ADVAN CE IN EA R TH SC IEN CES NAO, 300, NAO NAO NAO ; AO 1. 1

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1 ADVAN CE IN EA R TH SC IEN CES V o l. 16 N o. 3 Jun : (2001) α ( ; ; ) : NAO 300 NAO NAO NAO NAO NAO : (NAO ) ; ; NAO : P467 : A (NAO ) NAO : ; NAO W alker B liss [ 1 3 ] T hom p son [ 4 ] (AO ) NAO AO W allace [ 5 ] AO NAO NAO ; AO [ 6 8 NAO ] NAO NAO [ 9 (CL IVA R ) ] H u rrell [ 10 ] NAO NAO ( ) 1 NAO NAO NAO NAO NAO [ ] NAO NAO NAO α : ; : : ( : G ) ; 20 ( : ) 1 : (19692) 1E-ma il: gdy@pku. edu. cn Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

2 [ hpa ] 2 NAO [13 ] Table 2 NAO indices based on the proxy or m ultiproxy NAO recon struction s NAO 1 NAO NAO 2 3 a 7 8 a [ 10 ] 30 NAO? ( 1) 1 NAO Table 1 NAO indices based on the in strum en tal records Ponta Delgada- A kureyri SL P 1879 Rogers [14 ] Ponta Delgada2Stykkisho lm ur SL P 1867 M o ses et al [15 ] L isbon2stykkisho lm ur SL P 1864 Hurrell [2 ] Gibraltar2Reykjavik SL P 1825 Jone et al [16 ] 700 hpa RPCA 1950 Barnston & L ivezey [12 ] Jakobshavn2O slo 1860 van L oon & Rogers [17 ] SST 1856 Cullen & DeM enocal [18 ] (SL P) R PCA 1950 Barnston & H e [11 ] SL P 1873 [13 ] 1650 A ppenzeller et al [22 ] 1675 L uterbacher et al [20 ] Cullen et al [26 ] Cullen et al [26 ] 1701 Cook et al [19 ] Stock ton & Glueck [27 ] [ 23 ] W h ite [ 24 ] NAO 5 50% 1. 2 L u terbacher [ 20 ] NAO NAO 2 25% 40% Cook [ 19 ] 41% A ppen2 zeller [ 22 ] 32% ( ) 27% ( ) Cook [ 19 ] L u terbacher [ 20 ] 102 NAO 10 NAO 1701 L u terbacher [ 20 ] (CCA ) [ 25 ] 1675 NAO NAO (M u ltip roxy [ 21 ] A ppen2 recon struction) Cu llen [ 26 ] zeller [ 22 ] NA SA 2U NAO NAO 350 NAO NAO Cook [ 19 ] NAO 1g10 56% 1 L 1 L Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

3 3 : 415 L u terbach [ 20 ] C Cook ( [ 19 ] A ) [ 30 ] [ 22 ] SG Stock ton [ 27 ] (F ram ) 20 NAO 0. 7 ( NAO ) H ilm er [ 32 ] 20 NAO 20 a a H u rrell [ 3 ] NAO NAO [ ] (20 N ) [ 8 34% ] ( % 40% NAO [25 ] 1 NAO F ig11 NAO index recon struction s see text for deta ils [25 ] ) NAO % 2. 9% 2. 2 E lsner NAO 150 NAO NAO [ 33 ] NAO (SST ) 60 NAO Cayan [ 34 ] NAO SST NAO (18 km ) 60% NAO 30 ( AO ) NAO A pp enzeller NAO [ 35 ] NAO (A ro sa) 12 NAO 3 70% ; NAO ; NAO 23% 2 NAO [ 2 ] 70 NAO [ NAO ] NAO Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

4 T hom p son [ 7 ] (AO ) 3 40 N 40% AO 50% NAO ( ) NAO ( ) [35 ] F ig12 Total ozone (solid lined JFM m ean in D obson un its) over Arosa and normalized NAO index (dashed line) [35 ] 3 NAO B jerknes [ 49 ] NAO ; ; SST - ; SST SL P 3. 1 B jerknes N [ ] [ ] SST 30 N ( NAO ) SL P 50 N ( ) ( NAO NAO ) SST Stephen son [ 40 ] B jerknes NAO SST [ 41 ] Rodw ell [ 42 ] 1947 NAO 30 SST 50% ( ) [ 43 NAO ] ( ) NAO NAO [ 50 ] [ 44 ] ; (O GCM ) SST [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ ] Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. : SST SST

5 3 : 417 [ 56 ] NAO SST SST [ 52 ] 3 ; NAO SST 4 (Ekm an) NAO SST [ 53 ] O sbo rn [ 54 ] H ad2 [ 52 CM 2 ] a Sv Sv 8% Gray [ 57 ] NAO D ick son [ 55 ] NAO NAO T imm erm ann THC ; [53 ] 3 NAO SST F ig13 Correlation between the observed NAO and SST anomaly [53 ]. 4 SST F ig14 Correlation between the therm ohaline c irculation index and SST anomaly in CGCM Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

