An Introduction to New Testament Greek

Transcript

1 An Introduction to New Testament Greek Paul Pritchard February

2 Session 1: The Greek Alphabet Capital Lower case Name Pronunciation 1 Transliteration Α α alpha lard/cup a Β β beta bat b Γ γ gamma goat g Δ δ delta dog d Ε ε epsilon bet e Ζ ζ zeta wisdom/lids z Η η eta nag ē Θ θ theta thin th Ι ι iota bid/eat i Κ κ kappa kit c/k Λ λ lambda lot l Μ μ mu mat m Ν ν nu not n Ξ ξ xi axe x Ο ο omicron log o Π π pi pat p Ρ ρ rho rot rh/r Σ σ/ς 2 sigma sit s Τ τ tau top t Υ υ upsilon Fr. lune y Φ φ phi fat ph Χ χ chi loch ch/kh Ψ ψ psi dypsomaniac ps Ω ω omega raw ō 1. The suggested pronunciation represents a tricky compromise (to be explained in class) 2. The second form (ς) is used at the end of a word, e.g. Σίσυφος Sisyphus 1

3 Diphthongs αι aisle ai/ae/e oι boy oi αυ out au ου tool 1 u ει ever (said long) 1 ei/i υι quit ui ευ e + oo eu/ev 1. ει represents ε + ε; ου represents ο + ο. These are called spurious diphthongs (they are written as if they were diphthongs, but in fact represent pure vowels). Other signs 1. Breathings: There is no letter h in Greek, but some words have an h sound at the beginning, before a vowel. If so, the vowel has the sign over it, e.g. ὁ ho. This is called the hard breathing. If a word starts with a vowel without the h sound this is marked with the sign e.g. ὀ o. This is called the soft breathing. Note that: 1. Every word beginning with a vowel must have one or the other breathing. 2. When a word begins with ρ this has a hard breathing, e.g. ῥυθμός rhythmos. 3. In a diphthong the breathing appears on the second element (e.g. αὐτός). 4. Breathings are placed before capital letters (e.g. Ἰξίων). 2. Accents: There are three accents: acute grave ` and circumflex. These represent a tonal accent, not a stress accent, and we can ignore these signs except in those very few cases when they help to distinguish two words (e.g. εἰ if, εἶ you are). 3. Iota subscript: When iota is the second element of a diphthong starting with a long vowel it is written as a subscript under the long vowel. This can only happen with α, η and ω, so the forms to look out for are ᾳ, ῃ and ῳ. While you may for the most part ignore accents, you must not ignore the iota subscripts. 2

4 Exercise 1 A. Transliterate the following, using the rules given above: (a) ψυχη (b) πατηρ (c) κοσμος (d) ἀγγελος 1 (e) οὐρανος (f) γενος (g) λογος (h) νεος (i) παλαιος (j) εὐ (k) γενεσις (l) ἐξοδος (m) νομος (n) δευτερος (o) ἀρχη (p) ἀνθος (q) πολις (r) ἑξ (s) πεντε (t) αὐτος (u) βιος (v) ἀγρος (w) δενδρον (x) χρονος B. Transliterate into Greek letters: (a) theos (b) evangelion (c) thēsauros (d) cardia (e) anemos (f) agathos (g) thronos (h) despotēs (i) hippos (j) potamos (k) hodos (l) ichthys (m) phōnē (n) topos (o) ophthalmos (p) sōma (q) ochlos (r) didaskalos (s) anthrōpos (t) mathētēs (u) cleptēs (v) parabolē (w) hypnos (x) tauros C. Write the following in Greek capital letters: (a) θυρα (b) ξενος (c) ἡμερα (d) οἰκος (e) ἀδελφος (f) ζωη (g) ψαλμος (h) βαπτιζω (i) γυνη (j) χριστος E. Many English words are compounds of Greek words, e.g. geology < γῆ earth + λόγος account; rhinoceros < ῥιν- nose + κέρας horn. Write down as many English words as you can which have any of the words in A as one of its parts. Note: 1. -γγ = -ng (as in bring ) 3

