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1 !#$#%&'()*+,#!-( #%,-.-%,#/%+(0/( /00-%1-+(2#,3($-%,&'( #''%-++4(-.&'*&,#/%(/0( $-%,&'(3-&',3(!/*,+( #%(5/%6(&%1(5//7'8%9( %-2(8/7((!( 0#%&'(-:/,(!!( 7CBC=C($C==>GH7CD<( 7>1<EG(7>B( +CIC(1<JEAH+;<II>==( )*'+&&&&&&&&&!(,'-$'.&/01/& Ridge House Final Report

2 !#$%&'()*+($,- The authors thank the many people whose support and contributions made this research possible. Foremost, we wish to acknowledge the contributions and assistance of the dedicated staff of the Bronx and Brooklyn Mental Health Court programs, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), and the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). While it is impossible to name the many staff who assisted us with this study, we would like to highlight the special contributions of the following individuals: Bronx TASC Mental Health Court Program Judge John P. Collins; Dr. Charles Amrhein; Cynthea Kimmelman-DeVries; Ryna Dery Brooklyn Mental Health Court Judge Matthew D Emic; Lucille Jackson Center for Court Innovation Michael Rempel; Carol Fisler; Sarah Fritsche New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Dr. Daniel Selling; Dominic Domingo; Patricia Brown; Louise Cohen; Suzette Gordon; Dr. Jason Hershberger; Dr. Charles Luther; Olivette Burton; Jacqueline Rivera New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services David J. van Alstyne; Renee Konicki; Diane Cavin We also extend our appreciation to Marilyn Moses, Social Science Analyst, at the National Institute of Justice, for her support and guidance throughout the study, and to Ruby Qazilbash, Senior Policy Advisor for Substance Abuse and Mental Health, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, for sharing her insights and expertise. Additionally, we thank Nancy LaVigne, Director of the UI Justice Policy Center, Julie Samuels, Rayanne Hawkins, Lynn Johnson, Katie Johnson, and Aaron Horvath for their support and assistance in completion of the final report. Although we appreciate the contribution of those noted above, and any others inadvertently omitted, the authors acknowledge their responsibility for any errors within this report. This report is dedicated to the late Laura Winterfield, Ph.D. the project s original Principal Investigator.

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18 Therapeutic jurisprudence+&-!(-(),(5*:,5'95*-,7/+'&0*/9'*-0,7=*9-*/(&!8+'&#*+-<0)&-&0!,5&9(0&8*-1,7!/*,-9++&'(*/=<,:'&6!7:'*-*,'0) 0&7-*7-9-(),(0&*'0*/('*,(8*7(!-,-*..*0(!#*,-#&597(,'<('*,(8*7(F`7:5!71 N'*0)(1,7/Y,//,)!,7$BBDON*5*7I&$BBBO[&55!7-,7/`55!-&7$BRJOM*h*&7 $BRR,1$BRR=OZ9==,'/1Y,'-/*71*(,53$BRBOh,6*7(,51Y0[5*55,71*(,53$BBCO Procedural justice theory+'*/!0(-(),(!7/!#!/9,5-,'*,-0&70*'7*/,=&9(.,!' +'&0*/9'*-,7/'*-+*0(.95('*,(8*7(=<5*:,5,9()&'!(!*-,-()*<,'*,=&9(()* &9(0&8*-&.()*!'!7(*',0(!&7-6!()()*0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*-<-(*83S)*5!(*',(9'* -9::*-(-(),(!7/!#!/9,5-^T9/:8*7(-&.+'&0*/9',5.,!'7*---),+*-()*!' +*'0*+(!&7-&.()*5*:!(!8,0<&.,7/-,(!-.,0(!&76!()5*:,5,9()&'!(!*-16)!0)!7 (9'7!7.59*70*-()*!'0&8+5!,70*6!()()*5,6,7//*0!-!&7-8,/*=<()&-*!7,9()&'!(<F[,-+*'1S<5*'1,7/%!-)*'$BRRO%&5:*'$BEEOi&((.'*/-&71\*,'5*<1*(,53HDDEOh!7/$BRHOh!7/1\,7.*'1,7/a,'5*<$BBDOh!7/,7/S<5*'$BRRO +*'0*!#*()*<),#*=**7('*,(*/.,!'5<=<()*-<-(*80,7/*8&7-(',(*=*((*' Deterrence theory)&5/-(),(()*()'*,(&'*;+*'!*70*&.,+97!-)8*7(.&',7!7.',0(!&76!55'*/90*()*5!i*5!)&&/(),(()*!7.',0(!&76!55=*'*+*,(*/o!3*31,0(9,5&'()'*,(*7*/-,70(!&7--)&95//*(*'0'!8*f-**b&8,71b&--8,7,7/ )&5/-(),(=<!70'*,-!7:()*+'&=,=!5!(<(),(,+,'(!095,'!7.',0(!&76!55=* +97!-)*/18!-=*),#!&'6!55=*'*/90*/3713)8)3'0$++#3+&-!(-(),(,7!7/!#!/9,5^-&67+97!-)8*7(*;+*'!*70*6!55,..*0()!-f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g!70'*8*7(,55<8&'*-('!7:*7('*-+&7-*-(&0&7(!79!7:!7.',0(!&7-g,- 8*0),7!-8-(&/*(*'.9(9'*&..*7/!7:3S)*'*),#*=**7.*6/!'*0(-(9/!*-&.()* +*'0*+(!&7-&./*(*''*70*),/=*((*'&9(0&8*-(),7()&-*6!()5&6*'5*#*5-&.

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27 (+,!%- :/ %0$1!2&) 5%*2;) )5 3%!+&5* S)!--(9/<0&7-!-(-&.+'&0*--,7/!8+,0(*#,59,(!&70&8+&7*7(-(),(/',6&7895(!+5* &9(0&8*-3S)*!8+,0(*#,59,(!&7.*,(9'*-,L9,-!G*;+*'!8*7(,5/*-!:7,7/*8+5&<- 0&9'(^-('*,(8*7(-,8+5*3U7()!--*0(!&716*/*-0'!=*()*-(9/<^-8*()&/-,7/-,8+5* 0&7-('90(!&73h!8!(,(!&7-,7/0&7-!/*',(!&7-,--&0!,(*/6!()()*.!7,5/*-!:7,'* /!-09--*/!7[),+(*'C3!MG,RSFSLGI *NYIZ U7V0(&=*'HDD_1WUX-*5*0(*/2U(&*#,59,(*(6&/!-(!70(0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*!7(*'#*7(!&7-.&'&..*7/*'-6!()8*7(,5!557*--?()*N'&&I5<7Y*7(,5Z*,5()[&9'(1,-+*0!,5!A*/ +'&=5*8G-&5#!7:0&9'(&+*',(!7:!7()*49+'*8*[&9'(!7N'&&I5<71W]1,7/()*Q!7*55,- V..!0*!7[5*,'6,(*'1%h3S)**#,59,(!&76,-!7(*7/*/(&,7-6*'()*.&55&6!7:L9*-(!&7-? M&*-*!()*'8&/*5'*/90*+,'(!0!+,7(-^0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*!7#&5#*8*7(m M&*-*!()*'8&/*5!70'*,-*,00*--(&1+,'(!0!+,(!&7!71&''*(*7(!&7!78*7(,5 )*,5()('*,(8*7(m U-*!()*'8&/*50&-(G*..*0(!#*0&8+,'*/(&=9-!7*--G,-G9-9,51,7/!-&7*8&'*0&-( *..*0(!#*(),7()*&()*'m N*0,9-*()*(6&!7(*'#*7(!&7-/!..*'*/-!:7!.!0,7(5<!7()*!',++'&,0)*-(&6,'/&..*7/*'- 6!()8*7(,5!557*--,7/()*!'&+*',(!&7,5-('90(9'*-12U/*#*5&+*/-*+,',(*,7/-5!:)(5< /!..*'*7(*#,59,(!&7/*-!:7-(',(*:!*-.&'*,0)3 R a#,59,(!&7,0(!#!(!*-=*:,7!7*,0)-!(*!7 *,'5<HDDC1.&55&6!7:WUX^-,++'&#,5&.2U^-+'&+&-*/*#,59,(!&7-(',(*:!*-3 `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`5()&9:)=&()-(',(*:!*-*8+5&<*/L9,-!G*;+*'!8*7(,5/*-!:7-6!()!8+,0(,7/+'&0*--*#,59,(!&7 0&8+&7*7(-1,-6*55,-0&-(G=*7*.!(,7/(',7-.*',=!5!(<,7,5<-*-1()*W*6]&'I*#,59,(!&7'*5!*/&7,/8!7!-(',(!#*'*0&'/-/,(,,7/,'*('&-+*0(!#*-,8+5*16)!5*()*%5&'!/,-(9/<'*L9!'*/,+'&-+*0(!#* -,8+5!7:,++'&,0)!7(6&T9'!-/!0(!&7-F('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7@3a#,59,(!&7/*-!:7'*+&'(-.&'=&()-!(*- 6*'*+'*-*7(*/(&WUX.&''*#!*6,7/,++'&#,5!7*,'5<HDDC3

