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Contents #$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0 3$ %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3 3$3 &%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5 3$3$3 &*#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$8 3$3$5 &*(*# * %#"$$8 3$3$8 * ##$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$: 3$3$: * "-##'#*#$$$$$$$$$$$$$: 3$3$1 *"-##'#*#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1 3$5 ' ##& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6 3$5$3 &->-%"-' $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6 3$5$5 +##-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$4 3$8 ###-(*'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$9 3$8$3 "--$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@ 3$8$8 "--$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$32 3$8$5 "--$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$32 3$8$: '$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$35 3$: >.%.##*"%'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3: 3$1 -#**$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$31 5$ /($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$34 5$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39 5$5 *#*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39 5$5$3 &"%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@ 5$5$5 ###-("%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$53 5$5$8 - "%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5: 5$5$: %%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$54 5$5$1 ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$8@ 5$8 *""*"#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:2 5$: *""*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:3 8$ *%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:1 8$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:6 8$5 *N *%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:4 8$8 -/&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:4 8$: &&& -'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:9 8$1 #--($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$12 8$1$3 -/'%#(%-($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1: 8$1$5 %- -($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$16 8$1$8 - -($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$19 8$1$: -#&&"-($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1@ 8$6??'/&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$63 8$6$3 %"(>%??'#' $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$68 8$4 '*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6: :$ D$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$64 :$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$69 :$5 /-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$69 xii

Contents :$8 -%-"%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6@ :$: /L >&F$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$42 :$1 /L-F$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$48 :$6 *%%"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$46 :$4 -%#-&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$44 1$ '"*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$4@ 1$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$92 1$5 '"*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$92 1$5$3 '"*3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$92 1$5$5 '"*5$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$93 1$5$8 '"*8$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$95 1$5$: '"*:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$95 1$5$1 '"*1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$95 1$5$6 '"*6$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$98 1$5$4 '"*4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$98 1$5$9 '"*9$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$9: 6$ "&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$91 6$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$96 6$5 "#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$96 6$8 "&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$94 6$8$3 *&&&--$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@4 6$8$5 *&%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@4 6$8 -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@9 4$ %-%-" $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$323 4$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$325 4$5 %#*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$325 4$8 N %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$32: 4$: / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$321 4$1 %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$326 4$6 / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$329 4$4 %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$32@ 4$9 - %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$333 4$@ %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$335 4$32 / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$338 4$33 ->%-%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33: 4$35 -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$331 9$ -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$334 9$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$339 9$5 N %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$339 9$8 / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$352 9$: %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$358 9$1 / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$356 9$6 %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$359 xiii

Contents 9$4 - %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$383 9$9 %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$388 9$@ / %-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$381 9$32 "&* %-"# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$384 9$32$3 >&""%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$389 9$32$5 >&""%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$38@ 9$32$8 -""%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3:2 9$32$: -""%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3:3 9$33 '-'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3:8 9$33$3 *&* %-" $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3:8 9$33$5 *&&%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$31: @$ -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$31@ @$3 %$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$362 @$5 #.#*'"*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$362 @$5$3 '"*3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$362 @$5$5 '"*5!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$362 @$5$8 '"*8!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$363 @$5$: '"*:!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$363 @$5$1 '"*1!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$365 @$5$6 '"*6!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$365 @$5$4 '"*4!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$368 @$5$9 '"*9!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$368 @$8 ---$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$36: @$8$3 *%'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$36: @$8$5 0#*---$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$366 @$8$8 "-#*---$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$364 @$8$: **$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$364 #$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$36@! **'#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39@ $3 "$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@2 $5 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@3 $8,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@8! &$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@1! " $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3@@ $3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$522 $5 /D $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$522 $8 0 --*% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$523! ->-'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$521! -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$533! &&"*O >& &"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$534! &&"*O >&&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$558! &&"*O- &"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$55@! &&"*O-&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$581 xiv

Contents xv,! >"-&$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5:3 C! ->-$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5:8 '"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$518 '*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$514 - <$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$568 /*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$561

Contents xvi

I &*>&&)%&--' *%!*"$J 3 CHAPTER

Chapter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

Introduction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

Chapter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

Introduction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

Chapter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

Introduction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

Chapter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

Introduction " G## H--) % % L "F G" # *-H--$ * *% >'%#& > # * - >- * &% % - % %" # * &% >' ## *-) "--' ('$ ###-( *' * ># >-%& ## %-$ *. )0 * " %" # ## * *- %% "-'$/ 0 *- %M " >%%>'$**-" #>%#%. /$ * *- - -& * % % *# *" #./ % %"%)./" % ") "-'$ % %& ) *( #& 3$8)(* *. " * " # * *- *&* % * 0"- * >-$ / *&& - %%- % % - > %>%* "--$ % 3 0 2 &" "' "% 3 -&* %&" "% $# *!* 0 12, 3, #%&&4"' 2 9

Chapter 1 * "% # * *- & >' * % # *.)*->'*%%GD3$3H$ 2 va ( t) xa ( t) acc t = = G3$3H a ( ) t t %*-(**> "#**-% " # #$ A*-& **?- 0 ##& 3$3 G H(* S2**-*#0% -&* % %&"G2H >( # > " % * > "#*0" *-./$*#) S2) *-"*-"G# *> "#*- *> "#*-./H#"G2HS-&*7&"G2H$ --')*-0##&3$3G%H>%%$ %S02*-*%('G# *> "#*- * > " # *-./H & >'*%(' S "' 7 &"$ **. )0 * " --) ## % " # *- -$ "-% * * ""* # %&*&-%*"#%&*(-- " >* * ' % * 0"-' >-' # ###-( %- &#-' G&% % ') 5222H$ # -) ###-( "-- >%>% >' & & D % - # *-)%>& * %' # * -%"% "- %') "% % # "% G&% % ') 5223H$ * D-> -#*&D*( "&"#! -(%-%"%%%"%M -%-"#M ' >( --$ &"# *% # * "#-( %- * - "#"*O"%')(** > %% &-#*%-%'$ *. )0 * "--)*-%&&&%-% " $ - *% # ## 2 10

Introduction (*%%"!###-($** "'&>-%#%! '5>-*'"--'%"*'**> %"%>'##$'5%* >#*- # * - # %$ & 5 % (* 67" "-'! n k = G3$5H X ) " * > # *- " * % - 67 *" $ -% * # *-" "*#*% 5M -( )> "%*#-0# $*#-() ') #- * > # *-"& "%& -$ &)%& "% 6* -&! m q = G3$8H T ) " * > # *- *"% -%&"%6**" M &"%$>%#%*D##-(%%'$ >D-') & "%%"% -) *" %* -%>(! q u = or q = k. u G3$:H k 5 %%" %) % "% # "--) D G3$:H-'*-%#>*- #* "%%% #-' --$ A* * # * % ""-')DG3$:H*>&%% $ % * "%# ##-())%' 5 % "% $)(* ( %"% " >- G>%% *&* * - %"%'H$ % >) *-% G3@8:H( *# " >-* - >( * & %"% >-$ /) /&**-- % A** G3@11H%*%G3@16H%-"%%"%-'*' -&--8>---%* *'G/A*'H$* 11

Chapter 1 -*">%"%%& M*#% -5)%& G#&3$:H$ D D D3 D5 3 5 $# +!*, $ 5.)' *#% -5)%& *(* --'*()%5 -% * * % $ -'& * %& >"%G)DH%# *( "% $>'&DG3$:H$0 #-(G'H*%" G) DHM * * "' # * % $ A*%' 5 -( * ( " # ##-( ##) $&$ " G3) D3H$ >D-') " G5) D5H)(*%' 5 *&* * ( " # &% ##$ A* * ###-( * "' % *%'*###-(#%-#*&%& (* --' -&"% # & % > *##-( ## & $ *"* ( *'$ *+ 1, '* > %% >') & *) % ' G3@4:H % G3@4@H$ *# %' -"*&"*( % -' ## "% % >' & *- (*&*%>%& $*-%' %-"%) &&&% 3 >)( % 0 * -*" >( "')#-( % "% % ##%%>'%$ *%-%% * * % && * *' &% *&* %%- &">(*-%(%-''&- %%- % *# # " $ * 12

Introduction - % %- ) %& %' G3@@9H)-">-#%*&%>*# #% - &"* % # - %$ -*&* * % "%%## "' $ "%&"* G#& 3$1 % 3$1>H)">-0"-&#*%##)%& B*&G3@@@H)%*%&&&--$** * - >' "& #' * > * -*'$ "% - %- "' $# -!*8 $#"2' #"# * + ' ' '# $ 0-' *# * &%##-# 0& ###-( *' >% ## %- "% &$ * ' %-&* # &%"% #"-' %--%$ *>.#&"& -* ###-(* **## '('# * &%& %*--&$0 "-# * %"-' # " & GB*& % *) 3@@4M -% ') 3@@9M C- ') 5225M &% ') 522:H) &% G"&&) 3@@2M ( % * ) 3@@1M C* % T?>') 3@@9H % >- "%- GC- % "&&) 522:H$ ) * --# "% - * "%->-'(**&(--# 13

Chapter 1 % ( * >. %.# # *" *$ "% "' $# -/!*8 $#"2' #"# + ' + 2/303 ), *#*'%*&-#**(--> %%$ ( %"-') & ">-# * '$('%& (-% > >' # $ #-') -' (%"% "-' * & * -%'%%*###-(*>%(-& & ###-( &$ *# " * (-%& > ## % % "& -% > -- & % " * ###-(&&$ - * -% "-* *(-% %--' "%#&(-%(*** #(**&* ->-'$ * % # > * & "%-$ 14

Introduction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

Chapter 1 ;, <"*D$*>&*--# #*L >&F# ('3(* (' 12M % * --# # * L-F # ('3(* ('59$ ;, = "- " -% *'"*$ * >. # * * * #. **'"* %*.'#**'"* *%# >%*'&*"1***"*" %'*"$ ;, >"*'"*(%&* ""&#*&*%%$%>*(%(*'%( # %# *&-%%%*>% %&*->%-"$ ;,? # %-%-" $ -- *% %-"% &"% %-%*"+"" %%$ - %%- # &%& %- *&$ ;, @>*-#* *%F"# %>' -'&*-*#.**'"*& *"1)*(%!(** *%"%&(** >-%%(* %%*"-$ ;, A%**%%(*&-- > %( # * * (* " * "-% *'"*$ * ) -- - % * "- # **&$--') %##** %#%$ 16

