Metrical/Tonic Structural Homology and Identity Between Classical Greek Literature and Byzantine Hymns: a Meta Analysis.

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1 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 712 Metrical/TonicStructuralHomologyandIdentityBetweenClassicalGreekLiterature andbyzantinehymns:ameta Analysis NickGiannoukakis INTRODUCTION Anumberofscholarsinthe18th 19thcenturyhavesuggestedthatsomeofCanon ειρμοίsharehomology,ifnotidenty,tothemeterandtonicityofpassagesfromancient Greekliterature 517.Otherhavenotfoundevidenceinsupportofthis,howevertheydo concedethatthecanonειρμοίexhibitsomeremnantsofancienthellenicprosody 518. Althoughanobjectiveevaluationofthehomology/identitythesiswasnotpossibleatthe time(requiringamethodthatcomparestractsofisotonicityandisosyllabismbetween twotestsequences:theancientgreekpassageandthehymn),moderndaygenetic scienceoffersanumberofdigitaltoolstocomparesequencesandpatternsthatcan determineidentity/homology.thesetoolsbelongtotherealmofbiocomputational geneticsandconsistofalgorithmsthatperformsimilaritysearchesbetweentwodna 517 AmongtheproponentsofthisthesisarePitra(AnalectaSacraSpicilegioSolesmensiparata, vol.1,paris,1876;hymnographiedelʹeglisegrecque,rome1867;jurisecclesiasticigraecorum historiaetmonumenta,vol.1 2,Rome ),Krumbacher(DieAkrostichisinder grieschischenkirchenpoesie,sawm,1903,pp ),Sotiriadou(Krumbacher Σωτηριάδου, Ιστορίατηςβυζαντινήςλογοτεχνίας,τομ.1 3,Αθήναι, ),Oikonomos(Κωνσταντίνος ΟικονόμουεξΟικονόμων,Περιτηςγνησίαςπροφοράςτηςελληνικήςγλώσσης, Πετρούπολις,1830),Christ(Uberdiebeteutungvonhirmos,troparionandkanoninder grieschischenpoesiedesmittelaltererlautertanderhandeinerschriftdeszonaras,sawm,1870, 2:pp ;Dierythmischecontinuitatdergrieschischenchorgesange,AAWM,40(1878),pp.1 72),Paranikas(Christ Paranikas,Anthologiagraecacarminumchristianorum,Adornaverunt, Leipzig,1871;Παρανίκας,Ημετρικήτωνβυζαντινώνκαιιδίατωνυμνογράφωντηςημετέρας εκκλησίας,εφσκ,2,1900,σσ ),Gritsanis(Στιχουργικήτηςκαθ ημάςνεωτέρας Ελληνικήςποιήσεωςκαιαντιπαράθεσιςτωνστίχωνταύτηςπροςτουςτηςαρχαίας,μετα σχετικήςπροσθήκηςπεριτουρυθμούτηςημετέραςελληνικήςεκκλησίας,εναλεξανδρεία, 1891,σελ.152),Mystriotis(ΕλληνικήΓραμματολογία,1,ΕνΑθήναις,1894,σελ.728),Fytrakis (Μέτρονκαιμελωδίαειςτηνεκκλησιαστικήνμαςποίησιν,ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ60,1983,σσ ) andpantelakis(αιαρχαίτηςεκκλησιαστικήςποιήσεως,θεολογια,15,1937,σσ , 1933,σσ.5 16, ;Κοντάκιακαικανόνεςτηςεκκλησιαστικήςποιήσεως,Αθήναι,1919;Τα λειτουργικάβιβλίατηςημετέραςεκκλησίας,ν.σιών26,1931,σσ ,σσ ;Ν. Σιών27,1932,σσ.221). 518ContraryviewswereofferedbyMeyer(Anfangundursprungderlateininischenund grieschischenrythmischendichtung,aawm,17,1985,pp ;GessammelteAbhandlungen zurmittellateinischenrythmik,vol.ii,berlin,1905,pp.1 200;Deraccentuirtesatzschluszinder grieschischenprosavom4bis6,jahrhundert,gottingen,1981;gessammelteabhandlungenii, pp ;Pitra,Moneunddiebyzantinischestrophik,SAWM,1896,pp.49 66,Gesammelte Abhandlungen,vol.II,pp )andMone(Laetinischehymnendesmittelalters, ,II, pp.ix XVI,345,III,p.377)whosawnothingspecialinthestructureofByzantinehymnography otherthanthepossibilityofremnantsofancienthellenicprosody.

2 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 713 (deoxyrobonucleicacid)sequencestoverycomplexphylogeneticmethodsthatassign evolutionarysimilarity/driftamongmammalianpopulations 519.Thispaperisaprelude to,andlaysoutapossiblerealmoffutureexperimentationthatwillidentifytonicand chronicpatternsintractsofsyllablesfromhymnsfromanumberofcanons(mainly ειρμοί)andwillsearchatonicity/chronicity/syllabic baseddatabaseofancienthellenic literature(mainlyclassichellenicpoetry 520 )forhomologyandidentityintonic (accentuation/stress),metricandsyllabicpatterns. ASHORTHISTORYOFTHECANON TheCanon(κανόνας)isapoeticstructureofindividualhymnsgroupedtogetherinto Odes.ThecontentofthehymnswithineachOdeandamongOdeshasacommontheme oftenrelatingtotheliturgicalfeast(forexample,commemorationofasaint,afestival,an ecclesiasticohistoricalevent).eachofthehymnswithinanodeisrelatedbypoeticmeter andmusicalstructureinadditiontoaunifyingsubtheme.precedingthehymns (τροπάρια)ofeachodeisamusical/metricaltemplatehymncalledtheeirmos(ειρμός). EachoftheremaininghymnswithintheOdearemeteredveryclose(ifnotidentically) totheeirmosandthereforeusethesamemelodicmusicalstructureandcadences (melodicpatterns).anexampleofanodeisshownhere 521 : ὨδὴαʹἮχοςπλ.βʹὍΕἱρμὸς «Κύματιθαλάσσης,τὸνκρύψανταπάλαι,διώκτηντύραννον,ὑπὸγῆςἔκρυψαν,τῶν σεσωσμένωνοἱπαῖδες,ἀλλʹἡμεῖςὡςαἱνεάνιδες,τῶκυρίωἄσωμεν.ἐνδόξωςγάρ δεδόξασται». ΚύριεΘεέμου,ἐξόδιονὕμνον,καὶἐπιτάφιον,ὠδὴνσοὶἄσομαι,τῶτὴταφήσου ζωῆςμοί,τὰςεἰσόδουςδιανοίξαντι,καὶθανάτωθάνατον,καὶἅδηνθανατώσαντι. Ἄνωσὲἐνθρόνω,καὶκάτωἐντάφῳ,τὰὑπερκόσμια,καὶὑποχθόνια,κατανοοῦντα Σωτήρμου,ἐδονεῖτοτὴνεκρώσεισου,ὑπὲρνοῦνὠράθηςγάρ,νεκρὸς ζωαρχικώτατος. Ἴνασουτῆςδόξης,τὰπάνταπληρώσης,καταπεφοίτηκας,ἐνκατωτάτοιςτῆςγῆς, ἀπὸγὰρσοῦοὐκἐκρύβη,ἡὑπόστασίςμουἡἐνἀδάμ,καὶταφεὶςφθαρένταμε,καὶ νοποιεῖς,φιλάνθρωπε. 519Phillips,AJ,JBiomedInform.2006Feb,39(1):18 33;Bolshoy,A,ApplBioinformatics. 2003;2(2): ;DʹHaeseleer,P,NatBiotechnol.2006Aug;24(8): Workstobeincluded:fromEuripides,Pindar,Homer,Aristophanes,Sophocles 521ThissetofhymnsformsOde1oftheCanonofHolySaturdayMatins(Orthros)duringHoly Week.Althoughitisnottooclear,theEirmoioftheCanonaresaidtobecomposedbythe AbbessKassiani(KassiaorIkasia),whereasthetropariaofOdes1,3,4,5werebyMarkthe Monk,bishopofHydrous,andtropariaofOdes6,7and9byKosmasHagiopolites.

