Index. Bag-1, 508, 509 Bayesian modeling, 4 Bax, 48, 307, 405 β-catenin, 508, 532, 533

Transcript

1 Index Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), 508 Acute encephalomyelitis, 602 Acute viral infection, 60, 433 ADAR, 10, 286, 447, 448, 454, 657 Aggresomes, 227 Alb-urokinase plasminogen activator, 482 Alphavirus, , 611, 617, 618, 620 Alveolar fluid, 134 Alveolar macrophages, 135, 136, 162, 165, 176, 189, 309, 377 Akt, 119, 120, 124, 125, 277, 321, , 509, 540, 632, 633, 644 Anaphylatoxin complement fragments, 233 Anosmia, 232 Antigenic drift, 133, 146, 582 Antigenic-presenting cells, 404 Antigenic shift, 133 Antisense, 91, 94, 330 Antiviral immunity, 131, 132, 177, 178, 215, 218, 223, 419, 504 Apaf-1, 47, 639 Apolipoprotein E and B (Apo E; Apo B), 480, 482 Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), 47, Astrocyte response, 612 Atelectasis, 159 Atg5, , 531, 532 Atg8, 219, 531, 532 Atg12, 219, 221, 222, 531, 532 ATF-2/c-Jun, 116, 350 Autocrine or paracrine type I IFN signaling, 140 Autophagosomes, 219, 222, 223, 532 Autophagy, 209, 211, , 531, 532, 535 Autophagy-related genes, 218 Bag-1, 508, 509 Bayesian modeling, 4 Bax, 48, 307, 405 β-catenin, 508, 532, 533 Bcl-2, 35, 36, 405, 507, 509, 527, 609, 610, 640, 644 Bcl-family proteins, 507, 609 Bcl-xL, 337, 527,

2 680 Index BH3 (Bcl-2 homologous domain 3), 509 Bid, 405, 513, 639, 640 Bidirectional spread, 417 Biomarkers, 4, 5, 12, 20, 21 Blood-brain barrier, 214, 232, 415, 417, 603 Bronchiolitis, , 177, 185, 186, 188, 194, 195, 296 Bronchus associate lymphoid tissue (BALT), 142 Bunyaviridae, 248, 257, 263 Bystander injury, 611, 613 Bystander killing, 71 camp, 35, 37, 325, 328, 329 Cannabinoids, 235, 236 Caspase-3, 36, 37, 47, 327, 332, 333, 405, 514, 540, 639, 640, 643 Caspase-7, 332 Caspase-8, 36, 47, 48, 405, Caspase-9, 47, 48, 335, 405, 639, 640 Caspase-10, 36 Caspase-recruiting domains (CARDs), 348 Cathepsin L, 304, 632 CCL2, 13, 37, 38, 194, 195, 428, 558, 561 CCL3, 38, 194, 195, 427, 428 CCL5, 13, 38, 166, , 203, 400, 427, 428, 561 CCL8, 554, 559, 560 Cell-mediated immune response, 71, 76 Cell surface marker, 38, 145 Cell surface receptors, 210, 476, 629 Cellular tropism, 401, 606 c-flip, 36, 554, 560 Chemokine receptor, 12, 68, 175, 398, 402, 404, 415, 427, 477 CCR5, 9, 11, 13, 34, 60, 61, 65, 67, 74, 194, 398, 400, 404, 415, 427, 428, 433, 477 CCR5-32 deletion, 65 CXCR3, 22, 402, 415, 427, 501 CXCR4, 9, 11, 34, 60, 65 Childhood morbidity, 159 Cholesterol trafficking, 38 Chronic hepatitis, 471, 473, 474, Cilia, 134 Cirrhosis carcinoma, 446, 471, 473, 474, 485 Clades, 417 Classical pathway, 169, 480, 559 Coagulation disorders, 371, 380, 382 Collectin, 135, 136, 210 Complement system, , 480, 549, 550, 559 Congenital heart disease (CHD), 157, 160, 161 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 510 COPD, 186, 187, Conventional DCs (cdcs), 132, 133, Coronavirus, 18, 219, , 321, 322, 531, 532. See also SARS-CoV Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), 498, 499, 506, 526, 538

