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ό 1 ί Α «Π ί ά,»-π ί ί ό ί ENERGY WASTE 25-04-2013. ό Π,.

1 ό 1 ί Α «Π ί ά,»-π ί ί ό ί ENERGY WASTE ό Π,. Α ό όβ Π ί 9, ί β 15780, άφ sotokar@mail.ntua.gr URL:

2 Π ό ί Π Α ί Α ί Α ί Α ί, ί, ό φ ί / Α ί Α Α ά φ

3 Α ά ά Α όβ Α ί Α ά Α όβ X.Y.T.A. (1/2) ά ί/ ά Α φ K..Α.. ό...α. Α όβ ό ά άα Α Α Α ό

4 Α ά ά Α όβ Α ί /2) Α φ Α Α Α Π ό Α ί β ί ί Α β / β Α Α όβ Α ό ά CO, NOx SO2 ά φ β ί ά HCl, HF ί ά φ β / ά φ ό ί

5 Α Α Α Α

6 ί φ England 1874 Hamburg Bullerdeich 1896 Π : Vehlow, ITC-TAB

7 -Tokyo-Minato ί 3 ό ί t/ Π ά : artin

8 Wien Spittelau 2 x 360 t/d Rü ks hu -Rost Π : Martin

9 ό ά ί φ Α Α

10 ί Σύ η [Martin] Ε γωγ π ω ύ [Martin] φ Σύ η Ε γωγ ά η [Martin] ύ [Martin]

11 Α φ Έ π ω π π π π π ω π ω έ π έ π ω έ ω ω ω ω Υ π )έ () Α π ί [Austrian Energy] ί π ω έ π κ ω Υπ έcao). πω π π ( ) π ί ί [Austrian Energy] ί ί [Austrian Energy] π ί

12 ό ά ί φ Α Α Π : CEWEP

13 ό ά β ά φ Α Α Π : CEWEP

14 Α Α Α Α Α

15 Α

άα ί (Mechanical and Biological Treatment)

16 άα ί (Mechanical and Biological Treatment) : ΚτλδΝ Ϊ δν βμν δ δε έμν πλγωγάμνθε βγϋθ ωθνεν έηωθ ί ί ά ό ό β ό ό ό Α ά φ ί ί φό ό ά ό, NIR) Π ό ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΙΜΑ Α (Material Recycling Facilities) NIR ό Α όβ (Πβγά: ά όα (Refuse Derived Fuel) Α όβ

ί ί Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) ά - Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)

17 άα ό RDF (Refuse Derived Fuels) ό βά ό : ί Α Ορσμός Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) «ά ό ά ί β ό ό ί ί β ί» ί SRF βά ό ό ό Cl ό ί Hg β ό ί ί ί Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) ά - Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) (CEN TC 343) π, 5% Ύ λ 11% ί λ 1β ή, 43%, 2% π π λ θ π λ 16% SRF π λ γ π

18 άα ό ί RF, 343 : T ί CEN/TC Π ό ί φ ά ό (.. ό ό RAL-GZ 724) ί β ό ί ί ί SRF ό ό

19 ό ό ί β SRF βά ό %.β. Hg), ό K, ά... (Cl) ά (Hg) άα K ί ό ά 80 %.β. Cl) ί. ί ,,,,, MJ/kg % ό ί mg/mj ί SRF φ. ί SRF ί -β ά ό,,, 8,,,,,,, ά ό ί ί - β ά β ί ϊό ).

20 άα Ά / Α ά %.β. ί RDF 2 TDF (Tyre Derived Fuel) 41,67 26,72 0,4 φ " 9,70 8,49 7,6 ά " 46,26 59,97 68,7 " 2,37 4,83 23,3 C " 27,72 35,76 81,3 H " 3,70 4,66 7,3 N " 0,79 0,84 0,3 S " 0,09 0,16 1,5 O " 15,91 23,09 3,1 Cl " 0,41 0,28-10,87 13,43 ά RDF 1 MJ/kg ( MJ/kg ( - ό 20,40 19,31 35,76

21 άα Α ί -

22 A ό H ά ί RDF/SRF (1/3 ) RDF/SRF Industriepark ö hst ά ί Industriepark ö hst ί βά, ά o ~70 MWe (~250 kg /h). H ά ί ί φ ί (ICFB) ί EBARΑ. O ό ά ~. ό RDF/SRF ί ί.

M SRF ά ί / SRF ά ί ά RWE Berrenrath (CFB)-65.

23 M SRF ά ί / SRF ά ί ά RWE Berrenrath (CFB) ό / Weisweiler (PC) ό /, ί ά RECOFUEL ί ό Π. Α ό ά, ά ί SRF ά ό ά ί CO2). Α ό ά, % Cl ό β β φό ό SRF βί % ί βά. Α ό β ά β ί φ ί φ φ ά. ό ί ί βά ά SRF φ ί ί.