0' I%& &%#%&*&*$J B,$ 5 CHAPTER

Chapter 2 *"" # * *" #% (** ** > % (* " &"% % >-* * #*$ % %&- * - (--& - *( " * * ""* %& - $&$% D)% &&&--) * * # %--& *D) % * * # # ## %&*-"*$**"*#(--*#> **>&%*%"&&G#& 5$3H) % > "#! ## % ## "%*$ ## & % -- % "& %> $#!*,, *+, " ( # *- - *D ** > % * "%#*#*## ' (-->%$*""%#'* *%(* &% %-# ##"%$ () * >. # * *&"%)*-%'"# %(*" *>.(-->-%$()-%.*#-% (-- > *% #% (** *% % * >. % & %&-'$ -' * % *D(-- > (%) > -) # %) * (** *'( % % * # ## GFH *( % %& * - "$ ) ( * % '* # D% G- H * #-% *&* &P#*>.#*"%#*## ' M(*(*"%*?PA*(*"%% (*(*&&&--P 444 #*>%*"&&$ & ##% "% * " ' %"% > % # * * 18

Literature review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

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter 2 ) 0$ * % % *D)(* * %- - ( "-% >' --'#%#(% - () (%>%*%'G%-)3@@@H$* --' #%#(% - (&% * > - "%$ G ') 3@@@H * * "-% * --'#%#(% - ((* "- > - ( *"% * >-$</ 'G5225H%>**#-# "%%- "%>'&"#- -( %-$** -%3 &&&% ## % >% (* * - - * ( *--' -% #-%% # * 38 (' '"- >' #"$ *'#% * - ( %- #%(*%(*#-#"62R (-->-"% >- &% -$ * %- &% # ""0 -' 32R (* "%*% %#$ () * #- # 62R %""% &#-'(* -) $$- - >- %- % ## ") ## - #-$%%-(* >.>'* *G< / ')5221H"%#-%% (* %- -%%$ % < G5228H "%"%% - * 38 ('*&%(*-/' %#(% - ((* - &% >' - %%' - $&)3 &&&%#-%%(%"%#* %-% * -) % - %) --' *(% * * -( %-"# %** %-$ 'G5226H %## '" # - ( G-/' %#(% ) %- % "- " -' H "% - (*%-%&%$&')##% G#-() "') - >% & "%) (* %H( --%# *&*(' % >( * <& % A*& $$ 31 -$ ( -%% >' >-*& * D% ) * -% D%)%*>-**/ *(% * > --"# ) > % % * "% > "$ * " - () % > * % >' </ ' G5225) 5221H( "% (* * - -&* </ *( "- % ( (' >( - --# % * % * *-%$ (D%*&**' -&3 &&&%% ###-() "%) "'$ "% % ## #-( ( % %-" * %-$ & -(#%>' &*>-- &) * - & % * %% %#-&** %-)*( >(* &%) --' "# % * </ 26

Literature review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

Chapter 2 #$ %'* &*>%-&->' ">*-D""%(*%$ % # *%-&# (' %%& * 3@62F*%$*""-# *%-&> %%%:&! >(%D%(*G%-H%-"$ **-%-&* * "" "- >'-& % $ ' G3@46H%-"% % % %% -&* * >% % " & *D$ ( & * ## # & ) #& % (*) % *%(%-"%#%& -#&%# %#'& *- # %$ *"# -( >%(*/ &- % "-#(' -- %$**%>%'%C>-G3@46H(>% *" %' G') 3@46H %%>%"%# "- & #( %&% # % % % * %# # -#&%$ %-("%% # *& > %% -&* % **-% & * %% ##%) %"%(%>%# %#'& * > -&* # #&) & )%*##$&%'G3@44H"%* -#%'*%-" # "%%% -&* ##('--' $-#32-&* (%#%) ->%) %) % -%$ - - -- "-' 0"% (* % % -&* ( &#-' %%$ * - # * "% -&* ( -"%-#&)& -) %(*%$'%&G3@49H** %>% %% -&* *(" # -- #('## & ' $ * -&* "%% % # * ">>- " # #(' % >' "& - --%$ *'%>% - # -&* *(%&% % " *% "- %$ *& # * -&* * % (* ) * "%& % ## %$ A' -> -&* **-%(%>% % ""-% * -&* $ # -( >% ##%# */&-' $ (* > ( 0 "- * -# -&* GC*)3@45H)-' 'G3@41H#( #*%**(-&* $/%CG3@49H %-"% &-# %% -&* >% '%$*-&* %>*" %* %( "%*-%# $ 28

Literature review **- %% %( " # * - # * >% C%' 0"(' >( * *& /"%*%0"('.%&*#* "%$ * - 0" ( %-"% # * %> # * # % % %#%$ * ">>- # % & * >% C%'( %-"%# ->- %%$ * " - **-% > % * %% " ( % % * --' >' & ' "$ * ##' # * -&* ( -% # % GH)#- - GH)% %GH%( "% (**#*-#-&* %(-&* %-"% >' *-&' "$ * ' -&* "%#>-'(***#%G322"H %#-- G2$2"H$ () % (&**#**-&* >'- 5$1 $ "- ' - - "& * ' -&* % # * * *(% &#%## % )#-- )% %$%G3@4@H %% ( %% 0" * X -?>*A'('--%-' $ "& ""*( ""-% " % % -&* $ ' %& * %#-% - %#" "& ) * 0 --*%%""-( ""-% %-" " %%"$*#-- #-- # $2@@$@6"%& *#-%0" $ * % 0" (-' * *% 91$4"% 59 "- #*- %%$ % ' G3@@6H"% #(' % "% & ' >% D-*'"* & *D$ * " ' # # * % & ' * * #*0"%-% (* #- ") ") % %-'% " %*&*%' "& &-&* $*-# -%%**-&* "# %>* '"- ' % " -&* # " )#- " GD- #- - H) % " G # *% H$ * % * G3@@9H"% ( *%-&'# - % % *? # % # $ * ""% % % ""* ( ">- # %& %" "-' (-- *& % # '&-*&&# % D-&* >-% -)- >-%% %) % %%$ * " ' *D -% *"" -%%! % ) -) * ' (* >%' "% 29

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter 2 % % # # * %) * :1) * %' -- %)%1@)**%#)W$-- "(%-"%# *- &%# ( %#%$*-""-#%% - %(""-%33 *#%% (* "> - 0%% * 0"% - % % # %$ * ""* -% % *( -( %#- - *(*&* * * "%-' "%%>'*%%-&* $()*%' --% * -- # %% -% > *% &- # "%%>'">*-$ # - *%)(">-% * > #%*(%%>'*' * % # ( % %$ & % X G5228H %>% %->%###-(*(# %& *(-*DG (* ">-(*-'H$ *' "% * %-(* >>- ) / ) ) * -# -&* ) % -(" #-& -&* $ "'%( D% 82% > # *-#992%->* %-$ ' "&*-- %*( -%%**(- %-"# %** %-$ &"**'G*-&* H) % & #- --& GH$ % % -- G3@9@H -'% 82% &&&% % #-() ") % & "% # #(' >- % >' %$ # * ' (** * "* *' %-#*%>*- %-(*&% * %# &% " # %$ *% &&% * * ( *% >' *& "' %#-() > >' *" *& "%$ % * -) * * &&% * "**' %-)%-"%>'&#-("'"% ")##('%%""$3@@8)-- ' "% " # * * # % % "%%%--G3@9@H$* "%%% * *&*&**--#&(*%# * ('##& ' *X-?>*A' ( %$ "% * * -% & % * & & % * -% %#' % *%(*&(%-"%%% ##-$*%%#*&%#8@%'# -' 3@@2$ * -&* ( * --% -) % -("%#-%#*' "$# "% # - & % * -&* % " ). - ( %%%& 6: - 32

Literature review (%'# *35,39)3@@5$*%#* -&* (69RG3@#59%H$*3@%)* -&* %&%5$3 #* %% * "F-&M * % %( 3 - *# * "$ *#- - ( 52 %& * 6:%' # &$ "*% % * G3@@8H % -("#-& *D * %% *--*% # #-- *%&*%###%> >' *& % "$ "- *& ( "# %>'*- %#%(%( % $ * -&* % * *% "- "' %##>(%)%%%%(* * %## *& &#-' * "%$ * ""% -&* % # 0& -&* ( % (* ## % % % # 81A "-$ -) 0"% #% %#- - ) % %* "%"# #*(-&* " -&* $ * -' % *D %%#--(GH$*% * G3@@8H*'"*% * "- % "- ##" >&%%-#%>'#--()% "% & # * %- # * % % #->-& % - # > #('$*#--((%(*%>% # " #(' ## - %- * ( "--' ->%# * -#(' $ * - (# -#% * ## # *#(' * L%#F L%F % ' 82% -$ * *& ## # %# % %(*%&&%- $ %* - # ##- & -%%) % " (* *(-- ( -# %% -&* % * %#% -&* ) * - &&% * - ( %- * * "- * &# " %%"# $ * % * G3@@1H%-"% * '" # - ( %-) $$ * --' #%#(% G/H) * -#&?& # " GH % %" *' 5 G5H) -#' ## --%>%# -"%$*>.#& * -#% "( %->-&#(' %$ * %-(%-"%(* -%# %' %%(*>* -%#-%%* $* /(#%***&*"-) &**) *>%%"# $*/(- %(*- %#-%% --%# * *#(' -0"-#>-'$*-%-'(* %# *%'(--***(%* 33