5 Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive: Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally. Stephen, the Episcopalian deacon, had no enthusiasm for Peter's psalms, while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him ecstatic. Andrew, the bishop, was not so hedonistic, but objected to Peter's glossolalia, which he would sarcastically mock using Paul s First Epistle to the Corinthians, chapter 14. But Peter's theology was heterodox, and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites; in their monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was considered unhygienic. The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacon's schismatic eschatology that he had to apologise, and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus. ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing ἀναχωρέω retire, withdraw ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave ἀντί instead of (+ gen.); (in composition: against) ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop γένεσις (-εως) coming into being γεωργός (-ου) farmer γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue διάβολος (-ου) slanderer διάκονος (-ου) servant δόγμα (-ματος) opinion δόξα (-ης) opinion; reputation; glory ἕβδομος (-η ον) seventh ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god ἔξοδος (-ου) f. a going out; a way out ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer, guardian; bishop ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last ἕτερος (-α -ον) other; different εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news εὐχαριστέω give thanks ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure θεός (-ου) god καθέδρα (-ας) seat καθολικός (-η -ον) general, universal λαλία (-ας) chatter, gossip (NT speech) λόγος (-ου) word, speech μηχανή (-ης) device μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic μοναχός (-η -ον) single, solitary μόνος single, alone παράκλητος (-ου) advocate πέτρος (-ου) stone, pebble πόλεμος (-ου) war πολύς / πολλή / πολύ much, many πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective στέφανoς (-ου) crown; wreath σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment) συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign ὑγιαίνω be healthy ὕμνος (-ου) hymn, ode φύσις (-εως) nature χάος (-ους) n. yawning gap ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp 4

6 Session 2: Discovering Greek Grammar 1. ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει. A horse is fleeing a bull. 2. φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον. A bull is fleeing an ass. 3. ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει. is chasing a horse. 4. λύκος διώκει ὄνον. A wolf 5. ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει. 6. λύκος φεύγει ὄνον. 7. An ass is chasing a wolf. 8. A wolf is fleeing a bull. 9. ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι. Horses are fleeing a bull. 10. Wolves are chasing a horse. 11. ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι. eat humans. 12. Wolves eat bulls. 13. ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ. A messenger tells stories to a crowd. 14. κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει. A lord is sending to a friend. 15. A friend sends a bull to a lord. 16. ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί. Farmers sacrifice to gods. 17. A god tells a story to farmers. 18. λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον. Wolves are biting a lord s bull. 19. γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει. A farmer s son has horses. 20. Asses are eating a farmer s son. 21. φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους. Farmers sons love horses. 22. Sons of gods tell tales to humans. 5

7 Table 1: Declension of o-stem masculine/feminine nouns Singular Plural Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις Some uses of the cases Nominative For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees) Vocative For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε, μένε Peter, wait.) Accusative For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse) To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth) Genitive To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmer s son) To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth) Dative For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods) For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words) To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth) 6

8 Translation Exercise 1 1. Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν. (John 2.3) 2. καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος. (John 19.5) 3. καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον. (Mark 15.22) 4. λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί. (Matthew 13.51) 5. λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί, κύριε. (Matthew 9.28) 6. καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς. 1 (Mark 2.22) 7. οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς ἀλλὰ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς. (Matthew 9.17) 8. ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ. (Psalm ) 9. Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. (John 1.36) 10. Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν. (John 9.13) 11. Λάζαρε, δεῦρο ἔξω. (John 11.43) Note: 1. Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms). Composition exercise 1 Translate into Greek: 1. He says to the lamb of God, Yes, lamb. 2. He doesn t have a new wineskin. 3. He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee. 7

9 Table 2: Declension of o-stem neuter nouns Singular Plural Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις Note: nominative, vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns. Table 3: Present indicative active of verbs in ω Singular Plural 1 st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose 2 nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose 3 rd person λύει he/she/it looses λύουσι(ν) they loose Infinitive λύειν to loose Note: The 3 rd person plural ends in ν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence. Table 4: Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-) Singular Plural 1 st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are 2 nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are 3 rd person ἐστί(ν) he/she/it is εἰσί(ν) they are Infinitive εἶναι to be Note: The forms in ν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence. 8