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34 S'*,(8*7(:'&9+0,-*-),/(&=*YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-F!7/!#!/9,5-6)&6*'* [&8+,'!-&70,-*-),/(&),#*=**7c/**8*/d&'c/*-!:7,(*/d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c/*-!:7,(*/d&'c/**8*/d,-*5!:!=5*.&'b+%0'c-*'#!0*-!7()*mvzyz/,(,=,-*3 W#$# J=Y<3-3$34( #(+ V3)& 84(-$%<=$34( 4!70*()*-(9/<9-*/'*('&-+*0(!#*-,8+5*-/',67.'&8,/8!7!-(',(!#*'*0&'/-/,(,1!7.&'8*/0&7-*7(6,-7&(&=(,!7*/.'&8!7/!#!/9,5&..*7/*'-3S&8,!7(,!7()* 0&7.!/*7(!,5!(<&.()*/,(,,7/()*,7&7<8!(<&.!7/!#!/9,5'*-*,'0)-9=T*0(-12U,7/!(- -(9/<+,'(7*'-/*#!-*/,(6&G-(*++'&(&0&5(&+'&#!/*'*/,0(*/1=9(5!7I,=5*,7,5<(!0 /,(,-*(-(&2U9-!7:,#*((*/!7(*'8*/!,'<,:*70<327/*'()*(6&G-(*++'&(&0&51()*W]4 M[X4-*'#*/,-()*!7(*'8*/!,'<=<,--!:7!7:97!L9*1',7/&81,7&7<8&9-'*-*,'0)UM- $_ cm*-!:7,(*/d!7/!#!/9,5-6*'*/*(*'8!7*/(&=*-9..!0!*7(5<8*7(,55<!55(&l9,5!.<.&'-*'#!0*-,.(*' ),#!7::&7*()'&9:),-*'!*-&.T,!5G=,-*/8*7(,5)*,5(),--*--8*7(-Oc/**8*/d!7/!#!/9,5-'*0*!#*/, =,-*5!7*,8&97(&.8*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(!7T,!51=9(6*'*'*5*,-*/.'&809-(&/<=*.&'*()*.955,--*--8*7(6,-0&8+5*(*/3 $C S)*!7!(!,5MVZYZ/,(,.!5*0&7(,!7*/'*0&'/-&7B1KBJ97!L9*!7/!#!/9,5-1=9(8!--!7:/,(,&7I*< #,'!,=5*-'*/90*/()*798=*'&.#!,=5*0,-*-(&'&9:)5<_1DDD3

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36 Figure 2.1. Dataa Collection Plan: Evaluation of Criminal Justice Interventions for Offenders With Mental Illness

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`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a,'5!*'0,-*-.'&8YZ[- +'&#!/*5&7:-9'#!#,5/,(,(),(0&95/*7'!0)&9'97/*'-(,7/!7:,=&9(()*5&7:G(*'8*..*0(&.('*,(8*7(&7 '*G,''*-(3U7-(*,/&./!-'*:,'/!7:-90)!7.&'8,(!&716*8*,-9'*/,7/,/T9-(*/.&'()*(!8*,('!-I!7-9'#!#,5,7,5<-!-3U(-)&95/=*7&(*/1)&6*#*'1(),(()*8!7!898.&55&6G9+&.JD8&7()-!-,#,!5,=5*.&',55 0,-*-!7()*.!7,5-,8+5*16)!0)!-'*,-&7,=5<5&7:*7&9:)(&&=-*'#*8&-(.,!59'**#*7(-3S)*!8+5!0,(!&7 &.7&(('970,(!7:/,(,1()*'*.&'*16&95/),#*5!((5*!8+,0(&7&9'.!7/!7:-3

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`+,'(.'&8()* (',/!(!&7,50,-*8,7,:*8*7(8&/*51&7*0,-*8,7,:*',5-&'97-,-*5.G)*5++'&:',81,7/ (6&0,-*8,7,:*'-+'&#!/*/,7!557*--8,7,:*8*7(+-<0)&*/90,(!&7,5:'&9++'&:',8!7 ()*+,-(3`#&0,(!&7,50&97-*5&',5-&+'&#!/*-,--!-(,70*6!()*8+5&<8*7(+9'-9!(-3 S)*S`4[(*,88,<9-*#,'!&9-!7(*'#*7(!&7-(&,//'*--!7/!#!/9,5=*),#!&',+,'(.'&8 ()&-*(),(,'*0&9'(G&'/*'*/3a;,8+5*-&.()*-*!7059/*#*'=,5'*!7.&'0*8*7(&.=*),#!&'1 8&'*&'5*--.'*L9*7(S`4[#!-!(-105!7!0,5!7(*'#*7(!&7-1&'!70'*,-*/('*,(8*7(!7(*7-!(< F*3:318&'*.'*L9*7(('*,(8*7(,((*7/,70*10),7:!7:.'&8&9(+,(!*7((&!7+,(!*7( `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`4[0,-*8,7,:*8*7( -(,..3S)*N'&7;YZ[9-*-,#,'!*(<&./!..*'*7((<+*-&.('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-1!7059/!7: ()*',+*9(!00&8897!(!*-1&9(+,(!*7(/'9:,7/,50&)&5('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-1!7+,(!*7(

44 '*),=!5!(,(!&7+'&:',8-1/*(&;!.!0,(!&7+'&:',8-1,7/(*8+&','<)&9-!7:3Y,7<&.()* +'&#!/*'(<+*-'*0&'/*/!7()*+'&:',8^-/,(,=,-*6*'*-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7( -*'#!0*-3 HK `//!(!&7,55<1+,'(!0!+,7(-,'*+5,0*/!7(&()*',+*9(!00&8897!(!*-1,7/ -&8*(!8*-6!()+'!#,(*()*',+!-(-&'+-<0)!,('!-(-3M9*(&,5,0I&.,#,!5,=5*-*'#!0*-!7 ()*N'&7;=&'&9:)105!*7(-8,<=*8,(0)*/(&('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-!7&()*'+,'(-&.()* W][8*('&+&5!(,7,'*,3 I6>G64B /56CD5C67 48: &46G75 I>?C945=>8 %!:9'*J3$!559-(',(*-)&60,-*-+'&0**/()'&9:)()*N'&7;YZ[3U7:*7*',51/*.*7/,7(-,'*'*.*''*/(&()*+'&:',81-0'**7*/.&'*5!:!=!5!(<1*7(*'()*0&9'(()'&9:),.&'8,5+5*, +'&0*--1,'*8,(0)*/6!()0&8897!(<G=,-*/('*,(8*7(1,7/()*7+,'(!0!+,(*!70&9'( 8&7!(&'!7:10,-*8,7,:*8*7(1,7/('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-3S)*/9',(!&7&.+,'(!0!+,(!&70,7 #,'<=,-*/&70),':*,7/8*7(,5!557*--0),',0(*'!-(!0-3S)*'*!-,8!7!898-!;G8&7() ('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*.&'8!-/*8*,7&'0'!8*-16)!5*('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*-.&'.*5&7<0'!8*- (<+!0,55<5,-($R(&HK8&7()-3S)*8,7/,(*/5*7:()&.('*,(8*7(=*:!7-9+&7*7('<!7(&,('*,(8*7(+'&:',81',()*'(),7()*+5*,/,(*34!70*!(0,7&.(*7(,I*,-!:7!.!0,7(,8&97(&.(!8*(&.!7/,7,++'&+'!,(*,7/,#,!5,=5*('*,(8*7(+'&:',81+,'(!0!+,7(-8,< =*97/*'0&9'(-9+*'#!-!&7.&'5&7:*'+*'!&/-&.(!8*(),7()*('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*3a,0) -(,:*!-/!-09--*/!78&'*/*(,!51=*5&63 1#%C&$ E45<)#$34( S)*N'&7;YZ[6,-!7(*7/*/.&'.*5&7<,7/8!-/*8*,7&'&..*7/*'-F+'!8,'!5< 6!()!7()*+'&:',81!7059/!7:=&()#!&5*7(,7/7&7#!&5*7(0'!8*-,(=&().*5&7<,7/ 8!-/*8*,7&'5*#*5-34(,I*)&5/*'-'*+&'(*/(),(#*'<.*6+,'(!0!+,7(-6*'*:,7: 8*8=*'-3M,(,&=(,!7*/.'&8()*N'&7;YZ[/,(,=,-*-)&6*/(),(CKR+,'(!0!+,7(- 6*'*'*.*''*/(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(/9'!7:()*HDDH(&HDDC-(9/<+*'!&/3 H_ `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

45 Figure 3.1. Case Flow Diagram of Bronx Mental Health Court

46 Table 3.1. Current Offenses and Criminal History of Bronx MHC Participants Current Offenses and Criminal History Among Bronx MHC Participants (N=648) Current offense %*5&7< BJ3Do Y!-/*8*,7&' E3Do U70,'0*',(*/,(()*(!8*&.-0'**7!7: _R3Ro Concurrent cases Z,/,//!(!&7,5!7/!0(8*7(0),':* [9''*7(&+*70,-*- V7+,'&5*,((!8*&.!7!(!,5-0'**7!7: V7+'&=,(!&7,((!8*&.!7!(!,5-0'**7!7: $J3Do CD3Jo E3Co K3Ro Criminal history `7<+'!&',''*-(- R_3Eo U.<*-18*,7798=*'&.+'!&',''*-(- B3J `7<+'!&'0&7#!0(!&7- ER3$o U.<*-18*,7798=*'&.+'!&'0&7#!0(!&7- R3E KD3Jo S)*0&9'(6,-!7(*7/*/(&-*'#*!7/!#!/9,5-6!()-*'!&9-8*7(,5!557*--*-3Z&6*#*'1()* +'&:',8/,(,=,-*!79-*/9'!7:()*HDDHGHDDC-(9/<+*'!&//!/7&('*0&'/05!*7( /!,:7&-*-3 HC S)*-*6*'*8,!7(,!7*/!7+,+*'.!5*-,7/&()*'-<-(*8-!7,00*--!=5*(&()* '*-*,'0)(*,83`-+'*-*7(*/!7S,=5*J3H1/,(,&=(,!7*/&7,-9=-*(&.$_JYZ[ +,'(!0!+,7(-6)&6*'*!70,'0*',(*/!7HDD_GHDDC HE -9::*-((),(N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(- '*0*!#*/+-<0)!,('!08*/!0,(!&76)!5*!7T,!51,7/,=&9(&7*!7(*7),/=**7)&9-*/!7, ()!'/-&.N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-),/0&G&009''!7:-9=-(,70*9-*,7/8*7(,5)*,5() /!-&'/*'-1/*.!7*/=<()*'*-*,'0)(*,8,-,-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!,:7&-!-&7*!()*'`;!-U &'`;!-UU3 HC S',0I!7:.&'8-/*#*5&+*/=<()*+'&:',8-!70*HDDC'*0&'//!,:7&-(!0!7.&'8,(!&73`//!(!&7,55<1()* N'&7;YZ[6,-!7()*+'&0*--&.,/&+(!7:,7*6,7/!8+'&#*/+'&:',8/,(,=,-*!7HD$D3 HE S)*-*/,(,6*'*&=(,!7*/.'&8()*W][MVZYZ16)!0)&#*'-**-()*+'&#!-!&7&.)*,5()-*'#!0*-(&!78,(*-!70,'0*',(*/=<()*W][MV[3S)*-*/,(,,'*/*-0'!=*/!7[),+(*'H3

