυγή, ἡ: flight, escape, exile, 2 26 ἐγένοντο: came to be; i.e. the count

15 Anabasis I τασταὶ δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους. 10. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Πέλτας, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς ἐν αἷς Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς τὰ Λύκαια ἔθυσε καὶ ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε τὰ δὲ ἆθλα ἦσαν στλεγγίδες χρυσαῖ ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ Κῦρος. 11. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δώδεκα ἐς Κεράμων Ἀγοράν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, ἐσχάτην πρὸς τῇ Μυσίᾳ χώρᾳ. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας τριάκοντα εἰς Καΰστρου-πεδίον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας πέντε καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο μισθὸς πλέον ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 ἀγών, ὁ: contest, competition, 4 ἆθλον, τό: prize, reward, 1 Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4 ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 θύω: to sacrifice, celebrate with sacrifice, 2 Καΰστρου-πεδίον, τό: Caystrou-pedion, 1 Κεράµων, -ονος, ὁ: Ceramon, 1 Λύκαῖα, τά: Lycaea (festival for Zeus), 1 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 Μύσιος, -η, -ον: Mysian, 1 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 ὀφείλω: to owe, have to pay, 1 Πέλται, αἰ: Peltae (city), 1 στλεγγις, -ίδος, ἡ: scraper, strigil (for skin),1 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6 1 σταθµοὺς παρασάγγας: see pg. 11 for translation 3 ἐν αἷς: in which (days); dat. of time within 4 τὰ Λύκαια ἔθυε: celebrated the Lycaea with sacrifice; τὰ Λύκαια is an inner acc.; The Lycaea was celebrated in Arcadia, Xenias birthplace. ἔθηκε: put on, produced; 3s aor. τίθηµι ἤσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί 5 χρυσαῖ: χρυσέαι, fem. pl. χρύσεος καὶ: also 6 Κεράµων Ἀγοράν: Ceramon Market; a proper name 7 ἐσχάτην (πόλιν): acc. in apposition πρὸς: near ; usual with dat. place where 10 στρατιώταις: to ; dat. of interest ὠφείλετο: impf. mid. ὀφείλω

16 16 Anabasis I ἢ τριῶν μηνῶν, καὶ πολλάκις ἰόντες ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἀπῄτουν. ὁ δὲ ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε καὶ δῆλος ἦν ἀνιώμενος οὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι. 12. ἐνταῦθα ἀφικνεῖται Ἐπύαξα ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ τοῦ Κιλίκων βασιλέως παρὰ Κῦρον καὶ ἐλέγετο Κύρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα πολλά. τῇ δ οὖν στρατιᾷ τότε ἀπέδωκε Κῦρος μισθὸν τεττάρων μηνῶν. εἶχε δὲ ἡ Κίλισσα φυλακὴν [καὶ φύλακας] περὶ αὑτὴν Κίλικας καὶ Ἀσπενδίους ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ συγγενέσθαι Κῦρον τῇ Κιλίσσῃ. 13. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐλαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Θύμβριον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἀνιάω: to grieve, distress, 1 ἀπ-αιτέω: demand, ask back (what is due), 1 ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) 5 Ἀσπενδίοι, οἰ: Aspendians (S Asia Minor), 1 γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 δι-άγω: go on, continue, carry over, 1 ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 Ἐπύαξα, ἠ: Epyaxa (a female), 2 11 τριῶν µηνῶν (µισθὸς): (wages) of...; gen. measure ἰόντες: pple ἔρχοµαι ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας: up to ; acc. place to which; likely, the entranceway to the headquarters, where they asked for their pay ἀπῄτουν: iterative or customary 3p impf., ἀπ-αιτέω may be translated used to or kept or would 12 ὁ δὲ: and he ; i.e. Cyrus λέγων διῆγε: continued expressing δῆλος ἦν: he was clearly ; as often, translate the adj. δῆλος