Lecture for ETEK Limassol AIMechE APlantE FIMI ΣTHE TECHNOLOGY OF GAS FUELED VEHICLES AND MACHINESΤ By Antonis Simonis AIMechE APlantE FIMI Automobile & Construction Plant Engineer
; ; :- - - -Έ χ ASimonis 2
α ά αύι α έχο ά / ια ή ό α ) LPG Nickel-Metal Hydride General Motors -Η α οθή ι ού α οχή α α ί αι α ό α α ι ή - οθέ ι βά ο αι α α α βά ι α ύ ο χ ο α ό β ί -Α ά ο α α α ι έ ί ι ι α α ί α ά οχ ά ω ία χ ή ο ί ω οχ ά ω θα α ή ι ASimonis / ή ο ) ί ίω ι ή ω 3
ά χο α ό αι ά οι ο ύ οβα οί ό οι ϊ (oil rigs) ASimonis 4
[ Η ϊ bbl ASimonis ] 5
ά χο αο ύ ια ASimonis α ή ια ια ο ή αϊ α ί ω 6
( Έ Έ ϊ ASimonis ) 7
ό (fracking α ι όθ α ι ό fracking ASimonis 8
ό οι αύ >Ό :- ) α ί ω α α ι ( χ ή ASimonis Euro 6 9
- CO2 fleet average) corporate fuel - cell) ASimonis 10
Η ή ί αι α ύ α ό α οχή T (International Energy Administration) - BRIC ( ϊ ASimonis 11
Η α ι ο οί αι ϊ οιό α ο αέ α ASimonis #17% #50% #120 CO2 NOx 12
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Οι α ι έ α α α ι ο ϊ - - ό ιο ϊ αϊ ό ASimonis 14
ϊ Dual-Fuel) Ό Dual-Fuel Bi-Fuel» / LPG ϊ ] ϊ Έ (Bi-Fuel [Η «ASimonis 15
) [Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)] ASimonis 16
- -Ά ϊ V8 Engine ASimonis 17
Dearman Engine Η - Ο ΟΑ Α Dearnan -1600 Peter Dearman Η Α Η Ο Ricardo ASimonis 18
- - «- » - ASimonis 19
ϊ Ό 70 ASimonis 20
-Έ -Έ piston : cylinder (inlet valve) : inlet port outlet port exhaust valve) ASimonis 21
plug (combustion chamber) ASimonis sparking 22
rod)] (crankshaft) Έ [ connecting Ό ASimonis 23
Ω Ό Έ ASimonis 24
Ό ASimonis induction stroke) 25
(compression stroke) ASimonis 26
3 - ignition or expansion stroke) - ASimonis 27
stroke) ASimonis exhaust 28
άχ ο χα ή (four stroke engine) 1- - - - (Otto Cycle «Ό Ό» 1-234- ASimonis 29
Ω Έ V8 Engine Animation ASimonis 30
: -«(in line enginewith vertical cylinders) -«V V» (V engine with V positioned cylinders) -«(Flat engine with horizontal cylinders) ASimonis»» V 31
ίχ ο χα έ ASimonis 32
ιο ία ίχ ο χα ή - ι ο : - 2-Stroke Engine vs 4-Stroke Engine (135m) ASimonis 33
ι οφι ή χα ή ά (Wankel Rotary Engine) ASimonis 34
Έ ASimonis 35
ιο 1-234- ία ο ι οφι ού ι ή α ά INTAKE) (COMPRESSION) (IGNITION) (EXHAUST) Rotary Engine ASimonis 36
ι - Ό ή ο ϊ - ού ό ο αέ ιο ιο ASimonis Spark Ignition Gas Engine 37
- - ASimonis CNG 38
Αέ ια α ά α ια α ο ί ϊ ) [Petroleum Gas-PG] ) : Έ ( Έ α: ASimonis 39
Ό ϊ [Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)] ( ω ) ASimonis 40
(propane) (butane) (isobutane) ASimonis 41
) [Natural Gas-NG] (methane) Methane Molecule [Compressed Natural Gas-CNG] [Liquefied Natural Gas-LNG] ASimonis :) ) 42
[Compressed Natural Gas-CNG] ( ω ) ASimonis 43