3 Index 681 Coxsackievirus B (CVB), 496, 498, 499, , 512, 513, 515, 516, 525, 526, 541 CVB3, , , 526, 527, 530, , CVB4, 496, 498, 503, 505, 511 3A protein, 311, 312 2B protein, 514, 515 VP1 capsid protein, 497, 499, 526, 577 CpG motif, 211, 213 CTL response, 62, 73, 403 CXCL1, 194, 558, 561 CXCL8, 38, 190, 192, 194, 195, 501 CXCL9, 427, 501 CXCL10/IP10, 22, 38, 166, , 402, 403, 415, 423, 425, 427, 428, , 509, 554 Cyclooxygenase, 235, 333 Cyr 61, 508, 510 Cytochrome c, 47, 336, 405, , 643 Cytochrome c oxidase (COX5B/COX6B), 405 Cytokine and receptor IL-1α, 500, 504 IL-1β, 34, 43, 176, 178, 351, 377, 500, 506, 511, 512, 559, 616, 618 IL-1 receptor A (IL-1RA), 212, 377, 618, 620 IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK), 212 IL-4, 48, 144, 200, 272, 275, 277, 459, 479, 500 IL-6, 34, 43, 44, 49, 62, 169, 176, 178, 283, 284, 309, 325, 330, 352, 377, 421, 425, 500, 501, 511, 557, 558, 560, 563, 583 IL-8, 34, 49, 136, 161, 166, 169, 176, 305, 309, 311, 333, 479, 501, 511, 539, 540, 557, 561 IL-10, 13, 35, 39, 43, 48, 49, 176, 178, 275, 277, 283, 330, 377, , 500, 501, 505, 583 IL-12, 13, 35, 39, 43, 48, 49, 176, 178, 275, 277, 283, 330, 377, , 500, 501, 505, 583 IL-12 Rβ1, 500 IL-13, 166, 186, 194, , 511 IL-18, 43, 235, 500 Cytokine regulation, 34, 193, 272 Cytopathic effect (CPE), 295, 304, 313, 326, 327, 332, 404, 508, 527, 533, 539, 590 Cytoskeleton, 36, , 485, 533, 557, 629 DAP5/p97/NAT1, 513 Decay accelerating factor (DAF), 498, 499, 526, 538, 540 Decoy death receptor DcR1/2, 640 Defensins, 131, 133, 135, 136, 188

4 682 Index Dengue virus, 306, 309, , , , , 566 Dicer, 10, 85 87, 89 96, 232 DNA binding domain, 420, 666, 667 DNA fragmentation, 327, 333, 335 Dominant negative, 122, 123, 168, 305, 330, 362, 422, 540, 640, D organoid model of human, 590 Drosha, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92 Double-layered particles (DLP), 658 dsrna-dependent protein kinase (PKR), 22, 91, 112, 117, 118, 139, 193, 210, 219, 220, 236, 256, 286, 325, 349, 352, , 402, , 435, 447, 448, 480, 503, 554, 636, 656, 657, 672 Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEV), 602 EBNA1, 222 Ebola virus (EBOV), 94, , , , , 375, , , 657 Ectodomain, 146, 215 Endocytosis, 33, 40, 41, 113, 114, 322, 393, 424, 473, 539, 629, 630, 635 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 42, 173, 277, 301, 311, 326, 393, 504, 514, 515, 660 Endosomes, 113, 190, 191, 209, 212, 214, 222, 629, 656 Eicosinoids, 234, 235 eif4gi, 504, 513 eif4gii, 513 Encephalomyocarditis virus, 221 Endothelial damage, 403, 547, 552, 553 Engulfed cargo, 218 Envelope glycoproteins, 450, 472, 473, 476, 477, 615 Epidermal growth factors (EGFR), 631, 633 Epithelial apoptosis, 160 Epizootic, 229 Epstein Barr virus (EBV), 87, 95, 222, 223, 457 E1-ubiquitin-activating enzyme, 528, 529, 670 E2-ubiquitin-conjugated enzyme, 528, 529, 671 E3-ubiquitin ligases, 670 Execution, 91, 219 Extra cellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), 284, 328 Ex vivo model, 553, 590 Fas, 36, 40, 42, 43, 61, 143, 217, 220, 278, 306, 415, 433, 507, 554, 616, 638, 640 Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule (FAIM), 306 Fas-associated death domain (FADD), 217, 220, 554, 560, 561, 638, 640 Filoviruses, 345, 346, 350, 353, 356, 363, 372, 375, 377, 379, 381, 383, 385 Flaccid paralysis, 392, 418