10 Translation Exercise 2 1. Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ. (Luke 8.11) 2. Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. (Luke 6.5) 3. Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε, ποῦ ὑπάγεις; 1 (John 13.36) 4. τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ αὐτῶν. (Revelation 14.13) 5. Αδαμ, ποῦ εἶ; (Genesis 3.9) 6. καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον. (John 7.22) 7. λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι. (John 18.5) 8. Πιστεύω, κύριε. (John 9.38) 9. νῦν δὲ 2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν. (John 9.41) 10. καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει. (John ) 11. Κύριε, ἤδη ὄζει, τεταρταῖος γάρ 2 ἐστιν. (John 11.39) 12. καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ 3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ; (John 19.9) 13. oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ. (Matthew 5.34) 14. εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. (John 5.14) 15. ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν. (Revelation 22.10) Notes: 1. The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon. 2. Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause. 3. This is declined as follows: Nom. Ἰησοῦς Voc. Ἰησοῦ Acc. Ἰησοῦν Gen. Ἰησοῦ Dat. Ἰησοῦ 9

11 Revision exercise sessions 1-2 A. Translate into English: 1. Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός. (Revelation 1.8) 2. λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν, ὁ δὲ καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος. (John 7.6) 3. ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι. (John 6.20) 4. ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου. (John 17.16) 5. θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον, θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε. 1 (1 Corinthians 3.9) 6. Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν. 2 (Luke 18.27) Notes: 1. is the Greek colon/semicolon. 2. Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs. B. Translate into Greek: 1. And God says to the world: It is me. 2. You are God s accomplice, just as I am Jesus s orchard. 3. Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven. 10

12 Session 3 Table 5: Declension of a-stem feminine nouns Type 1 Singular Plural Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς Type 2 Singular Plural Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις Likewise all stems ending in ε, ι and ρ. Type 3 Singular Plural Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ, ξ, ψ) Note: in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative. 11

13 Translation Exercise 3 1. ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου. (Proverbs 1.7) 2. ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ. (Mark 1.1) 3. Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς. (John 6.35) 4. ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος. 1 (Revelation 22.13) 5. ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν. (Epistle of James 1.1) 6. τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς. (Romans 6.23) 7. Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω. (John 5.41) 8. Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας; (John 11.9) 9. ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν. (John 19.6) 10. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω. (John 5.34) Note: 1. τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun Composition exercise 2 1. We get bread from a man. 2. The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ. 3. Do you not find sin in them? 12

14 Table 6: Declension of adjectives with three terminations Masc. Fem. Neut. N καλός καλή καλόν V καλέ καλή καλόν A καλόν καλήν καλόν Sing. G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ N/V καλοί καλαί καλά A καλούς καλάς καλά Plur. G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς Note: the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns, while the feminine endings are those of the a-stem nouns. In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5 type 2), e.g. πονηρός wicked fem. πονηρά. Translation Exercise 4 1. ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν. (John 17.17) 2. διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε; (John 8.43) 3. ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός 1 ἐστιν. (John 12.50) 4. μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι, ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ. (Luke 6.20) 5. νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν. (John 18.36) 6. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά 2, καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει πονηρά 2. (Matthew 12.35) Notes: 1. Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms, using masculine forms to qualify feminine nouns. 2. ἀγαθά / πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective, so this means good / wicked things. 13

15 Table 7: Declension of a-stem masculine nouns Type 1 Type 2 Singular Plural Singular Plural N μαθητής μαθηταί V μαθητά μαθηταί A μαθητήν μαθητάς G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς νεανίας νεανία νεανίαν νεανίου νεανίᾳ νεανίαι νεανίαι νεανίας νεανιῶν νεανίαις Likewise all stems ending in ε, ι and ρ. Translation Exercise 5 1. Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ. (John 1.15) 2. Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ. (Matthew 10.24) 3. ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ. (Luke 10.7) 4. Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα 1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον. (John 18.28) 5. Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου, δέσποτα. (Luke 2.29) 6. τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία. (1 Corinthians 15.57) Note: 1. Some names ending in ας have their genitive sing. in -α instead of ου. 14