- ) [Liquefied Natural Gas-LNG] (Πω Κ - ) ASimonis 44
ι όθ έ ο φέ ι ού Α ίο ogas to Liquid (GTL) Fischer-Topsch (GTL) (GTL ( K $19 GTL) Gas to Liquid 140 Pearl GTLPlant Shell ο Qatar ο α ύ ο α ο ίω ASimonis 45
Dimethyl Ester (DME) Oberon Fuels $ -$ / [Dimethyl Ester (DME)] (LPG) DME Molecule ο φή ί ο αία ι ό ASimonis ό ο ά ο CNG LNG DME Αέ ιο 250 bar --- Υ ό --- 162 K Υ ό 5 bar --- Σ θ ι ό ί ά θ α α $$$ 365 kg > DME Α ο ί ω ο χά $$$ 315 kg > DME βα Κα ο ι ό Χά $ --- βα 46
DME Έ 6 AdBlue) EURO PM Οι Volvo ο ά ο αι ο Oberon Fuels έχο ιθ ί αι έ ι α ό ο οφέ ο φο ά Volvo αι Mack Α ι ή ο ο ύο ό ο DME ASimonis 47
ϊ ) ASimonis 48
- - ASimonis 49
Α οθή (LPG) 7 bar - (LNG) 15 bar (CNG) 200-250 bar ASimonis 50
ϊ ϊ Η (LPG) ASimonis Σ ω ϊ θ χ 51
) (LNG -162 LNG Tank α π απ α α ά χα ASimonis α υ ΦΑ α α υά α ω χά υ α π απ α ραυ απ π ρ ρα α α ρα 52
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) (CNG) (CNG Tank from Clean Air Power) α ι ό ό ι ο ια Α (TUFFSHELL CNG Tank from (exagon Composites) ASimonis 54
Ό Ό Ό ) ) : - ASimonis % 55
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α ο ή ο α ο ι ήο ύ ι αι Αέ ιο ια α ο ϊ ) ) Έ ASimonis 57
Bi-Fuel) Ό (Dual Fuel ASimonis 58
Ό -Ά -Ά - - ASimonis 59
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Ό ECU) Electronic Control Unit (ECU) ASimonis 61
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Έ Ό ASimonis 63
(3 ASimonis 64
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To check valve) Έ % ASimonis 66
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» «ASimonis 69
(gas ECU) ASimonis 70
1 Gas ECU 2 Electronic Injectors 3 LPG solenoid valve 4 Reducer/vaporizer 5 Engine hotwater circuit 6 Pressure stabilizer 7 Switch communicator 8 MAP depression ECU ASimonis 71
Έ ASimonis (CNG) 72
; Toyota Avensis Guardian LPG) :- 88000 «;» ) ASimonis 73
ASimonis 74
Ό ( ASimonis %- % 75
Α Ο Η Α Η α χι ή ιαφο ά ο ό ο α ύ Ο αι α ό ι χι ιό α ΟΑ Ο Bosch) Opel Zaphira (CNG) ASimonis 76
Ό % CO2 Bosch CNG Bi-fuel ASimonis 77
ϊ Ό ASimonis 78
Ό V2 = Ό V1 = Ό ΛΟΓΟΣΝΣΥΜΠΙ ΣΗΣΝ= ASimonis 10:1 (400:40=10:1) c c) 79
(Compression Ignition CI) (Spark Ignition -SI) ASimonis 80
(induction stroke) Ό induction stroke) ASimonis 81
ό ο ί (compression stroke) 2 compression stroke) ASimonis 82
ό ο Α άφ ( ό ω ) (ignition or expansion stroke) 3 expansion stroke) ignition or ASimonis 83
ό ο α ω ή (exhaust stroke) 4 exhaust stroke) ASimonis 84
How a diesel engine 34 wmv ASimonis 85
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ιο ία - Α ού 1 ω ο ο ιο ι ή α Αέ ιο - ί έ α έ οιο ύ ί ( ι ού- α ί ο ) α ASimonis 88
2 ASimonis 89