47 Table 3.2. Mental Health Indicators Among a Subset of Bronx MHC Participants who Received Jail-Based Mental Health Services from DOHMH, Mental Health Indicators Among a Subset of Bronx MHC Participants who Received Jail- Based Mental Health Services from DOHMH, (N=153) b*0*!#*/8*/!0,(!&7.&'8*7(,5!557*-- BCo Z&9-*/&7,8*7(,5&=-*'#,(!&797!( $Jo `--*--*/,-4QYUF4*'!&9-,7/Q*'-!-(*7(Y*7(,5U557*--@ E_o Y*,7i5&=,5`--*--8*7(&.%970(!&7!7:Fi`%@-0&'*1&7,-0,5*&.$F5&6@(& $DDF)!:)@ _K Axis I Diagnoses `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*' Ho Y&&//!-&'/*' KDo Q-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*' HJo 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*'&7`;!-U HBo Axis II Diagnoses `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*' Do Y&&//!-&'/*' $Bo Q-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*' _o 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*'&7`;!-UU CCo 49=-(,70*9-*'*+&'(*/&7*!()*'`;!-U&'`;!-UU CCo 4&9'0*?2'=,7U7-(!(9(*,7,5<-!-&.MVZYZ/,(,3 N'&7;YZ[+'&:',8-(,..=*5!*#*/8&-(05!*7(-(&=*/9,55</!,:7&-*/6!()-9=-(,70*,=9-*+'&=5*8-1,7/,7,5<-!-&.()*N'&7;+'&:',8/,(,-9::*-(-,)!:)5*#*5&.0&G &009''!7:/!-&'/*'-,8&7:+,'(!0!+,7(-3`-S,=5*J3J/*8&7-(',(*-1,58&-(,55 +,'(!0!+,7(-!7()*N'&7;YZ[/,(,=,-*FBB+*'0*7(@'*+&'(*/*!()*'09''*7(&'+,-(/'9: 9-*3Y&'*(),7()'**GL9,'(*'-FEE+*'0*7(@),/,)!-(&'<&.,50&)&5,=9-*16)!5*EJ +*'0*7('*+&'(*/,)!-(&'<&.8,'!T9,7,9-*3`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

48 Table 3.3. Self-Reported Substance Abuse by Bronx MHC Participants Substance Abuse Reported by Bronx MHC Participants (N=648) `7<09''*7(&'+,-(/'9:9-* BR3Ro Substance abuse history `50&)&5 EC3Eo [&0,!7* CR3Ko [',0I _E3$o Z*'&!7 _B3Jo Y,'!T9,7, EJ3Ho V()*'/'9:- KJ3_o Primary drug reported at initial screening `50&)&5 R3Do [&0,!7* $D3Ho [',0I H$3Eo Z*'&!7 K$3Ho Y,'!T9,7, $_3$o Age at first use `:*(),(05!*7(-(,'(*/(,I!7:+'!8,'</'9: HD3B<*,'- `:*(),(05!*7(-(,'(*/(,I!7:-*0&7/,'</'9: $B3E<*,'- Prior substance abuse treatment `7<+'!&'('*,(8*7( EJ3Ho $3C */90,(!&73 '*-!/*70**5-*6)*'*!7W*6]&'I[!(<1,7/,-8,55+&'(!&76*'*.'&8-9=9'=,7W*6 ]&'I5&0,5!(!*-,7/.'&8&9(e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

49 6*'**5!:!=5*.&'#*(*',7-^=*7*.!(-3`=&9(&7*!7(*7N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-6*'* *!()*'ZU>+&-!(!#*&'),/`UM41.&'6)!0)0*'(,!7+'&:',8-8,<'*-*'#*('*,(8*7(-5&(-3 Table 3.4. Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics of Bronx MHC Participants Characteristics of Bronx Mental Health Court Participants (N=648) Y*,7,:*,(,''*-( Y,5* P)!(*17&7GZ!-+,7!0 N5,0I17&7GZ!-+,7!0 Z!-+,7!0 V()*'',0*&'*()7!0!(< N'&7;'*-!/*7( Z!:)-0)&&5/!+5&8,&'iaM 27*8+5&<*/ b*+'*-*7(,(!&7=<!7/!:*7(/*.*7-*0&97-*5 >*(*',7-(,(9- ZU>Q&-!(!#*&'Z,-`UM4 JE3J<*,'- CH3Jo E3Jo JJ3Ro _R3Do D3Bo RR3Ho JK3Ro BH3Ro BK3Ko H3_o $$3$o!9=G=J=9=5E +6=576=4 M*.*7/,7(-,'**5!:!=5*(&+,'(!0!+,(*!7()*YZ[!.()*<8**(=&()05!7!0,5,7/5*:,5 0'!(*'!,3Q&(*7(!,5+,'(!0!+,7(-89-(),#*8*7(,5)*,5()+'&=5*8-!7&'/*'(&+,'(!0!+,(*3 P)!5*05!*7(-/&7&(7**/(&),#*,c-*#*'*,7/+*'-!-(*7(8*7(,5!557*--d/*-!:7,(!&7 89-(),#*8*7(,5)*,5()+'&=5*8-(),(0,77&(=*),7/5*/,/*L9,(*5<!7&()*'(',/!(!&7,5 &',5(*'7,(!#*T9-(!0*#*79*-3S)!-&.(*78*,7-(),(+,'(!0!+,7(-),#*M4Y`;!-U /!-&'/*'-3275!I*8,7<&()*'8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(-!7()*0&97('<1()*N'&7;YZ[/&*- 7&(*;059/*+*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*'-!.()*<=*5!*#*()*/*.*7/,7(0,7=*)*5+*/()'&9:),#,!5,=5*('*,(8*7('*-&9'0*-3[5!7!0!,7-.'&8S`4[,5-&0&7-!/*''!-I.&'.9(9'* #!&5*70*!7()*!'/*0!-!&7G8,I!7:3 V7()*&()*'),7/1()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(/&*-7&(,00*+(/*.*7/,7(-6)&,'*97-(,=5*&' 7**/)&-+!(,5!A,(!&73U.,/*.*7/,7(!-97-(,=5*&'!70&8+*(*7((&-(,7/('!,51()*0&9'( 0,77&(=*-9'*()*+&(*7(!,5+,'(!0!+,7(!-,=5*(&8,I*,7!7.&'8*//*0!-!&7,=&9( +,'(!0!+,(!7:!7()*+'&:',83S`4[,5-&!-7&(0&7.!/*7(!7!(-,=!5!(<(&-*09'*0&7-!-(*7( )&-+!(,5('*,(8*7(/9*(&5,0I&.-+,0*,7/()*/*.!7*/('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*F!3*31)&-+!(,5 7&(,00*+(!7/!#!/9,5-!.!(/&*-7&(=*5!*#*-9!(,=5*('*,(8*7(0,7=*-*09'*/3 S)*0&9'(,00*+(-=&().*5&7<,7/8!-/*8*,7&'0),':*-1*;059/!7:0),':*-&.89'/*'1 -*;&..*7-*-1,7/,'-&73275!I*()*N'&&I5<7YZ[1()*N'&7;0&9'(/&*-7&('*L9!'*(),( ()*0&7#!0(!&7&..*7-*=*'*5,(*/(&()*!7/!#!/9,5^-8*7(,5!557*--3S)*0&9'((,I*-()!- -(,70*1=*0,9-*()*<.**5(),(!(!-/!..!095((&8,I*,0&7.!/*7(/*(*'8!7,(!&7&7()!-

