BL Greek 1. Nathan Longhofer

Transcript

1 BL Greek 1 Nathan Longhofer

2 Lesson #1 - Alphabet Α α Α α alpha Β β Β β beta Γ γ Γ γ gamma Δ δ Δ δ delta Ε ε Ε ε epsilon Ζ ζ Ζ ζ zeta Η η Η η eta Θ θ Θ θ theta Ι ι (ι) Ι ι (ᾳ) iota Κ κ Κ κ kappa Λ λ Λ λ lambda Μ μ Μ μ mu Ν ν Ν ν nu Ξ ξ Ξ ξ xi Ο ο Ο ο omicron Π π Π π pi Ρ ρ Ρ ρ rho Σ σ (ς)σσ(ς) sigma Τ τ Τ τ tau Υ υ Υ υ upsilon Φ φ Φ φ phi Χ χ Χ χ chi Ψ ψ Ψ ψ psi Ω ω Ω ω omega

3 Lesson #1 - Diphthongs αι = ai in aisle αἴρω αυ = au in sauerkraut αὐτός ει = ei in eight or height εἰ ευ = eu in feud εὐθύς οι = oi in oil οἰκία ου = ou in group οὐδέ υι, ηυ = ui in suite υἱός, ηὔξανεν When a iota follows a long vowel, the iota is written beneath the vowel: ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ

4 Lesson #1 - Consonants Liquids: Mutes: labials, dentals, and palatals Labials: Dentals: Palatals: Sibilants: Compound (digraphs): λ, μ, ν, ρ β, γ, δ, θ, κ, π, τ, φ, χ π, β, φ τ, δ, θ κ, γ, χ σ, ζ, ξ, ψ ζ, ξ, ψ

5 Lesson #2 Vocabulary Verbs ἄγω I lead ἀκούω I hear βλέπω I see ἔχω I have λύω I loose, or destroy Nouns ἄγγελος, ὁ messenger, angel ἀδελφός, ὁ brother δοῦλος, ὁ slave, servant καρπός, ὁ fruit λόγος, ὁ word

6 Lesson #2 Vocabulary Breathing Marks Rough breathing indicates an h sound. Ι.ε. (ἑλεν) Smooth breathing is silent. Accents Acute Circumflex ` Grave (Gra-vay) Punctuation, Comma. Period Colon (alt-9 key) ; Question Mark Other Marks Apostrophe Coronis Diaeresis (colon key)

7 Lesson #3 Vocabulary γινώσκω I know I am knowing GI-NŌS-KŌ γράφω I write I am writing GRA-PHŌ διδάσκω I teach I am teaching DI-DAS-KŌ ἐγείρω I raise up I am raising up E-GEI-RŌ θέλω I wish, will I am wishing, willing THE-LŌ λαμβάνω I take, receive I am taking, receiving LAM-BA-NŌ λέγω I say, speak I am saying, speaking LE-GŌ πέμπω I send I am sending PEM-PŌ φέρω I bear, bring I am bearing, bringing PHE-RŌ

8 Verb Endings Present Active Indicative Indicative 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Present Infinitive Format Active ω ομεν εις ετε ει ουσι(ν) ειν am ing

9 Lesson #4 Vocabulary ἄνθρωπος, ὁ person, human being, man AN-THRŌ-POS ἀπόστολος, ὁ apostle A-PO-STO-LOS ἄρτος, ὁ bread, loaf AR-TOS δῶρον, τό gift DŌ-RON θάνατος, ὁ death THA-NA-TOS ἱερόν, τό temple HI-E-RON καί and, also, even (conj.) KAI κύριος, ὁ lord, Lord KU-RI-OS λίθος, ὁ stone LI-THOS νόμος, ὁ law NO-MOS οἶκος, ὁ house, household OI-KOS ὄχλος, ὁ crowd, multitude OCH-LOS υἱός, ὁ son HUI-OS

10 Noun Endings 2nd Declension 2nd Declension Gender: Masculine Neuter Case: Number: S P S P Nominative Subject οϛ οι ον α Genitive of or s ου ων ου ων Ablative from ου ων ου ων Dative to" ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Locative in" ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Instrumental with or by ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Accusative Direct Object ον ουϛ ον α Vocative Direct Address ε οι ον α Declension - a declension is a grouping of nouns according to their endings. Declensions have no effect on the translation of a noun. The 2nd Declension contains mainly masculine and neuter nouns. The 2nd Declension is called the o stem declension because of the predominance of o in the endings.

11 Noun Cases Nominative Designation generally the subject { Genitive Description of, s specifies or qualifies a word Ablative Separation from indicates separation { Dative Reception to similar to an indirect object Locative Location in shows location or position Instrumental Means with, by expresses means/instrumentality Accusative Limitation the main usage is the direct object Vocative Address address - plural form appears nom.

12 Noun Endings 2nd Declension 2nd Declension Gender: Masculine Neuter Case: Number: S P S P Nominative Subject οϛ οι ον α Genitive of or s ου ων ου ων Ablative from ου ων ου ων Dative to" ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Locative in" ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Instrumental with or by ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Accusative Direct Object ον ουϛ ον α Vocative Direct Address ε οι ον α

13 Noun Endings 2nd Declension 2nd Declension Gender: Masculine Neuter Case: Number: S P S P Nominative Subject οϛ οι ον α Genitive of or s Ablative from ου ων ου ων Dative to" Locative in" ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Instrumental with or by Accusative Direct Object ον ουϛ ον α Vocative Direct Address ε οι ον α

14 Articles Articles M N S Pl S Pl Nom. ὁ οἱ τό τά Gen., Abl. τοῦ τῶν τοῦ τῶν Dat., Loc., Instr. τῷ τοῖς τῷ τοῖς Acc. τόν τούς τό τά

15 Lesson #5 Vocabulary ἀγάπη, ἡ love A-GA-PĀ ἀλήθεια, ἡ truth A-LĀ-THAY-A ἁμαρτία, ἡ sin HA-MAR-TI-A βασιλεία, ἡ kingdom BA-SI-LAY-A γλῶσσα, ἡ tongue GLÕ-SA γραφή, ἡ writing, Scripture GRA-FĀ διδαχή, ἡ teaching DI-DA-CHĀ δόξα, ἡ glory DO-XA εἰρήνη, ἡ peace AY-RĀ-NĀ ἐκκλησία, ἡ church EK-KLĀ-SI-A ἐντολή, ἡ commandment EN-TÕ-LĀ ἐξουσία, ἡ authority, power E-XOU-SI-A ἡμέρα, ἡ day HĀ-ME-RA μαθητής, ὁ disciple MA-THĀ-TĀS παραβολή, ἡ parable PA-RA-BOL-Ā προφήτης, ὁ prophet PRO-PHĀ-TĀS