3 - - ASimonis 90
4 ASimonis 91
Volvo Methane-Diesel wmv (53 sec) ASimonis 92
Wartsila Dual-fuel Diesel (144 flv Wartsila ASimonis 93
Ό ι ( ) ό χ ή α Α ίο - ή Westport ASimonis 94
% Έ 10920 % 5- % %-95% ASimonis 95
Ό Bauma China % ι έ ι ο α ιχοφό ο ο ω ή ό ω ASimonis 96
Orins Dual-Fuel Euro 6 DAF Mercedes-Benz Actros Dual-Fuel Euro 6 ASimonis 97
- ϊ -Ά (Η (LPG) B : ) - - #17% #50% #120 CO2 NOx (PM10) : ASimonis 98
: -Έ % ASimonis 99
--Ό - ( ) x - ASimonis Flammability Limits (volume % in air) Ό α Ευφ ε ό α (όγ % ε α α) Natural Property Gas Gasoline Χαραε βρδ δεϊ Φυ δεόν εναίνβ Ϋρδο Diesel Ν ίαεζ 5%-15% 14%-76% 06%-55% Auto-Ignition Temperature ( F) α ί υ όφ ε 842F 450C 572F 300C 446F 230C Peak Flame Temperature ( F) Μ γ Θε α ία Φ όγα 3423F 1884C 3591F 1977C 3729F 2053C 100
LPG LNG) - 500 Έ 454 C 510 C 423 C 464 257 C 540 C ASimonis 101
% Matter % % PM10 Particulate ASimonis #17% #50% #120 CO2 NOx 102
LNG the safe fuel - - LNG The facts (226) ASimonis 103
: - Honda Civic GX Civic - - ( -Ό Natural Gas Coalition Η Η ASimonis 104
LPG's energy density calorific value of 461 MJ/kg compared with 425 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 435 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline) % % -LPG only has around 27 megajoules per litre kcal/kg = MJ/kg * 238846 Btu/lb = MJ/kg * 429923 Btu/lb = kcals * 18 ASimonis -Diesel has 37 megajoules per litre -Hydrogen has 123 megajoules per litre # LPG is better for the environment but has a lower performance level 105
Ω Ό Έ : ΛΟΓΟΣΝΣΥΜΠΙ ΣΗΣΝ=Ν ASimonis ΟΓΚΟΣΝΚΥΛΙΝ ΡΟΥ (V1) ΟΓΚΟΣ Θ Λ ΜΟΥΝΚ ΥΣΗΣΝ(V2) 106
Ω ( ) ) ( % ASimonis 107
% % Ά Vauxhall Vauxhall Vectra 18i Vectra 19cdti ps 122 120 122 5 6 5 IV IV IV 294 495 386 ) Euro ( / Vauxhall * / 264 595 534 / 581p 1310 13834 8979 12020 / * Source - Vehicle Certification Agency imperial combined mpg **Source - Fleet News - 19/6/2008 ASimonis 108
Ω Ω ( Ω ) (LPG) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( CO2 ( ) ) 138 078 4500 5400 6210 4212 -- 1998 -- 2200 Ο ί α α βαί αι «ίω» α ά % ω χι ιο έ ω ο ια ύο αι έ α ί ο ΥΠΑ χέ β ί Η οι ο ό ο CO βαί αι ι ι έ ο έ α ιο ά ω ί α β ί ίο % ό ω ι ά αι α ό ο Ε ω αϊ ό Π ό α α Μέ Ε ο ASimonis 109
ο ι ού Α ίο ο ά ά «ά ιο α ο ιού»] -Έ - GGE ASimonis ύ ι ά αύι α ί» [Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE)] Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) «110