50 8,((*'3Z&6*#*'1N'&7;YZ[-(,..(,I*-!7(&,00&97(6)*()*'('*,(8*7(6!55'*/90*()* '!-I&.#!&5*70*,7/0'!8*!7()*.9(9'*3,7H76649 [,-*-,'*(<+!0,55<!/*7(!.!*/.&''*.*'',5=*(6**7,'',!:78*7(,7/()*+5*,&'('!,53 [,-*-0,7=*'*.*''*/(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(()'&9:)#,'!&9--&9'0*-1!7059/!7: +'&-*09(&'-1/*.*7-*,((&'7*<-1T9/:*-1.,8!5<8*8=*'-10&8897!(<+'&#!/*'-1T,!5 8*7(,5)*,5()-(,..1+'&=,(!&7&..!0*'-1cEJDd0&8+*(*70<)*,'!7:-1&()*'0,-* 8,7,:*8*7(&'/!#*'-!&7+'&:',8-1&'=<()*/*.*7/,7(3Y,7<'*.*'',5-&'!:!7,(*!7()* W,'0&(!0-N9'*,9&.()*M`^-&..!0*&'()'&9:)()*(',/!(!&7,5S`4[(*,8(),(/*,5-6!() 0,-*-.&'-9=-(,70*,=9-*3S`4[&=(,!7-,++'&#,5.'&8()*M`^-V..!0*=*.&'*S`4[ *#,59,(*-,05!*7(3%&'*;,8+5*1!.,/*.*7-*,((&'7*<-9-+*0(-,8*7(,5)*,5()!--9*6!(), 05!*7(1-f)*0,55-()*W,'0&(!0-N9'*,9,7//*-0'!=*-()*05!*7(,7/0,-*3U.()*/*.*7-*,((&'7*<&=(,!7-,++'&#,5.'&8()*M`^-V..!0*1()*7*!()*'()*/*.*7-*&'M`0&7(,0(- S`4[(&-*(9+.9'()*'*#,59,(!&73 S)*M`^-&..!0*6,-()*0)!*.-&9'0*&.'*.*'',5-(&()*N'&7;YZ[1,-!559-(',(*/=< S,=5*J3_3Y*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+,'(!0!+,7(-=*(6**7HDDH,7/HDDC6*'*8&-(&.(*7FKC YZ[=<&()*'+'&:',8-3U7+,'(!095,'1-&8*+,'(!0!+,7(-6)&!7!(!,55<*7'&55*/!7()* N'&7;c'*:95,'S`4[d/'9:0&9'(+'&:',86*'*5,(*'.&97/(&7**/8*7(,5)*,5() -*'#!0*-,7/-&6*'*-9=-*L9*7(5<(',7-.*''*/(&()*N'&7;YZ[+'&:',8O()*-*0,-*- 6*'*!7!(!,55<'*.*''*/(&()*/'9:0&9'(=<()*M`^-&..!0*3S,I!7:=&()/!'*0('*.*'',5-(& Table 3.5. Referral Sources for Bronx MHC Participants Referral Sources for Bronx MHC Participants (N=648) M!-('!0(`((&'7*< K_3Eo M'9:[&9'(1V()*'Q'&:',81&'4*5.Gb*.*'',5 JB3Eo [,-*(',7-.*''*/(&YZ[.'&8/'9:0&9'( JE3Ko X9/:*&'[&9'( $J3_o M*.*7-*`((&'7*<p $3$o U70,'0*',(*/,(()*(!8*&.YZ[-0'**7!7: _R3Ro pm*.*7-*'*.*'',5-,'*97/*'*-(!8,(*/!7()*+'&:',8^-,/8!7!-(',(!#*/,(,=,-*3m*.*7-*'*.*'',5-,'* &.(*78,/*/!'*0(5<(&()*+'&-*09(&'16)&()*70&7-!/*'-()*0,-*,7/'*.*'-()*0,-*(&S`4[O()*-*8,< =*'*0&'/*/,-+'&-*09(&''*.*'',5-1,5()&9:)()*!8+*(9-0,8*.'&8()*/*.*7-*=,'3 HR S)*8*/!,7(!8*(&0,-*'*.*'',56,-$DD/,<-6)*70,-*-6*'*'*.*''*//!'*0(5<(&()* N'&7;YZ[+'&:',83P)*70,-*-),/=**7(',7-.*''*/.'&8()*/'9:0&9'(1()*(!8* HR Y*/!,7-,'*'*+&'(*/)*'*=*0,9-*()*8*,7-,'*-I*6*/=<-&8*&9(5!*'-6!(),(<+!0,50,-*G+'&0*--!7: -(,(!-(!0-3

51 Table 3.6. Time from Arrest to Bronx MHC Participation Time from Arrest to Bronx MHC Participation (N=648) All Participants (N=648) Direct Referrals (N=406) Drug Court Transfers (n=242) Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median M,<-.'&8,''*-((&!7!(!,5 S`4[-0'**7!7: HCC3D $KR3_ $RB3K $D$3D JBE3$ HH$3D M,<-.'&8YZ-0'**7!7: (&YZ[+,'(!0!+,(!&7 JR3$ $C3D CD3R KB3D D3D D3D M,<-!7/'9:0&9'(=*.&'* (',7-.*'(&YZ[ 7f, 7f, 7f, 7f, HHC3C EE3_ M,<-.'&8,''*-((&YZ[ +,'(!0!+,(!&7 JDJ3$ $RB3D HKR3C $EK3D JBE3$ HH$3D /D6778=8G `550,-*-*7(*'!7:()*M`^-V..!0*,'*!7.&'8,55<-0'**7*//9'!7:!7(,I*1,7/,7<0,-*- 6!()-9-+*0(*/8*7(,5)*,5()!--9*-,'*/!'*0(*/(&()*[)!*.&.()*W,'0&(!0-N9'*,9.&'.9'()*'-0'**7!7:3M*.*7/,7(-!77,'0&(!0-0,-*-,7/0,-*-/!'*0(*/.'&8!7(,I*(&()* W,'0&(!0-N9'*,9,'*-0'**7*/6!(),-*#*7GL9*-(!&7.&'8/*#*5&+*/=<()*N'&7;YZ[ S)*-9+*'#!-!7:0,-*8,7,:*'+'&0*--*-,55'*.*'',5-,7/,--!:7-,+'*G+5,0*8*7(0,-* 8,7,:*'(&),7/5*()*,--*--8*7(+'&0*--3N*.&'*()*,--*--8*7(0,7&009'10,-* 8,7,:*'-7**/(&'*0*!#*8*/!0,5.!5*-.'&8b!I*'-U-5,7/(&&=(,!7,0&8+5*(*+!0(9'*&. ()*!7/!#!/9,5^-8*7(,5)*,5(),7/(&*7-9'*()*<,'*&7,++'&+'!,(*8*/!0,(!&73 M*.*7/,7(-,'*()*7-0'**7*/.&'05!7!0,5*5!:!=!5!(<=<S`4[0,-*8,7,:*'-6)&,/8!7!-(*',=,((*'<&.8*,-9'*-1!7059/!7:,=!&+-<0)&-&0!,5,--*--8*7(105!7!0,5!7(*'#!*61-(,7/,'/!A*/'!-I,--*--8*7((&&5-1,7/8*,-9'*-&.8*7(,5)*,5()1-9=-(,70* 9-*1)*,5()1-&0!,5.970(!&7!7:1,7/0'!8!7,5=*),#!&'3 4+*0!.!0,55<1S`4[0,-*8,7,:*'-+*'.&'8,=!&+-<0)&-&0!,5,--*--8*7(16)!0)0&#*'-,'*,--90),-/*8&:',+)!0-1.,8!5<)!-(&'<18*/!0,5)!-(&'<1+-<0)!,('!0)!-(&'<1'*0*!+( &.09''*7(-*'#!0*-15*:,5!--9*-1,7/'!-I!7/!0,(&'-3[,-*8,7,:*'-&=(,!70&55,(*',5!7.&'8,(!&7()'&9:)b!I*'-8*/!0,5'*0&'/-10&7#*'-,(!&7-6!()()*!7!(!,5+'&-*09(&'&. ()*0,-*1,7/&()*'-&9'0*-1,-7**/*/3[,-*8,7,:*'-/&7&(9-*,-+*0!.!0-(,7/,'/!A*/!7-('98*7(.&'()!-,--*--8*7(O)&6*#*'1()*<),#*:9!/,70*&76)!0)(&+!0-(&0&#*'3

52 V70*()!-,--*--8*7(!-0&8+5*(*1()*-9+*'#!-!7:0,-*8,7,:*'&'[5!7!0,5M!'*0(&' 8,I*-,/*0!-!&7&76)*()*'(&+'&0**/6!(),7*#,59,(!&7+*'.&'8*/=<,0&7-95(!7: +-<0)!,('!-(&'()*[5!7!0,5M!'*0(&'3S)*.955+-<0)!,('!0*#,59,(!&7*;,8!7*-05!*7( )!-(&'<1-<8+(&8-,7//!,:7&-*-1'!-I.&'.9(9'*#!&5*70*1,7/!--9*-&.0&8+5!,70*,7/,++'&+'!,(*('*,(8*7(3S)**#,59,(!&7'*+&'(!--),'*/6!()()*0&9'(1,7/*#*7(9,55<1()* ('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'3!85648D7 =85> >C65 S)*YZ[T9/:*8,I*-()*.!7,5,++'&#,5/*0!-!&7=,-*/&7'*0&88*7/,(!&7-=<()* S`4[(*,81()*+'&-*09(!7:,((&'7*<1,7/()*/*.*7-*,((&'7*<3S)*S`4[(*,88,I*-, '*0&88*7/,(!&7=,-*/&7()*!'05!7!0,5*#,59,(!&73M*.*7/,7(-0,77&(T&!7()*+'&:',8!. ()*<,'*!70&8+*(*7((&-(,7/('!,5&'!.()*<,'*09''*7(5<97-(,=5*3U.,7!7/!#!/9,57**/- =,''!*'-,7/5,0I&.!7-9',70*/&7&(*;059/*-&8*&7*.'&8+,'(!0!+,(!7:!7()*N'&7; YZ[3Z&6*#*'105!*7(-6)&,'*05!7!0,55<*5!:!=5*,7/,00*+(*/!7(&()*+'&:',88,< 95(!8,(*5<=*97,=5*(&+,'(!0!+,(*!.()*'*!-7&,#,!5,=5*('*,(8*7((),(!-,++'&+'!,(*.&' S)*M`),-/!-0'*(!&7(&'*.9-*,0,-*3Q'&-*09(&'-(,I*!7(&,00&97(()*0&8+5,!7!7: 6!(7*--*-^&+!7!&7!7()*/*0!-!&7(&,55&6,/*.*7/,7((&+,'(!0!+,(*!7()*8*7(,5)*,5() 0&9'(3b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`/*.*7/,7(8,I*-()*/*0!-!&7(&*7(*'()*YZ[+'&:',86!()&9(I7&6!7:6),(()* '*L9!'*/('*,(8*7(6!55=*3Q'&:',8/,(,.'&8HDDH(&HDDC-)&6*/(),(B$+*'0*7(&. ('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(-&009''*/,.(*'()*+5*,/,(*3Z&6*#*'1-(,..'*+&'(*/(),(8&-(!7/!#!/9,5-6&95/I7&6,(()!-+&!7(6)*()*'()*'*0&88*7/*/('*,(8*7(!-!7+,(!*7(&' &9(+,(!*7(3 `7!7/!#!/9,58,<0)&&-*7&((&+,'(!0!+,(*.&'#,'!&9-'*,-&7-F*3:31,+*'-&78,<7&( 6,7((&=*5,=*5*/8*7(,55<!55&'-f)*8,<('<(&'*0*!#*,=*((*'/*,5!7(',/!(!&7,50&9'(1 M*.*7/,7(-6)&/*05!7*+,'(!0!+,(!&7&','*/*7!*/,00*--(&()*N'&7;YZ[8,<),#*