16 Noun Endings 1st Declension 1st Declension Gender: Feminine Masculine Case: Number: S1 S2 S3 P S P Nominative (V) Subject α α η αι ης αι Genitive of or s Ablative from ας ης ης ων ου ων Dative to" Locative in" ᾳ ῃ ῃ αις ῃ αις Instrumental with or by Accusative Direct Object αν αν ην ας ην ας Vocative Direct Address α α η αι α αι

17 Articles Articles Masculine Feminine Neuter S Pl S Pl S Pl Nom. ὁ οἱ ἡ αἱ τό τά Gen., Abl. τοῦ τῶν τῆς τῶν τοῦ τῶν Dat., Loc., τῷ τοῖς τῇ ταῖς τῷ τοῖς Acc. τόν τούς τήν τάς τό τά

18 Noun Endings 1st Declension 2nd Declension Gender: Feminine Masculine Masculine Neuter Case: Number: S1 S2 S3 P S P S P S P Nominative (V) Subject α α η αι ης αι οϛ οι ον α Genitive of or s Ablative from ας ης ης ων ου ων ου ων ου ων Dative to" Locative in" ᾳ ῃ ῃ αις ῃ αις ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Instrumental with or by Accusative Direct Object αν αν ην ας ην ας ον ουϛ ον α Vocative Direct Address α α η αι α αι ε οι ον α

19 Endings until now Noun Endings 1st Declension 2nd Declension Gender: Feminine Masculine Masculine Neuter Case: Number: S1 S2 S3 P S P S P S P Nom. (Voc.) Subject (DA) α α η αι ης αι οϛ οι ον α Gen., abl. of, from ας ης ης ων ου ων ου ων ου ων Dat., Loc., Inst. to, in, with ᾳ ῃ ῃ αις ῃ αις ῳ οιϛ ῳ οιϛ Acc. Direct Object αν αν ην ας ην ας ον ουϛ ον α Voc. Direct Address α α η αι α αι ε οι ον α PAI - Verb Endings Indicative S Active P 1st Person ω ομεν 2nd Person εις ετε Present 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) Infinitive ειν Format am ing

20 Lesson #6 Vocabulary ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν good A-GA-THOS ἀγαπητός, -ή, -όν beloved A-GA-PĀ-TOS ἅγιος, -α, -ον holy HA-GI-OS ἄλλος, -η, -ο other, another (sometimes another of the same kind ) AL-LOS δίκαιος, -α, -ον righteous, just DI-KAI-OS ἕκαστος, -η, -ον each, every HE-KA-STOS ἔσχατος, -η, -ον last E-SCHA-TOS ἕτερος, -α, -ον other, another (usually another of a different kind ) HE-TE-ROS καινός, -ή, -όν new KAI-NOS κακός, -ή, -όν bad KA-KOS καλός, -ή, -όν good, beautiful KA-LOS μικρός, -ά, -όν small, little MI-KROS μόνος, -η, -ον only, alone NO-MOS νεκρός, -ά, -όν dead NE-KROS ὅλος, -η, -ον whole, all HO-LOS πιστός, -ή, -όν faithful PI-STOS πονηρός, -ά, -όν evil PO-NĀ-ROS πρῶτος, -η, -ον first PRÕ-TOS

21 Lesson #6 - Adjectives Adjective - a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. When an adjective is used to modify a noun, it must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case. Adjectives appear in three different positions: attributive, predicate, and substantive. The attributive position attributes a quality to the noun ([the] good word). The predicate position becomes a predicate to the noun ([the] word is good). The predicate position makes an assertion about the noun. The substantive position functions as a noun ([the] good [man, one, etc.]). Sometimes the accusative singular of certain adjectives is used adverbially. Attributive Position Predicate Position the evil man the man is evil the good word the word is good Substantive Position the evil the good (man) the evil (thing) the good (woman)

22 Lesson #6 - Adjectives AAA Guide: If an Article is directly in front of the Adjective, the phrase is Attributive. If there is an article, but it is only in front of the noun, than it is Predicate. If there is no article at all, than context will guide between Attributive and Predicate. If there is no noun with the adjective, than it is Substantive. An article is technically a type of adjective, so if the article does not define a noun it should be treated as a substantive. i.e. ὁ standing alone would be the man. ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός ἡ ἀγαθή Attributive Position Predicate Position Substantive Position the good word the word is good the good (man) the good (woman)

23 Lesson #6 - Adjectives Questions to ask when you find an adjective: Is there a noun in the phrase? Is there an article in the phrase? If there is an article directly in front of the adjective, it is attributive. If Yes, If Yes, If there is only an article in front of the noun, it is predicate. If No, Look at the context to determine if it is attributive or predicate. If No, It is substantive. ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός ἡ ἀγαθή Attributive Position Predicate Position Substantive Position the good word the word is good the good (man) the good (woman)

24 Lesson #7 Vocabulary ἁμαρτωλός, ὁ ἀποστέλλω βαπτίζω εὑρίσκω ζωή, ἡ θεός, ὁ sinner; adj. sinful I send out (with a message) I baptize I find life god, God (use the article to mean the person of God) Ἰουδαῖος, -α, -ον Jewish, a Jew κεφαλή, ἡ κόσμος, ὁ head world κρίνω λαός, ὁ μέλλω μένω ὁδός, ἡ πάλιν πρεσβύτερος, -α, -ον συνάγω χαίρω Χριστός, ὁ I judge people I am about to, intend I remain, dwell road, way again (adv.) older, elder I gather together I rejoice Christ

25 Lesson #7 - The Greek Sentence Accidence (form) - word formation Syntax (usage in context) - the orderly arrangement of words and their relation to one another to convey meaning in a sentence The use of a word in context (syntax) is a better indicator of its meaning than a definition in a vocab list. Neither this Greek grammar nor any other is a collection of rules to which all writers of ancient Greek adhered. This book attempts to present the predominant ways that these authors formed their thoughts. In order to have a functional sentence, you must have a subject and a predicate. Since the pronoun is in the verb form, one word may express a sentence, as in Mark 14:41 (It is enough) - ἀπεχει. If a noun appears not to be the subject, look at the personal ending of the verb form. The noun (or its substitute) and the verb, which are used as the subject and the predicate, are the most important elements in a sentence. Types of Greek Sentences Simple statements - subject and a verb Sentence with a linking verb Predicate nominative - two nominative case nouns joined by a linking verb. You will frequently know which substantive is the subject by the presence of the article. Sentence with an action verb Direct object (found in the accusative case) - answers the questions who or what after the verb. Indirect object (found in the dative case) - answers the questions to whom or for whom the action verb is done. Compound sentence - two or more independent clauses in one sentence (typically joined by a coordinating conj. Complex sentence - one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

