Άλλες Ονομασίες Ophioryme, Hierapolis, Jerapolis, mod. Pamukkale (woollen castle) Γεωγραφική Θέση Southwest Asia Minor, modern southwest Turkey

Περίληψη : A city of Phrygia, founded during the Seleucid era (3rd cent. BC). It was situated in SW Phrygia, on the northern edge of the river Lycus valley, on an important junction. During the Early Byzantine period it belonged to the province of Phrygia Pacatiana. During the Middle Byzantine period it was a city of the theme of Thrakesion. The settlement was abandoned before 1190. Άλλες Ονομασίες Ophioryme, Hierapolis, Jerapolis, mod. Pamukkale (woollen castle) Γεωγραφική Θέση Southwest Asia Minor, modern southwest Turkey Ιστορική Περιοχή Phrygia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Province of Prygia Pacatiana, theme of Thrakesion 1. Geographical location Hierapolis was found in Phrygia. It is identified with the modern city of Pamukkale, on the northern edge of the river Lycus (Çürük Su) valley, in SW Phrygia. It was built on an important juncture of Asia Minor, on the spot where the road connecting the valley of the river Hermus, Sardis and Philadelphia with Laodikea of Phrygia Pacatiana crossed with the road leading, through the river Maeander and the valley of the river Lycus, from Ephesos to the eastern part of Asia Minor. Hierapolis lay at a distance of only 11km from the city Laodicea of Phrygia Pacatiana. 2.1. Foundation - Antiquity Hierapolis was founded by the Seleucid dynasty in the 3rd c. BC. Its name (=sacred city) indicate that it was originally a large village with a purely religious character, which later, during the early Attalid period (3rd-2nd c. BC), evolved into a city of a Greek type. Originally it was overshadowed by the nearby city of Laodicea. Later, in the 2nd and 3rd c. AD the city flourished considerably. Its economy relied mainly on its wool working workshops. The guilds of the specialized craftsmen operating in the field of wool working are often mentioned in the area s surviving inscriptions. During the Roman period the city belonged to the conventus of Kibyra and minted its own coins. 1 2.2. Byzantine Hierapolis Not many information survives on Byzantine Hierapolis. During the Early Byzantine period Hierapolis belonged, according to the Synekdemos of Hierokles (6 th c.), to the province of Phrygia Pakatiane. 2 On the basis of archaeological evidence, mainly, it is widely held that the city began shrinking in size after the 6 th c. The Arab raids of the 7th and 8th centuries contributed decisively to this development. In the 10 th c., Hierapolis is mentioned as one of the cities belonging to the theme of Thrakesion. 3 During this period it was less of a city and more of a village. Its glorious temples were supplanted by humble chapels. 4 During the period of the Seljuk infiltration in the region (11 th and 12 th c.) Hierapolis was stricken further, with its importance in the area diminishing even more. In 1190, when the crusaders of the Third Crusade (1189-1192) under Frederick I Barbarossa (1155-1190) passed through its region, they found a city in ruins and all but deserted. 5 3. Geological peculiarities Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/5/2017 Σελίδα 1/5

A fault (fossa) in the area of Hierapolis, called Ploutonion or Charonion, was known since ancient times; it occasionally released harmful gases which threatened public health. 6 Although this phenomenon apparently is not mentioned until the 4 th c., it resurfaces in Asclepiodotus, a student of Proclus in the 5 th c. The fault was situated under the temple dedicated to Apollo. 7 The hot, calciferous water springs of Hierapolis were also famous; 8 the region s intense seismic activity is connected with them. During the Roman and Byzantine periods Hierapolis was often struck by earthquakes. 9 The best known and destructive earthquake of the Byzantine era struck the region in 494. 10 It is also likely that Hierapolis had quarries, for a type of stone called Hierapolitan was known in the Byzantium. 