ί β ά β β ί, SRF / ) ό β β ά (~63:37) 15 (1990-2005), ό 3 12. β ί ά ό / ί CSI, CEMBUREAU) EE φά.

24 ί β ά β β ί, SRF / ) ό β β ά (~63:37) 15 ( ), ό β ί ά ό / ί CSI, CEMBUREAU) EE φά. 50% φ ί β ί ό ό ά όβ β ά. Π ί 2. ό SRF φ β ί ί. ά, όβ ά ό φ ά ί, ί ό β ί, ό ί ά ί ί β ί (Neovis, 2008) ί ό Α ό Α.

25 Α ά π Α ά Επ (SRF+ ί ί Α Α βά SRF ά φ ό ) ω SRF

26 ά φ 1 ά (Emitted, Savings) Π ί ά βά ό. ί ί 2 ά Emitted*, Avoided, Savings) Π ί ά βά ί ί βά ί φ φ ί ), φ ό.

27 ί Α ά ί Α ί

28 ί ί Α ί

29 Α

30 ί ί ; Πζ θ ε άη ΝΑ λδπέβ βμμ Α ί όβ,, ό ί β ό ό ό ί ό ό ό ά. Μ δθ ε άη ΝΑ λδπέβ βμμ ί ά ό ό ά ί

31 ί Α ί ί ί ί ω π φ 30- % β ό ά ά Αν γ ληδεάνα λδπέβ βν π + + ΟλγθδεσΝνζδεσΝ Αζζγ ληδεάννα λδπέβ βν ω π + + π Θ λησ β

32 Α ί ΑΫλδΝ τθγ βμν Ξάλθ βν > > Θ λησ β + Η2 Πνλσζν βν π + Tar CH4 CO2 H2O Κτ βν C+O2 -> CO2 4H+O2 -> 2H2O Αθγωγά C+CO2 -> 2CO C+H2O -> CO + H2 H2O CO H2

Sta ilat : Fuel from nonhazardous municipal waste through Mechanical and Biological treatment to be used for energy recovery Calorific value Water content

53 weight-% noncombustible material (stones, glass, m etals) <1 weight-% renewable energy sources (paper, textiles, wood, organic material, loss on

33 Sta ilat : Fuel from nonhazardous municipal waste through Mechanical and Biological treatment to be used for energy recovery Calorific value Water content Percentage of total MSW input : : MJ/kg appr. 15 weight-% : appr. 53 weight-% noncombustible material (stones, glass, m etals) <1 weight-% renewable energy sources (paper, textiles, wood, organic material, loss on ignition of the fine particles) ~ 65 weight % other fossil energy sources (textiles, rubber, composites, etc. ) ~ 25 weight-% plastics ~ 9 Weight.-% Ge eral Sta ilat gasifi atio adva tages: Post combustion cleaning Smaller gas cleaning equipment

34 Tro ke sta ilat (soft pellets) Floc Hard pellet Soft pellet 34

35 Comparison of the Stabilat fuel with other fuels Fuel Brown coal Hard coal Fuel oil Natural gas Stabilat Overall CO2emission factor heating value specific regenerative specific fossil fossil CO2Overall-CO2energy CO2emission emissions contingent emissions factor g CO2/MJ MJ/kg g CO2/kg %-energy contingent ,6 29,7 35,4 31, % 0% 0% 0% 66,8% g CO2 / kg g CO2/MJ

36 Demonstration of a polygeneration unit with Stabilat gasification at the Osnabrü k site Steam Turbine Fluidised bed gasifier Cyclone G Gas boiler (Combustion Chamber) The results withh show the viability of the combination of MBT plants and Heatthe energy exploitation of the produced RDF/SRF fuel of tn/a Heating net Fuel input Pel Main purpose of the POLYSTABILAT project is the construction of a Demonstration plant for the gasification of ~ 750 kg/h of Stabilat. M EU Project: TREN/FP7EN/ Polystabilat Stabilat Herhof Re y li g e ter Os a rü k G H Free University of Brussels National Technical University of Athens University of Stuttgart

37 Gasification Plant Electricity Generation G CEN 343 Low quality SRF Heat Generation Biomass High quality Novel Fuel Fuel Markets Novel Solid Biofuels CEN 335?