3 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 714 ThetermʺCanonʺhadanumberofmeaningsduringtheevolutionofthechurch.Itwas generallyusedtodescribetheorderofactivitiesandbehaviourwithinchristian communities,orderofservices,therubricsofservices,andthespecificpoeticstructure whichisthetopicofdiscussionherein 522.Thetermcanonwasacceptedforuseasthe termdescribingthepoeticstructureoftropariagroupedintoodeslargelybecausethe eirmosservedastheruleandʺorderedʺthestructure(metricandmusical)ofthe subservienttroparia.thisdescriptionanddefinitionhasbeenprovidedbyzonaras 523. Historically,thetermʺcanonʺisfirstencounteredinthecompositionsofTheophanesthe Inscribed(+845C.E.) 524.However,Andrew BishopofCrete( C.E.)isconsidered asthefirsthymnographertointroducethecanonstructureinecclesiasticpracticewith JohnofDamascussubsequentlyprovidingconsiderableinfluenceonitsevolution 525. Thematically,theeirmosisamessianicinterpretationandevolutionofOldTestament passages,whereasthesubservienttropariadealmoreintimatelywiththefeastbeing celebratedandwhicharenottiedwitholdtestamentmaterial. MostoftheCanonpoemsinuseintheEasternChurchconsistofnineOdesalthough duringtheholyweekperiod,asfewastwoodescanbecommon.thenumberof tropariaofeachodecanrangebetweenthreetofive(moreoften)andmanymore(the GreatCanonofSt Andrew,forexample 526. THESPECIALROLEOFTHEEIRMOS Toreiterate,theeirmosisthetemplatepoeticstructure,uponwhicharemetricallyand melodicallystyledtheothertropariaofanode(thenumberofsyllablesisoftenidentical andthenumberofaccentuations/stressesaswell) 527.Thetermeirmosderivesfromthe Greekverbεἵρωwhichtranslatestoʺconnectʺ,ʺjoinʺ,andwhattheeirmosʺconnectsʺ togetheraretheindividualtropariathataresubservedbyitsmetricandmusical structure.thelatintermtractuscanalsobeusedtodescribetheeirmosandby historicalaccountofthealexandrianscribetheodosius(8 th 9 th centuryc.e.) 528,ʺἘάντις θέληποιῆσαικανόνα,πρῶτονδεῖμελίσαιτονεἱρμόν,εἶταἐπαγαγεῖντάτροπάρια, ἰσοσυλλαβοῦντακαιὁμοτονοῦντατῶεἰρμῶκαίτόνσκοπόνἀποσώζονταʺ529.itis 522AnalectaBollandiana,22(1903),p ʺΚαίτοῖςὕμνοιςτούτοιςτότοῦκανόνοςἐξείληπταιὄνομαὅτιὡρισμένονκαίτετυπωμένον τόμέτροντοῦτοἐστίνἐνἐννέαὠδαῖςσυντελούμενονκαίταύταςμήὑπερβαῖνονʺ,andʺὅθεν κανώνλέγεταιὡςτεταγμένοντοῦμέτρουαὐτοῦἐνταύταιςδήταῖς(ἐννέα)ὠδαῖς.ʺ,ιωάννου Ζωναρά,Περίτωνεννέαωδών,PG,135,στ ,cf.JamesMearns,TheCanticlesofthe ChristianChurchEasternandWestern,inEarlyandMedievalTimes,Cambridge,1914,p W.Weyh,DieAkristichisinderbyzant.KononendichtungBZ,17(1908),p.7 525P.Christou,Υμνολογικά,pp ,cf.T.Xydis,p GreatCanonofAndrew,BishopofCrete(ΜέγαςΚανών,ΑνδρέουΚρήτης) 527K.Krumbacher,G.Sotiriadou,ΙστορίατηςΒυζαντινήςΛογοτεχνίας,Β,p J.B.Pitra,HymnographiedelʹEglisegrecque,Rome,1867,p ibid.