6 NAO? H artm ann [ 58 ] O sbo rn [ 54 ] NAO ( ) ; H u rrell [ 2 ] NAO Paeth [ 59 ] (ECHAM 23gL SG) CO 2 IPCC (1990) A 70 CO 2 15% % NAO [ 60 ] NAO AO [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ ] NAO AO (References) : [ 1 ] D ugam S S Kakade S B V erm a R K. Interannual and long2 term variability in the N o rth A tlantic O scillation and Indian Summ er monsoon rainfall [J ]. T heo r A pp l C lim ato (122) : [ 2 ] H urrell J W. D ecadal trends in the N o rth A tlantic O scillation: regional temperatures and p recip itation [ J ]. Science : [ 3 ] H urrell J W. Influence of variations in extratrop ical w inter2 tim e teleconnections on N o rthern H em isphere [ J ]. Res L ett : Geophy [ 4 ] T homp son D W J W allace J M. T he A rctic O scillation signa2 ture in the w intertim e geopo tential height and temperature fields[j ]. Geophysical Res L ett [ 5 ] W allace J M. N o rth A tlantic O scillationga nnular M ode: two paradigm s2one phenom enon. Q uart [ J ]. J Royal M et Soc (564) : [ 6 ] T homp son D W J W allace J M. A nnular modes in the extrat2 rop ical circulation part I: month2to2month variability [ J ]. C lim ate (5) : [ 7 ] T homp son D W J W allace J M. A nnular modes in the extrat2 rop ical circulation part II: T rends [ J ]. J C lim ate (5) : [ 8 ] Gong D aoyi W ang Shaow u. Influence of the atmo spheric cir2 culation on the temperature over the no rthern hem isphere[j ]. Geograph ical Research (1) : [. [J ] (1) : ] Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. [ 9 ] W CRP (W o rld C lim ate Research P rogram ). CL IVA R Initial Imp lem entation P lan[c ]. W CRP : p [ 10 ] H urrell J W van L oon H. D ecadal variations in clim ate asso2 ciated w ith the N o rth A tlantic O scillation [ J ]. C lim atic Change : [ 11 ] Barnston A G H e Y. Impacts of NAO on U S and Canadian surface clim ate imp lications fo r seasonal p rediction[a ]. P roceedings of the 21st A nnual C lim ate D iagno stics and P re2 diction W o rk shop [C ]. A labam a U SA [ 12 ] Barnston A G L ivezey R E. C lassification seasonality and persistence of low frequency atmo spheric circulation patterns [J ]. M on W ea Rev : [ 13 ] Gong D aoyi W ang Shaow u. Comparison of the NAO indices and their interdecadal variability [J ]. J In: Chinese J A tmo spheric Sciences (2) : [. (NAO ) [J ] (2) : ] [ 14 ] Rogers J C. T he association betw een the N o rth A tlantic o s2 cillation and the southern O scillation in the no rthern hem i2 sphere[j ]. M on W ea Rev : [ 15 ] M o ses T Kiladis G N D iaz H F et al. Characteristic and frequency of reversals in m ean sea level p ressure in the no rth A tlantic secto r and their relationship to long2term tempera2 ture trends[j ]. J C lim ato l : [ 16 ] Jones P D Jonsson T W heeler D. Extension to the N o rth A tlantic O scillation using early instrum ental p ressure obser2 vations from Gibraltar and south2w est Iceland [J ]. m ato l : Int J C li2 [ 17 ] van L oon H Rogers J C. T he seesaw in w inter temperatures betw een Greenland and N o rthern Europe. discrip tion[j ]. M on W ea Rev : Part I: General [ 18 ] Cullen H dem enocal P. N o rth A tlantic influence on M iddle Eastern clim ate and w ater supp ly: an analysis using a SST 2 based NAO index[j ]. C lim atic Change 2001 in p ress. [ 19 ] Cook E R D A rrigo R D B riffa K R. T he N o rth A tlantic O s2 cillation and its exp ression in circum 2A tlantic tree2ring chrono logies from N o rth Am erica and Europe [ J ]. Ho locene (1) : The [ 20 ] L uterbacher J Schm utz C Gyalistras et al. Reconstruction

7 3 : 419 of monthly NAO and EU indices back to AD 1675[J ]. Geo2 [ 36 ] Glow ienka2h ense R. T he N o rth A tlantic O scillation in the phy Res L ett : A tlantic2european SL P [J ]. Tellus A : [ 21 ] Barlow L KW h ite JW C Barry RG et al. T he N o rth A tlantic [ 37 ] P ittalw ala I I H am eed S. Sim ulation of the N o rtha tlantic O scillation signature in D euterium and D euterium excess sig2 o scillation in a general circulation model [ J ]. Geophy Res nals in the Greenland Ice Sheet P ro ject22 Ice Co re L ett : [J ]. Geophy Res L etters (24) : [38 ] Shneider E K Kinter III J L. A n exam ination of internally [ 22 ] A ppenzeller C Stocker T F A nk lin M. N o rth A tlantic O scil2 generally generated variability in long clim ate sim ulations lation dynam ics reco rded in Greenland ice co re [J ]. Science [J ]. C lim ate D ynam ics : : [ 39 ] O sbo rn T J B riffa K R T ett S F B et al. Evaluation of the [23 ] Barlow L K Rogers JC Serreze M C et al. 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Inter2decadal variations in N o rth A tlantic sea no rthern oceans: the connection to monthly atmo spheric cir2 culation [J ]. J C lim ate : [ 35 ] A ppenzeller C W eiss A K Staehelin J. N o rth A tlantic O s2 surface temperature and associated atmo spheric conditions [J ]. J C lim ate : [ 52 ] Zhou T J Zhang X H Yu R C et al. T he N o rth A tlantic O s2 cillation modulates to tal ozone w inter trends[j ]. Geophy Res cillation Sim ulated by V ersion 2 and 4 of IA PgLA SG GOAL S L ett (8) : M odel[j ]. A dv A tmo s Sci (4) : Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