5 Index 683 Flaviviridae, 217, 391, 416, 445, 471, 472, 549 Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), 509 Formalin inactivated vaccine, 177, 204 Fulminant hemorrhagic disease, 371 Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells), 198 Gastroenteritis, 575, 576, , 590, 591, 593, 594, 658 Gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, 3 Glial cell response, 611 Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β ), 333, 335, 336, 508, 633 Glycosylation, 71, 133, 215, 302, 394 Guanosine nucleotide analogue (loxoribine), 214 H539E, 215 Hantaviruses, , G1 cytoplasmic tail, pulmonary syndrome, 247, 249, 250 structure and genome, 248 Heat shock proteins, 295, 308, 537 Helper-T cell, 427 Hemagglutinin protein, 216 Hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), 375 Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndromes (HFRS), 247, , 253, 255 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 91, 94, 239, 261, 296, 227, 325, , , 657 HCV-like particles, 450, 476 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 445, 446, 471, 473, 474, 485 Herpes viruses, 88, 477, 532 Heterosubtypic immunity, 131, 146, 147 High-affinity immunoglobulin G Fc receptor, 476 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 450 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 36 HIV-1, 3, 4, 6 11, 15, 18, 21 23, 34, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 65, 66, 69 72, 83, 84, 89 96, 326, 356, 530, 537, 538, 540 gp120, 48, 70, 71, 76, 84, 326, 477 Nef, 31, 32, 38 43, 49, 74, 84, 89, 90, 92, 94 specific cellular immunity, 31 Tat, 9, 31 38, 42, 48, 49, 84, 90, 93 96, 356, 530 Virulence, 64, 66, 231, 273, 361, 362, 393, 394, 398, 401, 402, 420, 423, 426, 435, 498, 548, 582, 605, 607, 671 Host cell signaling pathway, 31, 349 Host immune responses, 59, 60, 64, 66, 253, 273, 275, 280, 407, 416, 424, 427, 434, 436, 445, 481, 577, 614 Host pathogen interaction, 296, 311 Host signature, 3, 4, 24 Human alpha defensin 1 (HNP-1), 136

6 684 Index Human beta defensin 1 (HBD1), 136 Human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), 577, , 591 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 13, 41, 42, 65, 67, 68, 73, 74, 404, 406, 407, 445, 449, , 460, 461, 484, 505, 506 Humoral immune response, 62, 69, 303, 371, 382, 449, 450, 484 Hyperinflation, 159 Hypermutation, 23, 286 Hypervariable region 1 (HVR-1), 450 ICAM1, 558 IFIT1, 563 IFITM1, 512, 563 IFN-α/β, 21, 22, 480 IFN-γ, 13, 22, 34, 65, 68, 71, 74, 75, 137, 144, 147, , 277, 282, 287, 309, 377, , 404, 419, 420, 423, 433, 435, 451, 453, 455, , , 511, 512, 565, 615, 616 IFN-β promoter stimulator (LPS-1), 217 IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), 22, 171, 172, 408, 420, 436, 671 IFN signaling pathway, 262, 281, 349, 427, 563, , 661, 666, 668 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), 117, 253, 255, 256, 258, 263, , 425, 426, 447, 448, 480, 481, 483, 485, 488, 502, 503, 507 IGTPase, 503 IκB-kinase β (IKKβ ), 121, 122, 170, 217, 641, 642 Immune antagonism, 132 Immunocompromise, 132, 231, 239, 392, 396, 579, 582, 645, 664 Immunodominant epitopes, 201 Immunotherapy, 617, 619 Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), 404, 548, 551, 558, , 568 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), 161, 504, 617 Inflammatory cytokines, 36, 43, 48, 62, 122, 132, 140, 143, 169, 176, 211, 212, 234, 273, 283, 302, 324, 347, 363, 378, 379, 396, 404, 422, 425, 433, 436, 501, 504, 505, 537, 539, 540, 552, 557, 563, 564 Inflammatory mediators, 160, 232, 233, 404, 612, 613 Influenza virus, 94, 109, 111, , , , 220, 326, 353, 355, 406 Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), 48, 634, Inhibitory protein κb kinase (IKK) ε, 116, , 167, 169, 170, 213, 634, 641 Innate and adaptive immune responses, 59, 229, 269, 270, 313, 345, 415, 436, 614, 672 Innate antiviral immune response, 222, 476