4 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 715 importanttonotethewordʺμελίσαιʺintheodosiusʹdirectivewhichliterallytranslates intoʺmusicallycomposeʺ.inotherwords,thehymnographerisdirectedtocompose withmelody(andmeter)inmind.zonaras,laterinthe11 th centuryc.e.supportsthis description 530.Elsewhere,anotherdescription(itisunclearifitcanbeattributedto ZonarasortoNicetasofSerres)lendsfurthersupporttothisdirective 531.Theimportance attachedtotheeirmosandhowtocomposeandstructuretheremainderofthecanon hymnsisthereforehistoricallydocumented.thus,itshouldnotbesurprisingtoobserve complexityinpoetryandimageryintheeirmos,giventheattentionitreceivedbythe hymnographersincraftingacanon.aswillbedevelopedinthenextsection,theeirmos isusuallycraftedupontheconceptofisosyllabismandhomotonicityinstressand accentuation,andthishypothesiswaschampionedbypitra 532. Thefullspectrumofeirmoiremiansunknown,althoughanumberofeffortshave attemptedtocatalogthoseknownthusfar 533,evenastheliturgicalmusicalhymnal ʺΕἰρμολόγιονʺinuseintheGreekOrthodoxChurchcontainsalargecorpusofeirmoiin currentecclesiasticuse.theεἰρμολόγιονincurrentuseisacollectionofolder manuscriptsandcollections,thefirstofwhichdatesbacktothe10 th centuryc.e. 534 The melodicstructureoftheeirmoifollowsanevidentrhythmictonicitywheretherecitation (orbetteryet,themelodicinterpretation)ofthesyllablessubservesarhythmictonicity thatthenextsectiondealswith. THETHESISOFIDENTITYBETWEENANCIENTGREEKPOETRYANDBYZANTINE HYMNOLOGY 530ʺΕἱρμόςδέλέγεταιὡςἀκολουθίαντινάκαιτάξινμέλουςκαίἁρμονίαςδιδούςτοῖς μετ αὐτοῦτροπαρίοιςπρόςγάρτότῶνεἰρμῶνμέλοςκακεῖναρυθμίζονταικαίπρόςἐκεῖνον ἀναφερόμεναἁρμόζονταικαίψάλλονταικαίτῆἁρμονίατοῦμελωδήματοςἐκείνου ἀκολουθοῦσιν,ἤὅτισυνάρεικαίσυμπλέκειἑαυτῶκατάτόμέλοςὁεἱρμόςκαίτότροπάριονʺ, ΙωάννουΖωναρά,Περίτωνεννέαωδών,PatrologiaeGraecae,Migne, ʺὉμένοὖνεἱρμόςἁρμονίατίςἐστίμέλουςἐνσυνθέσειφωνῆςἐνάρθρουτεκαί σημαντικῆς,ὡρισμένωτινίμέτρωκαίποσῶμεγέθουςπεριγραφομένη,ἥτιςἁρμονία προωρισμένηκαίπροεγνωσμένηπροϋπόκειταιπρόςἥντάλεγόμενατροπάριαἀναφέρεται. Οἰονείγάρἀρχήτῶντροπαρίωνἐστίκαίκανόνων,ἐπείτάτροπάριαδιάτοῦεἱρμοῦ κανονίζεταικαίρυθμίζεται,πρόςαὐτὀν,ὡςπροϋπόδειγμασυντιθέμενακαίἁρμοζόμενάτε καίμελωδούμεναʺ,a.mai,spicilegiumromanum,vol.v,rome,1843,εξήγησιςτων αναστασίμωνκανόνωντουιωάννουδαμασκηνού,p.383.cf.ερμηνείακανόνωντουιωάννου ΖωναράκατάτονCod.Vindob.Theol.Gr.238,f.33r,inPatrologiaeGraecae,Migne,135,στ J.B.Pitra,HymnographiedelʹEglisegrecque,Rome,1867,p W.Christ M.Paranikas,AnthologiaeGraecaeCarminumChristianorum,Leipzig,1871;E. Bouvy,PoètesetMélodes,Nimes,1886,p.346;P.Trembelas,Ἐκλογή,p.47,p A.Alygizakis,ἩὈκταηχίαστήνἙλληνικήΛειτουργικήὙμνογραφία,Thessaloniki,1985, pp

5 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 716 Krumbacher,ChristandPitraaretheWestʹsconduittothethesisthatelementsof ancienthellenicpoetryexistinbyzantinehymnographyand,specifically,thatremnants ofancienthellenicprosodyandalexandriantonicityweresubservedinhymnbytheir composersʹknowledgeandaweofancienthellenicliterature 535.Itisnowclearthattheir thesisrestsnotnecessarilyonoriginalfindings,butuponanearlierinvestigationby Oikonomos 536 ofwhichtheywereverylikelyaware,butwerenotinclinedtoreference. Paranikas,RagavisandOikonomosareproponentsofathesisthattherhythmictonicity ofbyzantinehymns,certainlyoftheeirmos,waseitherinfluencedby,ormodeled directlyuponversetemplates,fromparticularversesofworksbyhomer,euripides, Pindar,Aristophanes,SophoclesandAristophanes 537.VoulgarisandtheByzantine musicologistkyriakosphiloxenosalsoprovidepoeticandmusicalexamplesthataimto supportthisthesis 538.Koupitoristakesitastepfurthertoseparatehymnversesinto distinctmeterwhichhecontendsareinfluenced(ifnotidentical)tospecificancient Hellenicmeter 539.Althoughhedoesnotquotethesource(s)beyondKiriakosPhiloxenos, PapadopoulosprovidesanimpressivelistofeirmoiandCanontroparia(ofvarious feasts)whichheattemptstoequatemetricallywithversesfromancienthellenic poetry 540.SomeofthesederivefromtheΛεξικόνofKiriakosPhiloxenos 541,butgiven thatthisworksisincomplete(lettersa Mexistinpublicallyavailablemanuscripts),the sourceofcomparisonbetweenhymnswhosefirstwordstartswithlettersm Ωand ancientgreekpoetryisunknown.forthislistinpapadopoulos,thereaderisurgedto consultimagesscannedfromthespecificpagesinhisbook,intheappendixofthis essay.infact,theappendixlistservesasanexcellentsourceoftestmaterialforthe computationalalgorithmstobeusedinpartiallyaddressingtheoverallthesisof identity/homologyinmeter/tonicitybetweenbyzantinehymnandancientgreekpoetry. 535J.B.Pitra,HymnographiedelʹEglisegrecque,Rome,1867;W.Christ M.Paranikas, AnthologiaeGraecaeCarminumChristianorum,Leipzig,1871;Krumbacher,DieAkrostichisin dergrieschischenkirchenpoesie,sawm,1903,pp ;Sotiriadou(Krumbacher Σωτηριάδου),Ιστορίατηςβυζαντινήςλογοτεχνίας,τομ.1 3,Αθήναι, ΚωνσταντίνοςΟικονόμουεξΟικονόμων,Περιτηςγνησίαςπροφοράςτηςελληνικής γλώσσης,πετρούπολις, Παρανίκας,Ημετρικήτωνβυζαντινώνκαιιδίατωνυμνογράφωντηςημετέρας εκκλησίας,εφσκ,2,1900,σσ ;ΠεριχριστιανικήςποιήσεωςτωνΕλλήνων,ΕΦΣΚ,8, 1874,σσ ,(1875),9,σσ ,10,σσ.10 22;Ραγκαβής,ΦιλολογικάΆπαντα,τομ.Ε, σσ.να ξδ ;ΚωνσταντίνοςΟικονόμουεξΟικονόμων,Περιτηςγνησίαςπροφοράςτης ελληνικήςγλώσσης,πετρούπολις, Ευγ.Βούλγαρης,ΕυαγγελικόςΚήρυξ,ενΑθήναις,1870,ΠερίοδοςΒ έτοςβ σ.σ ; ΚυριακούΦιλοξένους,ΛεξικόνΕλληνικήςΕκκλησιαστικήςΜουσικής,εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει, Π.Κουπιτώρης,ΠεριτουρυθμούεντηυμνογραφίατηςΕλληνικήςΕκκλησίας,ενΑθήναις, 1878,σσ Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp ΚυριακούΦιλοξένους,ΛεξικόνΕλληνικήςΕκκλησιαστικήςΜουσικής,εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει,1869