53 Table 3.7. Plea Charges and Sentences at Entry to the Bronx MHC 29 Plea Charges and Sentences at Entry to the Bronx MHC (N=648) Charge level of plea into mental health court %*5&7< BD3B$o [5,--` D3$Co [5,--N CC3BJo [5,--[ B3_Co [5,--M $$3ECo [5,--a H3DKo 27-+*0!.!*/05,-- D3KEo Y!-/*8*,7&' R3BJo [5,--` R3$_o [5,--N D3CJo 27-+*0!.!*/05,-- D3$Co >!&5,(!&7 D3$Co Charge on entry to the mental health court `--,95( J3HCo N9':5,'< H3JJo M'9:+&--*--!&7 R3HJo M'9:-*55!7: EH3JCo h,'0*7< H3KRo b&==*'< J3RRo P*,+&7 D3KEo 2705,--!.!*/f&()*' C3BBo Y95(!+5*+5*,0),':*-&7*7('<(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'( KD3Bo Sentence Length, If Incarcerated on Original Plea Q'&=,(!&7&'0&7/!(!&7,5/!-0),':* D3KKo M,<- _3BCo Y&7()- H3C_o $&'8&'*<*,'- 3K$o 27-+*0!.!*/!7/,(,=,-* J_3_Ko +'&:',8 JD &'/'9:0&9'(1!.,++5!0,=5*3%9'()*'8&'*1()*<'*8,!7*5!:!=5*.&',7< =9-!7*--G,-G9-9,5/!-0),':*+5,77!7:-*'#!0*-+'&#!/*/()'&9:)b!I*'-U-5,7/,7/!(- HB W*6]&'I4(,(*.*5&7<,7/8!-/*8*,7&'&..*7-*-,'*.9'()*'05,--!.!*/,00&'/!7:(&()*5*#*5&. -*'!&9-7*--3[5,--`&..*7-*-,'*()*8&-(-*'!&9-10,''<!7:()*5&7:*-(-*7(*70*-3 JD S)*YU[`Q'&T*0(!-,.*/*',55<G.97/*/+'&:',8()'&9:)NX`3YU[`.970(!&7-/!..*'*7(5<!7#,'!&9- T9'!-/!0(!&7-1=9(-*'#!0*-!7()*N'&7;!7059/*,-+*0!,55<(',!7*/-&0!,56&'I*',7/,--!-(,7(+,!'*/6!(), /*.*7-*,((&'7*<(&)*5+,//'*--+,'(!095,'8*7(,5)*,5()!--9*-1(',98,(!0=',!7!7T9'<1&'8*7(,5 '*(,'/,(!&73[5!*7(-0,7=*!7#&5#*/!7=&()()*YU[`,7/N'&7;YZ[+'&:',8-3

54 0&8897!(<G=,-*/hUW\,7/4Q`W+'&:',8+,'(7*'-3 J$ `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c[&8+5!,70*[&9'(3dV()*'0,-*- -**76!()!7()!-/&0I*(,'*S`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b*-*,'0)*'- &=-*'#*/.'&8()*T9'<=&;1(,I!7:7&(*-&7()*0&9'(*7#!'&78*7(10&8897!0,(!&7 +,((*'7-1,7/T9/!0!,5'*-+&7-*-(&=&()+,'(!0!+,7(-^0&8+5!,70*,7/7&70&8+5!,70*6!() 0&9'(0&7/!(!&7-3 a,0)0&9'(-*--!&7!7059/*/,#,'!*(<&.(<+*-&.0&9'(,++*,',70*-3s)*8&-(0&88&7 (<+*&.,++*,',70*6,-,-(,(9-)*,'!7:1,--)&67!7S,=5*J3R3M9'!7:-(,(9-)*,'!7:-1 ()*0&9'('*#!*6*/()*+'&:'*--,7/0&8+5!,70*&.YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-3`-8,55+&'(!&7&. +*&+5*8*/!0,55<97,=5*(&0&8*1()&-*!709-(&/<,7/7&(+'&/90*/1,7/,.*6.,!59'*- 7&G-)&6-6*'*7&70&8+5!,7(16)*'*,-&()*'&..*7/*'-/!/7&(,++*,'=*0,9-*()*<6*'*!7/*(*7(!&7,6,!(!7:,('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(3P!()'*:,'/(&&()*'/&0I*(-1,=&9(&7*G L9,'(*'&.()*N'&7;/&0I*(6,-/'9:0&9'(0,-*-3 P*&=-*'#*/#*'<5!((5*1!.,7<1&'0)*-(',(!&7&.()*0&9'('&&8*7#!'&78*7(!7()*N'&7; YZ[3FS)*/'9:0&9'(5!(*',(9'*-9::*-(-(),(-&8*T9/:*-!7-+*0!,5!A*/0&9'(--**, J$ `--98!7:()*<),/=**7!70,'0*',(*/+'*('!,5,7//*(*'8!7*/(&=**5!:!=5*.&'B+%0'C-*'#!0*-()'&9:) ()*T,!5G=,-*/-0'**7!7:,7/,--*--8*7(+'&0*--3S)!-!-7&(,++5!0,=5*.&'&()*''*.*'',5-6)&6*'*7*#*'!70,'0*',(*/+'*('!,53

55 #,59*!7-*((!7:9+0&9'('&&80&8897!(<=<'*L9!'!7:/*.*7/,7(-(&-(,<.&'()**7(!'* ()*-*--!&7,($D&q05&0I1()*<0&95/5*,#*&70*()*!',++*,',70*6,-.!7!-)*/3S)*'*6,-,5-&7&/*5!=*',(*&'/*'!7:&.0,-*-3b,()*'1()*5&:!-(!0-&.='!7:!7:/*.*7/,7(-9+(&()* 0&9'('&&8.'&8()*)&5/!7:0*55-&7,5&6*'5*#*5&.()*=9!5/!7:-&8*(!8*-/!0(,(*/ 6)!0)/*.*7/,7(-,++*,'*/=*0,9-*&.*5*#,(&'0,+,0!(<0&7-(',!7(-3S)*'*6,-7&,--!:7*/-*,(!7:1,7/8!0'&+)&7*-6*'*7&(9-*/3 Table 3.8. Types of Bronx MHC Hearings Observed Types of Bronx MHC Hearings Observed (N=46) 4(,(9-)*,'!7:- HRo Bo W&7GYZ[ HRo W&-)&6 JJo V()*'&'97I7&67 Ho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c<*-1dc7&1d&'&()*'-!8!5,'5<='!*.'*-+&7-*-(&05&-*/G*7/*/ L9*-(!&7-.'&8()*T9/:*3P*,5-&&=-*'#*/()*9-*&.()!'/+*'-&75,7:9,:*6)*7()* T9/:*,//'*--*//*.*7/,7(-3%&'*;,8+5*16)*7/*.*7/,7(-0&8+5*(*/()*+'&:',8-900*--.955<1()*T9/:*&.(*7-,!/r()*0&9'(0&7:',(95,(*-<&91r,-&++&-*/(&+*'-&7,55< 0&7:',(95,(!7:()*/*.*7/,7(-3 Y90)&.()*T9/:*G+,'(!0!+,7(*;0),7:*0&70*'7*/8&7!(&'!7:0&8+5!,70*6!()0&9'( '*L9!'*8*7(-3S)*0,-*8,7,:*8*7((*,8!-'*-+&7-!=5*.&'8&7!(&'!7:0&8+5!,70* =*(6**7-0)*/95*/0&9'(,++*,',70*-F()'&9:),0&8=!7,(!&7&.05!*7(8**(!7:-1 T9/:*1+'&-*09(&'1,7//*.*7-*,((&'7*<-!7,/#,70*&.0&9'('&&8-*--!&7-3S)*0,-* 8,7,:*'!70&9'(9-9,55<:,#*,#*'=,5-(,(9-'*+&'(&705!*7(0&8+5!,70*/9'!7:0&9'(1