26 Crash Course in Grammar Eight Parts of Speech Verb - a word that shows action, links a word to the subject, helps another verb, or just indicates existence. Noun - a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Pronoun - a word that takes the place of a noun. Adjective - a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adverb - a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Preposition - a word that shows how a noun or a pronoun is related to some other word in the sentence. Conjunction - a word (or word group) that joins words, phrases, or clauses. Interjection - an exclamatory word that is not grammatically related to the other words in a sentence. Other Grammar Terms Phrase - a group of related words, without a subject and a verb, used as a single part of speech. Clause - a group of related words that contains both a subject and a verb. Substantive - a noun or its equivalent (any word, phrase, or clause that functions as a noun) Subject - the substantive about which something is said (the nominative) - who/what does the verb? Direct object - a substantive that receives that action of a verb or shows the result of that action. Answers the questions whom or what after the verb. Indirect object - a substantive that tells to whom/what or for whom/what the action verb is done. Objective complement - a substantive or adjective that can follow a direct object to complete the sense of the verb. - explains, renames, or modifies the direct object. - We think Jim generous or officer. (to be) Predicate nominative - a substantive following a linking verb which renames or explains the subject. Predicate adjective - an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. - James A. Chapman, Handbook of Grammar and Composition. Fourth Edition, 4th ed. (publication place: Beka Book, 2003)

27 Translation Tips Find the main verb of the sentence and parse it (see 3.2.) Find the subject of the sentence. If there are two nouns that appear to be the subject, choose the one with an article. It will be in the nominative case and will usually match the verb in person and number. The subject can be a noun or a substantive used as a noun. It may be the implied pronoun in the verb form if there is no subject named. Look for the direct object (usually accusative case) and/or the indirect object (dative case). Determine their meaning in the sentence. Search for other phrases or clauses that add meaning to the sentence. Be concerned first with the forms of verbs and nouns as you determine their function in the sentence. Because Greek had a more elaborate case system than modern English, Greek writers had more freedom in word order, thus a direct object or a predicate nominative could appear first in the sentence. Word order did have a purpose in New Testament Greek. In general, what appears first or in an unusual place indicates stress. Translate all verbs, substantives, phrases, and clauses within the context of the sentence and, if possible, in the larger context of the entire writing. Be prepared to translate a word in more than one way. The context is more important than the primary meaning of the word. The use of the word by a writer is crucial. For example, ἄγγελος may mean messenger or angel, and only the context will indicate how it should be translated. If it will help you, diagram the Greek sentence to determine the relationship between elements. In translating, you must analyze the message given in Greek to its audience, transfer in your mind the message from Greek to English, and restructure the material so that the message can be understood by today s audience. In translating, care must be taken to avoid: Being overly literal, resulting in an artificial word-for-word translation that does not make sense in English Taking such liberty in making words understandable that the original meaning is lost to your interpretation

28 Lesson #8 Vocabulary ἀνά acc. up, among, between ἀντί gen. opposite, instead of ἀπό abl. from, away from εἰς acc. into, to, in ἐκ abl. out of (ἐξ before a vowel) πρό abl. before σύν διά ἐν κατά μετά inst. with, together with gen. acc. loc. through because of in, at, on inst. by means of gen. down, upon, against acc. gen. with acc. along, according to after περί ὑπέρ ὑπό ἐπί παρά πρός gen. about, concerning acc. around, about gen. in behalf of, for the sake of acc. over, above, beyond abl. by (agency) acc. under gen. loc. acc. abl. loc. acc. on, upon, over (contact or position implied) on, in, above (position implied) over, across (motion implied) from (motion implied) with, beside (position implied) beside, beyond, along gen. for, for the sake of loc. acc. at, on, near (position implied) toward, with, at

29 Lesson #8 - Prepositional Elision Preposition Before Smooth Breathing ἀντί ἀντί ἀνθ ἀπό ἀπ ἀφ διά δι δι κατά κατ καθ μετά μετ μεθ ὑπό ὑπ ὑφ παρά παρ παρ ἐπί ἐπ ἐφ Before Rough Breathing

30 Lesson #9 Vocabulary αἴρω ἀμήν ἀναβαίνω αὐτός, -ή, -ό δέ δοξάζω I take up, take away verily, truly, amen (particle) I go up he, she, it (pronoun) but, and, now (particle and conj.) (sometimes so mild it is not translated) I glorify, praise ἐγώ; ἡμεῖς (pl.) I; we (pl.) (pronoun) εἰμί ἐσθίω ἴδιος, -α, -ον κἀγώ I am I eat one s own and I, I also (καί + ἐγώ) καταβαίνω μέν οὐ Παῦλος, ὁ Πέτρος, ὁ σύ; ὑμεῖς (pl.) τέκνον, τό I go down particle indicating contrast, emphasis, or continuation; µέν δέ = on the one hand on the other hand as conj. not (particle; οὐκ before smooth breathing, οὐχ before rough breathing) Paul Peter you (sing. and pl.) (pronoun) child

31 Lesson #9 - Pronouns Personal Pronouns 1st person 2nd Person S P S P Nom. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς σύ ὑμεῖς Gen., Abl. ἐμοῦ or μου ἡμῶν σοῦ or σου ὑμῶν Dat., Loc., Instr. ἐμοί or μοι ἡμῖν σοί or σοι ὑμῖν Acc. ἐμέ or με ἡμᾶς σέ or σε ὑμᾶς In cells with two options, the one on the left is the emphatic form. 3rd - Personal Pronouns Masculine Feminine Neuter S P S P S P Nom. αὐτός αὐτοί αὐτή αὐταί αὐτό αὐτά Gen., Abl. αὐτοῦ αὐτῶν αὐτῆς αὐτῶν αὐτοῦ αὐτῶν Dat., Loc., Instr. αὐτῷ αὐτοῖς αὐτῇ αὐταῖς αὐτῷ αὐτοῖς Acc. αὐτόν αὐτούς αὐτήν αὐτάς αὐτό αὐτά

32 Lesson #9 - Pronouns Pronouns - words that take the place of nouns. They are used to replace nouns and avoid monotony. Antecedent - the noun or substantive for which a pronoun stands βλέπω τὸν μαθητὴν καὶ διδάσκω αὐτόν (I see the disciple and I am teaching him) is better than βλέπω τὸν μαθητὴν καὶ διδάσκω τὸν μαθητήν (I see the disciple and I am teaching the disciple). In the above sentence μαθητήν is the antecedent of αὐτόν. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. Its case is determined by its use in the sentence. For example, in the sentence γινώσκω ἐκκλησίαν καὶ μένω ἐν αὐτῇ (I know a church and remain in it), ἐκκλησία (church) is the antecedent of αὐτῇ Although the gender of a pronoun must follow the gender of its antecedent, the English translation does not need to. For example, the pronoun for ἐκκλησια would be feminine, but in English it would be written as it not her. Personal pronouns are not used in the nominative as subjects of verbs unless emphasis or contrast is desired. In English, emphasis is indicated by italics or the tone of the voice. The word αὐτός is seldom used in the nominative as a personal pronoun. Rather, it has other distinctive usages. In the attributive position it is translated same. In the predicate position it is translated in an intensive sense as self. Another intensive use of αὐτός is with a pronoun or an unexpressed subject of a verb. The unaccented forms of the personal pronoun are used in the genitive case to express possession. Word order in Greek is different from English in this case. See for an example. After prepositions the emphatic forms of the personal pronouns are ordinarily used.