6 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page st CENTURYTOOLSTOTESTTHETHESIS:BIOCOMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMSATTHESERVICEOFHYMNOGRAPHYRESEARCHERS Biocomputationaltoolsintheformofcomputersoftwareimplementationof mathematicalalgorithmshaveplayedanincredibleandcriticalroleindecipheringthe entirednasequenceofanumberoforganismsinthepasttenyears,includinghumans. Thesetoolshaveprovenveryusefulinascertainingthedegreeofgeneticʺrelatednessʺ amongdifferentspeciesandphylaandinestablishinghowpopulationsevolvedand migratedovertimeandgeographicdistance.atthesimplisticlevel,themostbasicof thesetoolsrelyonalignmentofpatternswitheachother,searchingforregionsof patternsimilarityoridentity.thepatternscanbealinearsequenceofletters(acgt variationsofdnaforexample),locationofrepetitivepatternswithinotherwise unrelatedpatterns(i.e.howmanytimesandwhereasequenceofaacaagtisfoundin a10000letter richrandomlettersequenceofacgt),andmorecomplexalgorithmsthat lookforthepresenceandphysicallocationofclustersofrepetitivepattersnotwithin individualrandomsequencesbutamongsuchrandomsequences.alargenumberof thesebiocompuationalsoftwaretoolsisreadilyavailable,andfreetothepublic,onthe Internet 542. Fortunatelyfortheresearcherinterestedinidentifyingpatternsinliteratureand comparingtractsofpatternsbetweentwoworksofliterature,themostsimplealignment toolsavailablefordnasequenceanalysissufficeasafirststeptotestpattern based hypotheses,includingthoseofmusical,metricalandtonalpatterns.theonlychallenge isinfindingawaytonotatepatternsintoeitherofthefourlettersthatmakeupthefour buildingblocksofdna. Forexample,aresearchermightwanttodeterminehowmanytimesasix syllableword isfoundinatextof100wordsofvaryingsyllablenumber.onewaytoaddressthis (shortofopticallyscanningthetext)istofirstconvertthe100wordsintosyllabic patterns.letthelettera=atractofcontiguoussixsyllablesandtheletterc=allother syllables.letthetextof100wordscontainonlytwoinstancesofsix syllablewords(the 36 th and78 th wordforexample).theinputpattern(intotextbox1oftheweb based sequence/patternalignmentsoftware)wouldthereforebecccccccc...a(position 36)CCCCCC...A(position78)CCCCCC(position100).Intextbox2,theresearcher wouldsimplytypec.thesearchwouldreturnaresulthighlightingthepreciseposition ofthelettercontopofthe100 wordtext(whichwasinputtedasasequenceofcʹsand twoaʹs). Thisisaverysimpleexampleandonecantestitusing,forexample,theMatchertool, whichsubservestheembosspairwisesequencealignmentalgorithmfromthepasteur 542http://molbiol tools.ca/homology.htm

7 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 718 Institute( bin/mobyleportal/portal.py?form=matcher).for thematchertool,theusermustenteravalid address. Anexamplemorerelevanttothisessaywouldbetocomparethehomology(oridentity) inthesyllablesstressed(accented)betweentwoshortsentences(orpoeticverses).the twotestverseshavealreadybeenhighlightedbyoikonomouandpapadopoulos 543. Byzantineverse 544 :ΟἶκοςτοῦΕὐραθᾶ.ἡπόλιςἡἁγία,τῶνπροφητῶνἡδόξα, εὐτρέπισοντὸνοἶκον,ἐνὧτὸθεῖοντίκτεται VersefromEuripides 545 :Ἄεισονἐνρυθμοῖςτὸνπεύκαἐνοὐρεία,ξεστὸνλόχον Ἀργείων,καὶΔαρδανίαςἄταν,ἀρθείηνδ ἐπὶπόντειον First,thenumberofsyllablesineachversewillbedetermined.Then,theaccented syllablesofeachversewillberepresentedbytheletteraandtheunaccentedwiththe letterc. TheByzantineversepatternwillthereforelooklikethisforinputintothetoptextbox (ASequence)oftheEMBOSS(Matcher)algorithm( ACCCCACACCCACCCCACACCACCCACCACACACC TheEuripideanversepatternwilllooklike: ACCCCACACCCACCAACCACCCCACACCACCAACC Thispatternwillbepastedintothesecondtextbox(BSequence)oftheEMBOSS algorithm(matcher; 543Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp ;ΚωνσταντίνοςΟικονόμουεξΟικονόμων,Περιτηςγνησίας προφοράςτηςελληνικήςγλώσσης,πετρούπολις,1830;itisinterestingthat,althoughthe ΜηναίονofDecember(December20 th )listscyprianthestuditeasthecomposerofthehymn, IoannisSakellaridesproposesthatitwasAristophanestheByzantine(257B.C. 180B.C.)who composedthepoemmodelingitonachoricversefromthetrojanwomanofeuripides.he proposesthatthispoemsurvivedwellintotheearlychristiancommunitieslargelybecauseit invokedoneuniquedeity,alludingtochrist.sakellarides,however,doesnotquotehissource(s) orgiveanysignificantevidence;ιωάννουσακελλαρίδου,ιεράυμνωδία,αθήνα.αʹέκδοσις, ComposedbyCypriantheStudite(9 th centuryc.e.)accordingtothedecemberμηναίον, FromtheMatinsofDecember20th 545Euripides,TrojanWomen,verses (phrasestherein)

8 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 719 Within1 2minutesafterclickingtheʺRunʺbutton,thefollowingresultswillbe displayed: Thealignmentofthetwopatternsisshowninsidetheredoval.Theverticaldotsjoining thetwostrands(sequences)showidentity(i.e.match)whereastheabsenceofthe verticaldotsindicatesabsenceofmatch.outof35syllables,tonicityisidenticalin28.it isreasonabletothereforeassumethatthe80%matchintonicityrepresentssignificant homologyandthatthetwotextsexhibitsimilarityintonicityandperhapsmeterand rhythm. Byincreasingthesizeofthetexts,thecomplexityofthesyllabic/accentuationpatterns increases,butthebiocomputationalalgorithmemboss(matcher)canrapidlyprovide anansweronwhethertofurtherpursueanin depthevaluationofhomology/identityin meterbetweentwotexts.