Chapter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

Literature review %%& * &"*H$ %%& * " " %(#*5:%>%%*(** (*%%-%*"$ --')&# # %.- " %--#*%> %% >' - * *% "%$??' /& - ((""%>'W $G3@@9H%-"* * %#(&$)- %"-"% ( % 0 * &# " # ## ) $$ &-'%%'$%)-(--%??' G>-- * "H( % %#' ## %$***??'%-%% # * "" # % % > *??' -& ##??'-& % >% - ($ 0" (-%& #-& - > "% *%&$ %%--') *-&" ((--%#- ""-*&" % # &%# * * # - #- - ($ --') *??' > "- % *&* "%)*&*-'"---*%($ *&- # * *( *#-%!&%##%%' (--*-"% - " ) * ' (-- > >- "% # # ##%"*& # &' ) % * ' (--"% (-%& #0&##% % &% ## - ## -$ * % - G3@@9H %??' - ( %-" %- # %%#('$??'(">-##)>- -&#&&$*??' %-(% (* ## " * ( "% >' 82% -" %%#"')"%) >#>*$## ">%*% %-( ""% &"#&$*%&' ""%%(* - ##" *)(**( ##% >' * '"%'#*%%*"-&##%$ % #- - ( % * "# #*??'-&* $%*#-- *-# - -####") " "% # 8 ( >-' -%$ * -&* "# "(* * "-? # ## " # ( 82%"%# -- ## " $ * * "% * "% ""%% > - * "'"$ ()(* >%) "'"% " "%% * > -$ A* "%(* -# -&* 4 % 9) *??' %- "%% >"# $??'0" %-( % >' / % *& G3@@9H % %$ *' % * #( "&& -%%%>D-' --% * ) * - - % * 35

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter 2 GH * -% * " # - %$ * %' "%% %-%%# # * > % ">- * "--' - #(' % % # ( *-% "$ * * *%% * & % &"* # * (**(#--(% >' * -"* # * - * -' "- *(%#%$ %% -& # -% %)-& - %%># * 992#(' -# % * 81A ( % "-' - *"# % #>-' #%## -&* ) -%& * $ 0" - - %% * * ( >% -&* ( "(* * -/' % (% G/H *)(**(#% " % '-% " %%"# )(*- >& &#-' # $ %%) - -" *">-' # -& * - -& ">-' # * * "%#>-%%-&* (**%# 0"- ##- & * ( $ * * >#% ""# (* -# "% % %) #% >' * ## & GH "$ * -- >%# (-%" & (*"-'D $ * * %-"& % && & "&.' "% % % G,) 3@9@M&%A&*)3@@:M<<%/%)3@@:H)') # #"&"* 5$5$8 % * $ -- % *D G3@@4H % -%% G1 &&&%H "%.' % ("# %>' "& "%% % -%.' GH) >- GH >- & GH$ % >"%% %(-- (# (** (-- > *## & %)*() * ""% & ' "% * % G$&$ >' # & ' H(* *# - % *%%*>%%****--' *$ *"- % C-# G5228H "% %' %-"&#-0>- % 0"--' - " %- & > -"%%$ ( D%# >-%((*%%#8 &&&% - $ * %-(%-"% & %# " %" "*"%# %( -$ * - &&% * %## %- "#( """#%## "% # *%'$ *)-""%**# -" %- "% *"% ' $ * ' G522:H"% % - * %- * * '& -*" # "#% - ## 38

Literature review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

Chapter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

Literature review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

Chapter 2 $$ $$ 3 5 8 : / $#!*,,, & 3$8%"-' *" # # #-($ - *( * %#%>-%(**' &*#-*# #-( "%*>D-'#-* *%F"# $ Z ## " %- " - "& %- >- >- >- $#!*, 1 *'#>-! 2 2-! * >- * %-' #- *###-($*%#%>-! - >-G$&$)(%)()*-)#&)>-'HM >-G$&$ #%')%'#() *#'HM & >* >- G$&$ % *%(') - )>& )")&&)*'HM %$. 2-! * >- * > % >' G%>-H-"%$*%#%>-! "'M 'G- HM <*--&*M "%G&&&%%HM %%%# "%G&&&%%HM &&&--M #( "-0'G%&&&H$ 42

Literature review + 2-!*>-* %-%"%$-- %-%%* ** %->-%"% * D%% $ # >#% * 0 *"*"%(#* *%*(%$ * *D#%(** *%*% # &(* * * *?"% * > "# $ * >- * " --""& % %- >-$ () * D%% * -- > #- >' * - >-$ * #- *D#*%*>*%-%#--'$ * ->->--%)*'*> % % &% ">-$ # 0 - >- -(*&%L -%FG#* #*'(* *D%H""%*%""-' &*#- * % ) * % * ( #-% * > 0"--%$ #-') * % >* >- > % > *' --) * " * % >*% #- ** > %$ >- --'% #- *% > &*"-' -%& * -'"* 0"-'#$ *- 0 - >--%%#% -$ A*%--%*>*%0 - >--%%$# &"%%*#-% %>%-'* *%F"# (*&% *"-##%&*&$ * # #>-'(-- >-% " >'&*&% %## &&"*- " * * ">- # (*G>*#* --#H$ 43

Chapter 2 44

*. I *%%'$ ##-)% #-'%'*$ >--)' *&$J (5'D 2 8 CHAPTER

Chapter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

Methods * 50( *# *% > D-#% "*%"% *%M > >%>% L%*&F *%$ ) * * N *% *%& *"%%& (**"% #%-' > % G$$ *"%*?H * # * G"H ' "-" G(* &% &H '$ *(%! * *%"% * > E (-- *&%%& *-*% "%%*#D->E FG*)(** >& *"%*?$ * --') * N *% > %! Y = t+ T Yt G8$3H &##0') #50( *N *%% *%##$# %->% *% "# % >' %- * >% * N *%)#'**# %-%" %%% -(* &% &"%$ *"# # N %-->-%"**-%** %- * " ># * "# > *% L&#F$N %-% %-$ **. # -/ & G/H #-' "- *% %> > E * --'%"%& G0"-'H >- θ % (* ν (*? % σh G %>H%> * --'%G -%,) 3@44H! Yi = θ 0 + c1 i θ1 + c2i θ 2 + + cki θ k + ν i G8$5H * (*? G8$5H > (! %>#%>'! C = θ C = Y G8$8H T 1 T ( θ θ ) θ Y G8$:H 47

Chapter 3 A*" ;% %)*'*>% ( > E & ( >- θ$ / * &*D%--'% %--' $ &##0') #. ( * %->-(**/ *%*-%*(&%-#* ">-G$$&&"%"% # 1) 32) 31) 52) 51) 82 H - %"%& * 0"-' >- G "%) %%% # "%) ## ') "') $HM *" 4 L %-%-" F$ *%&#*#*/ *%*0"-'"(# * %-$ *&% ## # / %- > >-*% >' &*D-$/ %-% %-$ *+ #. 0#0#(, * "" # -' > &* * # *"* *& * $ --' *"* %--% *"$ * * - # * *"$ "%& (** *>%%%-'G(*D- -H-'* #%% $*#(-->% $ " " # -' # G'H * & & & GH $ * -' *%G 0%,)3@46H(%-'% %"%"% *%%%#%>'&GH "%&&GH"$ *& #%)GH)>(! X t = a1 X t 1 + a2 X t 2 + + a p X t p + ε t G8$1H #S)73)[*##/)%) )- > % ε '(* (* µ % %% % σ$ *" --% & > * - # *" )%%"-'% ") %"%* %"-#*"-#$"- *G3H* *#--%* $ *&& #%))G)H)>(! 48

Methods 49 q t q t t t b b b X + + + = ε ε ε 1 1 0 G8$6H #S)))73)[*##-&)-/) )-)- >%ε(*(* µ%σh$*-7 #*" *(&*% #*)73 %-' "%& - # *(* " ε %* 0"- * $ ( > 7&) 7/) ) 7(./) G))H " >( >#G8$1H%G8$6H*#! q t q t t p t p t t t b b b X a X a X a X + + + + + + + + = ε ε ε µ 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 G8$4H #S)73) %(* ε(*(*?% σh$ *" µ)/)%) ))-&)-/) )-))%σh> % >'%&-D% 0 --*% $ - G8$4H>(! = = = + + = + + 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0, F q p q p p F p p X X X X X X X X I X P M X R ε ε ε ε µ ε G8$9H (* D) +) % "& & * % - " % I >& * ' $/ D >%>' &G8$9H% 0 --*% >% >' 0 & G8$9H) - G3@@:HM *%" #/D %0 --*% & ""%0 $ -' "% -' % %-"*> %-'G%H $ &##0') #. ( & %-%& & %-->% D#%" % )G--'H"% # -$*'%"%--'"%" % >- " *- "$ ) * %- "-' (% " "% # $ *#) -' *-% > >- "% ">- &% - % & $ -' %-% %-$

Chapter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

Methods #GA*)3@@2H$*(->% --' #% # &# GA*%--)3@@5H$%#(%((*&-*%% -' & **-% & % # --' # >' -# G&\ % /&) 3@@8M/& % B& 3@@1M ' $) 3@@6H % - "$ ) * - & * * - ""0 * * -' *( * 0 #(&*# >-' ""0 $ () " %% * * *%# & * &--'# *%*&%$ %#(% % #% - " % " "$ *'" >-'-& &# >' >-$ &*"% * "- %##- * & #%#(% ($ %##- ""-' #--' ">- * "-#' >-%-$ * %--&#-(>%#%>'*"*)$$ *&G-&H"*)*&"*)%*"# "*$&*&"*)*-(#% %- * &% $ & * "*) * - (F "# %&*%%#* - ( %(-- &*$ & *"# "*) * -"# # * - ( -'% & * "# %$ 3 13 5 15 $ " " 8 18 ϕg]h &- Σ &. " 1" θ **-% '" (&* $# *!- %-##-5 51

Chapter 3 #-#% -*"#'%- >-&-*'>%#%>'*>- G#& 8$3H! I$!#&-)*#(***%>''" (&*&*M*'>*"G0'H& G*>'HM!-- &&-%%%* &.M* - >M J$$! >% *&* D*& * %%% " &- # >#***-%*#$ * - )5>%>%>'*#--(& D! p y = ϕ u θ with u = w x G8$@H k ( k k ) k (*/)%)[)*"&-)15/)15%)[)15* '"(&*#5)$5*- >")θ5* **-%*>-%"0-" )ϕg H* #%5*"&-#*$ # * # % * & %# * * *'">- & # O #& 8$5 O * > * --'%! ( x) x 1 e y = tanh = ( x) G8$32H 2 1+ e ' 3 2 3 2 0 $# *!'">-&# j= 1 kj j 52