16 Session 4 Table 8: Personal Pronouns 1st person 2nd person N ἐγώ σύ A με / ἐμέ σέ Singular G μοῦ / ἐμοῦ σοῦ D μοί / ἐμοί σοί N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν 3 rd person Masc. Fem. Neut. N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό Sing. G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά Plur. G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς Note: The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the neuter nom/acc singular. 15

17 Translation Exercise 6 1. Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. (Mark 3.33) 2. Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός. (Mark 1.11) 3. Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου. (John 1.42) 4. ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε. (John 15.14) 5. Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου; (John 9.35) 6. ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί. (John 17.23) 7. Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν; (John 9.40) 8. Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου. (John 20.28) 9. ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει. (John 9.41) 10. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς; οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος;... οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ; (1 Corinthians 9.1) 11. σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. (John 11.27) 12. Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε. (John 11.28) 13. Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ, ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί. (John 8.23) 14. Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας. (John 10.33) 15. Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ' ὑμῶν εἰμι. (John 7.33) 16. ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν. (John 7.18) 17. λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή. (John 14.6) 18. λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια; (John 18.38) 19. Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς; (Matthew 13.10) 20. Σαούλ Σαούλ, τί με διώκεις; (Acts 9.4) 16

18 A third century copy of St John s Gospel (A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below.) 17

19 Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise 1. λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ. (Matthew 21.31) 2. ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν. (Matthew 11.30) 3. οὕτως πᾶν 1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ, τὸ δὲ σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ. οὐ δύναται 2 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν, 3 οὐδὲ δένδρον σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν. (Matthew ) 4. ἢ 4 ποιήσατε 5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν, ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται. 6 γεννήματα 7 ἐχιδνῶν, πῶς δύνασθε 8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες; 9 ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος 10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα 11 λαλεῖ. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά, καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει πονηρά. (Matthew ) 5. τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος 12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου, τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς; (Luke 6.41) 6. τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου, τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς; (Matthew 7.3) 1. πᾶν (neuter sing. adj.) every; 2. δύναται 3.s. < δύναμαι be able; 3. ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry, bear. 4. ἤ... ἤ either...or; 5. ποιήσατε 2.pl.imperative < ποιέω make; 6. γινώσκεται 3.s.pres. passive < γινώσκω know; 7. τὰ γεννήματα product, offspring (3 rd declension) 8. δύνασθε 2.pl. < δύναμαι be able; 9. ὄντες being (nom.pl.participle < εἰμί); 10. περισσεύματος gen.s. < τὸ περίσσευμα abundance (3 rd declension) 11. τὸ στόμα mouth (3 rd declension) 12. τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3 rd declension) 18

20 Table 9: Third declension nouns Session 5 The basic endings are as follows: 1. Masculine/feminine Singular Plural N -ς -ες V - / -ς -ες A -ν / -α 1 -ας 2. Neuter Singular Plural - -α - -α - -α G -ος -ων -ος -ων D -ι -σι(ν) 2 -ι -σι(ν) 2 Note: 1. -ν after a vowel stem; -α after a consonant stem. e.g. 2. ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence. ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-) τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-) Singular Plural Singular Plural N φύλαξ φύλακες V φύλαξ φύλακες A φύλακα φύλακας G φύλακος φυλάκων D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν) σῶμα σῶμα σῶμα σώματος σώματι σώματα σώματα σώματα σωμάτων σώμασι(ν) 19