7 Index 685 Innate cellular effectors, 137 Innate immune cells, 185, 186, 273, 379, 420, 446 Innate immune system, 89, 132, 133, 188, 209, 210, 223, 377, 428, 449 Interferon (IFN)-inducible protein, 210, 396 Intermediate subviral particles (ISVPs), 629, 630, 644 Internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), 497, 513 In vitro replicon systems, 590 IPS-1, 116, 118, 217, 222, 233, 253, 348, 354, 355, 448, 639, 643 IP10/CXCL-10, 501. See also chemokine IRAK1, 164, 564 IRAK4, 213, 564 ISRE, 172, 259, 260, 281, 282, 349, 350, 420, 423, 425, 426, 656, 657 JAK-STAT pathway, 22, 115, 174, 178, 656 Junctional adhesion molecules, 629 Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), 36, 37, 43, 44, 47, 123, 323, 324, 327, 333, 334, 337, 537, 540, 638, 639, 643, 644 Kruppel-like factor (KLF), 305 KSHV, 87, 88, 95, 657, 671 Kynureninase (KYNU), 558, 560, 566 La autoantigen, 499 LCMV, 75, 221, 282, 285, 286, 456, 458, 459, 657 Light chain 3 (LC3), 219, 531, 532 Lipoxygenase, 195, 235 Liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC), 478, 479 Long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), 64, 76 Low-density lipoprotein, 37, 480 Low molecular weight polypeptide-2 (LMP-2), 407, 484 Lysosome, 41, 213, 218, , 531, 535, 629 Macrophage derived chemokine (MDC), 501 Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α (MIP-1α), 43, 48, 500 MAP kinase/erk kinase (MEK), 122, 123, 125, 331, , 632, 633, 635 Marburg virus (MARV), 345, 346, , 375, 378, Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), 34, 310, 510 Matrix protein 1 (MP1), 222 mbnip 21, 508 MCP-1, 13, 22, 37, 501, 511 MCP-2, 501, 559, 563 MCP-3, 13, 501 MCP-5, 427, 428, 501 MEKK, 643 Melanoma differentiation associated gene-5 (MDA-5), 116, 138, 166,

8 686 Index 193, 348, 354, 422, 425, 448, 559 MHC-related polypeptide, 484 Microarray, 20, 21, 96, 255, 258, 295, 304, 352, 357, 391, 392, 398, 405, 407, 408, 420, 430, 471, 474, 478, 481, 482, 485, 489, 495, 496, 500, 501, 509, 510, 515, 516, 553, 580 Microautophagy, 218 Microglia responses, 38, 612, 617 MicroRNA (mirna), 10, 83, 85 98, 232, 516 Mimic poly I:C, 215 Mitochondria antiviral signaling (MAVS), 141, 167, 169, 217, 253, 348, 448 Mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), 405 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP), 35, 123, 212, 284, 305, 321, 323, 325, 345, 362, 363, 513, 534, 536, 537, 636 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 35, 37, 40, 44, 46, 47, 111, 122, 123, 284, 305, 306, 321, , 337, 338, 534, 536, 537, 540, 564, 636 mrna metabolism, 15, 16 Measles virus (MV), 211, 216, 269, 270, 272 MV-induced immunosuppression, 275, 286, 287 Myeloid dendritic cells, 296, 233 Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD 88), 212, 506 Myxovirus resistance-1 (Mx1), 22, 119, 132, 139, 309, 349, 399, 406, 554 Mx2, 406, 554 MxA proteins, 256, 257, 349 Mx GTPase, 503, 504, 657 Native immunity, 252 Nature killer cells, 66, 131, 160, 197, 233, 379, 446, 501 Necrosis factor 1, 632 Neurodegeneration, 405, 612, 617 Neurokinin-1, 274 Neurotoxicity, 33, 36, 37, 48, 49 Neurovirulence, 219, 239, 391, 532, 602, 604, 608, 609 Neutralizing antibodies, 5, 63, 70, , 238, 248, 253, 383, 407, 427, 431, 432, , 457 Neutrophils, 135, 136, 233, 236, 238, 371, 404 NF-κB, 6, 7, 121, 165, 168, 170, 171, 306, 333, 337, 363, 425, 509, 633, 636, 643 NIK and IKK α, 170, 171 Nitric Oxide Synthase-1 (NOS-1), NKG2D, 67, 137, 478 NKp44, 137 NKp46, 137 Norovirus, virus-like particles (VLPs), 301, 363, 379, 385, 402, 577, 580, , 587