Methods * ' % # >' (! >%' ( 0-'*( '$ ( G - # -% H % ' ($ -( G "-H ( # * -- # * (--(&# *%$ * ( % # -& -&* "% % "%! "%-&) * - G& -)%% "H(%&*%&&* *%.(&*' *"*& -$ # &) * % >'&& -' " -) & -) % & *( - "&*&-M "%-&) * "%%(* * -%& &$ "% --'"# % # % ") * % -' % -&$ *% >( "% % "% *% -(' -$ "% *% - ' # ">>-'%>)** %%>>% "%$ * ) "% *% ( >! % *$ -&) * & - * * ") (* * -&) * & &--' %### *"$'"% *%D- "% *%$ (.%#("-&'#%#(%%#%>! #%#(% ) * >( % # '-$ %#(% --'"% " " D-'$#%#(%>%&(%' ###- - *%M #%>)*'-*$ #%>)* ""%)* #"--'-& >#"%"$ %>--' %##-*#%#(% $ % # G* *(*(-- H > "- %*#%#(%#%>($ -%## * % #% *' "$ (. % # %&-%D! &- >- -' # G*--') >-H > #">- -) % * --' - 53

Chapter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

Methods " -' *%% -'GH " -' $# **!/-(* / - ( "%-& ( & * %& * &"* -- " ""% %% " G&H$ * ) $$ *%## >( * - % * %% ") * % %. *(&* # * -' * * - # -- """ %$ * -&* ">-# * *% --% * -&-%* -'%*>""& -&* $* #*(&-&% %#%* #--D%"-'! 1 2 E( n) = ek ( n) with ek ( n) = d k ( n) yk ( n) G8$33H 2 k C (* %# * &- # 5(* >& * & &-%%#%>'G8$@H$ *&% (*"*#" #* (G*(&*H&>'! E E ek yk uk = = ek 1 ϕ ( uk ) x j G8$35H w e y u w kj k k k kj 55

Chapter 3 *%- - %#% >' *&% -"-% >' * # -&η! w n = η δ n x n with δ = e ϕ u G8$38H kj ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k j * >""& -&* * %- - %. * (&**()*()*>%>%*&(&* *-%-'#>-&&*"-'$A&*>-&& **%%-'GH%.%>(%%&! ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) w = = kj n η δ j n x j n with δ j ϕ uk δ k wkj G8$3:H / - ( * (%-' %%-' % - ($ &##0') #. $( / >-) (*. *%% -' # ) ""0 ' # * " - # - > "-#- >#& %# # %$ ) # # 0 *%> &"%%"%& ## *&*% >' *)/ %-*-%>>-"$") ">-">- ** %-#*&%%#- " * -"" # * &% G* * / - %-**""%H$* %&*/&-- #* #$ *-! $ '" %- G H - ( G(--) 3@99H "%-(* -/-($ * %##) *() > #% * # * ($ * "-' % " # (* - # #$*%-'G**%%-'H)(***>#*&* &*% )*%##""**#*/- (M*>**##& % G*'">-&H#>$&$#$ *#G#&8$:H> * --'%! k k k k 56

' 3 2 2 ( x y = e ) 2 Methods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

Chapter 3 * "-' --' % " # ** %' # % ""- * " # * ( * """-%*"-'$ -( # % %- (* ""0 ">- -% -"$ &##0') #!$( '>-#"- -% -"$ * "--'*-"#- * ##% " D -& >#">-G*":H$%%--') %**""'**'&-- * #$ () *'%* %%&M *' D &% & # * " ") & * *' '&% "- >" 0"-$ * * ' - - %--&&###)(*- & # * &#$ *-* &( '" - - ( G- ) 3@@2H "- - ((* # &# # **%%-' %%- " * 0 ") * --% 0$ *-& - - * %>% >#$ * *)*()-&*-'%##%"'%#&8$1$ " *%% " 0 $# *-!- -( 58

Methods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

Chapter 3 ('-*G%-'H * ""&>( &*""%"*&%"$ " -' " " $# *!(% -C* " - ( " ( * "% L"-&-F ""&# * " " * -$A* " "% * ( -- # *- -% % * (* * >&& %-% L(F$ *(&* >( * " % *(& &*%) (-- ) > & ) *(&* & * " * &*>& $ # * ( % % ( "% ##% *% ""% *- ** * - -' * &%$ -#&& " - ( C* " % #%%-(*-#">- $ &##0') #2. ( "--'(--%#"&*&*% - % -(% - "-&$ '" # * "- %(*-""'#*"%$A** "% &"%) * ' ' (** -"" # * D% " >- &# & "%) "--' (* * "% *? *& % &&"*- "" -$ *# * *% &* > >- "% "& -) -*&* * -(--'>% %-*0$ 60

Methods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` 49 J G'"- # "# ># &')H)I532` "`552JG>& # "??H) - I G" -H G" && -%HG%%**"HJIG"*H G" *& "%-'H G- *" D-'HJ %$ * " % ' ' %" # (* --'*""$%(*'%**(#* " -%!'(-- *( #>-'D-'(*-- >-$ / ">- # & * '" # >* > ' *&*"%$??'*')#---%)->&%% 0#%'*')$$-.L >F L >F#>*%&# >*" G>( 2 % 3H$ #??' ' ##??#) # %%#??#"$ 61

Chapter 3 a a a %2 1& 0 '? a a a %2 1& 0 '? 0 ' a? $# *7!??'#* *#??#" G#& 8$4H %&% &%& # >*"GKH""-G 0 ) 0 H>' #-" - >*"#G 1 ) 2 )L 1 )L 2 H* >*" #"%(*-& *""-'">- % *-% >"--' -""& % ##-'(% --(# $ -' " > - " >- #??#%G; 1 ); 2 H$ *# *%#??'->G(-%&> --%H* %"#-&-"%>% 62

Methods 0" ") " 0") %+ ' (-%&$ * -&%&*#--(&#! ` /b+` %b+` 4b[ ` )$ b #??'->%' ###??'-(* "--' -""& %) "- " * ' # && -"-#??' -$ *# *% %% > * # - # * -$ * "-*% '"--' >' ""&--#??'->-G9H$ --')*>%#??'">-%>-% " " -$ * " --% %#??# % >-*% >' & *%) $&$ * #&' ""*) (**--"-*#- G2H$ &##0') #$( /%#%-&(* "-0" ">- (* ' % >.)(* - " # % & %$*&' '">- *#-%# ##%"G%c)3@@@H$/-%0-' - *% ""-) $&$#% && # ## -&* G' d) 5223H # "?& " & -&* G- ') 3@@3H$ - %"% * "") * / *% *-% > %% &% %%# &"%$ %%--') * - >( ## %) *' % *&* ) % &"%>*%-%&M* *" * *%$ * )04'"4/ $ 66,, ( * %"(>%??' # ' GH #??' # /$ * " # #??' %- * &% ' ** % > * ") -& " # #??' ' (* * -& >-' # #- - ( %% > C G3@@5H$ *'>%-& -&* %#' * " # *#??' # * $ ""- > # *-D *% % * >""&&%% *%# & >*"#" - &&%G,&)3@@8H$ 63

Chapter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

*% /*!(#*%>% *% $M $ 2-2'. 2'. Methods $ 2 2' $$ 2 NO2 3 / % "% +D e / % "% D+7" 3GeH / % "% +(.NN e - % DL(.NN e - %.NN e - % BJ+.NN e - % "% "% "% "% N(IB : - % "% 65

Chapter 3 66

+%8 fa* >*(*(>-#> 0"% *%#D&$f - : CHAPTER

Chapter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

Data acquisition "& #-- 0-% "- G() H$**-%"&* >*> # * >-(*" G% % 32H$ # *& * "& * (** **% **&*"& # ""-'#&% G% % 33H * * # ' # * ' 5223( -% G ""%0 # ->-'"& # * >&%-%H$ +* % ) %/" G/H * *-&' % #(' % - %(' -- - % *- ")##"%)%*--&*$/"%% ## -% % % & % D& (-- *%>%(*%('G/%&?)3@@4M, $) 5225H$ /" " *-&' % * *%-%'%"-'%**-%$ %-"%G#&:$3H#-"--'- (%) %#(%)-%( >%%%*%('$ /" ' # *" GD) &-) &)% %) -H$ * *"* (*%## - &""$ -%( *-"(* %% I"-- >0J)(** "-'**"->(*-%(%*>-* - -- $/%( -% " * # - %> "%% >' * >' -- ) -%& *-"$ * - -- )(** "-#%"*&-# *-")--'*% &&% > # >-- ('# * %('$ * -"% *"( * *-" (-- #( * --( I&J % -> #-" - *' (-- -' *" # *- * %(' >$ -- " >#'-"$ -- ' *%%-' #-% D" * ## &- % *%>-?%##& GH& (%(-*-&$ -" 0% >' - &- && #D'# 32 -*?522-*?)(**- &#-%$A* *-" *-" " " # ) * *-F %&%)%&*%#*-"$ *%% % * --#D' * -" % % "- *&* *-%( % >- * --$ - --) * % #D' *& " **-% ># * 69

Chapter 4 --(-- " * *& *-$ # *-" *--'#(%$ % $# +!$$ ' -- "-- >0 < -&* % "- >-"% & # >###-(GH)"%%*- &' G>' -%& * (% H) % "'$ * (?)(-&*) > # )-%-&*) % -% -" %$ * >-' # -" *--%"%*%>(*-"(* >%%%*%('%**-F -%&$ /"%* > %# * 51' % * >># * ## & %% -- ' $ *' > "-% >-( * # # * %(') -*&* -" ' %$ %%- -" (-- & - &#-%% "#%('#$*'" #(%-##-""$ ++ 9!"/#: L >&F --#. -% * %+ *-%$ & :$5 % :$8 *( - "* # * % --L >&F*#L"-%F%LF) (*-#&:$: *( * ( # *% -- $ & :$1*(*--#. %-$ 70