33 Lesson #9 - εἰμι verb, etc. This verb does not have voice since it shows state of being, not action. Since εἰμι is not an action verb, it will not have a direct object or any accusative-case complement. Its complement will be nominative to agree with the subject since it completes the meaning of the subject. Greek differs from English in that the verb to be (εἰμί) does not have to be included in a sentence if it is understood from the context. The sentence ἀγάπη ὁ θεός says God is love. The verb is understood and the reader knows that God is the subject since it has an article. The word εἶ must be included with its accent in order to differentiate it from the particle εἰ which is accent-less. Present Indicative S P English Translation 1st Person εἰμι ἐσμεν I am We are 2nd Person εἶ ἐστε You are You are 3rd Person ἐστι(ν) εἰσι(ν) He (she, it) is They are Format am/are/is Greek particles are small words which do not fit into a particular part of speech category. δέ is a postpositive, which means it cannot stand first in a sentence or clause. In order to avoid standing first, δέ will even separate an article from its noun. The particle οὐ (οὐκ, οὐχ) is usually placed immediately in front of the word it negates A proclitic is so closely associated with the following word that it has no accent of its own and is pronounced as a part of that word. An enclitic joins to the preceding word with the result that it loses its accent under certain conditions.

34 Lesson #10 Vocabulary ἁμαρτάνω ἀνοίγω γάρ διδάσκαλος, ὁ ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ο ἐπαγγελία, ἡ ἔργον, τό εὐαγγέλιον, τό ἱμάτιον, τό ὅσος, -η, -ον ὅτι οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο παιδίον, τό πιστεύω τόπος, ὁ χαρά, ἡ I sin I open for (conj.) teacher that (pronoun) promise work gospel, good news clothing as much as, as great as because, that; may mark the beginning of direct discourse (conj.) this (pronoun) child, infant I believe, have faith (in) place joy

35 Lesson #10 - Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns - Near Masculine Feminine Neuter S P S P S P Nom. οὗτος οὗτοι αὕτη αὗται τοῦτο ταῦτα Gen., Abl. τούτου τούτων ταύτης τούτων τούτου τούτων Dat., Loc., Instr. τούτῳ τούτοις ταύτῃ ταύταις τούτῳ τούτοις Acc. τοῦτον τούτους ταύτην ταύτας τοῦτο ταῦτα Demonstrative Pronouns - Far Masculine Feminine Neuter S P S P S P Nom. ἐκεῖνος ἐκεῖνοι ἐκείνη ἐκεῖναι ἐκεῖνο ἐκεῖνα Gen., Abl. ἐκείνου ἐκείνων ἐκείνης ἐκείνων ἐκείνου ἐκείνων Dat., Loc., Instr. ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνοις ἐκείνῃ ἐκείναις ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνοις Acc. ἐκεῖνον ἐκείνους ἐκείνην ἐκείνας ἐκεῖνο ἐκεῖνα The demonstrative pronouns are often used as substantives and stand alone. The near demonstrative pronouns would be translated as this (man, woman, one, thing, etc.). The far/remote demonstrative pronouns would be translated as that (man, woman, one, thing, etc.). When a demonstrative is used with a noun, they are translated as if in the attributive position. (implicit article) Strange Greek Idiom - A neuter plural subject usually has its verb in the singular.

36 Lesson #11 Vocabulary ἀποκρίνομαι D I answer (dat. case) ἄρχω βάλλω γίνομαι D I rule; ἄρχοµαι (mid.) = I begin I throw I become (takes complement in nom. case) εἰσέρχομαι ἐξέρχομαι D I go into, enter D I go out of προσέρχομαι D I come (or go) to συνέρχομαι καρδία, ἡ D I come with, come together heart δέχομαι D I receive κηρύσσω I proclaim, preach ἔρημος, ἡ desert; adj., desolate οὐρανός, ὁ heaven ἔρχομαι D I come, go πορεύομαι D I go ἀπέρχομαι D I go away σῴζω I save διέρχομαι D I go through φωνή, ἡ voice

37 Lesson #3 - Present Active Indicative Verbs Indicative Active S P English Translation 1st Person ω ομεν I am ing we are ing Present 2nd Person εις ετε you are ing you are ing 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) he (she, it) is ing they are ing Infinitive ειν to Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part PAI ο/ε (ω) Primary A 1st Indicative S P English Translation 1st Person εἰμί ἐσμέν I am we are Present 2nd Person εἶ ἐστέ you are you are 3rd Person ἐστί(ν) εἰσί(ν) he (she, it) is they are Infinitive εἶναι to be

38 Lesson #11 - Present Middle/Passive Indicative Verbs Indicative Middle S P English Translation 1st Person ομαι όμεθα I am ing myself we are ing ourselves Present 2nd Person ῃ εσθε you are ing yourself you are ing yourselves 3rd Person εται ονται he (she, it) is ing self they are ing themselves Infinitive εσθαι to be ing oneself Passive English Translation 1st Person ομαι όμεθα I am being ed we are being ed Present 2nd Person ῃ εσθε you are being ed you are being ed 3rd Person εται ονται he (she, it) is being ed they are being ed Infinitive εσθαι to be ed Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part PAI ο/ε (ω) Primary A 1st PM/PI ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 1st ο generally appears before µ or ν, and ε generally appears elsewhere.

39 Lesson #11 - Present Tense Verbs - Formula Indicative Active English Translation Deponent? FALSE S P 1st ω ομεν I am ing we are ing Present 2nd εις ετε you are ing you are ing 3rd ει ουσι(ν) he (she, it) is ing they are ing Inf. ειν to Middle 1st ομαι όμεθα I am ing myself we are ing ourselves Present 2nd ῃ εσθε you are ing yourself you are ing yourselves 3rd εται ονται he (she, it) is ing self they are ing themselves Inf. εσθαι to be ing oneself Passive 1st ομαι όμεθα I am being ed we are being ed Present 2nd ῃ εσθε you are being ed you are being ed 3rd εται ονται he (she, it) is being ed they are being ed Inf. εσθαι to be ed

40 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Indicative Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι

41 Lesson #11 - Middle Voice Direct Middle Reflexive The subject refers the result of the action directly to the agent. is ing self. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγείρεται (The man is raising himself up). Reciprocal A plural subject engages in an interchange of action. s are ing one another. οἱ ἄνθρωποι διδάσκονται (The men are teaching one another). Indirect Middle The subject is acting with reference to itself or in behalf of itself. is ing to/for self. λαµβάνεται δῶρα (She is taking gifts for herself). Intensive Middle The stress is on the agent producing the action rather than participating in it. self is ing. διδάσκεται τὴν ἀλήθειαν (He [himself] is teaching the truth). The idea is that he and no other is doing the teaching. Defective/Deponent Middle When these verbs are in the middle voice, they function as if in active voice. ἔρχοµαι (I come).