9 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 720 Thisisbutoneexample,andresearcherswillundoubtedlydiscovernewmethodsto representpatternsusingthefourletterbuildingblocksofdna(acgt)andonline biocomputationaltools. EVALUATINGTHEHYPOTHESISWITHSOMEHISTORICALTESTDATA Havingestablishedonepotentialmethod,thisessaywillevaluatethethesisusingmore complextestsequencesidentifiedinpapadopoulos 546,withoutanexhaustiveevaluation ofallhisexamples: 1) ʺΔεῦτεπόμαπίωμενκαινόνʺ(EirmosofOde3ofPaschalOrthros,Johnof Damascus)vs.ʺΤοῖςδ αὖτιςμετέειπεβοήνʺ(iliad,kʹ241,homer) ὨδὴγʹὉεἱρμὸς «Δεῦτεπόμαπίωμενκαινόν, οὐκἐκπέτραςἀγόνουτερατουργούμενον, ἀλλʹἀφθαρσίαςπηγήν, ἐκτάφουὀμβρήσαντοςχριστοῦ, ἐνὧστερεούμεθᾳ». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACACACCCA CCACCACCCCACC CCCACCA CACCACCCA CACCACC FromtheIliad: 240 τοῖςδ αὖτιςμετέειπεβοὴνἀγαθὸςδιομήδης εἰμὲνδὴἕταρόνγεκελεύετέμ αὐτὸνἑλέσθαι, πῶςἂνἔπειτ Ὀδυσῆοςἐγὼθείοιολαθοίμην, οὗπέριμὲνπρόφρωνκραδίηκαὶθυμὸςἀγήνωρ ἐνπάντεσσιπόνοισι,φιλεῖδέἑπαλλὰςἀθήνη. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) 546Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp

10 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 721 CACCACCCACCACCAC CCAACACCACACACAC ACACCCACCAACCAC AACCACCACCCACAC CACCACCCAAACACAC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher): Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis81.8%witha gapof3syllables(i.e.presenceof3moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbydamascus). 2) ʺἘβόησέσοιἰδὼνὁπρέσβυςʺ(EirmosofOde6ofYpapanteOrthros,Johnof Damascus)vs.ʺΑὐτὰρὁσῦλαπῶμαφαρέτρηςʺ(IliadΔʹ115,Homer) ΩδὴςʹὈΕιρμὸς «Ἐβόησέσοι,ἰδὼνὁΠρέσβυς, τοῖςὀφθαλμοῖςτὸσωτήριον, ὃλαοῖςἐπέστη ἘκΘεοῦΧριστὲσὺΘεόςμου». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable)

11 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 722 CACACCACAC CCCACCACC CCACAC CCACAACAC (FromtheIliad): 115 Αὐτὰρὁσύλαπῶμαφαρέτρης,ἐκδ ἕλετ ἰὸν ἀβλῆταπτερόενταμελαινέωνἕρμ ὀδυνάων αἶψαδ ἐπὶνευρῇκατεκόσμειπικρὸνὀϊστόν, Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACACACCACCACCA CACCACCCCACACCAC ACCACACCACCACCA ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

12 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 723 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis88.9%witha gapof2syllables(i.e.presenceof2moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbydamascus). 3) ʺἜρρηξεγαστρὸςἠτεκνωμένηςπαῖδαςʺ(KatavasiaofOde3ofAscension Orthros,JohnofDamascus)vs.ʺἜδοξ ἈχαιοῖςπαῖδασὴνΠολυξένηνʺ (Hecabe220,Euripides) Καταβασία «Ἔρρηξεγαστρὸςἠτεκνωμένηςπέδας, Ὕβριντεδυσκάθεκτονεὐτεκνουμένης, Μόνηπροσευχὴτῆςπροφήτιδοςπάλαι, Ἄννης,φερούσηςπνεῦμασυντετριμμένον, ΠρὸςτὸνδυνάστηνκαὶΘεὸντῶνγνώσεων». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACCCACCCACAC ACCCACCCCCAC ACCCAACACCAC ACCACACCCCAC CCCACCCACACC (FromHecabe220,Euripides): Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACCCAACCCCAC ACCCAACCACAC CACCACCCACAC ACCACACCCCAC CCAACCACACCAC

13 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 724 ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher): Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis81.7%witha gapof1syllables(i.e.presenceof1moresyllablesintheeuripideansequencecompared tothehymnbydamascus). 4) ʺΛύειτὰδεσμὰκαὶδροσίζειτὴνφλόγαʺ(EirmosofOde7ofAscension Orthros,JohnofDamascus)vs.ʺΑἰτεῖδ ἀδελφὴντὴνἐμὴνπολυξένηνʺ (Hecabe40,Euripides) Καταβασία «Λύειτὰδεσμά,καὶδροσίζειτὴνφλόγα, Ὁτρισσοφεγγὴςτῆςθεαρχίαςτύπος. ὙμνοῦσιΠαῖδες,εὐλογεῖδὲτὸνμόνον Σωτήρακαὶπαντουργόν,ὡςεὐεργέτην, Ἡδημιουργηθεῖσασύμπασακτίσις». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACCCACCACCAC CCCCACCCACAC CACACCCACCAC CACCCCACCCAC

14 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 725 CCCCCACACCAC (FromHecabe40,Euripides): Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACCCACCACCAC ACACACCCACCA CACCACCACCAC ACCCACCCACAC CACCACCACACC OnecanarguethatthetestsequenceshereinwereʺbiasedʺbyPapadopoulos 547 andsuch apositionwouldbeverywelltenable.foranobjectiveanalysis,andindeed,discovery, itwouldbehighlyusefultoconstructadatabaseofancienthellenicpoetrywhereeach workswouldbeʺtranslatedʺintotracts(sequences)ofaccents(stressedsyllables),or tractswithcharacteristicssuchasisosyllabism,homotonicityandothers.theresearcher, blindtothedatabase,couldreadilyenterapatternofaccents,syllablesorpatterns whereeachvariablerepresentedaparticularsequenceofaccents/syllablesintoasearch fieldofasoftwarerunningabiocomputationalalgorithm.suchanalgorithmcouldalso filterʺfalsenegativeʺmatchestoensurethatthehomologousmatcheswouldindeedbe truematches.theavailabilityofsuchadatabasewouldbeofenormousvaluetonot onlybyzantineresearchers,butalsoclassicistsinterestedintheevolutionofhellenic poetryintomedievalliteratureandsubsequentinteractionswithmusic. ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher): 547Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp

15 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 726 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis85.2%witha gapof5syllables(i.e.presenceof5moresyllablesintheeuripideansequencecompared tothehymnbydamascus). 5) ʺΒοηθὸςκαὶσκεπαστὴςἐγένετόμοιεἰςσωτηρίανʺ(EirmosofOde1ofthe GreatCanon,AndrewBishopofCrete)vs.ʺὮφίλοι,Ἀργείωνὥςτ ἔξοχοςὅςτε μεσήειςʺ(iliadmʹ269,homer) «Βοηθὸςκαὶσκεπαστῆςἐγένετόμοὶεἰςσωτηρίαν, οὔτόςμουθεός,καὶδοξάσωαὐτόν, ΘεὸςτοῦΠατρόςμουκαὶὑψώσωαὐτόν. ἐνδόξωςγὰρδεδόξασται». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CCACCCACACAACCCAC