11 4. Monuments The city s settlement spread on an area of flatland in the northern edge of the Lycus valley. The walls of the original, central section of the settlement were constructed in the late 4 th -early 5 th c. The main gate of that defensive wall, which opened to the central street of Hierapolis, is located on its south section. The medieval castle survives on the south edge of the settlement s flatland. The changes that occurred in the city s structure are graphically reflected in the collapse of the city s ancient, geometrical street plan and the construction of ever simpler churches. During the Byzantine period, Hierapolis most important monument was the martyrion (shrine) of St Phillip; according to the tradition the structure was built over the grave of the said saint. The temple, of an octagonal ground plan and lavishly decorated in its interior, was built on a slope over the city and was surrounded by a large colonnade. Its construction is dated to the 4 th or 5 th c., during the reign of emperors Arcadius (395-408) and Theodosius II (408-450). It was destroyed by a fire in the late 5 th or the early 6 th c. A single-aisle Christian basilica of the 5 th c. has been excavated north of the city walls. Four large Christian basilicas have been identified in total in Hierapolis, dated to the 5 th or 6 th c. The existence of several, and often large, Christian temples indicates the religious importance of the city for the wider region. Among the other noteworthy monuments of Hierapolis the following are mentioned: a) the Nymphaeum, at the city s centre, which survived until the 5 th c., and b) the ancient theatre, overlooking the settlement s centre, which remained in use until the 5 th or 6 th c. Furthermore, private residences have been discovered in the area of the hot springs, at the centre of the settlement, which date to the 12 th c. Private residences have also been found in the area of the ancient theatre. Another important monument are the facilities of the hot, calciferous water springs, north of the wall s main gate, in the area of the ancient Temple of Apollo, at the city s central section. During the Early Byzantine period, a channel was constructed for the drainage of the hot water; it carried the water outside the city walls, south of Hierapolis. The middle room of the hot springs was converted in ca 400 into a Christian temple. The necropolis of the settlement is located northwest of the city walls; several sarcophagi, dated to between the 1st and the 4 th c. AD, have been unearthed there. 1. Jones, A.H.M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (Oxford 1971), p. 73. 2. Honigmann, Ε. (ed.) Le Synekdemos d' Hierokles et I'opuscule geographique de Georges de Chypre, (Bruxelles 1939), p. 24. 3. Pertusi, A. ( ed.) Costantino Porfirogenito, De Thematibus, (Studi e Testi 160, Città del Vaticano 1952), p. 68. 4. Brandes, W., Die Stadte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert (Amsterdam 1989), p. 96; Βλυσίδου, Βασιλική a.o., Η Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στην γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Μικράς Ασίας (7ος-11ος αι.) (IBE/EIE, Ερευνητική Βιβλιοθήκη 1, Αθήνα 1998), p. 222. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/5/2017 Σελίδα 2/5

5. Belke, Κ. - Mersisch, Ν., Phrygien und Pisidien (TIB 7, Wien 1990), p. 270. 6. Warmington, Ε. Η. (ed.), Jones, Η. L.(trans) The Geography of Strabo, (The Loeb Classical Library, London 1928, reprint 1969), XII, 8, 17. 7. Henry, R. (ed.) Photius, Bibliotheque, vols. 1-7, (Paris 1959-1974), i.p. vol. 6, 34-35. 8. Warmington, Ε. Η. (ed.), Jones, Η. L.(trans) The Geography of Strabo, (The Loeb Classical Library, London 1928, reprint 1969), XII,17; Stephanos Byzantinii [ie. Stephani Byzantii], Εθνικών, Meineke, A. (ed.) Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, (Berlin 1849, reprint. Chicago, Illinois 1992), p. 327; Henry, R. (ed.) Photius, Bibliotheque, vols. 1-7, (Paris 1959-1974), i.p. vol. 6, 34-35. 9. Warmington, Ε. Η. (ed.), Jones, Η. L.(trans) The Geography of Strabo, (The Loeb Classical Library, London 1928, reprint 1969), XII,8, 17. 10. Mommsen,, T. (ed.), Marcellini V. C. Comitis, Chronicon ad a. DXVIII continuatum ad a. DXXXIV cum additamento ad a. DXLVIII, vols. 2 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum 11, Berolini 1894) 94.22-23 (a. 494). 