42 Lesson #12 Vocabulary ἀλλά ἀποκτείνω Γαλιλαία, ἡ γῆ, ἡ ἔτι ἑτοιμάζω θεραπεύω Ἰησοῦς, ὁ Ἰσραήλ, ὁ Ἰωάννης, ὁ κράζω νῦν οὐκέτι σκοτία, ἡ τότε ὑπάρχω ὡς but (conj.; stronger than δέ) I kill Galilee the earth, land still, yet (adv.) I prepare I heal Jesus, Joshua Israel Ἰησοῦς (indeclinable) Ἰησοῦ Ἰησοῦν John I cry out now (adv.) no longer (adv.) darkness then (adv.) I exist, am as, while, when (adv. and particle)

43 Primary A Primary B ω μεν μαι μεθα ις τε σαι (contracts) ῃ σθε ι ουσι (ν) ται νται PAI FAI PM/PI FMI FPI Secondary A Secondary B ν μεν μην μεθα ς τε σο (contracts) σθε (ν) ν or σαν το ντο IAI 1AAI 2AAI API IM/PI 1AMI 2AMI

44 Imperfect Active Indicative The Imperfect Tense This is one of the Greek past tenses. It represents continuous or continual action in the past. Descriptive Imperfect - a picture of a continuous event in the past and his disciples were listening - και ἠκουον οἱ µαθηται αὐτοῦ. Repeated/Iterative Imperfect - continual or repeated past action They drank (ἐπινον) from the rock which followed them. - again and again Inceptive Imperfect - continuous action in past time with an emphasis on the beginning of the action rather than its progress He began teaching them (ἐδιδασκεν).

45 Imperfect Active Indicative Three components: (Prepositional Prefix) Augment - ἐ - indicates a secondary tense (past time). Verb Stem - the lexical form (1st) without the ω. Endings Examples: ἐλυον ἐλυες ἐλυε(ν) ἐγινωσκον ἐγραφες ἐβαλλε(ν) ἐλυομεν ἐλυετε ἐλυον ἐγινωσκομεν ἐγραφετε ἐβαλλον Note that the 1S and 3P forms are identical and must be distinguished by context.

46 Augments If a verb begins with a consonant, add ἐ to the start of the stem. - syllabic augment. If a verb begins with a vowel, lengthen the vowel with an ἐ merge. - temporal augment. If a verb begins with a preposition, the augment goes between the preposition and the stem. Any vowel at the end of the preposition is elided (no mark is added). Augment Examples Common Augment Changes ε w/ consonant βλεπω ἐβλεπον ε + ε η (or ει) ἐγείρω ἠγείρον ε + α η ἀκουω ἠκουον ε + ο ω ε + ει ῃ (or ει) ε + αι ῃ ἀιρω ᾐρον ε + οι ῳ ἀποκρινομαι ἀπεκριν ἀπο is a preposition and is not the stem - expendable ο is elided - ε ἀποκτεινω ἀπεκτεινον ἀπαγω ἀπηγον ἀπο was already elided to ἀπ / stem is ἀγ - ε+α contracts to η εἰσερχομαι εἰσηρχ εισ (εἰς) is a preposition and is not the stem - ε+ε contracts to η ἐκβαλλω ἐξεβαλλον ἐκ is a preposition and not part of the stem. When the ε augment is inserted, the form of ἐκ changes to ἐξ since it is now in front of a vowel (see vocab, p. 35).

47 Lesson #12 - Imperfect Active Indicative Verbs Indicative Active S P English Translation 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν I was ing we were ing Imperfect 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε you were ing you were ing 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον he (she, it) was ing they were ing Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part PAI ο/ε (ω) Primary A 1st PM/PI ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 1st IAI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary A 1st Indicative S P English Translation 1st Person ἤμην ἦμεν * I was we were Imperfect 2nd Person ἦς ἦτε you were you were 3rd Person ἦν ἦσαν he (she, it) was they were * The form ἤµεθα is often found in the N.T. in place of ἦµεν.

48 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Future _ will _ing Imperfect _ was _ing Indicative Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Infinitive 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον To Be Continued To Be Continued

49 Greek εἰμι Verb Chart (in progress) Present Indicative comparable to Active Translation S P S P 1st Person εἰμί ἐσμέν I am we are 2nd Person εἶ ἐστέ you are you are 3rd Person ἐστί(ν) εἰσί(ν) he (she, it) is they are Infinitive εἶναι to be Future Imperfect To Be Continued 1st Person ἤμην ἦμεν (ἤμεθα) I was we were 2nd Person ἦς ἦτε you were you were 3rd Person ἦν ἦσαν he (she, it) was they were

50 All PAI Verbs through Lesson 12 2a ἄγω I lead 2a ἀκούω I hear 2a βλέπω I see 2a ἔχω I have 2a λύω I loose, or destroy 3 γινώσκω I know 3 γράφω I write 3 διδάσκω I teach 3 ἐγείρω I raise up 3 θέλω I wish, will 3 λαμβάνω I take, receive 3 λέγω I say, speak 3 πέμπω I send 3 φέρω I bear, bring 7 ἀποστέλλω I send out (with a message) 7 βαπτίζω I baptize 7 εὑρίσκω I find 7 κρίνω I judge 7 μέλλω I am about to, intend 7 μένω I remain, dwell 7 συνάγω I gather together 7 χαίρω I rejoice 9 αἴρω I take up, take away 9 ἀναβαίνω I go up 9 δοξάζω I glorify, praise 9 ἐσθίω I eat 9 καταβαίνω I go down 10 ἁμαρτάνω I sin 10 ἀνοίγω I open 10 πιστεύω I believe, have faith (in) 11 ἄρχω I rule 11 βάλλω I throw, cast 11 κηρύσσω I proclaim, preach 11 σῴζω I save 12 ἀποκτείνω I kill 12 ἑτοιμάζω I prepare 12 θεραπεύω I heal 12 κράζω I cry out 12 ὑπάρχω I exist, am

51 All IAI Verbs through Lesson 12 2a ἠγον I was leading 2a ἠκουον I was hearing 2a ἐβλεπον I was seeing 2a ἠχον I was having 2a ἐλυον I was loosing, or destroying 3 ἐγινωσκον I was knowing 3 ἐγραφον I was writing 3 ἐδιδασκον I was teaching 3 ἠγειρον I was raising up 3 ἐθελον I was wishing, willing 3 ἐλαμβανον I was taking, receiving 3 ἐλεγον I was saying, speaking 3 ἐπεμπον I was sending 3 ἐφερον I was bearing, bringing 7 ἀπεστελλον I was sending out (with a message) 7 ἐβαπτιζον I was baptizing 7 εὑρίσκον I was finding 7 ἐκρινον I was judging 7 ἐμελλον I was intending 7 ἐμενον I was remaining, dwelling 7 συνηγον I was gathering together 7 ἐχαιρον I was rejoicing 9 ᾐρον I was taking up, taking away 9 ἀνεβαινον I was going up 9 ἐδοξαζον I was glorifying, praising 9 ἠσθιον I was eating 9 κατεβαινον I was going down 10 ἡμαρτανον I was sinning 10 ἠνοιγον I was opening 10 ἐπιστευον I was believing, having faith 11 (in) ἠρχον I was ruling 11 ἐβαλλον I was throwing, casting 11 ἐκηρυσσον I was proclaiming, preaching 11 ἐσῳζον I was saving 12 ἀπεκτεινον I was killing 12 ἡτοιμαζον I was preparing 12 ἐθεραπευον I was healing 12 ἐκραζον I was crying out 12 ὑπηρχον I was existing