56 ,7/6*&=-*'#*/()*T9/:*'*.*''!7:(&()*6'!((*7'*+&'(-!70&9'(3M*.*7/,7(-','*5< -+&I*/9'!7:()*-*,++*,',70*-16!()()**;0*+(!&7&.='!*.'*-+&7-*-(&05&-*/G*7/*/ L9*-(!&7-.'&8()*T9/:*3 Table 3.9. Courtroom Participation During Bronx MHC Hearings Courtroom Participation During Bronx MHC Hearings (N=46) Other than the judge, who spoke at status hearings? [,-*8,7,:*' M*.*7-*,((&'7*< M*.*7/,7( Q'&-*09(&' V()*' Judicial interactions with defendant: M*.*7/,7(,//'*--*/.!'-( M*.*7/,7(,++'&,0)*/=*70) S)*8&-(.'*L9*7(+,'(!0!+,7(!7N'&7;YZ[)*,'!7:-6,-()*0,-*8,7,:*8*7( '*+'*-*7(,(!#*3V7*&.()*'*+'*-*7(,(!#*^-'&5*-6,-(&+'*-*7(!7.&'8,(!&7(&()*0&9'(3 S)*0,-*8,7,:*8*7((*,8+'*+,'*/6'!((*7+'&:'*--'*+&'(-!7,/#,70*&.()*0&9'( -*--!&7,7/&.(*7:,#*,='!*.#*'=,5'*+&'(&7()*/*.*7/,7(-(,(9-3P*,5-&&=-*'#*/ 0,-*8,7,:*'-.970(!&7!7:!7,+'&=5*8G-&5#!7:'&5*/9'!7:0&9'(F*3:31('&9=5*-)&&(!7: +'&=5*8-6!(),-*'#!0*+'&#!/*'1&'/*,5!7:6!()0&9'('*L9!'*8*7(-/9'!7:,=*70) `((&'7*<-+,'(!0!+,(*/5*--(),7),5.()*(!8*/9'!7:-(,(9-)*,'!7:-3P)*7,((&'7*<- +,'(!0!+,(*/!7-(,(9-)*,'!7:-1!(6,-9-9,55<=*0,9-*()*'*6,--&8*!--9*3U7()*N'&7;1 /*.*7-*,((&'7*<-/!/7&(,++*,',('&9(!7*-(,(9-)*,'!7:-975*---&8*7&70&8+5!,70* 6,-=*!7:/!-09--*/34!8!5,'5<1+'&-*09(!7:,((&'7*<-','*5<-+&I*/9'!7:()*-(,(9- )*,'!7:-3Z&6*#*'1()*N'&7;M`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b,()*'1,/*0'*,-*!70&9'(,++*,',70*-&'+&-(+&7*8*7(6,-:',7(*/!7'*-+&7-*(&,-+*0!.!07**/&.()*/*.*7/,7(3 P*&=-*'#*/(),(-&8*(!8*-0,-*-6*'*-!8+5<0&7(!79*/6!()&9(&#*'(+',!-*?()!- CBo JBo HJo $_o $_o Ro Do

57 ),++*7*/!7()'**&.()*-*#*7-(,(9-,++*,',70*-6*&=-*'#*/6)*'*/*.*7/,7(-6*'* 0&8+5!,7(3 P*&=-*'#*/-&8*/*.*7/,7(-^.!7,5,++*,',70*-9+&7+'&:',80&8+5*(!&73U7()* N'&7;1+'&:',80&8+5*(!&7-6*'*'*.*''*/(&,--*7(*70!7:-6)*()*'()*<6*'* -900*--.95&'97-900*--.953U7.,0(1,-,7&=-*'#*'1!((&&I-&8*(!8*(&.!:9'*&9(6)*()*',:!#*7-*7(*70!7:'*+'*-*7(*/,-900*--.95*7/&.0&9'(-9+*'#!-!&7&', *--.95 &7*34*7(*70!7:)*,'!7:-6*'*5&7:*'(),7&()*',++*,',70*-1=*(6**7.!#*,7/(*7 8!79(*-3M9'!7:()*,++*,',70*1()*&5/+5*,6,-6!()/',67,7/,7*6+5*,6,-*7(*'*/1,5&7:6!()()*(*'8-&.()*7*6-*7(*70*=*!7::!#*7=<()*0&9'(3%&55&6!7:()!-1()* /*.*7/,7(6,-:!#*7,7&++&'(97!(<(&-+*,I3S)!-6,-()*/*.*7/,7(q--(,(*8*7(,( -*7(*70!7:1,7/!7()*N'&7;16,-9-9,55<()*&75<(!8*6)*7/*.*7/,7(--+&I*=*<&7/ :!#!7:<*-&'7&,7-6*'-3S)*-*-(,(*8*7(-9-9,55<!7#&5#*/(),7I!7:()*0&9'(.&'()* &++&'(97!(<1&''*8,'I!7:&7()*/!..*'*70*(),(()*0&9'(8,/*!7()*!'5!#*-3 S)*.&55&6!7:(<+*-&.7&70&8+5!,70*6*'*&=-*'#*/!7&()*')*,'!7:-?('*,(8*7(,=-*70*-&'7&7+,'(!0!+,(!&71+&-!(!#*/'9:(*-(-1,7/.,!59'*(&,++*,',(0&9'(3`55-(,(*/ 7&70&8+5!,70*6,-,//'*--*/=<()*T9/:*O()!-6,-(<+!0,55<#*'=,5'*0&:7!(!&7=<()* T9/:*3S)*T9/:*0&88*7(*/&7()*7&70&8+5!,70*1!--9*/!7-('90(!&7-&',/#!0*(&()* /*.*7/,7(1,7/*;+5,!7*/()*0&7-*L9*70*-&.7&(0&8+5<!7:6!()()*0&9'(q-0&7/!(!&7-3 V00,-!&7,55<16*&=-*'#*/(),(()*T9/:*!70'*,-*/,++*,',70*-(&*!()*'0&9'(&'(&()* 0,-*8,7,:*8*7(,:*70<3`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r-*0&7/0),70*-r6*'*:!#*7 /*+*7/!7:&7()*0&7(*;(&.()*-!(9,(!&73b*8,7/!-9-*/,-,5,-('*-&'(3[),7:!7:()*.'*L9*70<&.0,-*8,7,:*8*7(8**(!7:-&'('*,(8*7(!-,8&'*0&88&7(&&5.&' 8&/!.<!7:=*),#!&'3 Q'&:',8/,(,.'&8HDDHGHDDC0&''&=&',(*()*-*&=-*'#,(!&7-1,--)&67!7S,=5*J3$D3 +'*#!&9-5<,-,7!7(*'8*/!,(*-,70(!&73F>!&5,(!&7&.0&7/!(!&7-5*((*'-6*'*,7&()*' 8*,7-&.,//'*--!7:7&70&8+5!,70*3S)*-*6*'*(',0I*/!7()*+'&:',8/,(,=,-* =*(6**7HDDH,7/HDDK1,7/6*'*&=-*'#*/,8&7:-900*--.95+'&:',80&8+5*(*'-,- +9=8=D49 &6745B785 48: +4;7-484G7B785

58 8,(0)()*05!*7(6!(),++'&+'!,(*('*,(8*7(3S)!-+'&0*--0,7&.(*7=*/!..!095(,- ('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-8,<7&(),#*,#,!5,=5*-5&(-&'()*'*8,<7&(=*,++'&+'!,(* -&8*(!8*-),#*(&c.!(-L9,'*+*:-!7(&'&97/)&5*-d(&*7-9'*+,'(!0!+,7(-0,7'*0*!#*,( 5*,-(-&8*(<+*&.('*,(8*7(3`=&9(),5.&.()*+,'(!0!+,7(-'*L9!'*'*-!/*7(!,5('*,(8*7(O ()*<89-(=*-9=-(,70*G.'**.&',0*'(,!7+*'!&/&.(!8*=*.&'*'*-!/*7(!,5+5,0*8*7(-6!55,00*+(()*834(,I*)&5/*'-'*+&'(*/(),(!(9-9,55<(,I*-.&9'(&-!;6**I-(&-*09'*, +5,0*8*7(.&',05!*7(3S)*S`4[(*,8/&*-7&(*;059/*.,0!5!(!*-&9(-!/*&.()*N'&7; =&'&9:),7/6!558,(0)+,'(!0!+,7(-(&('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-,7<6)*'*!7()*8*('&+&5!(,7,'*,3b&9:)5<-!;!7(*7N'&7;YZ[/*.*7/,7(-,'*,5'*,/<!709-(&/<6)*7()*<,'* /!#*'(*/(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(3U.+,'(!0!+,7(-,'*/*(,!7*/,(()*(!8*&.,00*+(,70*1 ()*<'*8,!7!70,'0*',(*/97(!5,7,++'&+'!,(*+5,0*8*7(!-.&97/3 Table Intermediate Sanctions Issued in the Bronx MHC Intermediate Sanctions Issued in the Bronx MHC (N=648) Warrant ever issued during MHC case J_3J_o H_D3C/,<- $RR/,<- $BJ3B/,<- $DC3_/,<- Violation of Conditions letter ever presented to court during MHC case (2002- _3RCo 2004 only) $RB3H/,<- $KC/,<- 6)&+5*/!7(&()*N'&7;YZ[6*'*-900*--.955<+5,0*/!7(&('*,(8*7(O JH &7*G.!.()6*'* 7&(-900*--.955<*7'&55*/!7(&,('*,(8*7(+'&:',83a;,8!7!7:()*+'&:',8/,(,=,-*16*.&97/(),(()*8&-(0&88&7'*,-&7-6*'*05!*7(.,!59'*=*.&'*!7(,I*1/!-L9,5!.!0,(!&7.'&85,0I&.,('9*8*7(,5!557*--1,7/05!*7(!7#&5#*8*7(!7&()*'&+*70,-*-3Y&'*(),7 &7*G.!.()&.()*05!*7(-6)&/!/7&(*7'&55!7(&('*,(8*7(.,!5*/(&'*+&'(.&'+'&:',8!7(,I*3V7*GL9,'(*'&.()*-*05!*7(-6*'*/*(*'8!7*/(&7&(),#*,797/*'5<!7:8*7(,5!557*--,.(*'),#!7:+5*/!7(&()*+'&:',834(,..'*+&'(*/(),(()!-6,-+&--!=5**#*7,.(*' ()*!7!(!,5+-<0)!,('!0*;,8!7,(!&7=*0,9-*-<8+(&8-&.8*7(,5!557*--,'*-&8*(!8*- -9=-(,70*!7/90*/O-<8+(&8-&.8*7(,5!557*--8,<05*,'&70*05!*7(-),#*,=-(,!7*/.'&8/'9:-&',50&)&5.&',+*'!&/&.(!8*1-90),-97/*'0&9'(G8&7!(&'!7:&'T,!5G=,-*/ /*(&;3S)*'*8,!7/*'&.0,-*-7&(+5,0*/!7(&('*,(8*7(6*'*.&',#,'!*(<&.'*,-&7-1!7059/!7:&+*70,-*-!7&()*'T9'!-/!0(!&7-1,5,0I&.,++'&+'!,(*('*,(8*7(!7()* JH M*.!7*/=<()*'*-*,'0)(*,8,-),#!7:,('*,(8*7(!7(,I*/,(*'*0&'/*/!7()*+'&:',8/,(,=,-*3