11. Φιλοστράτου Εικόνες 312.11-19, Kayser, C.L. (ed.) Flavii Philostrati, Opera, vols. 1-2 (Lipsiae 1870, reprint. Hildesheim, Zurich, New York 1985), vol. 2. Marble was quarried to the north of the city, see Belke, Κ. - Mersisch, Ν., Phrygien und Pisidien (TIB 7, Wien 1990), p. 272. On the Hierapolitan stone see Reiske, I.I. (ed.) Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, (CSHB, Bonnae 1829), p. 644. Βιβλιογραφία : Foss C., "Archaeology and the 'Twenty Cities' of Byzantine Asia", AJA, 81, 1977, 469-486 Jones A.H.M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2, Oxford 1971 Ramsay W.Μ., The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 2, London Amsterdam 1962 Foss C., "Hierapolis in Phrygia", A. Kazhdan (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2, New York, Oxford 1991, 928 Ramsay W.Μ., "Antiquities of Southern Phrygia and the Border Lands (I)", AJA, 3, No. 3/4, 1887, 344-368 Δικτυογραφία : Hierapolis (Phrygiae), Aphrodisias (kariae) http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/pamukkale Γλωσσάριo : basilica In ancient Roman architecture a large oblong type building used as hall of justice and public meeting place. The roman basilica served as a model for early Christian churches. conventus, us In the Roman provinces, the term referred to the meetings of the provincials in places appointed by the praetor or the proconsul of the province for the purpose of administering justice. In order to facilitate the procedure, the province was divided into districts or circuits called conventus, forum or jurisdictio. The Roman citizens living in a province under the jurisdiction of the proconsul, and accordingly had to settle any business at a conventus had to appear there. nymphaeum, the Originally the sacred grotto dedicated to the Nymphs. During the Roman period the Nymphaea were monumental public fountain constructions, commissioned by wealthy citizens. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/5/2017 Σελίδα 3/5

During the Early Byzantine period they often adorned the fora (public spaces). Πηγές Reiske, J.J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, (CSHB, Bonnae 1829), p. 644. Pertusi, A. (ed.), Costantino Porfirogenito, De Thematibus, (Studi e Testi 160, Città del Vaticano 1952), p. 68. Honigmann, E. (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, (Bruxelles 1939), p. 24. Φιλοστράτου Εικόνες, Flavii Philostrati, Opera, vol.1 2, Kayser, C.L. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1870, reprint Hildesheim, Zurich, New York 1985), i.p. vol. 2: 312. 11 19. The Geography of Strabo, Warmington, E. H. (ed) Jones, H. L. (trans.) (The Loeb Classical Library, London 1928, reprint 1969), XII, 8, 17. Mommsen, T. (ed.), Marcellini V. C. Comitis, Chronicon ad a. DXVIII continuatum ad a. DXXXIV cum additamento ad a. DXLVIII 2, (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum 11, Berolini 1894), 94.22 23 (a. 494). Stephanos Byzantinii [ie. Stephani Byzantii], Εθνικών, Meineke, A. (ed.) Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, (Berlin 1849, reprint Chicago, Illinois 1992), 327.8 9. Henry, R. (ed.)photius, Bibliothèque 1 7, (Paris 1959 1974), vol. 6, 34 35. Παραθέματα 1. Strabo's description of the geological peculiarities of the Meander region and Hierapolis, from Strabo «Όριον δε εστι της Φρυγίας και της Καρίας τα Κάρουρα κώμη δʹ εστιν αύτη πανδοχεία έχουσα και ζεστών υδάτων εκβολάς, τας μεν εν τω ποταμώ Μαιάνδρω, τας δʹ υπέρ του χείλους. Και δη ποτέ φασί πορνοβοσκόν αυλισθέντα εν τοις πανδοχείοις συν πολλώ πλήθει γυναικών, νύκτωρ γενομένου σεισμού, συναφανισθήναι πάσαις. Σχεδόν δε τι και πάσα εύσειστός εστιν η περί τον Μαίανδρον χώρα, και υπόνομος πυρί τε και ύδατι μέχρι της μεσογαίας. Διατέτακε γαρ από των πεδίων αρξαμένη πάσα η τοιαύτη κατασκευή της χώρας εις τα Χαρώνια, τό τε εν Ιεραπόλει και το εν Αχαράκοις της Νυσαϊδος και το περί Μαγνησίαν και Μυούντα εύθρυπτός τε γαρ εστιν η γη και ψαθυρά, πλήρης τε αλμυρίδων και ευεκπύρωτός εστι. Τάχα δε και ο Μαίανδρος διά τούτο σκολιός, ότι πολλάς μεταπτώσεις λαμβάνει το ρείθρον, και πολλήν χουν κατάγων άλλοτʹ άλλω μέρει τον αιγιαλόν προστίθησι το δε προς το πέλαγος βιασάμενος εξωθεί. Και δη και την Πριήνην επί θαλάττη πρότερον ούσαν μεσόγεων πεποίηκε τετταράκοντα σταδίων προσχώματι». The Geography of Strabo 1 8, επιμ. E. H. Warmington, μτφρ. H. L. Jones (The Loeb Classical Library, London 1928, ανατ. 1969), σελ. XII, 8, 17. 