Data acquisition $# +!,, L 5-2 8$' $# +*!,, L 5-2 8$0 ' 71

Chapter 4 $# ++!*, L 5-2 8$' $# +-!*, L 5-2 8$0 ' 72

Data acquisition &:$6 *( * - (* %-"% " *( % &* *#% $ * % # * (' 3 G(%H!# 5 - ( # *. 33 - # *.$ # * (' 12 G**%H!# 8 - * # *.8- *#*.$>* (' *%>*%(%##%$ 12 3 $# +!*, L 5- $ 0, $, $, ' +- 910": L-F --#.-% * %*-%$ &:$4 *( ( # *% -- L-F * ' # L #F) % #& :$9 *( * --#. %-)(*-#&:$@%:$32*(-"*# * % -- $ & :$33 %"-' * - (* %-"% " *( % &* *# % $ * % # * (' 3 G( %H!# 5- (#*.33- #*.$* ('59G**%H! # 8- *#*.8- *#*.$>* ('*%# %>*% (%$ 73

Chapter 4 $# +7!*, 2 5 2 8$' $# +!*, 2 5 2 8$0 ' 74

Data acquisition $# +;!,, 2 5 2 8$' $# +!,, 2 5 2 8$0 ' 75

Chapter 4 59 3 $# +!*, 2 5 $ 0, $, $, $ + ) % # - >-! D% 3 >**-%%! *%%# >M *%'(D%M * (D%M *->-'M *%(#""-'%&*D M *"'GR # **%%>'*-HM &%G>-(HM *&#*-)$$! &'3!*--&*`1$3 M &'5!*--&*b1$3%`35$1 M &'8!*--&*b35$1 $ **-&'! * "%M *%%%#* "%M *'G- M >#*-"*H$ 76

Data acquisition *&%(*%LF##*- %%(*"%*-*81- "*% (*% L##F # >D-'# *-(* "% *&**12- "*%$ +7 # --->-%( %%-- &%(>% >'*-(->-%$# * *#'5223 %#83%'#%$*-'%%'(&%' --%'%%'(- %M*-#58%'#%$ ("-%%"(*#>#%(**%'#* (&("%*>$ *#*># 8 %' (* * ( 1 "-) * "- (* * ->- &%( %$ * *&: > & %') %') A%%') *%') % %'$ * & " * G21!22 O 2@!1@ *H % &"*G31!22O3@!1@*H%&(&%'(* -'* # ) * &%( - %$ * * >(**(-'%(! &"%#L >&FM &"%#L >&FM &"%#L-FM &"%#L-F$ *% ( ## > %(* * # * >'(&%'"%$*>%%%- ""& ># *' > % -> % * %-M*"%%>%*"6$ 77

Chapter 4 78

-1,) I*F(">-! #*-# **'"*) *'Y %%'$ #*-'**'"*) *'Y %%'$J ( 1 CHAPTER

Chapter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

Hypotheses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

Chapter 5 -* 1,) * # - ' G*) 3@:4H$ # *% * "- # (-% - "- # ) * ## (-%%*#* *% *-%"# > * *% *- * %%- "- # $*#--(&*'"*! '"*8! ( -5 2$ 2,, ' /* # "G- H %)(**0"*- *"#./"# )**'"*>*%>' "&* "# ->%>'*( *%$ -+ 1,) + & *&*-' - "* G$$) 3@@4H$ *% * >- %- -' *-% > > %--& -"* - &"% * *% * - % %--"* -')& * # $*-%*0*'"*! '"*:! +,, -. 1 $,, $ 1,., 5 ' /* # /%)*%##>& * / -"& % * >- %- -')(*-/-"&$**'"*> *.% # % >' "& *"# - # *( *%$ -- 1,) - *% * # GS *- " H *-% > > # "%& & * *% * # # *"$*#*'"*1"-%! '"*1! 82

! $ 2 $ $,, $, - 5' Hypotheses **'"* > *% >' "& * -'"# -(* * # /$ >-')(* >* *'"*:%1# %**-%*'"*1! '"*1! +(NN1$ D+ ' - 1,) & --' %%% % &$&%-'G(&%'H> % # -# ""0 -' * # %'$ &% -#&--'% %##- "%$A** *%>"%&&) %(-- * >"# & *% -& * > -# "%&&P*D-%*'"* 6! '"*6! *,,, - $,,,2, -. $ ' * #. **'"*% % &##%*>D%%%$ -7 1,) 7 *"% %"#">-$*>- #%(*%-"%$ * %0 "%(* >-# %$###"#%* %-) *" + * # * %- *-% >%## #%##"%*? G*( * %- *-%& * -#%##"%*?H$*-&--'- *'"*4$ '"*4! 83

Chapter 5 *, C1, 1 1,,,9' *"(&*#* %->*%-'*#.**'"*$ - 1,) ' ## #- ###-( * * " " * #**###-(%*-( "%# $ * > # * ###-( * & % %& $&$ -% G3@@2H *-% *&* >#*###-(>%(&$ '"*9! $,, 2 # 1$1, $- - 1, -, 2 ' 2 #1 ' **'"** % &## * * # "% *%$()%*#-""&$# **'"*# %)-%*-*# *' ## * %%% - % *-% *# " "%-(*%%%-"%$ 84

4) # I'*&*-%> % "-">-)>> "-$J - 6 CHAPTER

Chapter 6 *"*""&#*%*(--% %>%*":$*-%%*" *%D%(-! %--#. >&M %--#.-$ *% > % " #&# " ->""(* " * &"% %-$ *"#*%%% >-% #* %-->"(--"% * %- (-- > %>%$ # "# # *"**># *% **'(--#-#-*"#(-->&$ % ) * "# # *% -% * * D$ * D%%* >""% * #* * * *D%*'"*%*"1>(%$ *"#*""-'*&-%(%>%$ * %- >% *-( *%( D%(-- > %$ * * * % * > %%% >&%%-%$ "%& & * ' ) %' * --' -% &$ *# * (%%'%'%%'(-->-#$ ( % ># *" 8) --"% *% *(-- >%%%$* "-*%#%->% -% * %-$ * ">- >% (**" # *% (-- > % -> * %- % (**"(-- > % -% * %-* > $ "" - *">- -%) $$ * %#*%>%."-> * %-$** &"%-%* %-$# *0* (-->#--(%>(**> -% % *"%(-- > "% - -- > %-%$*&#-->-%% #>-*&*"# #* %-$ 86

Pre-processing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

Chapter 6 *""&"!!9, M --#-( %?""%#-) --#- *>?""%M $, M--?""%#-"%%'%' >#-$*-#-#'%'#* *# '5223$#'3 G29!82$ $H--*! [RSW] 2222325212212221 [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 60 60 0 0 0 5.5 G 3 a1 2100 115 12.02 a2 60 95 0 a3 0-1 -1 [RSW] 00D0010D205FD0050009 [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 60 60 0 0 0 5.1 G 3 a1 480 109 10.56 a2 120 95 14.85 a3 180 82 2.65 [RSW] 00D0010D2405D0070007 [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 60 60 0 0 0 1.5 G 3 a1 600 124 10.1 a2 0-1 -1 a3 0-1 -1 [RSW] 00D0010D2405D007000B [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 60 60 0 0 0 4.1 G 3 a1 540 112 19.17 a2 120 83 5.66 a3 60 76 0 [MRBW] 282232122221:322 [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 0 0 1450 93-1 -1 G [MRBW] 03D0010D500AD0054200 [SIV] 988698600 01-05-01 8:30 j 0 0 1450 90-1 -1 G /!B +;)$ +/ %&&/' * ^A_% *-"#%) %#% >' 52"*0% -%G>"*0H$ %*%#%) * ->)%"-'%/>-6$3)!%) #%' G&&& H) * ->-' % GL.F S ->-) LF S ->-H) # G %" H **%(") # G%" H * *% "%)"& # *% ( "% >' *- % * & % GLF S &)LFS&)LWFS-O#->-%H$ %*":)*&%(*%LF) &&LF)##*-%%(*%%- "%*-*81- "*%(*%L##F) &&LF)#>D-'#*-(*%%- "%*&* * 12 - " *%$ * * * ( # *- &M &' 3 G*--&* ` 1$3 88

Pre-processing H) &' 5 G*--&* b 1$3 % ` 35$1 H) % &'8G*--&*b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

Chapter 6 90 * Reorganisation of MONICA data. SET MXMEMORY = 92000. data list file 'BB0501.dat' list /rsw (A6) bpshex (A20) datum (A8) tijd (A5) status (A1) tijd1 (F3.0) tijd2 (F3.0) int (F5.0) snelh (F5.0) intind (F1.1) snelind (F1.1) g (A1) x (F3.0) cong(f3.0). * BPSHEX; lane detector starts with 00; road detector starts with 03. if (rsw="[siv]") bpshex = lag (bpshex). execute. if (rsw="a1") intcat1 = number (bpshex, F4.0). if (rsw="a1") snelcat1 = number (datum, F4.0). if (rsw="a1") stdcat1 = number (tijd, F4.2). if (rsw="a2") intcat2 = number (bpshex, F4.0). if (rsw="a2") snelcat2 = number (datum, F4.0). if (rsw="a2") stdcat2 = number (tijd, F4.2). if (rsw="a3") intcat3 = number (bpshex, F4.0). if (rsw="a3") snelcat3 = number (datum, F4.0). if (rsw="a3") stdcat3 = number (tijd, F4.2). execute. do if (rsw="a1" or rsw="a2" or rsw="a3"). compute bpshex = lag (bpshex). compute datum = lag(datum). compute tijd = lag (tijd). compute status = lag (status). compute tijd1 = lag (tijd1). compute tijd2 = lag (tijd2). compute int = lag (int). compute snelh = lag (snelh). compute intind = lag (intind). compute snelind = lag (snelind). compute g = lag(g). if (g<> "C") cong = 0. if (g = "C") cong = 1. compute x = lag(x). end if. execute. * remove road detector data. select if (rsw<>"[siv]" and rsw<>"[rsw]" and status="j"). save outfile 'mon.sav'. get file 'mon.sav'. compute uur = number(substr(tijd,1,2), F2.0). compute minuut = number(substr(tijd,4,2), F2.0). compute dag = number(substr(datum,1,2), F2.0). compute maand = number(substr(datum,4,2), F2.0). compute jaar = number(substr(datum,7,2), F2.0). compute date = jaar * 10000 + maand * 100 + dag. compute time = uur * 100 + minuut. aggregate outfile * /break bpshex date time /int snelh intind snelind x = mean (int snelh intind snelind x) /g = first (g) /intcat1 snelcat1 stdcat1 intcat2 snelcat2 stdcat2 intcat3 snelcat3 stdcat3 cong = mean (intcat1 snelcat1 stdcat1 intcat2 snelcat2 stdcat2 intcat3 snelcat3 stdcat3 cong) /aantal = n. save outfile 'BB0501.sav'.