as an adverb ἀνιώµενος: pres. passive ἀνιάω 13 οὐ γᾶρ ἦν πρὸς τρόπου: for it was not like the character of Cyrus; it was not from the character of Cyrus ; gen. of source as predicate 14 ἔχοντα µὴ ἀποδιδόναι: having (money) not to pay it; the acc pple modifies the missing acc. subject of inf. ἀποδίδωµι Θύµβριον, τό: Thumbrium, 1 θύρα, ἡ: a door, 2 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4 συγ-γίγνοµαι: to be with, converse with, 3 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 4 φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ: a watch, guard, 1 14 Συεννέσιος: genitive sg. 15 παρὰ Κῦρον: to Cyrus; place to which ἐλέγετο: and she ; impf. pass. δοῦναι: aor. inf. δίδωµι + dat. ind. obj. 16 δ οὖν: at any rate; or but in any case (S2959) (D 462) ἀπέδωκε: aor. ἀποδίδωµι τεττάρων µηνῶν: of ; gen. of measure 17 εἶχε: impf. ἔχω ἡ Κίλισσα: The Cilician (queen); i.e Epyaxa; mentioned just lines earlier 18 αὑτὴν: around herself; ἑαυτὴν contracted Κίλικας Ἀσπενδίους: Cilicians and Aspendians; in apposition to φυλακὴν ἐλέγετο: it was said; here, impersonal συγγενέσθαι: have sexual intercourse with; associate with; Κῦρον is acc. subj. Κιλίσσῃ: dat. of compound verb 19 σταθµοὺς παρασάγγας: see pg. 11

17 Anabasis I ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἡ Μίδου καλουμένη τοῦ Φρυγῶν βασιλέως, ἐφ ᾗ λέγεται Μίδας τὸν Σάτυρον θηρεῦσαι οἴνῳ κεράσας αὐτήν. 14. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Τυριάειον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς. καὶ λέγεται δεηθῆναι ἡ Κίλισσα Κύρου ἐπιδεῖξαι τὸ στράτευμα αὐτῇ βουλόμενος οὖν ἐπιδεῖξαι ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων. 15. ἐκέλευσε δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 κεράννυµι, -εος, τό: to mix, 1 κρήνη, ἡ: spring, fountain, 1 Μίδας, Μίδου, ὁ: Midas, 2 21 ἦν: 3s impf. εἰµί παρὰ: alongside κρήνη καλουµένη: the so-called Spring of Midas τοῦ βασιλέως: in apposition to Μίδου 22 ἐφ ᾗ (κρήνῃ): at which (spring) τὸν Σάτυρον: the Satyr; A satyr is halfman and half-goat. In the myth, the satyr Silenus, companion and tutor to Dionysius, is captured by Midas. θηρεῦσαι: aor. inf., i.e. chased down, Midas captures but does not kill Silenus. 23 κεράσας: nom. sg. aor. pple κεράννυµι νόµος, ὁ: law, custom, 4 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6 Σάτυρος, ὁ: Satyr, 1 Τυριάειον, τό: Tyriaeum, 1 Φρύξ, Φρυγός, ὁ: Phrygian, 1 αὐτήν: it; i.e. spring water 25 δεηθῆναι: to have asked; to have been in need, aor. pass. inf. deponent, δέοµαι ἡ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen); i.e 26 Κύρου: from ; abl. of source with inf. ἐπιδεῖξαι: aor. inf. ἐπι-δείκνυµι 27 ποιεῖται: makes; pres. middle τῶν Ἑλλήνων βαρβάρων: i.e. the two armies, Greek and foreign 28 ὡς νόµος αὐτοῖς: as (is) their custom: as the custom for them

18 18 Anabasis I εἰς μάχην οὕτω ταχθῆναι καὶ στῆναι, συντάξαι δ ἕκαστον τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ. ἐτάχθησαν οὖν ἐπὶ τεττάρων εἶχε δὲ τὸ μὲν δεξιὸν Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὸ δὲ εὐώνυμον Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου, τὸ δὲ μέσον οἱ ἄλλοι στρατηγοί. 16. ἐθεώρει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς βαρβάρους οἱ δὲ παρήλαυνον τεταγμένοι κατὰ ἴλας καὶ κατὰ τάξεις εἶτα δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, παρελαύνων ἐφ ἅρματος καὶ ἡ Κίλισσα ἐφ ἁρμαμάξης. εἶχον δὲ πάντες κράνη χαλκᾶ καὶ χιτῶνας φοινικοῦς καὶ κνημῖδας καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐκκεκαλυμμένας. 17. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντας παρήλασε, στήσας τὸ ἅρμα πρὸ τῆς φάλαγγος μέσης, πέμψας ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 ἐκ-καλύπτω: to uncover, 1 ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 ἴλη, ἡ: company, band; troop of horses, 1 κνηµίς, -ῖδος, ἡ: greave, leggings, 1 1 εἰς: for ; expressing purpose ταχθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. τάττω στῆναι: to take their stations; aor. act. inf. ἵστηµι συντάξαι: aor. act. inf. συν-τάττω ἔκαστον (στρατηγόν): acc. subject of συντάξαι 2 τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ: his own men; those of his ἐτάχθησαν: 3p aor. pass. τάττω ἐπὶ τεττάρων: in fours; in lines four men deep εἶχε: impf. ἔχω τὸ δεξιὸν: add neuter κέρας (horn, wing); a position of honor 3 οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ: those with him; prepositional phrase in the attributive position κράνος, -εος, τό: a helmet, 2 προ-εῖπον: to proclaim, order, 1 συν-τάττω: arrange or draw up with, order, 6 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5 φοίνικεος, -α, -ον: crimson-red, red, 1 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 2 χιτών, -ῶνος, ἡ: tunic, 2 τὸ εὐώνυµον (κέρας): εὐώνυµον of good name is a euphemism for the left side 4 οἱ ἐκείνου: those ; cf. note for l. 3 5 πρῶτον µὲν: first, for the first time; adv. acc.; corresponding with εἶτα δὲ below οἱ δὲ: and they; i.e. the barbarians 6 τεταγµένοι: pf. pass. pple τάττω κατὰ κατὰ: by by; distributive κατά 7 ἐφ ἅρµατος: on ἡ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen) ἐφ ἁρµαµάξης: on 8 κράνη χαλκᾶ: κράνε-α χαλκέ-α, neut. pl. 9 ἐκκεκαλυµµένας: pf. pass. with ἀσπίδας 10 παρήλασε: aor. παρ-ελαύνω (ελα) στήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἵστηµι

19 Anabasis I Πίγρητα τὸν ἑρμηνέα παρὰ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐκέλευσε προβαλέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ ἐπιχωρῆσαι ὅλην τὴν φάλαγγα. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα προεῖπον τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ ἐπεὶ ἐσάλπιγξε, προβαλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπῇσαν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου θᾶττον προϊόντων σὺν κραυγῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς, 18. τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων φόβος πολύς, καὶ ἥ τε Κίλισσα ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ τῆς ἁρμαμάξης καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καταλιπόντες τὰ ὤνια ἔφυγον. οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες σὺν γέλωτι ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνὰς ἦλθον. ἡ δὲ Κίλισσα ἰδοῦσα τὴν λαμπρότητα καὶ τὴν τάξιν τοῦ στρατεύματος ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 αὐτόµατος, -η, -ον: spontaneous, of one s own will, 2 γέλως, ὁ: laughter, 1 δρόµος, ὁ: run, running; flight, 4 ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6 ἐπι-χωρέω, -ον: move toward, advance, 1 ἑρµηνεύς, ὁ: interpreter, 2 θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2 κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, 5 λαµπρότης, -τητος, ἡ: splendor, brilliancy, 1 ὅλος, -η, -ον: whole, entire, complete, 1 Πίγρης, -ητος, ἡ: Pigres, 3 προ-βάλλω: to throw before, put forward, 2 προ-εῖπον: to proclaim, order, 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4 σαλπίζω: sound a trumpet, 1 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3 ὤνια, τά: wares, goods for sale, 1 11 παρὰ: to ; acc. place to which 12 προβαλέσθαι: aor. mid. inf., the English idiom is to present arms 13 οἱ δὲ: and they ; i.e. the generals 14 ἐσάλπιγξε: supply a subject προβαλόµενοι τὰ οπλα: see line 12 ἐπῇσαν: 3p impf. ἐπέρχοµαι 15 θᾶττον: comparative adverb (αὐτῶν) προιόντων: gen. abs.; supply pronoun in the gen.; pple προέρχοµαι ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοµάτου: on their own 16 ἐπὶ: to ; acc. place to which; i.e. the Greeks gave the impression that they would attack τῶν βαρβάρων: subjective gen.; i.e. the barbarians feel fear φόβος: supply a linking verb 17 ἥ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen) ἔφυγεν: aor. φεύγω ἐπὶ: on 18 οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς: those people in the marketplace καταλιπόντες: aor. pple καταλείπω 19 ἦλθον: 3p aor. ἔρχοµαι 20 ἰδοῦσα: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω

20 20 Anabasis I ἐθαύμασε. Κῦρος δὲ ἥσθη τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους φόβον ἰδών. 19. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Ἰκόνιον, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν ἐσχάτην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε τρεῖς ἡμέρας. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυκαονίας σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριάκοντα. ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἐπέτρεψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς πολεμίαν οὖσαν. 20. ἐντεῦθεν Κῦρος τὴν Κίλισσαν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἀποπέμπει τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν καὶ συνέπεμψεν αὐτῇ στρατιώτας οὓς Μένων εἶχε καὶ αὐτόν. Κῦρος δὲ ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 ἐπι-τρέπω: to turn (over) to, entrust, 2 ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 4 θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be astonished 5 Ἰκόνιον, τό: Iconium, 1 Λυκαονία, ἡ: Lycaonia (S. Central Turkey) 1 συµ-πέµπω: to send along with, 1 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 21 ἥσθη: 3s aor. pass. deponent ἥδοµαι τὸν φόβον: i.e. the fear the Greeks inspired in the barbarians 22 ἰδὼν: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω σταθµοὺς παρασάγγας: see pg εἴκοσιν: εἴκοσι 26 διαρπάσαι: to plunder; aor. inf. of purpose 26 τοῖς Ἕλλησιν: dat. ind. object governing ἐπέτρεψε ὡς οὖσαν: on the grounds that (it) ; since, ὡς + pple expresses alleged cause; pple εἰµί modifying fem. acc. sg. χώραν 27 τὴν Κίλισσαν: the Cilician (queen) 28 τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν: along ; an acc. of extent common with verbs of motion (S1581a) 29 αὐτῇ: with ; dat. compound verb οὓς Μένων εἶχε: relative clause, impf. ἔχω αὐτόν: i.e. Meno

21 Anabasis I μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐξελαύνει διὰ Καππαδοκίας σταθμοὺς τέτταρας παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε πρὸς Δάναν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς ἐν ᾧ Κῦρος ἀπέκτεινεν ἄνδρα Πέρσην Μεγαφέρνην, φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον, καὶ ἕτερόν τινα τῶν ὑπάρχων δυνάστην, αἰτιασάμενος ἐπιβουλεύειν αὐτῷ. 21. ἐντεῦθεν ἐπειρῶντο εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἡ δὲ εἰσβολὴ ἦν ὁδὸς ἁμαξιτὸς ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς καὶ ἀμήχανος εἰσελθεῖν στρατεύματι, εἴ τις ἐκώλυεν. ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ Συέννεσις εἶναι ἐπὶ τῶν ἄκρων φυλάττων τὴν εἰσβολήν διὸ ἔμεινεν ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ αἰτιάοµαι: accuse, charge; blame, 1 ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 4 ἁµαξιτός, -όν: traversed by wagons, 1 ἀ-µήχανος, -ον: impossible, inconceivable, 1 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 Δάνα, ἠ: Dana (city), 1 διό: δι ὅ, on account of which, 1 δυνάστης, ὁ: leader; lord, master, ruler, 1 εἰσ-βάλλω: put into; embark; assail; 2 εἰσ-βολή, ἡ: entrance; inroad; attack, 2 εἰσ-έρχοµαι: to go to, approach; enter, 2 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5 1 µετὰ: with 3 οἰκοµένην: inhabited 4 ἐν ᾧ (χρόνῳ): Meanwhile; in which time Πέρσην: the Persian; 1 st dec. masculine 5 φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον: a royal wearer of purple; a wearer of purple at the royal court i.e. member of the royal court ἕτερόν