9 Index 687 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, 210, 421 2,5 oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5 OAS), 447 OAS1, 554 OAS3, 554 OASL, 422, 554, 559 Oncolysis, 229, 230, 239, 627, 631, 635, 636, 646, 647 Orthomyxoviridae, 111 Osteopontin, 478, 479 Otitis media, 158, 159 OX40L, 196 P38 MAPK, 35, 40, , 337, 338, 537, 540 P53, 42, 43, , 502, 508, 509, 529, 530, 532, 533, 535 P90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), 321, 329, 632, 644 PAMP, 262, 656 Paramyxoviridae, 157, 158, 217, 274 PARP, 513, 640 Passive antibody therapy, 186, 199 Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 138, 189, 204, , 233, 348, 421, 656 Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 133, 137, 157, 161, 163, 167, 168, 172, 185, 186, 189, 191, , 221, 223, 252, 253, 262, 274, 348, 421, 423, 425 PD-1 (programmed cell death 1), 75, 399, 456, 458, 459, 551 Pegylated interferon-alpha, 446 Perforin, 74, 75, 143, 197, 201, 287, 396, 417, , 507, 616 Perforin-Fas-mediated cytolytic mechanisms, 433 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), 15, 18, 34, 192, 352, 458, 477, 487, 488 Perivascular, 160, 185, 186, 234, 603 Phagocytosis, 39, 136, 176, 210, 211, 613 Phosphatidylethanolamine, 219, 531 Phosphatidylinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), 329 Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), 41 43, 45, 119, 120, 124, 125, 219, 277, 305, , 509, 515, 540, 632, 633, 644 PI3K/Akt, 119, 124, 125, 333, 334, 336, 509, 540, 632, 633, 644. See also Akt Picornaviridae, 217, 219, 496 Plasmacytoid, 116, 133, 165, 178, 190, 191, 196, 209, 211, 220, 233, 236, 283, 348, 352, 657, 668 Poly-A binding protein (PABP), 499, 513, 514 Polypyrimidine-tract binding protein (PTP), 499 Predictive gene set, 14, 19, 20 Primary infection and secondary infection, 5, 60 63, 66, 69, 144, 145, 147, 148, 198, , 285, 429, 549, 564, 565 Prophylaxis, 303, 383, 385

10 688 Index Protease 2A, 497, 513 Protease 3C, 497, 513 Proteasomal degradation, 258, 261, 655, 657, 670 Proteasome inhibitor, 530, 532, 534, 535, 642, 670 Proteasomes, 535, 666, 668, 670 Protein degradation, 118, 399, 525, , , 536 Protein kinase B (PKB), 335, 633 Protein modification, 38, 525, 530, 531, 534, 536 Protein ubiquitination and degradation, 247 Pseudo-particles, 474 PtdIns (3, 4, 5) P3, 335, 633 PtdIns (4, 5) P2, 633 Quasispecies, 394, 450, 460, 484 Raf/MEK/ERK, 122, 123, 125, 537, 632, 633 RANTES, 13, 37, 48, 65, 177, 357, 423, 425, 427, 511, 557 Ras signaling, 627, , 635, 644, 645, 647 Ras/Ral GEFs pathways, 634 Rhesus rotavirus (RRV), 661, 665, 668 Receptor DR4 and DR5, 562 Receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1), 217, 554, 634 Recombinant norovirus, 577, 580, 584. See also norovirus Recombinant virus, 173, 605 Reovirus, 211, 215, 221, , , 663 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), , , 168, 170, , , , 211, 216, 221, 576, 580 asthma, 159, , 195, , 564 fusion protein, 211, 276, 362, 564 vaccination, 110, 149, 158, 187, 200, 204, 240, 384, 446, 604 Reticuloendothelial system, 232 Retinoid acid inducible gene-like receptor (RLR), 137, 138 Retrocyclin, 136 Retroviruses, 6, 10, 32, 87, 88, 91, 93, 111, 530 Rhabdoviridae, 217 Rho/Rac pathways, 634 Ribavirin, 188, 382, 446, 471, 474, Ribonucleoprotein complex, 112 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), 248, 298, 353, 393, 394, 459, 526, 577, 578, 629, 630, 658 RNA helicases, 116, 138, 157, 161, 163, 166, 167, 209, 216, 217, 233, 253, 348, 354, 447, 448, 559, 656 RNAi suppressors, 88, 89 RNase L, 118, 236, 256, 396, 398, 402, 408, 422, 435, 503, 559, 657 RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR 1), 447, 448 Rotavirus, 655, RSAD2, 554