8 [ 53 ] Zhou T J Zhang X H W ang S W. Sim ulation study on the relationship betw een the thermohaline and clim atic variability [J ]. Ch inese Sci Bull (4) : [. [J ]. [ 59 ] Paeth H H ense A. C lim ate change signals in the N o rth A t (4) : ] [ 54 ] O sbo rn T J B riffa K R Jones P D et al. Relationsh ip s Be2 tw een European C lim ate and the N o rth A tlantic O scillation: O bservations M odels and Paleodata[M ]. CRU gu EA GR 9g [ 55 ] D ick son R L azier J M eincke J et al. L ong2term coo rdinated changes in the convective activity of the N o rth A tlantic[a ]. In: A nderson D T W illebrand J eds. D ecadal C lim ate V ari2 ability2d ynam ics and P redictability [C ]. NA TO A S I Series Berlin H eidelberg: Sp ringer2v erlag : [ 56 ] T imm erm ann A L atif M V o ss R et al. N o rthern hem 2 isphere interdecadal variability: a coup led air2sea mode[j ]. J C lim ate : [57 ] Gray W M. H ypo thesis on the cause of global m ultidecadal clim ate change[a ]. In: P roceedings of the 22nd A nnual C li2 m ate D iagno stics and P rediction W o rk shop [C ]. U S D epart2 m ent of Comm erce Berkeley Califo rnia O cṫ [ 58 ] H artm an D L W allace J M L impasuvan V et al. Can ozone dep letion and global w arm ing interact to p roduce rap id cli2 m ate change? [J ]. P roc N at A cad Sci (4) : lantic o scillation[j ]. CL IVA R Exchanges (4) : [ 60 ] Fyfe J C Boer G J F lato GM. T he A rctic and A ntarctic o s2 cillations and their p ro jected changes under global w arm ing [J ]. Geophysical Res L ett : [ 61 ] Baldw in M P D unkerton T J. P ropagation of the A rctic o s2 cillation from the strato sphere to the tropo sphere[j ]. Journal of Geophysical Research [ 62 ] Sh indell DR M iller R Schm idt GA Pando lfo L. Sim ulation of recent no rthern w inter clim ate trends by greenhouse2gas fo rcing[j ]. N ature : [63 ] Kelly P M Jones P D Pengqun J. T he spatial response of the clim ate system to exp lo sive vo lcanic erup tions[j ]. national Journal of C lim ato logy : Inter2 [ 64 ] Kodera K. Influence of vo lcanic erup tions on the tropo sphere through strato spheric dynam ical p rocesses in the N o rthern H em isphere w inter [ J ] : Journal of Geophysical Research AD VANCE IN THE STUD IES ON NORTH ATLANTIC OSC ILLATION (NAO) GON G D ao2yi 1 ZHOU T ian2jun 2 W AN G Shao2w u 3 (1. Institu te of R esou rces S cience B eij ing N orm a l U n iversity B eij ing Ch ina; 2. Institu te of A tm osp heric P hy sics Ch inese A cad em y of S ciences B eij ing Ch ina; 3. D ep a rtm en t of Geop hy sics P ek ing U n iversity B eij ing Ch ina) Abstract: T he recen t advances in the studies on the N o rth A tlan tic o scillation (NAO ) are review ed. Som e long tim e series of NAO index are estab lished u sing bo th the in strum en tal and p roxy data. T he in2 strum en tal series is now ex tended back to AD P roxy NAO indices recon structed u sing tree ring data andgo r ice co re now attract m o re atten tion. M u ltip le2p roxy recon struction is now w idely accep ted fo r the purpo se to reduce the uncertain ty regarding of the individual p roxy. A s long as abou t th ree cen tu ries p roxy NAO indices p rovide good rep resen tation of variab ility in natu ral con tex ṫ T he im pacts of NAO on the clim ate are now studied in m o re details and have been connected to A rctic o scillation (AO ). NAO and AO are the tw o paradigm s of one phenom enon. Som e m odel studies confirm that the therm ohaline circu la2 tion (THC) m ay p lays very im po rtan t ro le in the low frequency of NAO. Som e o ther ex ternal fo rces such as ozone and greenhou se w arm ing are also con sidered as po ten tial con tribu to r to the ob served recen t trends in NAO. Key words: N o rth A tlan tic O scillation s; NAO ; V ariab ility Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.