16 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 727 AACCACCACCA CACCACCCACCA CACCCACC (IliadMʹ269,Homer) ὦφίλοιἀργείωνὅςτ ἔξοχοςὅςτεμεσήεις ὅςτεχερειότερος,ἐπεὶοὔπωπάντεςὁμοῖοι270 ἀνέρεςἐνπολέμῳ,νῦνἔπλετοἔργονἅπασι Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) AACCACCACCACCAC CCCCACCCCACACCAC CACCCACAACCACACC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

17 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 728 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis75.6%witha gapof1syllables(i.e.presenceof1moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbyandrew). 6) ʺἈσπόρουσυλλήψεωςὁτόκοςἀνερμήνευτοςʺ(EirmosofOde9oftheGreat Canon,AndrewBishopofCrete)vs.ʺΤὸνδ αὖτεπροσέειπεπερίφρων Πηνελόπειαʺ(Odyssey,Pʹ528,Homer) EirmosofOde9oftheGreatCanon,AndrewBishopofCrete «Ἀσπόρουσυλλήψεως,ὁτόκοςἀνερμήνευτος,Μητρὸςἀνάνδρου, ἄσποροςἡκύησις.θεοῦγὰρἡγέννησιςκαινοποιεῖτὰςφύσεις, διὸσὲπᾶσαιαἳγενεαί,ὦςθεόνυμφονμητέρα,ὀρθοδόξωςμεγαλύνομεν». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACCACCCACCCACCCACAC ACCCACCCACCACCCCCACAC CACACCCCACCACCCACCCACCCACC Odyssey,Ρʹ528,Homer τὸνδ αὖτεπροσέειπεπερίφρωνπηνελόπεια: «ἔρχεο,δεῦροκάλεσσον,ἵν ἀντίοναὐτὸςἐνίσπῃ. οὗτοιδ ἠὲθύρῃσικαθήμενοιἑψιάσθων.530 ἢαὐτοῦκατὰδώματ,ἐπείσφισιθυμὸςἐύoφρων. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACCACCCACCCACC ACCACACCCCACCACAC ACCAACCCACCCCAC CCACCACCACCCAACC

18 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 729 ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher): Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis75.6%witha gapof3syllables(i.e.presenceof3moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbyandrew). Inadditiontoalargenumberofeirmoi,Papadopoulosalsoprovidessomehymnsthat donotbelongtothecanonstructure,butareconsideredastemplatesuponwhichother hymnswerecomposedmelodicallyandmetrically.twoexamplesarethe exaposteilarionʺἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτωνʺ(exaposteilarionhymnofthedormitionofthe Theotokos,TheodoreLascaris, C.E.)vs.ʺΝῦνδεῖξετοντὼπισύνωτοῖς περιδεξίοισιʺ(nephelae[theclouds]949,aristophanes)andʺαἱἀγγελικαὶ προπορεύεσθεδυνάμειςʺ(composedbyromanosthemelodist,hymnfromthe

19 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 730 OrthrosofDecember20th)vs.ʺEὗρονδὲψυχὴνΠηληϊάδεωἈχιλῆοςʺ(Odyssey,Ω 15, Homer): UsingEMBOSStoascertainthehomologyforeach, A) Ἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτωνvs.Νῦνδεῖξετοντὼπισύνωτοῖςπεριδεξίοισι Ἐξαποστειλάριον Ἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτων,συναθροισθέντεςἐνθάδε,Γεθσημανῇτῷχωρίῳ,κηδεύσατέ μουτὸσῶμα,καὶσὺυἱὲκαὶθεέμου,παράλαβέμουτὸπνεῦμα. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACCCCACCCCACCACCCCACCAC CACACCACCACACCACCACACCAC (FromAristophanes,theClouds) Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACCCCACCCCCACC ACCCCACCCCACCAC CACCCAACCACCACC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

20 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 731 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis86.4%witha gapof1syllables(i.e.presenceof1moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbylascaris). B) Αἱἀγγελικαὶπροπορεύεσθεδυνάμειςvs.EὗρονδὲψυχὴνΠηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος Romanos: ΑἱἈγγελικαί,προπορεύεσθεΔυνάμεις, οἱἐνβηθλεέμ,ἑτοιμάσατετὴνφάτνην ὁλόγοςγὰργεννᾶται ἡσοφίαπροέρχεται, δέχουἀσπασμὸνἡἐκκλησία,εἰςτὴνχαράντῆςθεοτόκου, λαοὶεἴπωμεν Εὐλογημένοςὁἐλθών,Θεὸςἡμῶνδόξασοι.

21 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 732 Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CCCCACCACCCAC CCCCACCACCCAC CACCCACCCACCACC ACCCACCCACCCCACCCAC CAACCCCCACCCACACAACC Odyssey,Ω 15,Homer: εὗρονδὲψυχὴνπηληιάδεωἀχιλῆος 15 καὶπατροκλῆοςκαὶἀμύμονοςἀντιλόχοιο Αἴαντόςθ,ὃςἄριστοςἔηνεἶδόςτεδέμαςτε τῶνἄλλωνδαναῶνμετ ἀμύμοναπηλείδαο ὣςοἱμὲνπερὶκεῖνονὁμίλεον:ἀγχίμολονδὲ ἤλυθ ἔπιψυχὴἀγαμέμνονοςἀτρείδαο 20 ἀχνυμένη:περὶδ ἄλλαιἀγηγέραθ,ὅσσαιἅμ αὐτῷ οἴκῳἐναἰγίσθοιοθάνονκαὶπότμονἐπέσπον. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACCCACCACCCCAC CCCACCCACCCCACC ACACACCACCACACC CACCCACCACCCACC CCACCACCACCCACCA ACACCACCACCCACC CCACCCACCCACACACA ACCCACCACCACCAC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

22 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 733 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis84.3%witha gapof6syllables(i.e.presenceof6moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbyromanos). Takentogether,theserandomlyselectedtestdatasetsfromPapadopoulos 548 supportthe thesisofhomologyintonicityofthesyllablesbetweenbyzantinehymnandancient Hellenicpoetry.However,itremainspossiblethatchancealonecouldprovidethe homology.totestthenullhypothesis,twoexampleswillbere testedwitharandomlyselectedsequenceofaclassicpassage(fromhomerʹsiliadandaristophanesʹnephelae [theclouds]).thetesthymnwillbetheoneswiththehighestdegreeofhomologyfrom theaboveanalyses(ἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτων[86.4%]andἐβόησέσοι,ἰδὼνὁπρέσβυς [88.9%]). 548Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp ;AlsoseetheAppendixwiththescannedimageswiththeexamplesin Papadopoulos