21 Translation Exercise 7 1. Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ 1 ἐσμεν. (John 8.37) 2. ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός. (Matthew 6.22) 3. Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου. (Luke 11.33) 4. τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ, καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις. (John 3.8) 5. Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον. (Mark 1.12) 6. ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. (Matthew 5.3) 7. λέγει αὐτῷ, Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ 2 σε, πονηρὲ δοῦλε. (Luke 19.22) 8. ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος, ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα. (John 15.5) 9. Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ. (Matthew 13.57) 10. Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων. (John 10.7) 11. στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων. (Proverbs 17.6) 12. ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε, ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν Notes: ἐμῶν. τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς 3 μου ἀκούουσιν, κἀγὼ 4 γινώσκω αὐτά, καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι. (John ) 1. Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot end a Greek word. Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular. 2. κρινῶ future < κρίνω (< κρινέσω) 3. ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case: but compare this with no κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ. 20

22 Table 10: Two other 3 rd declension nouns ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-/πολε-) Singular Plural Singular Plural N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν) Translation Exercise 8 1. ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός, καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με τὰ ἐμά, καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα, καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι 1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων. (John ) 2. ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ. (Matthew 1.1) 3. Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν. (Matthew 4.5) 4. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ. (Romans 12.17) 5. Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή. (John 11.25) 6. καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν. (John 5.30) Note: 1. τίθημι I place (like εἰμί, one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions from verbs in ω in some tenses) 21

23 Table 11: Man and woman ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-) Singular Plural Singular Plural N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν) Translation Exercise 9 1. Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή, καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν. (John 15.1) 2. λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε, θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ. (John 4.19) 3. ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός. (Ephesians 5.23) 4. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός. (1 Corinthians 11.8) 5. κρεῖττον 1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος, ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ. (Proverbs 25.24) 6. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. (1 Corinthians 1.3) Note: 1. κρεῖττον (it is) better. 22

24 Session 6 Table 12: Present active participle of verbs in ω 12.1 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 12.2 Feminine (stem λυουσ-) Singular Plural Singular Plural N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις 12.3 Neuter (stem λυοντ-) Singular Plural N λῦον λύοντα V λῦον λύοντα A λῦον λύοντα G λύοντος λυόντων D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) Note: the participle of the verb to be The root of εἰμί is ἐσ-, so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- / ἐσουσ- / ἐσοντ -. But σ- between vowels disappears, leaving the forms ἐοντ - / ἐουσ- / ἐοντ -, which are found in Homer and Herodotus. In Attic the ἐ- also disappears, leaving only the bare endings ὀντ- / οὐσ- / ὀντ-. 23

25 The uses of the participle A participle is a verbal adjective. For example: 1. The grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lion. 2. He went to the gallows singing. In the first sentence, grazing and roaring qualify their nouns just like adjectives. This is called the adjectival use of the participle. In the second sentence, singing qualifies the verb went. This is called the adverbial use of the participle. We shall leave this aside for now and focus on the adjectival use. The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a finite verb. e.g. ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα. (Matthew 9.36) Like sheep not having a shepherd, or Like sheep who do not have a shepherd. Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives): e.g. ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 3.36) The person who believes in the son has eternal life (literally: The believing in the son [man] has eternal life. ) 1 προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς. (Matthew 5.44) Pray for those who persecute you. Note: 1. The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case endings of the participle. So Those women who believe in would have been αἱ πιστεύουσαι εἰς 24

26 Translation exercise καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν. (Matthew 7.14) 2. Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ, ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας. (Matthew 23.37) 3. μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες. 1 (Matthew 5.4) 4. Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος. (Matthew 16.16) 5. οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων. 1 (Matthew 22.32) 6. ἀσθενοῦντας 1 θεραπεύετε, νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε, λεπροὺς καθαρίζετε, δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε. (Matthew 10.8) 7. Ναί, κύριε, καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν. (Matthew 15.27) 8. οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες 1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν. (Matthew 10.20) 9. Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν. (Revelation 22.14) 10. ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ. (John 15.23) 11. ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι 1 καλοὺς μαργαρίτας. (Matthew 13.45) 12. ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Κορίνθῳ. (1 Corinthians 1.1-2) Note: 1. The rules of contraction apply: πενθέ-οντες πενθοῦντες; ζά-οντων ζώντων; etc. See Appendix 3 p.48 below. 25