Pre-processing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g3::2G HS4522$ D 2 - -$ M * - >- 6$5$ -- ->- % &% L%F % *#- ( "-$ * - > >-$ *# > %%#$()*>(-- " *#-)-#(G>%(**#- &%#--(& " >H$ * % > % % > % G*#- * "(**%' # * * (H$-*&*G( >H"0'# ) 91

Chapter 6 >(--> %#(#* % %# G> *# >% &H$ * 0 * > >- % (-- > %$ > L"'F(-- > ") >-'$ * 0 ( >* &G- 3@-#- @ "--' %%H$ > L'F G - H(-- - > ") -& (* * > L "%F) % L%%% # * "%FM*&#--*-&$--')*> L&F GL3F S &) L2F S &H(-- $ * -(**#--(&%%"-'! 00D0010D205FD0050005 830 5.5 2100 115 12.0 60 95 0 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050005 831 2.7 1020 123 5.18 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050005 832 2.3 900 114 8.20 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050005 833 2.8 1200 126 6.81 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050009 830 5.1 480 109 10.5 120 95 14.8 180 82 2.65 0 00D0010D205FD0050009 831 3.6 660 106 18.6 120 82 4.95 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050009 832 4.0 900 114 22.3 120 79 1.41 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D205FD0050009 833 4.6 540 124 16.0 60 82 0 180 87 2.31 0 00D0010D2405D0070007 830 1.5 600 124 10.1 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D2405D0070007 831 2.1 780 122 7.47 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D2405D0070007 832 2.1 780 130 15.0 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 00D0010D2405D0070007 833 1.6 600 122 7.38 0-1 -1 0-1 -1 0 /*!B. +;#)$ +/ #%&&/' *, $-. M*%>>&# % ">% % >$ * ' % & *#- * % %(* ## #-(-& G* " %* *-( ) * %**%>'*###-(**#--(& )$HM D, M>'#--(&*###-(* - # * %%* * -&- % * " *%> G* # * ' *#-H #% &%>'*%M I, M*%G>* -- #>-6$8H(-->%-'(**& "* #-#%(--&%)$$% * % -> % - G - &H - * %-M D$,, M**&% >-*(* & --' $ *"% '%%#* &%&""%$ **>-%&"%>&%("%- 92

Pre-processing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

Chapter 6 " & % " & % $#!*, L 5- ++ 5 ' " & % " & % $# *!*, 2 5 ++ 5 ' I, 2 M#*>-%*> %%) -% -&--'-% " # * >-%$ %%--' #(%%( 94

Pre-processing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

Chapter 6 822 "%'H % 32 g > # -% * " * > G#& 6$:# >& & ">*%"HM 5.5 2100 115 12.0 60 95 0 0-1 -1 5.1 480 109 10.5 120 95 14.8 $# +!B, L 5-5$-., -$- /&-$ )$,$, '*, -$, $#,, # 2,,, 2,, ' N, $-. M*%*(--"# * *%$ & * %-%-" "* # #"%(--> %$#*"%(--> -% * ^2$9) 2$9_% G#& 6$1H * ' %-*%-"%%*"%(-->##% # %-- *%$ 3122 312> 3 2 G370 *H+5 0 * 2$9 2 2$9 $# -!B, - -$ 2$ "' 96

Pre-processing "%&*0"% 0 -*#*>)* - # *% > --' -% * ^2$9) 2$9_% $0 "-)*0"% 0 -#- ' 5622 *-"*$ * * ' # 3@12 -%2$:$*& "'&# - -&>'G6$3H! y i xi + 1 = 1.6 0.8 1 xh + G6$3H #"# & -- >%>% " * 5 G-H g 5 G" "%H g : G(H S 36 % >) * *-%& 822 G Hg1G(&%'HS3122 $* '* 32 G>-H g * > # -%%$ *% > ( - * "'& & % & # * >-&%$ * ###0 * &&&--%&% D >' * ' *&* * % $ () (& --' *62%*" &&& --#% * % "% &$ * -- - * %> * #- # &&& -- # % D##"%$&-')%'(#%* %% $ - ' G3@@4H % - &&&-- % *(% * * " - $ &&&-- >-( G52%82%H*%*# &"% % ( # &&&-% * && %*%% *%' # * ###-( -$ % * - * &&&-- # * ' *-%*>%"%)(-- $ * # --%# *>-%(-->%&%$ "-)*&%%*-'% %#*""$*&%-%!L&F 2 % L&F 3$ *% > (*-% 3122 > % > &%% & 3122 $ * %0 >-%"- #(&%'G%0 > 3"%'6!22$ $)(*%0 >868" %'4!25$ $H$ '*#&*%0 >(*"* 97

Chapter 6 -#)*&(*"%*?# >%$ 0 "-! &S^2)2)2)2)2)2)2)2)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)[_ *%0*#%>'1"%*> &S^2)2)2)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)3)[_ (**(*&(*1 "%*?$ * %-(-- > % *"%"# (* * * *?) * L* *?F* > %#%$--')* %-(-->%- *?) $$1)32)31)52)51)%82 *%$*- 0& % * 2 "# * > *% * %%"&"%>$ -)* >#&D-!36G%>H g4g&hs335&$ * * # * # # - #- -(G*"8H)*&-*> -% *^2$9)2$9_% $*&**>'- h2)3i) -*&*#(%!2> O2$9%3 -%2$9G#&6$6H$ 2 2$9 2 2$9 $#!B, ' * 2 " & "#**%%>(*& % * --'%"-'% G#& 6$4H$ * " % 3 98

Pre-processing *'>-%"%*"* ###-(%>%>'32>$ GH 32 1 2 5 : 6 9 "-% ->"%% (- 32 9 6 : 5 2 5 >- "- % "G0H $# 7!B, $-. 1, 2 $- $, - 5"' * D # --"%>%"% * *%* >%-"% %-# (""%" %&%- -& 59 %- #(** *"# (-->%#"%*?%#&> 99

Chapter 6 - > G(*- * & * > -> % H$ # * %- > %-"% &*#(%G*N%*-/& %-H)* & * > 0"-%#*%& *%-" "* #% GH " %- *(* "'& -& -+" $ ) * %- %-" * %>% * 0 *" > &%% & $ 100

CHAPTER 4 7. 0)( I* ' *%#"%&*#$0 "-) '%*")-)%)'->--$ ---')* *%(L' *%F$ '"(--*%#"*% " %-) -'#%L "-(# F$J I- ($$ -B

Chapter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

/ C C %- %- %- Q /! -> /3 -> /5 -> /8 3 5 8 Model development $# 7!* (#*.#"%$ / ; 103

Chapter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

Model development "- 1 0-1 1 T (t=5) R (t=5) E (t=5) 0-1 1 0-1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 $# 7! #*N *%(*"%*?#1!&G"H)-G %%-H%G> H$ **?-"#*'S3%'S3*%# 1 )D-*"%*?G,, $H$ )J% %-""%*&#* * >- - (* 1 *? % D-*-&D F=" $*">%#' > # ) "& % * *"%*? *-% 0% * * L &F"% # 6!22* % ># 33!22* * &$ % *" 6) "% *? # 1) 32) 31) 52) 51) % 82 (-- > %$ %%--') * 2 "%*?(-- > % >-* * *%F"# & * # * ###-((* &% & * >-% -M&(*'&**#*N %-* 2 *?D-2$ 7+.( "%#*/ %---%*&*---%$ * &""%#* >&-* ) -%' 0"-% *" 6)%&*% >' --%- % -"" #*>-%%(%-%-" %( )" &$*- 3 - # 31 % g 32 >- S 312 " >-$ * 3 " >- G* & % # *>-%(*&- >:1H#" # 312g3122^822 ""%##(%'_- % 105

Chapter 7 # & # 3122 - "&#(%'( >%$ * " >% G"-% >*% * *H -& 312 g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

Model development ->% %- % * >-* * - #-& % %*"%*-($ -' * G2)3H %- ( % (* *.# "%) %>% 4$5$ * - # * ->%%-%%G2)3H %-%$--- * >%>'&* $*-*" >- % G2)3H -$ >D-') * G2)5H %-( >-$ * "%( %! * (*.#"%%---$D-')* % %%">-(**G2)5H -$ * "% ( "% >-%) -> % G2)5HG2)35H %-$ *0"-*-#-&# 23$&)* %>% > % # * G3)3H * G3)35H %-$ # *) * - # -& - *&% 5 % >D-') #* ) 8$ -- - % * >-*>-%#&4$8$.(, 4 38$1 38$2 35$1 R 35$2 33$1 33$2 32$1 3 5 8 : 1 % 6 4 9 @ 32 33 352 3 5 8 -& $# 7*! -'O "&#* %"%&%%-&$ 107

Chapter 7 %#%*-#-&%%*0"%"% *>-):g35s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

Model development * #* )">-*"% >'%*#&"*%"%#&4$:$.$ '" 4 @$1 @$2 R 9$1 9$2 4$1 32 52 82 -&"* :2 12 62 42 5 : 6 9 32 *%% $# 7+!/-(O "&#* %"%&-&"*%*%%$ ----1g4S81/ %-(>-#%*-#*%% %-& "* * 0"% "% * > -$*#*81 %-(*->%%%> :22 )*&& %"-'%#&4$8 % * # &"*$ # * - # * 81 % ( >-*%>**" #*/-( *%-&"*G6)82H-%&*312O6O3 /***>%#82-&"*$ 77!$( *"%#>&*" >#*%% **%%-'#* %-%*" #-& 109