38 Flow diagram of the gasification process in Osnabrü k kg/h

39 1 β ί Α ί Sta ilat z CH X OY N Z wh 2O m O N 2 n1h 2 n2co n3co2 n4 H 2O n5ch m N Heat losses 3% (+) 5 Q ( %) (-) % 46 Α >. 8 ί 8 >. 8 φ ί ά ί C. ά %. C: Autothermal operation Carbon matter ( %) ί ό 3.8 MJ/kg 15 ί % % 46

40 ί ί ί ,55 cg (%) 70 0,5 60 0, ,4 CO 20 CO ,3 0 C CH Gasification temperature C ,35 69 (%) ex,g vv (%), N2 free 0,6 cg Gasification temperature C ό ί ί, ό β Gasification temperature C 900 ό β ό ό ά 2 ό ό, ό ί ί ί ό ό ό β ό

41 ά ά ί Sta ilat Α ί ί ό ά ό 500 C φ Steam Engine Additional firing M G Air Air Air Condesnser Stabilat Gasifier Combustion Chamber Cyclone Steam Boiler M φ ί ta ilat ά

42 Sta ilat ά Α ί ί (in): 25 bar g / 260 C (Out): 0,5 bar g : 4,5 t/h : 394 kw Additional firing : 365 kwel Air ά : 400 V / 50 Hz Steam Engine M G Air Air Condesnser Stabilat Gasifier Cyclone Combustion Chamber Steam Boiler M

43 Sta ilat ά Α ί ί ί ί ί ό : 400 C : 30 bar ί : 27 bar φ. : 105 C Steam Engine Additional firing M G Air Air Air Condesnser Stabilat Gasifier Cyclone Combustion Chamber Steam Boiler M

44 ό ά φ ί & Expansion Machine & ί ί Steam Collector ³ DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 To thermal use Steam Collector ³ ³ ³ ³ ί ί ά φ φ ί ί & & ά

ί ά ί Sta ilat Expansion Machine ³ DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 To thermal use Steam Collector Steam Collector ³ ³ ³ ³ Π ό ό β ό ά & ό ά Stabilat Gasification Plant 1.001 27 0.

2083 Rankine cycle eff (%) Plant eff (%) Syngas (kg/s) 0.5593 Gas yield (kg/kg) 2.6844 Cold gas eff 0.7664 324.2 0.1226 0.005291 27 0.1020!! Expression Error!! Heat Input (MW ) 2.

5 1.005 1857 765.7 1112 36.75 1997 29.63 4614.4 0.995 1997 100 3639 1594 4614.4 0.985 3602.6 31 64.9525 3639 164.3 4664.4 0.985 4660.9 1.006 3701 138.7 3701 141.8 Water Inj ection 3.7622 112.4 1.

45 ί ά ί Sta ilat Expansion Machine ³ DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 DN 100 To thermal use Steam Collector Steam Collector ³ ³ ³ ³ Π ό ό β ό ά & ό ά Stabilat Gasification Plant Steam Engine PG P APP Vol % IPSEpro CH CO H CO H2O N HCl 0.02 Stabilat (kg/s) Rankine cycle eff (%) Plant eff (%) Syngas (kg/s) Gas yield (kg/kg) Cold gas eff !! Expression Error!! Heat Input (MW ) 2.92 Gas energy content (MW ) 2.66 Chemical 1.99 sensible 0.67 Mass_total[kg/h]nvolflow[Nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] Stabilat Lambda Feed Pump Water Inj ection Cyclone Stack Bag filter Supplementary cooler APP PG P AM B A AM B F Combustion Chamber Gasifier Gas coolers Water Tank Deaerator Power Generation Air Cooled Condenser SILO Gas/Air ratio WAT ASH SILO AM B

46 ί ά ί Sta ilat Stabilat Gasification Plant Α CH4 CO H2 CO2 H2O N2 HCl ό ί ί ί : C : C ό :. ά : % ό ί : g/π ³ ό : g/π ³ Vol % Stabilat (kg/s) Rankine cycle eff (%) Plant eff (%) Syngas (kg/s) Gas yield (kg/kg) Cold gas eff Heat Input (MW ) 2.92 Gas energy content (MW ) 2.66 Chemical Mass_total[kg/h]nvolflow[Nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] 0.02 Stabilat sensible 0.67 SILO Lambda Gasifier Supplementary cooler Cyclone Power Ge Air Cooled Condenser Water Tank Deaerator Feed Pump Stack Bag filter Water Inj ection A AM B AM B Steam Engine F Vol (%) Combustion Chamber Gas coolers APP PG P CH4 CO H2 CO2 H2 O N2 HCl Product Gas LHV (MJ/Nm3) !! Expression Error!! PG P APP Gas/Air ratio WAT ASH SILO AM B