τινα δυνάστην: a certain leader τῶν ὑπάρχων: among ; partitive gen. 6 ἐπιβουλεύειν: that they ; supply acc. subj. αὐτῷ: against ; dat. of compound verb ἕτερος, -α, -ον: one of two, other, different, 2 ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4 Καππαδοκία, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2 κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5 Μεγαφέρνής, ὁ: Megaphernes, 1 ὀρθίος, -α, -ον: steep, straight up, sheer, 1 ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, 5 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5 ὕπ-αρχος, ὁ: sub-commander, lieutenant, 2 φοινικιστής, ὁ: wearer of purple (dignitary), 1 φυλάττω: to keep watch over, guard, 6 ἐπειρῶντο: impf. mid. πειράω 7 εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τῆν Κιλικίαν: enter into Cilicia; put into Cilicia 8 ἰσχυρῶς: severely; strongly εἰσελθεῖν: to enter; aor. inf., explanatory (epexegetical) inf. with ἀµήχανος στρατεύµατι: for ; dat. of interest 9 ἐκώλυεν: tried to prevent (them); conative impf. ἐπὶ ἄκρων: upon the hilltops 10 ἡµέραν: for one day; acc. of duration

22 22 Anabasis I πεδίῳ. τῇ δ ὑστεραίᾳ ἧκεν ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι λελοιπὼς εἴη Συέννεσις τὰ ἄκρα, ἐπεὶ ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στράτευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν εἴσω τῶν ὀρέων, καὶ ὅτι τριήρεις ἤκουε περιπλεούσας ἀπ Ἰωνίας εἰς Κιλικίαν Ταμὼν ἔχοντα τὰς Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ αὐτοῦ Κύρου. 22. Κῦρος δ οὖν ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος, καὶ εἶδε τὰς σκηνὰς οὗ οἱ Κίλικες ἐφύλαττον. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ κατέβαινεν εἰς πεδίον μέγα καὶ καλόν, ἐπίρρυτον, καὶ δένδρων παντοδαπῶν σύμπλεων καὶ ἀμπέλων πολὺ δὲ καὶ σήσαμον καὶ μελίνην καὶ κέγχρον καὶ πυροὺς καὶ κριθὰς φέρει. ὄρος δ αὐτὸ περι ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 2 ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent; peaks, 4 ἄµπελος, ὁ: grape-vine, 1 ἀνα-βαίνω: go up, climb, mount, 5 δένδρον, τό: tree, 3 εἴσω: inwards, inside, within, 4 ἐπι-ρρυτος, -ον: overflowing, abundant, 1 Ἰωνία, ἡ: Ionia, 2 καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fair, 5 κατα-βαίνω: tostep, come down, 2 κέγχρος, ὁ: panic-millet, millet, 1 κριθή, ἠ: barley-grain, barley, 1 κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaimonian, 5 11 τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ (ἡµέρᾳ): on ; time when λελοιπὼς εἴη: has left; periphrastic pf. opt. (nom. sg. pf. pple + 3s opt. of εἰµί ) in ind. disc. in secondary seq. (λέλοιπε in primary seq.) τὰ ἄκρα: the summits, hills; substantive ᾔσθετο: 3s aor. mid. αἰσθάνοµαι τριήρεις περιπλεούσας: ind. disc. (acc. + pres. pple (fem. pl.) 15 τὰς Λακεδαιµονίων: with fem. τριήρεις αὐτοῦ Κύρου: of Cyrus himself; intensive ἀνέβη: 3s aor. ἀναβαίνω δ οὖν: at any rate; or in any case λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 2 µελίνη, ἠ: millet, millet-grain, 2 ὄρος, -εος, τό: mountain, hill, 5 παντο-δαπός, -ή, -όν: of every kind or sort, 1 περι-έχω: to put around, surround, 1 περι-πλέω: to sail around, 1 πυρός, ὁ: wheat, a grain of wheat, 1 σήσαµον, τό: sesame, 1 σύµ-πλεως, -εων: quite full, 1 Ταµώς, ὁ: Tamus, 2 τριήρης, ὁ: trireme, 4 ὑστεραῖος, -α, -ον: the next (day); later, 2 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6 (S2959) (D 462); i.e. whatever reason Syennesis had for leaving the hills 16 ἐπὶ: into ; ὄρε-α is neut. acc. ὄρος οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος: gen. absolute εἶδε: 3s aor. ὁράω οὗ: where ; relative adverb 17 καὶ δένδρων καὶ ἀµπέλων: both of and of ; partitive genitives governed by the neuter sg. σύµπλεων, which modifies πεδίον 20 ὄρος: a mountain (range) αὐτὸ: it; i.e. the plain, neuter sg. πεδίον