23 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 734 i)ἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτωνvs.randomselectionfromnephelae(theclouds) Ἀπόστολοιἐκπεράτων,συναθροισθέντεςἐνθάδε,Γεθσημανῇτῷχωρίῳ,κηδεύσατέ μουτὸσῶμα,καὶσὺυἱὲκαὶθεέμου,παράλαβέμουτὸπνεῦμα. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CACCCCACCCCACCACCCCACCAC CACACCACCACACCACCACACCAC Randomly selectedsequencefromnephelae(verse1024): Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) ACACCCACCCACCCA CCACACACACACCAC CACCACACACCCCCCAC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

24 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 735 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis79.5%witha gapof2syllables(i.e.presenceof2moresyllablesinthearistophaneansequence comparedtothehymnbylascaris). ii)ἐβόησέσοι,ἰδὼνὁπρέσβυς «Ἐβόησέσοι,ἰδὼνὁΠρέσβυς, τοῖςὀφθαλμοῖςτὸσωτήριον, ὃλαοῖςἐπέστη ἘκΘεοῦΧριστὲσὺΘεόςμου». Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable)

25 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 736 CACACCACAC CCCACCACC CCACAC CCACAACAC Randomly selectedsequencefromtheiliad(δ 127): ΟὐδὲσέθενΜενέλαεθεοὶμάκαρεςλελάθοντο 127 ἀθάνατοι,πρώτηδὲδιὸςθυγάτηρἀγελείη, ἥτοιπρόσθεστᾶσαβέλοςἐχεπευκὲςἄμυνεν. Patternisation(A=accentedsyllable,C=unaccentedsyllable) CAACCACCCAACCCACC CACCACCCACACCCAC ACACACACCCCAACC ResultsfromEMBOSSalgorithm(Matcher):

26 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 737 Thedegreeofhomologyofaccentedsyllablesbetweenthetwosequencesis83.3%witha gapof3syllables(i.e.presenceof3moresyllablesinthehomericsequencecomparedto thehymnbydamascus). Thenulltestdatasuggestahighdegreeofʺfalsepositivityʺinhomology,inthatany randomly selectedsequencefromancienthellenicpoetrycanbefoundʺhomologousʺto Byzantinehymnat>80%.Inthefuture,weproposetosubmitthetestdatain Papadopoulostoahomologysearchamongrandomly selectedtractsofancienthellenic poetrytodeterminewhatthecutoffshouldbeintermsof%homologythatwill determinewhetheratestpairsupportsthehypothesisofhomology,orthatthe homologyrepresentsrandomfalsepositivity.ifthedatashowthelattertobethecase, thenaseriousdoubtwillbecastonthethesisofoikonomou,krumbacher,pitraand thoseotherproponentsofhomologyintonicsyllabism,ormeterbetweenancient HellenicpoetryandByzantinehymnography.Withthetestdataanalysedherein however,itwouldappearthatthethesiscanbesupported. VERSEISOSYLLABISMANDHOMOTONICITYASACONDUITBETWEEN ANCIENTGREEKPOETRYANDBYZANTINEHYMNOGRAPHY Whiletheanalysisshownearlierisasimplisticintroductionandbeginningtomore sophisticatedtestingofthethesis,itisimportanttonotethatanystudywhoseobjective istotestathesisofhomologymusttakeintoaccountthecriticalconceptsofisosyllabism andhomotonicityinʺpatterningʺatextualsequenceonmeter,ortonicsyllabism alone 549.Between ,EcumenicalPatriarchAnthimosthe7 th organisedaspecial committee,attherequestofa.papadopoulos Kerameos,forthepurposeofstructuring theneweditionsoftheliturgicalservicebooksincludingameansofincludingnewer servicesandhymns 550.CommitteemembersincludedmonksfromtheAthonite community(amongthemchrysostomoslavriotis,kosmasandalexander Efmorfopoulos)inadditiontoscholarsofthePatriarchalestablishment.Althoughthe minutesshowthattheyconcludedthatthehymnsinecclesiasticuseweresubservedby tonic(accent)rhythmandnotbysequencesofancienthellenicmeter,thecommittee wasdisbandedwithoutanyformalannouncement(s)orpositions 551.Thesametopicwas thestudymatterofanothercommittee( )formedbyPatriarchPhotiusthe2 nd in Constantinople.MetropolitansChrysanthosofTrapezounta,EirinaiosofCassandreia, EmmanuelPantelakis,SofroniosEfstratiadisandPanagiotisTrembelaswereamongthe 549ΚωνσταντίνοςΟικονόμουεξΟικονόμων,Περιτηςγνησίαςπροφοράςτηςελληνικής γλώσσης,πετρούπολις, A.Papadopoulos Kerameos,Σχεδίασμα(1894)andΥπόμνημα(1896)inΕκκλησιαστική ΑλήθειαΚ (1900)andΚΔ (1904) 551Tomadakis,ΚλείςτηςΒυζαντινήςΦιλολογίας,Thessaloniki,1993,p.136

27 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 738 memberswhocompiledacriticaltreatiseoftheliturgicalservicebooksandtheirhymns. Onceagain,thiscommitteewasunabletoreachaconsensusonthehistoricalrootsofthe hymnsandtheirrelationtoancienthellenicliterature,althoughindividualmembers eventuallypublishedtheirownopinions 552.Eventhoughthesescholarsunderstoodthe homologyintonicrhythmicitybetweenancienthellenicpoetryandbyzantinehymn, theyfailedtofollowupontheimportantworkofconstantinosoikonomouofthe Oiconomewhohadsolvedthedilemmawritingin Whatrevolutionised Oikonomosʹtreatisewashisinsightthatmelodyservedtofillthegapsthatmade incongruenttheidentitybetweenancienthellenicpoetryandbyzantinehymn.thiswas arevolutionaryconcept,butoperationallyitdoessalvagethethesispresentedherein. ItisimportanttoquoteOikonomosforafullunderstanding:ʺΤαεκκλησιαστικά ποιήματαστηρίζονταιουχίεπίτωνκανόνωντηςαρχαίαςελληνικήςμετρικής,της εδραζομένηςεπιτηςποσοτικήςηκαταχρόνονδιαφοράςτουμακρούκαιτοου βραχέωςφωνήεντος,ήτοιεπιτηςαρχαίαςπροσωδίας,αλλ ακολουθούσιτοννόμον τηςισοσυλλαβίαςτωνστίχωνκαιτηςομοτονίαςτωνεντωστίχωλέξεων.ούτωςο αριθμόςτωνσυλλαβώνκαιοτόνοςτωνλέξεωνεντόςτουστίχου,αυτάκαιμόνα κανονίζουσιτατηςστιχοποιΐαςτωνασμάτωντούτων,ακολουθούντωνούτωτην κατ επικρατήσασανσυνήθειαν,τονικήνρυθμοποιΐανηκατατοντόνομετρικήνη καιαπλώςρυθμικήνποίησινλεγομένηνʺ554. Mostofthehymnswerecomposedalongasystemofeachstanzacontaininganywhere between7 15syllables.Stanzascontainingtractsof12 and15 syllableverseswerethe mostpopularandwhatischaracteristicamongstanzasofagivenhymnisthestriking degreeofisosyllabismandhomotonicityamongverses.iftherewasanyinfluenceof ancienthellenicpoetryonhymnographiccomposition,otherthanthelitteralborrowing ofpassagesofgreekliterature 555,itwasthepracticeofisosyllabismandhomotonicity amongindividualversesofagivenhymn(wellknowninmanyancientgreekpoetic works) Tomadakis,ibid.,SofroniosEfstratiadis,Συμβολαίειςτηνδιόρθωσιντωνεκκλησιαστικών βιβλίων,ορθοδοξιαα (1926),ππ ,Efstratiadis,Ταλειτουργικάτηςεκκλησίας βιβλία,inρωμανόςομελωδόςα (1933),στ ,andE.Pantelakis,Τασιναϊτικά χειρόγραφατωνλειτουργικώνβιβλίωντηςορθοδόξουεκκλησίαςinbnj11(1934),pp KonstantinosOikonomouofOikonome,Περίτηςγνησίαςπροφοράςτηςελληνικής γλώσσης,st Petersburg(1830)pp Alsocf.Krumbacher Sotiriadou,Bʹp.590(Krumbacher Σωτηριάδου,Ιστορίατηςβυζαντινής λογοτεχνίας,τομ.1 3,Αθήναι, ) 555ΘεοδώρουΞύδη,ΒυζαντινήΥμνογραφία,Αθήναι, E.Pantelakis,Αιαρχαίτηςεκκλησιαστικήςποιήσεως,ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ,15,1937,σ.28;N. KonstantopoulosΗαρχαίαελληνικήμετρικήεντηβυζαντινήλειτουργικήυμνογραφία, Αθήναι1954,p.115