Chapter 7 "* - %- * %>%# * / - ( %-$*%##* >#*%%%# -& "* *( %$ 0 %- *( %-"%G(*5):)6)9)35)%36*%%H%* %- ( %#@ "-& "*"% G52) 82):2) 12) 62) 42)92)322)%312"*H$*-&#"-%"-'% #&4$1$!$ ' " 4 33$2 32$1 32$2 R @$1 @$2 9$1 9$2 52 82 :2 12 -&"* 62 42 92 322 312 5 : 6 9 36 35 *%% $# 7-! -(O "&#* %"%&-&"*%*%%$ * *6g@S1: %-(%-"%% >-* * - #*%% %-& "* * 0"% "% * > $ * # * 1: %-( * ->% % % >:22 ) *&& %"-'%#&4$1%*#&"*$ >*&"*%"-'%#&4$1)*" -* *312O6O3 *)(***>%%& "%#42-&"*$ 110

Model development 7 &(( *"%#>&*" >#*%% **%%-'#*- %-%*" # -& "* ) &) - %- * %>%# * / % - ( %-$ *%## * > # *%%%#-&"**(%$- %- *(%-"% G(* 5):) 6) 9) % 32*%% H % * %-( %# 9 "-& "* "% G12) 92) 322) 312) 522) 512) 822) % :22 "*H$ * -&#"-%"-'%#&4$6$ &. '" 4 36 31 3: 38 R 35 33 32 @ 9 12 92 322 312 -&"* 522 512 822 :22 5 : 6 9 32 *%% $# 7!/-(O "&#* %"%&-&"*%*%%$ -#1g9S:2- %-(%-"%#%*-# *%% %-& "* * 0"% "% * > -$ * # *:2 %-( * ->% % % >:22 )*&& %"-'%#&4$6 %*#&"*$#*-#*:2%( 111

Chapter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

Model development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

Chapter 7 7 /0 * " -# -- %- >-*%$ * *%(%-"%- %-*%>->% G(* * 0" # * N %-H$ % >#) -%%* %-$ * "% *? # %- %- %-"% %& * " " -$ ' %- ->% & * >& &" >)(*- * & >%#-%G#&4$@H$ 3 5 8 : -% -% 8 -> %-3 3 8 %-8 -> : 3 5.& 8 : 3 -> %-5 5 : %-: -> 3 5 8 $# 7;!*-%* $ %- / %- *(-- > % - * / *%# * 1 "%*? & 0 "- G#&4$9H$* %-*312O6O3*#$* " >#&"*42$>5)8)%: %*#/ %-#42"*$#*)* %- "-%$ * %- % >'#%& >: * %-$ *3122 - ( "%(**3122& - ) >' $ * - *(&% >' > 3) * -% >) %$ *"% "%# * % / %-) *%## >& * > 8):) % 3 5 -% -% : 114

Model development % * %- G&)# 42 "*H$ * > 5 % -%>%*-&%$* "% #--(%# * *% %#* / %- G* * LF -%H$ # -- # > * % -%>)*- %- %>' "&* #*#% $* -(*- %- * * / %- * &% # * 1 "%*?$ 7 *%>%*0 "-*""&"** > % # --"%*?)# -- *%$ * *6 *%G-- *%0"#*N *%Hg4"% *?G2)1)32)31)52)51)%82 Hg:-% %-S 369 %-*%>->%%3@6 %-*%> -%%G**N %--%%H$*-%>% *0*"$ 115

Chapter 7 116

CHAPTER 9 I*#)-'"$J (,N 9,

Chapter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

Results 50( 4!"/#. )" )# 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#*N *%#* >&""%$ '%#) * -"%% >' * N %-# LF % L#-- F* -$&9$3%#&9$5*(* *"%*?*"&-) -*&* * %& * &""% &- * * %& * &""%$ - (* * - " "%G#&9$8H$ 50( 410". )" )# 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# *!-#*N *%#*-""%$ () * - ""% G#& 9$:H) * "&%--'(* $)* "&#*31 "%*?-(** "&#*32 "%*?$* *-%#* 51%*52 "%*?)"-'$ 119

Chapter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

Results *-%"-'%#&9$1* % #- - "& *'("%% >' * / *%# * >&-%&*""%$. ( 4!"/#. )" )# 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $# -!-#*/ *%#* >&""%$ -*-#*N *%)*"&#* " "% * "% "% $ # & #(* -("&) * "& # * * #- - "& * % (* *&* - "&$. ( 4!"/#. )" )# 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $#!-#*/ *%#* >&""%$ *-#* >&""%%##G#&9$6H$ "& (* " 31 ) *-- #$ 121

Chapter 8 * - #--(% >' % # *#- - "&%&*2O31 "%*?$ *-#*-"%"-'%#&9$4$. ( 410". )" )# 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $# 7!-#*/ *%#*-""%$ & *""%) * "& - --' (**"%*?$()*#-- "& --##(**"%*?*31 %>$. ( 410". )" )# 322 92 62 :2 52 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $#!-#*/ *%#*-""%$ & * ""% G#& 9$9H * -*&*#- - "&$ * % *# *%& * %--& ") % &% # % * %& * -- # * # *-& G 8$8H ' 122

Results -*#&-"G,d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

Chapter 8 * "&& - & % *"% *?$*#-- >(8%:R32 %>'%$ *&""%*(%##%G#&9$32H$*( * "& (* * "% *? 0"% >(? % 1 )#--(% >' - >(1%52 #(***"&-- ##$ *"##- - %- * - # * / *%$. ( 4!"/#. )" )# 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#* >&""%$ *-#* %-#*--%&* "%"-'%#&9$33$. ( 410". )" 35 )# 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#*-""%$ 124

Results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

Chapter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

Results & 9$38 *( * - # * / %-# * >& &""%$-*&**#-- "&-&*-' *&* *# * %-) * "&"%% >' * / %- >--'-( * *"%% >' * %-$ *-#*/ %-#* >&&""% G#&9$3:H*(**%-" #*#-- "& -&- * *""%% >' * / % %- G #& 9$6 % 9$32) "-'H$ * "& -( * * # * / % %-) *()*#-- "&*&*$. $( 4!"/#. )" )# 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# +!-#*/ *%#* >&""%$. $( 410". )" 32 )# 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# -!-#*/ *%#*-""%$ 127

Chapter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

Results!$( 4!"/#. )" )# 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# 7!-#* *%#* >&""%$ * &" -# * >&- >% >' * %-G#&9$39H*(%##"# *"%% >'*/ %-G#&9$3:H$*#-- "&#* %- -()*() * "& *&*$ * "&>-(**"%*?*32 %-&$!$( 4!"/#. )" 32 )# 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#* >&""%$ * - # * * %-# * - &" & #& 9$3@$ * "& --' & (* * "% *? "%$ * #- - "& * "% *? & -& - *32 )#(***#-- "&%"$ 129

Chapter 8!$( 410". )" )# 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# ;!-#* *%#*-""%$ * - # * %-# * - &""% - -*->%>'*%*/ %-$--')*-%"-'%#&9$52*(** %- *& * > -( * *& L &F "--* #--"%*?#1 -&) (** 0"-*&9$1$*"L &F --'"%% * > -# -- > "% *? # * % *# ** > "% * %-(*"%*?#1 %*&*$!$( 410". )" )# @ 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#*-""%$ 130

Results 7 &( ( * %-%-" #*- %-%>%4$4$ - *"%%>% "&"* 9$8 * "# #*/ %-)*- %-(- ->%(* 8% > % -%(* * &% >$*--&#* "% *?#* &%&""%#* >&% - - % * %-F "# % #--(&* "%#LF%L#-- F$ &( ( 4!"/#. )" 6 )# 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#*- *%#* >&""% &( ( 4!"/#. )" )# @ 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#*- *%#* >&""%$ &9$53*(*-#*- %-#* >& &""%$ *#- - "& -&*-'*&* 131

Chapter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

Results &( ( 410". )" )# @ 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# +!-#*- *%#*-""%$ 2.( - *"%%>% "&"* 9$8 * "# # * / %-) * %-( - ->%(* 8% > % -%(* * &% >$*--&#* "% *?#* &%&""%#* >&% - - % * %-F "# % #--(&* "%#LF%L#-- F$ 2. ( 4!"/#. )" )# 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# -!-#* *%#* >&""%$ *-#* %-#* >&""% %"-'% #& 9$51$ *#- - "& *&* % 133

Chapter 8 -&*-'&)(**"&-(%-&*-' &$ A* %%& >* "& * -& -* %-"%>'#*("%$ * - # * %- # * >& " "% >' *"&"%% >' * >& " %-G#&9$56H$*"&*(* %-%-"% *' >%*&"%-$ 2. ( 4!"/#. )" )# 39 36 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#* >&""%$ & 9$54 # * -$ * -# * - &"-'"$ 2. ( 410". )" )# 85 59 5: 52 36 35 9 : 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# 7!-#* *%#*-""%$ 134

Results & 9$59 *( * - # * %-# * - &"$*-(*#* %-"%L &F--* G* %-%%)9$6H$ 2. ( 410". )" )# 53 39 31 35 @ 6 8 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $#!-#* *%#*-""%$ ; $( - *"%%>% "&"* 9$8 * "# # * / %-) *??'/& %-( - ->%(* 8% > % -%(* * & %>$ $ 66,#( 4!"/#. )" )# @ 9 4 6 1 : 8 5 3 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 #- - )6 $# ;!-#*/ *%#* >&""%$ 135

Chapter 8 *--&#* "%*? # * & % & " "% # * >& % - - % * %-F "# % #--(&* "%#LF%L#-- F$ & 9$5@ *( * - # * >& &" % #&9$82%"-' *-#*&"$ *#&*( * # * >& -) * #??' -& %- "# %>'*"%-( %-$*/ %- "% - * >- * # * N %- % * %-$ $ 66,#( 4!"/#. )" )# 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $# *!-#*/ *%#* >&""%$ &9$83*(*-#*- &""%$ $ 66,#( 410". )" )# 3: 35 32 9 6 : 5 2 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 #- - $# *!-#*/ *%#*-""%$ 136