59 ('*,(8*7(!7(,I*6,-'&9:)5<()'**8&7()-.&'()&-*+5,0*/!7(&('*,(8*7(3Y&-(05!*7(- 6)&6*'*+5,0*/!7(&('*,(8*7(),/()*!'!7(,I*,.(*'()*+5*,1=9(,=&9(&7*!7(*76*'* +5,0*/!7('*,(8*7(=*.&'*()*!'+5*,!7(&()*YZ[O-&8*6*'*0,-*-(),(),/=**7 (',7-.*''*/.'&8()*/'9:0&9'(1,7/-(,..*;+5,!7*/(),(&()*'-0&95/=*05!*7(-6)&6*'* '*G,00*+(*/(&,('*,(8*7(+'&:',8!76)!0)()*<6*'*+'*#!&9-5<*7'&55*/3%&'()&-* 6)&6*'*+5,0*/,.(*'()*+5*,1()*8*/!,7(!8*(&('*,(8*7(!7(,I*6,-K$/,<-,.(*'()* +5*,!7(&YZ[3 Table Mental Health Treatment Received by Bronx MHC Participants Mental Health Treatment Received by Court Participants (N=648) Q*'0*7(,:*&.+,'(!0!+,7(-6)&8,/*!7(,I*!7(&,('*,(8*7(+'&:',8 S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q,50&)&5'*),=f!7+,(!*7(,50&)&5q S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q/*(&;q S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q&9(+,(!*7(/'9:,7/f&',50&)&5q S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q-9=-(,70*,=9-*'*),=f-)&'((*'8 S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q()*',+*9(!00&8897!(<fUQ/'9:q S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&q(*8+&','<)&9-!7:q S'*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(!7(&97I7&67+'&:',8(<+* YZ('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-=*:,7=*.&'*YZ[*7'&558*7( YZ('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-=*:,7&7&',.(*'YZ[*7'&558*7( RD3Eo $3E+'&:',8- D3Co $3Bo _E3Ho D3Ko _E3Ho C3_o $3$o JED3C/,<- HC$3_/,<- $DD3$/,<- RJ/,<- B3Ko CC3R/,<- HC/,<- BD3Co CB3B/,<- K$/,<- K_D3C/,<- _KH/,<- V70*,05!*7(!-+5,0*/!7(&('*,(8*7(1()*S`4[+&-(G+5,0*8*7(0,-*8,7,:*' 0&&'/!7,(*-,7/0&8897!0,(*-6!()('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-(&8&7!(&'('*,(8*7(+'&:'*--,7/'*-&5#*,7<+'&=5*8-3S`4[0,-*8,7,:*'-','*5<+'&#!/*,7<.&'8&.('*,(8*7(1 M9'!7:()*('*,(8*7(+*'!&/1()*05!*7(!-'*L9!'*/(&+,'(!0!+,(*!70&8897!(<G=,-*/ ('*,(8*7(!7,//!(!&7(&8,!7(,!7!7:'&9(!7*0&7(,0(6!()=&()S`4[,7/()*0&9'(3S)* +,'(!0!+,7((,I*-+,'(!76**I5<,++&!7(8*7(-6!()S`4[8*8=*'-O()!-8,<=*'*/90*/ (&=!8&7()5<8**(!7:-/*+*7/!7:&7()*05!*7(^-+'&:'*--3S)*+,'(!0!+,7(,5-&),-

60 6**I5</'9:(*-(-,(()*S`4[&..!0*1,7/8,<,//!(!&7,55<=*/'9:G(*-(*/()'&9:) )!-f)*'('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'3u.,+,'(!0!+,7(!-!7,'*-!/*7(!,5+5,0*8*7(1()*s`4[(*,8 6!55#!-!(()*!7/!#!/9,5&7,8&7()5<=,-!-3S)*8,T&'!(<&.N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-(,I* +-<0)&('&+!08*/!0,(!&7-,-+,'(&.()*!'('*,(8*7('*:!8*73Y&-(05!*7(-+,<.&' ('*,(8*7(()'&9:)44U&'Y*/!0,!/3 Q,'(!0!+,7(-8,<=*+5,0*/!7(&895(!+5*+'&:',8-,-7**/*/3`:!#*705!*7(8,<'*L9!'* 0&709''*7(-*'#!0*-.'&8895(!+5*+'&#!/*'-1&'8,<),#*(&8&#*.'&8&7*+'&:',8(&,7&()*'3h&&I!7:,:,!7(&S,=5*J3$$16*-**(),(&.()&-*6)&6*'*+5,0*/!7(& J+*'0*7(6*'*+5,0*/!7(&.&9'1,7/H+*'0*7(6*'*+5,0*/!7(&.!#*+'&:',8-3S)*8&-( 890)-8,55*'-),'*-3S)*-*6*'*/*-0'!=*/!7()*+'&:',8/,(,=,-*,-c/*(&;dFH =,-*/+'&:',8-1=9(-&8*+5,0*8*7(-6*'*(&+'!#,(*+-<0)!,('!-(-&'()*',+!-(-O()*-* 6*'*0&/*/!7()*+'&:',8/,(,,-&9(+,(!*7(/'9:&',50&)&5('*,(8*7(. `8&7:()&-* 6)&6*'*+5,0*/!7('*,(8*7(1()*8*/!,7(!8*!7('*,(8*7(6,-$R8&7()-3 I6>G64B!M=5 S)*,#*',:*(!8*.'&8()*YZ[/,(*(&0,-*(*'8!7,(!&76,-$R8&7()-/9'!7:()* &7*G),5.&.+,'(!0!+,7(-0&8+5*(*/YZ['*L9!'*8*7(--900*--.955<O()'**!7(*7.,!5*/()* +'&:',8O,7/(6&!7(*76*'*05,--!.!*/=<()*+'&:',8,-c7*9(',5d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