52 Lesson #13 Vocabulary ἀποθνῄσκω βιβλίον, τό δαιμόνιον, τό δύναμαι ἐκβάλλω ἐκπορεύομαι εὐθύς ἤ θάλασσα, ἡ θρόνος, ὁ καθαρίζω οὐδέ οὖν οὔτε πλοῖον, τό τέ I die book demon (D - α) I can, am able I drive out (D) I go out, come out immediately (adv.) or (conj.) sea throne I cleanse, purify and not, nor, not even (conj.); οὐδὲ οὐδέ = neither nor therefore, then (conj.) not, no, nor (adv. and conj.) boat and (conj.; weaker than καί)

53 Lesson #13 - Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative Verbs Imperfect Imperfect Indicative S Middle P English Translation 1st Person (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα I was ing myself we were ing ourselves 2nd Person (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε you were ing yourself you were ing yourselves 3rd Person (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο he (she, it) was ing self they were ing themselves Passive English Translation 1st Person (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα I was being ed we were being ed 2nd Person (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε you were being ed you were being ed 3rd Person (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο he (she, it) was being ed they were being ed Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part PAI ο/ε (ω) Primary A 1st PM/PI ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 1st IAI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary A 1st IM/PI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary B 1st

54 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Future _ will _ing Imperfect _ was _ing Indicative Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Infinitive To Be Continued 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε Same As Passive (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο

55 Conjunctions 13 τέ and (weak connector) 4 καί and, also, even 9 δέ but, and, now 12 ἀλλά but (strong contrast) 13 ἤ or 13 οὔτε not, no, nor 13 οὐδέ and not, nor, not even 10 γάρ for 9 κἀγώ and I, I also (καί + ἐγώ) 9 μέν shows contrast, emphasis, or continuation 13 οὖν therefore, then 10 ὅτι because, that; may mark the beginning of direct discourse 4 καί καί both and 9 μέν δέ but 13 οὐδὲ οὐδέ neither nor

56 Adverbs 9 οὐ not (οὐκ before, οὐχ before ) 13 οὔτε not, no, nor 12 οὐκέτι no longer 13 εὐθύς immediately 9 δέ but, and, now 12 νῦν now 12 τότε then 7 πάλιν again 12 ἔτι still, yet 12 ὡς as, while, when 4 καί and, also, even 9 κἀγώ and I, I also (καί + ἐγώ)

57 Lesson #14 Vocabulary παραλαμβάνω πείθω προσεύχομαι ἄξω ἀκούσομαι ἀποστελῶ βλέψω γενήσομαι γνώσομαι δοξάσω ἔσομαι ἐλεύσομαι καταβήσομαι λήμψομαι παραλήμψομαι πείσω προσεύξομαι σώσω I take, take along, receive I persuade D I pray I will lead Future of ἄγω D I will hear Future of ἀκούω I will send out Future of ἀποστέλλω I will see Future of βλέπω D I will become Future of γίνοµαι (D) D I will know Future of γινώσκω I will glorify, praise Future of δοξάζω D I will be Future of εἰµί D I will come, go Future of ἔρχοµαι (D) D I will go down Future of καταβαίνω D I will take, receive Future of λαµβάνω D I will take, take along, receive Future of παραλαµβάνω I will persuade Future of πείθω D I will pray Future of προσεύχοµαι (D) I will save Future of σῴζω

58 Primary A Primary B ω μεν μαι μεθα ις τε σαι (contracts) ῃ σθε ι ουσι (ν) ται νται PAI FAI PM/PI FMI FPI Secondary A Secondary B ν μεν μην μεθα ς τε σο (contracts) σθε (ν) ν or σαν το ντο IAI 1AAI 2AAI API IM/PI 1AMI 2AMI

59 Lesson #14 - Future Active/Middle Indicative Verbs Indicative Active S P English Translation 1st Person σω σομεν I will we will Future 2nd Person σεις σετε you will you will 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) he (she, it) will they will Infinitive σειν to Middle English Translation 1st Person σομαι σόμεθα I will myself we will ourselves Future 2nd Person σῃ σεσθε you will yourself you will yourselves 3rd Person σεται σονται he (she, it) will self they will themselves Infinitive σεσθαι to oneself Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part FAI - - σ ο/ε (ω) Primary A 2nd FMI - - σ ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 2nd Indicative S P English Translation 1st Person ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα I will be we will be Future 2nd Person ἔσῃ ἔσεσθε you will be you will be 3rd Person ἔσται ἔσονται he (she, it) will be they will be

60 Lesson #14 - Future Active/Middle Indicative Verbs Future _ will _ing Indicative Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person σω σομεν σομαι σόμεθα 2nd Person σεις σετε σῃ σεσθε 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) σεται σονται Verb stems ending in a liquid consonant (λ, μ, ν, ρ) usually drop the σ and accent the ω with a circumflex. μένσω becomes μενῶ If the stem ends in a double consonant, one is dropped. ἀποστέλλω becomes ἀποστελῶ Some future stems are entirely different from present stems. Tense (TVM) Sigma/Consonant Contractions π, β, φ + σ ψ κ, γ, χ + σ ξ τ, δ, θ + σ σ σ, ζ, ξ, ψ + σ σ Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Sigma/Consonant Contraction Examples βλέπω γραφω ἀγω ἀρχω πειθω δοξαζω To Be Continued Verb Ending βλέψω γραψω ἀξω ἀρξομαι πεισω δοξασω Principle Part FAI - - σ ο/ε (ω) Primary A 2nd FMI - - σ ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 2nd

61 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Future _ will _ing Imperfect _ was _ing Indicative Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person σω σομεν σομαι σόμεθα 2nd Person σεις σετε σῃ σεσθε 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) σεται σονται To Be Continued Infinitive σειν σεσθαι 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε Same As Passive (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο

62 Greek εἰμι Verb Chart Present Future Imperfect Indicative comparable to Active Translation S P S P 1st Person εἰμί ἐσμέν I am we are 2nd Person εἶ ἐστέ you are you are 3rd Person ἐστί(ν) εἰσί(ν) he (she, it) is they are Infinitive εἶναι to be 1st Person ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα I will be we will be 2nd Person ἔσῃ ἔσεσθε you will be you will be 3rd Person ἔσται ἔσονται he (she, it) will be they will be 1st Person ἤμην ἦμεν (ἤμεθα) I was we were 2nd Person ἦς ἦτε you were you were 3rd Person ἦν ἦσαν he (she, it) was they were