11 Index 689 SAPK/JNK, 638, 643 Sarcoma (src) family of kinases (p56 lck ), 506 SARS Coronavirus, 18, , 302, 303, 321 Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), 472 Sendai virus, 204, 214, 220, 260, 261, 354 Sialic-acid (neuraminic acid), 113 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT 4), 502 STAT1, 22, 69, 173, 174, 201, 236, 261, 270, , 332, , , 377, 399, 400, 406, 407, 426, 563 STAT2, 175, 270, 280, 281, 349, 350, 359, 360, 406, 426 Sindbis virus (SV), 601, 605, 608, 611, 614, 617 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 12, 13, 65, 397, 398, 422 Single-stranded RNA (ssrna), 107, 111, 116, 118, 138, 163, 190, 214, 220, 293, 416, 526, 549, 663 Siva, 508 Smac, , 643 Small interferon RNAs (sirna), 83, 85, 86, 88 92, 94, 95, 122, 168, 192, 193, 217, 257, 303, 309, 313, 358, 362, 533, 535, 559, 664 Spermidine/spermie N1-acetyltranferase (SAT), 405 Src, 39, 259, 537, 538 Stem cells, 232, 234, 280 Stress activated c-jun-n-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), 638, 643 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), , 285, 286 Surfactant protein A (SP-A), 135, 136, 189 Surfactant protein D (SP-D), 135, 136, 311 Tank binding kinase (TBK1), 165, 167, 218, 247, , 264, 447, 634 TAR binding proteins (TRBP), 86, 91, 95, 96 Target of rapamycin (TOR), 219 T cell activation, 40, 196, 275, 278, 280, 284, 395, 456 T cell receptors (TCR), 39, 40, 43, 144, 198, 237, 259, 277, 432, 461 TFPI, 558 Th1 cytokine, 43, 192, 194, 272, 277, 503 Th2 cytokine, 43, 186, 192, 194, 200, 203, 272, 277 Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), 510 Tissue tropism, 395, 401, 498, 499, 502, 548 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 21, 22, 116, 137, 138, 163, 164, 166, 168, 178, 186, 190, 193, 196,

12 690 Index 197, 209, , 216, 223, 233, 252, 262, 283, 348, 403, 421, 422, 656 TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF), 169, 212, 217, 405, 506 TRAF-1, 47, 405 TRAF-2, 47, 217 TRAF-6, 164, 212, 213, 217, 506, 564 TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 36, 122, 220, 379, 478, 547, 551, 554, 556, , 566, 638, Toll-receptor-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), 22, 141, 164, 165, 191, 192, 212, 213, 217, 447 Transcriptomics, 303 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β ), 87, 88, 324, 457, 500, 502, 507, 510 Translational machinery, 308, 514, 590 TRIM22, 22, 554 Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF14), 405 Two-phase model of secretion of type I IFN, 172 Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), 173, 330, 350, 394, 425, 426 Ubiquitination, 170, 247, 259, 261, 262, 264, 307, , 533, 534, 536, 641, 642, 655, 670, 672 Ubiquitin-like molecules, 118 Ubiquitin-proteasome system, 525, 527, 529 Ubiquitin-protein ligase, 528, 529, 655, 671 UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG), 482, Untranslated regions (3 UTRs), 10, 85, 472, 497, UTR, 91, 497, 499 Vaccination, 110, 149, 158, 187, 200, 204, 240, 384, 446, 604 VCAM1, 558 VEGF receptor, 33 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), 384, , 606, 619 Vesicles, 41, 113, 210, 212, 218, 233, 302, 550 Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), 209, 214, 229, 286, 384, 477, 663 Very low density lipoprotein, 483 Viral encephalitis, 232, 239, 609 Viral escape, 455, , 475 Viral nucleocapsid, 309, 357, 393, 472, 478, 479 Virion infectivity, 38, 637 Virulence, 64, 66, 231, 273, 361, 362, 393, 394, 398, 401, 402, 420, 423, 426, 435, 498, 548, 582, 605, 607, 671 Virus Hemagglutinin (HA), , 121, 123, , 137, 146, 271, 272, , 284

13 Index 691 Virus host interactions, 124, 471, 472, 476, 477, 485, 489, 606, 647 Virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA), 217, 253, 348, 448 Virus-like particles (VLPs), 301, 363, 379, 385, 402, 577, 580, , 587 VP1, , 526, 577, 578, 590, 658, 660 VP2, 497, 508, 577, 578, 658 VP24, 345, 350, 353, , 377 VP35, 345, 350, , 361, 657 VP40, 357, 363 VPg, 497, 577, 578, 589, 590 VPg-poly(U), 589 VSV encephalitis, , 238 Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), , 619 West Nile virus (WNV), 214, , , 433, 550, 556, 559, 618