Results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

Chapter 8!"/#. )") & 9$88 *( * >% "&"%% >' -- >& %- %& * & " # * "% *?$ 52!"/#. )" j< / / / / (/)# 36 35 9 : 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 $# **! >%-#* >&""%$ * - # * >& " "% *( * * "%*?&-&) * "& $ * # -- *%$ * %-"% *( -$ * -#*N %- - ">-*#* %-%*/ %-)*()(**"%*? **%/ %--&*-'"# %>'*N %-$ / %- "# * % / %- % "%>'*"% %-$*#*/ %- %*- %-- -M*'>*"%-&*-' >-** %-$ *&%* >&-*%#%>34$@R #* G--%% &""%H&%##$* &%"'"->--G&&(>% (' 3# (% "-%) * >- -%(* * 8- (' % 5- ('H (* %%- # & # " % 138

Results "G6$8%""%)%,H$%* *"% %-&*>"%$ *# * %-) / %- % %- D--' &% "# % >' * N %- * * %-% * %%% - % * %> >%*-%*#>%%"%-$!"/#. )") &9$8:*(* >%-#-- >& %- %&*&""%#*"%*?$!"/#. )" j< / / / / (/)# 52 36 35 9 : 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 $# *+! >%-#* >&""%$ * >%"&#-- %-*"% *?&-&$ ()# %- * %-- ## (**"%*?*52 %>'%$-)* %- G&H"% *( -)(*- * "% -( %-**>-$ * "& # &% ## "% >' * & %3:$8R #*&""%$&*&") -&- ###-*>% ('12G &# *'#* %>'%H%>% ('3G & # * ' # "-% % >'%H) >* *%% 139

Chapter 8 >% (' 3 (%% % >'%$ * ## *- # * &% % *# * * " (* & --' G ""% ) %,H$ * &% *" % " &$ #& 9$8: *() * "% - ( %-"% * > &"% - #*%# &&##$ * 10". )") &9$81*(* >%-#--- %- %&* &""%#*"%*?$ 10". )" j< / / / / (/)# 52 36 35 9 : 2 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 $# *-! >%-#*-""%$ * >%"&#-- %-*"% *?&-&$*- -#-- %-# * "% *? &$ -) * %- G&H "% *( -)(*- * N %- % * "% -( %-**>-$ * &% ## &# 56$5 R # * %& &""%$ & * &")-& - # ## - *>% (' 59 G &# B(-- % >'%H %(>% (' 3 G &# "-% % 140

Results >'%H) >* *%& *>% (' 59 (%% #) * % >'%$ * ## *-#*&%%*#* *"(*&--'G""%)%,H$ * &% *" % " &$ #& 9$81 *() * N %- % * "% - ( %-"% * > &"% -# * %# &&##$ A* & ) * &% " -&"% # ## & G & ""%0 H$ * % # & " * N %-(* >& %& * *'"% #-'1 *>&&#*&"*% 1 %-'#*&"**%%$ + 10". )") &9$86*(* >%-#--- %- %&*&""%#*"%*?$ (/)# 52 36 35 9 : 2 10". )" j< / / / / 1 32 31 52 51 82 )6 $# *! >%-#*-""%$ '%*->#)* >% "& # -- %- ' '%& * &" - *"%*?&-&$ - & * % # &% # * "&"%% >' * %-$ 141

Chapter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

Results "%-*-%*#>>-%(* %-*>% * *% *% * %'$ ">- - &* > *&*%D >-&*# )') # % *& * "% " %&-') *() * *-% > >. ##* * ># - >%($ 0,, **'#* %-(-->-'?%>'! *& * %-"! * -"" # * --& %-%*(&*#*" #"%FG*3 "*#"&*-( (**D(L" ->% &F)$&$/ ') 3@@2M %/) 5228) * %% *D L" ->&F)>%)3@@8HM *&&%>'# &"%#L&%F L&%F#*"%** GS3)5)[)1 H$ * > # * -' *%-&* * ' # * %- % * >-) > * %- &%%I>->0J(*"*-(& *%$ * ' -'(* *"& *D > % %-- I>-J)(*- * &% *& > %&%%-(-%&%&&&--$ "#( )( B, $ -""#*/ %--'%$* D)*)*"-% #* "%$ /!B, +D ' 5,9 D % ( 2 >& 2 2$9:81 314$1 `2$223 2$2584 1 2$458: 46$:3 `2$223 2$2:39 32 2$6468 63$3: `2$223 2$2:9@ 31 2$6588 :9$85 `2$223 2$216@ 52 2$1925 :2$84 `2$223 2$2688 51 2$1593 85$42 `2$223 2$2435 82 2$:928 54$23 `2$223 2$249: 143

Chapter 8 5,9 D % ( 2 >& 2 2$4262 12$42 `2$223 2$2865 1 2$1566 58$:: `2$223 2$2196 32 2$::15 36$@: `2$223 2$2699 31 2$:53@ 31$81 `2$223 2$243@ 52 2$8@61 38$@2 `2$223 2$24:9 51 2$84:: 35$66 `2$223 2$2446 82 2$8118 33$45 `2$223 2$24@@ - 2 2$91:2 33:$4 `2$223 2$24:9 1 2$4:61 11$19 `2$223 2$3821 32 2$6468 8@$:2 `2$223 2$366: 31 2$62@3 5@$88 `2$223 2$5235 52 2$162: 5:$21 `2$223 2$5565 51 2$1826 53$88 `2$223 2$5:34 82 2$1212 3@$5: `2$223 2$5115-2 2$6298 85$58 `2$223 2$2934 1 2$5:46 6$9:3 `2$223 2$3142 32 2$5328 1$182 `2$223 2$36:@ 31 2$399@ :$98: `2$223 2$36@: 52 2$366: :$3:8 `2$223 2$34:3 51 2$3199 8$@53 `2$223 2$3419 82 2$3861 8$595 `2$223 2$392: * - # >* * D % *( * * "%"(%(* &"%*?$ * " * -% >- 9$3 (* * - %>%9$8$ ( * " # * %%- " >- & * > %P * -% - # * ">- # */ %-(% %#$*#*#> %- * ">-*-%* ">-&#$#* * M *( * &# *& (* & "% *?%>' "&* ">-&#" "% *? # * & " "% # * >& -$ # ) " # > %- " &# - &**(--> %$--'(**#%&#>- *-(-->% %$ )*-#*">-#*#/> %- % % # * 2 "% *? # * >& &""% #(** * - -% G* %%&"H$"*--'*">->%"-'% % -- # 312" (% -&% # 31 G%Hg32G%>-H$*% --(-- &>(*"%*?G(**- %"-'%>**#&9$85H$ 144

Results * &# - # * " >-# *# / > %-*2 "%*?*(#&9$84$ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 $# *7! -%>-&#-#">-#* #/> %-#*2 "%*?#* >& ""%$ *-)"&*&# -#*" >-# * / > %-) ">- &%# "%& " >-$ *# * # * &# - # * #> %-&&#-#*&&&%/ %- * 2 "%*? # * >& ""% G#&9$89H$ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 $# *! -%>-&#-#">-#* / %-#*2 "%*?#* >&" "%$ 145

Chapter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

Results * &% # * - &# % % * " >- % *$ * 1 "% *? - *( --' &# " % 1 % 4(*-(* *& * 31 "%*?-) * " >- >-&& % 32 G#* " M >%@3 O 322H& --' &#$ ## * L*&*F "%-)-# # * &%) - > & &-' &#$ '% * 31 "%*?*"#*-' - %-$ * 2 "%-) * ' " >- # " 1$32 *-#*&%% %>* &# $ () * 1 % 32 "% *?*'#**-(*-&*"1$32 * &#$ & 9$:2 *( * - # * &# -% # *">-#- >&>%%&*& ""%$ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 $# +! -%>-&#-#">-#* / %-#--"%*?#* >&""%M* "-"*2 "%*?)(*-*82 "%*?"%>'*> -$ 147

Chapter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

Results %"&*33 * %G*0%( %H$*"%*?)-*3: * % &&#$*3: * %-" ('59. ># *.(* (' 3 G 6$8 % ""% %,H$ *&"*--*(-'%## "G#&9$:5H)"& %**@ * %" *&%$ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 $# +! -%>-&#-#">-#* / %-#--"%*?#*-""%M* "-"*2 "%*?)(*-*82 "%*?"%>'*> -$ A* * 2 "% *? - %%) * &##*9 * %*@ * %-%"$A* *"%*? >' -' 1 ) * &% # &##*%%D-'%"%(% " %G*33 * %35 * %(*" >323 O352H*& -- &%#&#$A**52 "%*?-*%)*3: * %> - &#M >'% * 52 "% *? - ""*&>-$()(* "##&9$9 %9$:5*(*#*% &-%*G>%H 149

Chapter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

Results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

Chapter 8 *&%&#$*"%*?&-&)*32 * %& &# %(* * 52 "%*? *%)*"' -%-$&)&# -- * *&*# * &% * 2 "% *?>$*--*%%"%-" %" #*&%$ &9$:6>-(*(* -%>--#*(&* #*/ %-#* >&&""%$ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 $# +! -%>--#*(&*#*-'>( *532"%*6*%%#*/ %-#-- "%*?#* >&""%M*""" *2 "%*?)(*-*82 "%*? "%>'*> "$ *35 * %*&%$>--'** 33 * )35 * )%38 * %***&*(&*-%* * &#$&)* "%>-*" >-* * $A**1 "%*? *%)*38 * )3: * )%31 * %*(* &#$ *" * *( * 32 "%*?)(* **&*-#*">->-&&*38 * %3: * %* (*%%) ' - '# *-&"%*?$ *-*%*#&9$:2%9$:6* - &* $ *#&*(*&*&##* &% % *% % ' * 2 "%*?$-)(**"%*?) * &# # " % & - * -(-' % (* * "% *? & -&$ #) * 152

Results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

Chapter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