63 Sample PAI FAI Verbs including some PAI FMI-(D) 2a λύω I loose, or destroy 10 πιστεύω I believe, have faith (in) 12 θεραπεύω I heal 2a ἀκούω * I hear 2a βλέπω I see 3 πέμπω I send 3 γράφω I write 2a ἄγω I lead 11 ἄρχω * I rule 2a ἔχω * I have 13 πείθω I prepare 9 δοξάζω I glorify, praise 11 σῴζω I save 12 κράζω * I cry out 3 διδάσκω * I teach 3 γινώσκω * I know 3 λαμβάνω * I take, receive 2a λύσω I will loose, or destroy 10 πιστεύσω I will believe, have faith (in) 12 θεραπεύσω I will heal 2a ἀκούσομαι I will hear 2a βλέψω I will see 3 πέμψω I will send 3 γράψω I will write 2a ἄξω I will lead 11 ἄρξομαι I will rule 2a ἕξω I will have 13 πείσω I will prepare 9 δοξάσω I will glorify, praise 11 σῴσω I will save 12 κράξω I will cry out 3 διδάξω I will teach 3 γνώσομαι I will know 3 λήμψομαι I will take, receive

64 Lesson #15 Vocabulary ἤκουσα ἀπέστειλα ἠρξάμην (D) ἐβάπτισα ἔβλεψα ἔγραψα ἐδεξάμην (D) ἐδίδαξα ἐδόξασα ἠθέλησα ἐθεράπευσα ἐκήρυξα ἔπεισα ἔπεμψα ἐπίστευσα ἔσωσα ἤνεγκα I heard 1st Aorist of ἀκούω I sent out 1st Aorist of ἀποστέλλω I began 1st Aorist of ἄρχοµαι (D) I baptized 1st Aorist of βαπτίζω I saw 1st Aorist of βλέπω I wrote 1st Aorist of γράφω I received 1st Aorist of δέχοµαι (D) I taught 1st Aorist of διδάσκω I glorified 1st Aorist of δοξάζω I wished, willed 1st Aorist of θέλω I healed 1st Aorist of θεραπεύω I proclaimed, preached 1st Aorist of κηρύσσω I persuaded 1st Aorist of πείθω I sent 1st Aorist of πέµπω I believed, had faith (in) 1st Aorist of πιστεύω I saved 1st Aorist of σῴζω I bore, brought 1st Aorist of φέρω

65 Lesson #15-1st Aorist Active/Middle Indicative Verbs Indicative Active S P English Translation 1st Person (ἔ) σα (ἐ) σαμεν I ed we ed 1st Aorist 2nd Person (ἔ) σας (ἐ) σατε you ed you ed 3rd Person (ἔ) σε(ν) (ἔ) σαν he (she, it) ed they ed Infinitive σαι to Middle English Translation 1st Person (ἐ) σάμην (ἐ) σάμεθα I ed myself we ed ourselves 1st Aorist 2nd Person (ἐ) σω (ἐ) σασθε you ed yourself you ed yourselves 3rd Person (ἐ) σατο (ἐ) σαντο he (she, it) ed self they ed themselves Infinitive σασθαι to oneself Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part IAI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary A 1st IM/PI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary B 1st 1AAI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ε) Secondary A 3rd 1AMI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ω) Secondary B 3rd

66 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Future _ will _ing Imperfect _ was _ing 1st Aorist ed Indicative Active Middle - for self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person σω σομεν σομαι σόμεθα 2nd Person σεις σετε σῃ σεσθε 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) σεται σονται To Be Continued Infinitive σειν σεσθαι 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε Same As Passive (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο 1st Person (ἔ) σα (ἐ) σαμεν (ἐ) σάμην (ἐ) σάμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) σας (ἐ) σατε (ἐ) σω (ἐ) σασθε 3rd Person (ἔ) σε(ν) (ἔ) σαν (ἐ) σατο (ἐ) σαντο To Be Continued Infinitive σαι σασθαι

67 Lesson #16 Vocabulary λείπω πάσχω πίπτω ἤγαγον ἀπέθανον ἔβαλον εἶδον ἐγενόμην (D) ἔγνων ἦλθον ἔφαγον ἔσχον ἔλαβον εἶπον ἔλιπον παρέλαβον ἔπαθον ἔπεσον ἤνεγκον I leave I suffer I fall I led 2nd Aorist of ἄγω I died 2nd Aorist of ἀποθνῄσκω I threw, cast 2nd Aorist of βάλλω I saw 2nd Aorist of βλέπω I became 2nd Aorist of γίνοµαι (D) I knew 2nd Aorist of γινώσκω I came, went 2nd Aorist of ἔρχοµαι I ate 2nd Aorist of ἐσθίω I had 2nd Aorist of ἔχω I took, received 2nd Aorist of λαµβάνω I said, spoke 2nd Aorist of λέγω I left 2nd Aorist of λείπω I took, received, took along 2nd Aorist of παραλαµβάνω I suffered 2nd Aorist of πάσχω I fell 2nd Aorist of πίπτω I bore, brought 2nd Aorist of φέρω

68 Lesson #16-2nd Aorist Active/Middle Indicative Verbs Indicative Active S P English Translation 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν I ed we ed 2nd Aorist 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε you ed you ed 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον he (she, it) ed they ed Infinitive ειν to Middle English Translation 1st Person (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα I ed myself we ed ourselves 2nd Aorist 2nd Person (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε you ed yourself you ed yourselves 3rd Person (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο he (she, it) ed self they ed themselves Infinitive έσθαι to oneself Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part IAI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary A 1st IM/PI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary B 1st 1AAI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ε) Secondary A 3rd 1AMI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ω) Secondary B 3rd 2AAI ἐ TRUE - ο/ε Secondary A 3rd 2AMI ἐ TRUE - ο/ε Secondary B 3rd

69 Greek Verb Matrix (in progress) Present _ am ing Future _ will _ing Imperfect _ was _ing 1st Aorist ed 2nd Aorist ed Indicative Active Middle - for self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person σω σομεν σομαι σόμεθα 2nd Person σεις σετε σῃ σεσθε 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) σεται σονται To Be Continued Infinitive σειν σεσθαι 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε Same As Passive (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο 1st Person (ἔ) σα (ἐ) σαμεν (ἐ) σάμην (ἐ) σάμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) σας (ἐ) σατε (ἐ) σω (ἐ) σασθε 3rd Person (ἔ) σε(ν) (ἔ) σαν (ἐ) σατο (ἐ) σαντο Infinitive σαι σασθαι 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα To Be Continued 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο Infinitive ειν έσθαι