2. A mention of the hot springs of Hierapolis «Ιεράπολις, μεταξύ Φρυγίας και Λυδίας πόλις, θερμών υδάτων πολλών πλήθουσα» Stephanos Byzantinii [ie. Stephani Byzantii], Εθνικών, Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, επιμ. A. Meineke (Berlin 1849, ανατ. Chicago, Illinois 1992) 327.8 9. 3. Information on the quarries of Hierapolis in Late Antiquity «Γένεσις εκ πηγών τω λίθω, θερμόν γαρ νάμα υπεκρέον τα της κάτω Φρυγίας όρη και το ρεύμα ες τας λιθοτομίας εισάγον υπόμβρους εργάζεται των πετρών ενίας και υδατώδη ποιεί την έκφυσιν των λίθων, όθεν αυτών και πολλά τα χρώματα θολερόν μεν γαρ, ένθα λιμνάζει, και κιρροειδές δίδωσι, καθαρόν δε όπου, κρυσταλλοειδές εκείθεν και ποικίλλει τας πέτρας εν πολλαίς διαπινόμενον ταις τροπαίς» Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/5/2017 Σελίδα 4/5

Flavii Philostrati, Opera 1 2, επιμ. C.L. Kayser (Lipsiae 1870, ανατ. Hildesheim, Zurich, New York 1985), ιδ. τόμ. 2: Φιλοστράτου Εικόνες, 312. 11 19. 4. The 494 AD earthquake at Hierapolis and the wider area «Laudicia, Hierapolis et Tripolis atque Agathicum uno tempore unoque terrae motu conlapsae sunt» Marcellini V. C. Comitis, Chronicon ad a. DXVIII continuatum ad a. DXXXIV cum additamento ad a. DXLVIII 2, επιμ. Mommsen (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum 11, Berolini 1894) 94.22 23 (a. 494). 5. The descent of Asclepiodotus in the fossa of Hierapolis «Ότι εν Ιεραπόλει της Φρυγίας ιερόν ην Απόλλωνος, υπό δε τον ναόν καταβάσιον υπέκειτο θανασίμους αναπνοάς παρεχόμενον. Τούτον τον βόθρον ουδʹ άνωθέν εστιν ακίνδυνον ουδέ τοις πτηνοις των ζώων διελθείν, αλλʹ όσα κατʹ αυτόν γίνεται, απόλλυται. Τοις δε τετελεσμένοις, φησί, δυνατόν ην κατιόντας και εις αυτόν τον μυχόν αβλαβώς διάγειν. Λέγει δʹ ο συγγραφεύς ως αυτός τε και Δώρος ο φιλόσοφος, υπό προθυμίας εκνικηθέντες, κατέβησάν τε και απαθείς κακών ανέβησαν. Λέγει δʹ ο συγγραφεύς ότι ʺΤότε τη Ιεραπόλει εγκαθευδήσας εδόκουν όναρ ο Άττης γενέσθαι, και μοι επιτελείσθαι παρά της μητρός των θεών την των Ιλαρίων καλουμένων εορτήν όπερ εδήλου την εξ Άιδου γεγονυίαν ημιν σωτηρίαν. Διηγησάμην δε τω Ασκληπιοδότω, επανελθών εις Αφροδισιάδα, την του ονείρου όψιν. Ο δε εθαύμασέ τε το συμβεβηκός, και διηγήσατο ουκ όναρ αντί ονείρατος, αλλά θαύμα μείζον αντί ελάττονος Νεώτερος γαρ έλεγεν εις το χωρίον ελθειν τούτο και αποπειραθηναι αυτου της φύσεως. Δις ουν και τρις επιπτύξας το ιμάτιον περι τας ρίνας ίνα, καν αναπνέη πολλάκις, μη το διεφθαρμένον και λυμαντικόν αέρα αναπνή, αλλά τον απαθή και σωτήριον, ον έξωθεν εισήγαγε παραλαβών εν τω ιματίω, ούτω πράξας εισήει τε εν τη καταδύσει, τη εκροή των θερμών υδάτων επακολουθών, επί πλείστον του αβάτου μυχού, ου μην εις τέλος αφίκετο της καταβάσεως Η γαρ είσοδος απερρώγει προς βάθος ήδη πολύ των υδάτων, και ανθρώπω γε ου διαβατόν ην, αλλʹ ο καταιβάτης ενθουσιών εφέρετο μέχρι του πέρατος. Ο μέντοι Ασκληπιόδοτος εκειθεν ανηλθε σοφία του αυτού κακών απαθής αλλά και πνοήν παραπλησίαν ύστερον τη θανασίμω εκ διαφόρων ειδών κατασκευασάμενος εμηχανήσατο» Photius, Bibliotheque 1 7, επιμ. R. Henry (Paris 1959 1974), vol. 6, 34 35. Χρονολόγιο 3rd cent. BC.: Foundation of the city of Hierapolis 2nd-3rd cent. AD.: Hierapolis experiences a period of great flourishing 494 AD: A destructive earthquake ravages the city and the wider region 6th cent.: Hierapolis is mentioned as one of the cities in the province of Phrygia Pakatiane 7th-8th cent. AD: The city gradually shrinks in size, as a consequence of the Arab raids 10th cent.: Reference that the city of Hierapolis belongs to the Thracesian theme. The city is relegated to the status of a mere village 10th-12th cent. AD: The city enters a new phase of decline and shrinkage, as a result of the infiltration of the Seljuk Turks in western Asia Minor c.1190 AD: A destructive earthquake brings about the final depopulation and abandonment of Hierapolis Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/5/2017 Σελίδα 5/5