27 Table 13: The future indicative active 13.1 verbs in -ω 13.2 the verb to be (εἰμί) Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 λύσω λύσομεν 2 λύσεις λύσετε 3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν) ἔσομαι ἔσῃ / ἔσει ἔσται ἐσόμεθα ἔσεσθε ἔσονται Translation Exercise κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ. (Wisdom of Sirach 10.1) 2. Ἀμήν σοι λέγω, σήμερον μετ ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ. (Luke 23.43) 3. oὐ φoνεύσεις. oὐ μoιχεύσεις. 1 (Exodus 20.13) 4. μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις. (Matthew 4.10) 5. τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε 2. (John 14.15) 6. Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου; (Mark 16.3) 7. τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου; (Job 14.3) 8. ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν, ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται. (Luke 12.34) Notes: 1. The future is often used as an imperative. 2. When a verb stem ends in -α, -ε, or ο, the final vowel is lengthened before the σ of the ending: α and ε to η; ο to ω. 3. ἀγαπᾷ contracted < ἀγαπά-ει. See Appendix 3 p.48 below. 26

28 Table 14: The adjective πολύς much, many Masc. Fem. Neut. N/V πολύς πολλή πολύ A πολύν πολλήν πολύ Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ N/V πολλoί πολλαί πολλά A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς Translation Exercise πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί. (Matthew 22.14) 2. ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ. (Luke 6.23) 3. ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς. (Matthew 5.12) 4. πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός, ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 μένει. (Proverbs 19.18) 5. τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς, οἱ δὲ ἐργάται ὀλίγοι. (Matthew 9.37) 6. λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν. 2 (Matthew 8.11) Notes: 1. εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever. 2. ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν 27

29 Table 15: The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all Masc. Fem. Neut. N/V πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν Sing G παντός πάσης παντός D παντί πάσῃ παντί N/V πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα A πάντας πάσας πάντα Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν) Translation Exercise πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς. (Titus 1.15) 2. Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε. (John 13.11) 3. ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ. (Mark 10.27) 4. Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι 1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων διάκονος. (Mark 9.35) 5. καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά. (John 17.10) 6. εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος, πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε. (Matthew 23.8) 7. καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν. (Matthew 13.41) Note: 1. εἶναι to be (infinitive < εἰμί) 28

30 Revision Exercise Sessions εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι. (Gregorius) 2. αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν. (Matthew 1.21) 3. ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά. (Proverbs 22.8) 4. καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός, δύο δύο ἀπὸ πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν. (Genesis 6.19) 5. Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὅπου σὴς καὶ βρῶσις ἀφανίζει, καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ, ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε βρῶσις ἀφανίζει, καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου, ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ καρδία σου. (Matthew ) 6. ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ, οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἀκούει, πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν. ὁ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ. (1 Corinthians ) 7. οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς γινώσκουσιν χάρις. (Ecclesiastes 9.11) 29

31 Session 7 Τable 16: Imperfect indicative. 1. Imperfect active of verbs in ω 2. Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν 2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε 3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον 1 ἤμην ἦμεν/ἤμεθα 2 ἦσθα/ἦς ἦτε 3 ἦν ἦσαν The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing); (ii) habitual past action (I used to loose); the inception of an action (I began to loose.) Translation Exercise πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι. (Matthew 25.2) 2. καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. (Luke 6.5) 3. ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. (John 1.1) 4. οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν. (John 7.6) 5. καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει 1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς. Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν 1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις. (Luke ) 6. Καὶ περιῆγεν 1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας, διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν. (Matthew 9.35) Note: 1. The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb. 30

32 Table 17: The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this Masc. Fem. Neut. N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις There are two ways of saying 'this X': either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος e.g. αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή. This woman is evil. ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν. This man was writing those letters. The corresponding adverb ( thus, in this way ) is οὕτως. Τranslation exercise αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ. (John 15.12) 2. ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι. (1 Corinthians 3.9) 3. ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός, οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος. (Proverbs 11.22) 4. Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου. (John 18.36) 31