70 Lesson #17 Vocabulary ἠκούσθην ἀπεκρίθην (D) ἀπεστάλην ἐβλήθην ἐγενήθην (D) ἐγνώσθην ἐγράφην ἐδιδάχθην ἐδοξάσθην ἠγέρθην ἐκηρύχθην ἐκρίθην ἐλήμφθην ἐλείφθην ἐπέμφθην ἐπορεύθην (D) ἐσώθην I was heard Aorist Passive of ἀκούω I answered Aorist Passive of ἀποκρίνοµαι (D) I was sent out Aorist Passive of ἀποστέλλω I was thrown Aorist Passive of βάλλω I became Aorist Passive of γίνοµαι (D) I was known Aorist Passive of γινώσκω I was written Aorist Passive of γράφω I was taught Aorist Passive of διδάσκω I was glorified Aorist Passive of δοξάζω I was raised up Aorist Passive of ἐγείρω I was proclaimed Aorist Passive of κηρύσσω I was judged Aorist Passive of κρίνω I was taken Aorist Passive of λαµβάνω I was left Aorist Passive of λείπω I was sent Aorist Passive of πέµπω I went Aorist Passive of πορεύοµαι (D) I was saved Aorist Passive of σῴζω

71 Lesson #17 - Future/Aorist Passive Indicative Verbs Future _ will be _ed Aorist _ was _ed Indicative Passive English Translations S P S P 1st Person θήσομαι θησόμεθα I will be ed we will be ed 2nd Person θήσῃ θήσεσθε you will be ed you will be ed 3rd Person θήσεται θήσονται he (she, it) will be ed they will be ed Infinitive θήσεσθαι 1st Person (ἐ) θην (ἐ) θημεν I was ed we were ed 2nd Person (ἐ) θης (ἐ) θητε you were ed you were ed 3rd Person (ἐ) θη (ἐ) θησαν he (she, it) was ed they were ed Infinitive θῆναι The θ of the Aorist Passive drops out for the 2nd Aorist. Future Passive stems are based off of the Aorist Passive (6th principal part). Passive forms of deponent verbs (like the middle form) are often translated active. Consonant/θ Contractions ν + θ θ π, β + θ φθ φ + θ φ κ, γ, χ + θ χθ τ, δ, θ σ, ζ, ξ, ψ + θ σθ Consonant/θ Contractions Examples κρίνω ἐκρίθην βλέπω ἐβλεφθην γραφω ἐγραφην ἀγω ἠχθην ἀρχω ἠρχθην πειθω ἐπεισθην δοξαζω ἐδοξασθην

72 Lesson #17 - Aorist and Future Passive Indicative Verbs Indicative Passive S P English Translation 1st Person (ἐ) (θ)ην (ἐ) (θ)ημεν I was ed we were ed (2nd) 2nd Person (ἐ) (θ)ης (ἐ) (θ)ητε you were ed you were ed Aorist 3rd Person (ἐ) (θ)η (ἐ) (θ)ησαν he (she, it) was ed they were ed Infinitive (θ)ῆναι to be ed Passive English Translation 1st Person θήσομαι θησόμεθα I will be ed we will be ed Future 2nd Person θήσῃ θήσεσθε you will be ed you will be ed 3rd Person θήσεται θήσονται he (she, it) will be ed they will be ed Infinitive θήσεσθαι to be ed Tense (TVM) Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Theme Vowel Verb Ending Principle Part API ἐ? (θ) η Secondary A 6th FPI -? θησ ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 6th

73 Present _ am ing Future _ will Imperfect _ was _ing 1st Aorist ed 2nd Aorist ed Indicative Greek Verb Matrix Active Middle - (for) self Passive - be(ing) ed S P S P S P 1st Person ω ομεν ομαι όμεθα 2nd Person εις ετε ῃ εσθε Same As Passive 3rd Person ει ουσι(ν) εται ονται Infinitive ειν εσθαι 1st Person σω σομεν σομαι σόμεθα θήσομαι θησόμεθα 2nd Person σεις σετε σῃ σεσθε θήσῃ θήσεσθε 3rd Person σει σουσι(ν) σεται σονται θήσεται θήσονται Infinitive σειν σεσθαι θήσεσθαι 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε Same As Passive (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο 1st Person (ἔ) σα (ἐ) σαμεν (ἐ) σάμην (ἐ) σάμεθα 2nd Person (ἔ) σας (ἐ) σατε (ἐ) σω (ἐ) σασθε 3rd Person (ἔ) σε(ν) (ἔ) σαν (ἐ) σατο (ἐ) σαντο (ἐ) θην (ἐ) θημεν Infinitive σαι σασθαι (ἐ) θης (ἐ) θητε 1st Person (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ομεν (ἐ) όμην (ἐ) όμεθα (ἐ) θη (ἐ) θησαν 2nd Person (ἔ) ες (ἐ) ετε (ἐ) ου (ἐ) εσθε θῆναι 3rd Person (ἔ) ε(ν) (ἔ) ον (ἐ) ετο (ἐ) οντο _ was ed Infinitive ειν έσθαι θ is not always present.

74 Greek Verb Endings - described Primary A ω μεν ις τε ι ουσι (ν) Tense (TVM) Primary B μαι μεθα σαι (contracts) ῃ σθε ται νται Augment Δ - Stem Change Tense Formative Secondary A ν μεν ς τε (ν) ν or σαν Theme Vowel Verb Ending Secondary B μην μεθα σο (contracts) σθε το ντο Principle Part PAI ο/ε (ω) Primary A 1st PM/PI ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 1st IAI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary A 1st IM/PI ἐ - - ο/ε Secondary B 1st FAI - - σ ο/ε (ω) Primary A 2nd FMI - - σ ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 2nd 1AAI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ε) Secondary A 3rd 1AMI ἐ - σ (or κ) α (ω) Secondary B 3rd 2AAI ἐ TRUE - ο/ε Secondary A 3rd 2AMI ἐ TRUE - ο/ε Secondary B 3rd FPI -? θησ ο/ε (ῃ) Primary B 6th API ἐ? (θ) η Secondary A 6th

75 Terms for the Exam Tense Indicates aspect or time of action of a verb Voice Shows the subject doing or receiving action Mood Shows relationship of a verb to reality Person Shows if the subject is the speaker, hearer, or other Number Shows the singularity or plurality of a word Gender Shows a word to be masculine, feminine, or neuter Case Shows the function of a substantive in a sentence Present Tense Tense of continuous present action Future Tense Tense of action yet to come Imperfect Tense Tense of continuous past action Aorist Tense Tense of undefined or simple past action Augment An added vowel prefix before past verbs Breathing A mark showing whether or not an h sound is used Deponent Looks middle or passive but is translated active Diphthong A combination of vowels with a single vowel sound Lexical Form Form of word found at head of a dictionary entry Postpositive Appears second in a clause but is translated first Proclitic A word that is so short it has no accent Substantive A word (often an adjective) used as a noun