«ά ιο α ο ιού - ί» [Diesel Gallon Equivalent (DGE)] National Conference of Weights and Measures (NCWM Diesel Gallon Equivalent (DGE) Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE ] Diesel Gallon Equivalent (DGE) :1 CNG :GGE (Gazoline Gallon Equivalent) = 566 lbs (257 kg) [Gasoline Liter Equivalent (GLE) Σ ΦΑ = DGE (Diesel Gallon Equivalent) = 638 lbs (290 kg) [Diesel Liter Equivalent (DLE) = 168 2 LNG :DGE (Diesel Gallon Equivalent) = 606 lbs (276 kg) [Diesel Liter Equivalent (DLE) = 160 = ASimonis = ] ] ] 111
ό ο ιο / Α αι $ / $ / $ Α CEFV 3 ία $ / $ / ASimonis 112
) Ω ASimonis 113
Ό ASimonis 114
Ξ ί ASimonis «bucket seat bucket seat;; 115
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Έ Tata Motors ω Jaguar Rover Nano Landrover) $ Tata Tata Nano CNG emax (bi-fuel) ) 2 CO g/km km/kg) T Η $ Tata Nano CNG emax Nano CX $4402) Nano LX ASimonis Tata Nano CNG emax Carbon footprint : 756 g/km Most fuel efficient car in India Mileage: 36 km/kg Max Horse Power: 38 PS @ 5500 rpm (petrol) Max Horse Power: 33 PS @ 5500 rpm (CNG) Max Torque: 51 Nm @ 4000 rpm (petrol) Max Torque: 45 Nm @ 400 rpm (CNG) Displacement (cc) 424 117
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Octavia G-TEC bi-fuel 1476 : CO2 CO2 / : (kw / hp) 81/110 : (cc) 1400 Euro 5 : 79 g/km : 105 g/km : 35 kg (36 Octavia G-TEC bi-fuel Price to fill tank: 1476 Euro Range: 1330 km (410 on CNG & 920 on petrol) CO2 Emissions using natural gas: 79 g / km CO2 Emissions using 100% bio-methane: 105 g / km Consumption CNG /100 km: 35 kg which is 36 Euro Power (kw / hp) 81/110 Displacement (cc) 1400 Euro 5 compliant ASimonis 119
VW Touran bi-fuel Natural Gas : : CO2 : / CO2 : / : 3 : : Euro 5 ASimonis / VW Touran bi-fuel Price to fill tank: 11 Euro Range: nearly 400 km CO2 Emissions using natural gas: 79 g / km CO2 Emissions using 100% biomethane: 105 g / km Consumption per 100 km 29 kg which is 3 Euro Power (kw / hp) 50/68 Displacement (cc) 999 Euro 5 compliant 120
Opel Zafira Tourer 16 CNG Turbo ecoflex - Opel Zafira (CFRP) - -Έ Nm -Σ Opel Zafira Tourer 16 CNG Turbo ecoflex (CO2 ) -Price to fill tank : 2586 Euro -CNG Tank capacity : 25 kgm -Range : 530 km on Natural Gas -Petrol Tank capacity : 144 liter -CO2 Emissions using natural gas: 129 g / km -CO2 Emissions using 100% biomethane (renewable natural gas) : close to neutral -Consumption (combined cycle)per 100 km : 47 kg 486 Euro -Power : 110 kw / 150 hp -Euro 5 compliant Euro 5 ASimonis 121
Ό -Ό : Lancia Ypsilon Metano ASimonis 122
-Ό -Ό ASimonis 123
http://wwwmylpgeu/autogas-calculatorphp#graph https://wwwcleanenergyfuelscom/services/financing-grants/calculator/ ASimonis 124
http://wwwdieselgasnet/technologyhtml LNG/CNG ASimonis LPG 125
Έ ; «Χ Ω ΧΗ ΗΧ Η T(E TEC(NOLOGY OF GAS FUELED VE()CLES AND MAC()NES Antonis Simonis AIMechE APlantE FIMI Automobile & Construction Plant Engineer» By ASimonis 126