28 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 739 Itisbeyondthescopeofthisessaytore examinethepositionsofallscholarproponents ofafulldegreeofhomologybetweenancienthellenicpoetryandbyzantine hymnography,evenusingthesametestdatashownearlier.nonetheless, biocomputationaltoolsofferaplatformtouseanadditionalʺletterʺofthegeneticcode inassigningisosyllabictractsoftextandinassigninghomotonictractsoftextpriorto analysis. CONCLUSION:ONTHEWHY,ANDAPROPOSALFORNEWFRONTIERSAND THENEEDFORDATABASES IffuturestudiesgeneratemoreconclusivedatathatsupportthethesisofOikonomou andhiscontemporaries,thattractsofancienthellenicliteraturearehomologousintonic syllabismtobyzantinehymns,withthecanonastheeminentrecipientofsuchstructure fromthehymnographersofthe6 th centuryonward,thequestionthatremains unansweredis,why? Anumberofhypothesescanbeputforward.Theonewiththemostconvincingbodyof supportisthatwhichsuggeststhattheearlychristianhymnographers,usedelementsof ancienthellenicliteratureandmusicasacountertothegnosticmovementswhowere alreadyusingthemamongthosesensitivetohellenismtorecruitthesemembersinto theirowncommunities.inotherwords,thesametoolswereadoptedbyboththe mainstreamchristianscholarsandthegnostics.thesetoolsandmethodswereadopted bytheformerasaresponseandcountertothelatter.withgnosticismatitspeak,inthe 4 th 6 th century,itwasinevitablethathymnologywouldbeatoolinthebattlegroundto defineissueslikechristʹsdivinityandnature.thegnosticshaddevelopedhymnology toconsiderablecomplexityandfinessebythe4 th century.augustinegoessofarasto statethatthegnosticsownedhymnology 557.Schattenmanndescribesthedevelopmentof ahymnbasedonthegnosticepistleofjudasanditsinclusioninhereticalversionsofthe newtestamentinthe3 rd 4 th century 558.Thegnosticandheretichymnsdevelopedawide andpopularfollowingasfilostorgiosdescribes 559.Despitethegrowingcorpusof gnostichymnographyalongthelinesofancienthellenicliterature,manydidnot possesstheconsiderablehelleniceducationthatthemainstreamchristian hymnographerspossessed.thishighlevelofknowledgeofhellenicpoetryandmusic ledtoworksthatwerebeyondanythingthatthegnosticscouldoffer.athanasius,basil, EphraimofSyriaandAmbroseofMilanwerefront linecombatantsagainstthegnostic heresiesusingtheirowntoolsasweapons.knowledgeofprosody,tonicityand 557Αυγουστίνος,Επιστολή237adGeretium,PL,33,στ SchattenmannJ,Studienzumneutestamentlichenprosahymnus,Munchen,1965,pp Αθανασίου,Λόγοςκατάαρειανών,1 10,PatrologiaeGraecae,Migne,26,στ.16,24,32; Φιλοστοργίου,ΕκκλησιαστικήΙστορία,PatrologiaeGraecae,Migne,65,στ.465

29 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 740 syllabisminstructuringhymnsamongthemainstreamhymnographershasbeenwellcharecterised 560. Whilethewhyremainsunansweredtothesatisfactionofscholarsengagedinthislineof investigation,themethodsarenowavailabletofurthertestthethesis.onourtestdata, onecanarguethatthetestsequenceshereinwereʺbiasedʺbypapadopoulos 561 andsuch apositionwouldbeverywelltenable.foranobjectiveanalysis,andindeed,discovery, itwouldbehighlyusefultoconstructadatabaseofancienthellenicpoetrywhereeach workswouldbeʺtranslatedʺintotracts(sequences)ofaccents(stressedsyllables),or tractswithcharacteristicssuchasisosyllabism,homotonicityandothers.theresearcher, blindtothedatabase,couldreadilyenterapatternofaccents,syllablesorpatterns whereeachvariablerepresentedaparticularsequenceofaccents/syllablesintoasearch fieldofasoftwarerunningabiocomputationalalgorithm.suchanalgorithmcouldalso filterʺfalsenegativeʺmatchestoensurethatthehomologousmatcheswouldindeedbe truematches.theavailabilityofsuchadatabasewouldbeofenormousvaluetonot onlybyzantineresearchers,butalsoclassicistsinterestedintheevolutionofhellenic poetryintomedievalliteratureandsubsequentinteractionswithmusic. 560GeorgesFlorovsky,CollectedWorks,vols.7 9,NordlandPubl Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp

30 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH page 741 APPENDIX: SCANSOFPAGESFROMPAPADOPOULOS 562 LISTINGTHEHYMNSWITH PUTATIVEHOMOLOGYINMETER/TONICSTRUCTURETOANCIENTHELLENIC POETRY 562Γ.Ι.Παπαδόπουλος,Συμβολαίειςτηνιστορίαντηςπαρ ημίνεκκλησιαστικήςμουσικής,εν Αθήναις,1890,pp

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