47 ί ά ί Sta ilat Stabilat Gasification Plant ί Vol % CH4 Stabilat (kg/s) 2.70 CO H CO H2O N HCl Rankine cycle eff (%) Plant eff (%) Syngas (kg/s) Gas yield (kg/kg) Cold gas eff φ ί : bar ί φ ί : ό :. bar !! Expression Error!! ί Heat Input (MW ) 2.92 Gas energy content (MW ) 2.66 Chemical 1.99 Mass_total[kg/h]nvolflow[Nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] Stabilat sensible C Lambda Feed Pump Cyclone Bag filter Supplementary cooler Water Inj ection Stack APP PG P A Water Tank Deaerator AM B AM B F Combustion Chamber Gasifier Power Ge Gas coolers Air Cooled Condenser SILO Steam Engine PG P APP Gas/Air ratio WAT ASH SILO AM B

ί ά ί Sta ilat Stabilat Gasification Plant 1.001 27 ό β ό ό ί : 76.64% ό ό : 12.26% 0.005291 ό β ό ό ά : 10.20% 27 0.9954 27 2899.7 260 2899.7 260 Steam Engine PG P APP CH4 Stabilat (kg/s) 2.70 CO 10.

48 ί ά ί Sta ilat Stabilat Gasification Plant ό β ό ό ί : 76.64% ό ό : 12.26% ό β ό ό ά : 10.20% Steam Engine PG P APP CH4 Stabilat (kg/s) 2.70 CO H CO H2O N HCl Rankine cycle eff (%) Plant eff (%) Syngas (kg/s) Gas yield (kg/kg) Cold gas eff !! Expression Error!! Heat Input (MW ) 2.92 Gas energy content (MW ) 2.66 Chemical 1.99 Mass_total[kg/h]nvolflow[Nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] Stabilat sensible Lambda Combustion Chamber 750 kg/h Π ³/h AM B Water Tank Deaerator Feed Pump Π ³/h Stack Gas/Air ratio Water Inj ection AM B Bag filter Cyclone APP PG P Π ³/h A Π ³/h F kWPower Ge Supplementary cooler Gas coolers Gasifier Air Cooled Condenser SILO kg/h Vol % WAT ASH SILO 146 kg/h AM B

49 ά ί Sta ilat Α ί ί ά β

ό ά at Gasification Plant ό ORC- Vol % 2.70 CO 10.76 H2 14.01 CO2 10.33 H2O 14.72 N2 46.79 HCl Stabilat (kg/s) 0.2083 Syngas (kg/s) 0.5593 Gas yield (kg/kg) 2.6844 Cold gas eff 0.7664 ORC eff (%) 18.

50 ό ά at Gasification Plant ό ORC- Vol % 2.70 CO H CO H2O N HCl Stabilat (kg/s) Syngas (kg/s) Gas yield (kg/kg) Cold gas eff ORC eff (%) Plant eff (%) Heat Input (MW) 0.02 Heat input (HT Loop) Heat input (LT Loop) Total Heat Input β 2.92 Gas energy content (MW) MDM Turboden 4 (Split) ό ό ORC : 18.18% ό β ό ό ά CH : 14.53% 29.3 tn/h Oil Boiler ί Turbine and Generator 424 kw Recuperator LT Thermal oil loop 9.3 tn/h Economizer LT t ³/h Economizer HT HT Thermal oil loop Air Cooled 2.66 mass[kg/s] p[bar] h[kj/kg] t[ C] Exhaust gas Bypass Mass_total[kg/h] nvolflow[nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] SILO Lambda AM B PG PAPP GAS GAS Cyclone AM B A F ORC Heat Input Supplementary cooler Gas coolers Combustion Chamber Gasifier PG PAPP Mass_total[kg/h] nvolflow[nm3/h] p[bar] t[ C] Stabilat Gas/Air ratio WAT ASH SILO AM B

51 10.41 % 71.91% 0.68 % Steam engine 14.5 % 8% Exhaust gas losses 83 % 64.5 % 0.8 % Steam generartor ORC System Stabilat gasifier Combustor 79.8 % 70.1 % 91 % 100 % Thermal Oil boiler 11.2 % 22.9 % 1.71 % 0.85 % 2% Stabilat gasifier Combustor 7% 70.1 % 91 % 100 % 22.9 % 1.71 % 0.85 % 2% 7%

tnco2/tnmsw 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 NE_Rec 0,05 FE_Rec 0 SRF MSW

52 Emitted (tn CO2/tnMSW) 0,4 chemical agents 0,35 construction of MBT plant construction of plant MBT_(electricity +LARA) glas_rec tnco2/tnmsw 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 NE_Rec 0,05 FE_Rec 0 SRF MSW Emitted emissions for two cases a)srf: Stabilat ase M W: dire t i i eratio ase

53 Avoided + Savings (tn CO2/tn MSW ) construction of plant 0,1 MBT_(electricity+L ARA) 0 SRF MSW tnco2/tnmsw -0,1-0,2 glas_rec NE_Rec -0,3 FE_Rec -0,4 Electricity production -0,5-0,6 Avoided and saving emissions for two cases a)srf: Stabilat case b) MSW: direct incineration case

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