61 Table Case Outcomes Among Bronx MHC Participants Case Outcomes Among Bronx MHC Participants (N=646)* 4900*--.950&8+5*(!&7&.('*,(8*7(8,7/,(* _Ho Q'&:',8.,!59'*=*.&'*('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7( _o [5!*7(.,!5*/=*.&'*('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7( $o [5!*7(.,!5*/(&'*+&'((&('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7( _o Q'&:',8.,!59'*,.(*'('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7( HCo [5!*7(5*.(('*,(8*7( $Ro [5!*7('*,''*-(*/16,'',7(*/1&'#!&5,(*/0&7/!(!&7- Ro W*9(',5(*'8!7,(!&7pp $Eo [5!*7(-*7(*70*/(&!70,'0*',(!&7+'!&'(&('*,(8*7(ppp Jo [5!*7(-*7(*70*/(&!70,'0*',(!&7,.(*'=*:!77!7:('*,(8*7(ppp $o Q'&=,(!&7(&-9+*'#!-*&'&()*'7&7G!70,'0*',(!#*-*7(*70*ppp Do [5!*7(97,=5*(&+,'(!0!+,(*!7('*,(8*7(/9*(&/*,()&'8*/!0,5 /!-,=!5!(< Do [5!*7(6!()/'*6,++5!0,(!&7 Ho Ho [5!*7(!7*5!:!=5*/9*(&8*/!0,5'*,-&7&'/*,() Do [5!*7(!7*5!:!=5*/9*(&+-<0)!,('!0'*,-&7 $o [5!*7(97,=5*(&+,'(!0!+,(*/9*(&+-<0)!,('!0'*,-&7 Do 49=-*L9*7(/!-0&#*'<&.7&('9*8*7(,5!557*--,7/+'&:',8(',7-.*' _o V()*' Ho Q*'0*7(,:*-8,<7&(-98*;,0(5</9*(&'&97/!7:3 pw&(*?(6&'*0&'/-6*'*8!--!7:/,(,&7(*'8!7,(!&7-(,(9- pps)*+'&:',89-*-()*(*'8c7*9(',5d(&/*-0'!=*0,-*-(*'8!7,(*/=*.&'*+'&:',80&8+5*(!&7()'&9:)7&.,95(&.()*05!*7(^-3 ppps)*-*8,<),#*'*-95(*/.'&8&()*'0&709''*7(&+*70,-*-3 2+&7-900*--.950&8+5*(!&7&.()*N'&7;YZ[+'&:',81!7/!#!/9,5-6!().*5&7<0),':*- Y!-/*8*,7,7(-8,<),#*0),':*-'*/90*/(&,#!&5,(!&7&'/!-8!--*/3U78&-(0,-*-1-900*--.950&8+5*(*'-'*0*!#*/,7&7G!70,'0*',(!#*-*7(*70*-90),-+'&=,(!&7&' 0&7/!(!&7,5/!-0),':*3b*5,(!#*5<.*6),/()*!'0),':*-/!-8!--*/&'6*'*-*7(*70*/(& (!8*,5'*,/<-*'#*/1,7/.*6*'-(!551=9(-&8*16*'*-*7(*70*/(&!70,'0*',(!&73 Q,'(!0!+,7(-'*0*!#*,0*'(!.!0,(*&.:',/9,(!&7,7/,+!0(9'*&.()*+,'(!0!+,7(6!()()* 0*'(!.!0,(*!-+5,0*/&7,=955*(!7=&,'/!7()*S`4[&..!0*3U7-&8*-!(9,(!&7-1()*T9/:* 8,<,-I(),(,+,'(!0!+,7('*(9'7(&0&9'(+*'!&/!0,55<,.(*':',/9,(!&73 JJ [5!*7(-6)& -900*--.955<:',/9,(*.'&8()*N'&7;YZ[,'*7&(,55&6*/(&'*+*,(()*+'&:',8!.()*<,'*'*G,''*-(*/3 JJ S)*'*6,-,(!8*5,:=*(6**7()*'*-*7(*70!7:(),(8,'I*/-900*--.95+'&:',80&8+5*(!&7,7/()*,/8!7!-(',(!#*0,-*05&-!7:/,(*3S)*8*/!,7(!8*.'&8'*-*7(*70!7:(&,/8!7!-(',(!#*0,-*05&-!7:6,-J /,<-1=9(()*8*,76,-$_/,<-1'*.5*0(!7:()*!7.59*70*&.0,-*-6!()5&7:*'(!8*5,:-3

62 Table Duration of Bronx MHC Participation Duration of Bronx MHC Participation (N=648) Mean Median M,<-.'&8YZ[*7'&558*7((&,/8!7!-(',(!#*0,-*(*'8!7,(!&7 KCK3C _JB M,<-.'&8YZ[*7'&558*7((&-*7(*70!7:.&'-900*--.950&8+5*(*'- CHC3E CKK 05&-!7: $_3E J Table Sentencing Outcomes Among Successful Bronx MHC Completers Sentencing Outcomes Among Successful Bronx MHC Completers (N=339) Sentence typ* M!-8!--,5 K3EH S!8*,5'*,/<-*'#*/ _3D$ Q'&=,(!&7&'0&7/!(!&7,5/!-0),':* EB3DC U70,'0*',(!&7 $3$R 27-+*0!.!*/ $D3DJ Charge level of sentence imposed on successful program completers M!-8!--,5 K3EH Y!-/*8*,7&' JE3$E %*5&7< $C3_H 27-+*0!.!*/ K$3_B `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`=&9(&7*GL9,'(*'&.+'&:',8.,!59'*-6*'*/9*(&'*G,''*-(1),#!7:,6,'',7(1&'#!&5,(!&7&.0&7/!(!&7-3`-8,55-),'*&.+'&:',8.,!59'*- &009''*/=*.&'*+5,0*8*7(!7(&,('*,(8*7(+'&:',8O()!-6,-9-9,55<=*0,9-*()*05!*7( /!/7&('*+&'((&('*,(8*7(,-'*L9!'*/3 `+&'(!&7&.05!*7(-g7*,'5<HD+*'0*7(/9'!7:()*HDDHGHDDC-(9/<+*'!&/g6*'* 0&7-!/*'*/c7*9(',5d(*'8!7,(!&7-.'&8()*YZ[.&'&()*''*,-&7-1-90),-()*!7,=!5!(< (&.!7/-9!(,=5*('*,(8*7(&'0&709''*7(0'!8!7,50,-*-!7,7&()*'T9'!-/!0(!&73S)* 8*/!,7(!8*.'&8()*YZ[+5*,/,(*(&0,-*(*'8!7,(!&76,-T9-(97/*'.&9'8&7()-3

63 S)*-*7*9(',5(*'8!7,(!&7-,'**#,59,(*/&7,0,-*G=<G0,-*=,-!-,7/-9=T*0((&,',7:*&. -*7(*70!7:&+(!&7-!7059/!7:(!8*,5'*,/<-*'#*/1+'&=,(!&71&',7!70,'0*',(!&73 /54N73>9:76 =7A; >H >C65 a#*'<!7(*'#!*6*/!7/!#!/9,56,--,(!-.!*/&'*;('*8*5<+'&9/&.()*n'&7;yz[ +'&:',83V7*!7(*'#!*6**05,!8*/()*0&8897!(<),-,00*+(*/()*+'&:',81,7/ 895(!+5*-(,I*)&5/*'-0!(*/*;,8+5*-&.+,'(!0!+,7(,++'*0!,(!&71!7059/!7:(),7IG<&9 5*((*'-,7/#!-!(-.'&805!*7(-3Z&6*#*'1()*'*6*'*-&8*!/*7(!.!*/0),55*7:*-,7/,'*,-.&'!8+'&#*8*7(3 Q'&:',8-(,..*-(!8,(*/(),(BCD(&$1DDD&.()*C1DDD.*5&7<!7/!0(8*7(-!7()*N'&7; *,0)<*,'),#*,-*'!&9-8*7(,5!557*--3Z&6*#*'1()*YZ[^-0,+,0!(<!-0&7-!/*',=5< -8,55*'3`=&9(HDD05!*7(-,'*-0'**7*/.&'*5!:!=!5!(<,779,55<1,7/,=&9($_D,'*,00*+(*/!7(&()*+'&:',83 JK `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`05!*7(-1M4Y`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

64 %!7,55<1,(()*(!8*&.()*!7(*'#!*6-1'*#!-!&7-(&W*6]&'I^-b&0I*.*55*'h,6-6*'* 97/*'0&7-!/*',(!&73V7*!7(*'#!*6*/-(,I*)&5/*'.*5(()*-*5*:!-5,(!#*0),7:*-),/()* +&(*7(!,5(&97/*'8!7*()*Y*7(,5Z*,5()[&9'(1=*5!*#!7:(),(/*.*7/,7(-6&95/+'*.*' (&c('<()*!'590id6!(),t9/:*6)&8!:)(:!#*,8&'*5*7!*7(-*7(*70*1',()*'(),7 0&88!((&,5*7:()<('*,(8*7(+*'!&/3`(()*(!8*&.'*+&'(+9=5!0,(!&71()*-*5,6-6*'*!7/**/8&/!.!*/(&'*8&#*8,7/,(&'<8!7!898-*7(*70*-O!('*8,!7-(&=*-**76)*()*',7/)&6()*-*0),7:*-6!55!8+,0(()*+'&=5*8G-&5#!7:0&9'(-!7W*6]&'I3 #RSSQPZH 3GHNOP +GOPNM (SYRN a-(,=5!-)*/!7hddh1()*n'&&i5<7yz[6,-/*#*5&+*/0&55,=&',(!#*5<=<()*[*7(*'.&' J_ `-()!- '*-*,'0)-(9/<=*:,71N'&&I5<7YZ[6,-&7*&.T9-(.!#*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(-&+*',(!7:!7W*6]&'I4(,(*O()*&()*'-!7059/*/()*N'&7;S`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`W%:',7(1,7/,NX`:',7(3[9''*7(5<1()*+'&:',8!-.97/*/()'&9:)(6&0&7(',0(-1&7* JC /*'!#*/.'&8()*+'&=5*8G-&5#!7:0&9'(8&/*5(),(!7059/*/*#*5&+!7:8*0),7!-8-(&,--*--,7/!/*7(!.< +&(*7(!,5+,'(!0!+,7(-1+'&#!/!7:,/*L9,(*05!7!0,5!7.&'8,(!&7(&.,0!5!(,(*!7.&'8*//*0!-!&78,I!7:19-!7: ()*0&9'(^-,9()&'!(<(&'*!7.&'0*('*,(8*7(:&,5-1,7/5!7I!7:+,'(!0!+,7(-(&-*'#!0*-!7()*0&8897!(< JE N'&&I5<7YZ[,5-&(,I*-8!-/*8*,7,7(-(),(),#*=**7(',7-.*''*/(&49+'*8*[&9'(()'&9:), 49+*'!&'[&9'(U7.&'8,(!&73

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68 +5,0*+,'(!0!+,7(-6!()('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-!7&()*'+,'(-&.()*W][8*('&+&5!(,7,'*,1,-6*55,-&9(G&.G-(,(*1(&*7-9'*()*8&-(,++'&+'!,(*-*'#!0*8,(0)3 I6>G64B /56CD5C67 48: (?7645=>8; %!:9'*J3H!559-(',(*-)&60,-*-+'&0**/()'&9:)()*N'&&I5<7YZ[3N'!*.5<1/*.*7/,7(-,'*'*.*''*/(&()*N'&&I5<7YZ[+'&:',81-0'**7*/.&'*5!:!=!5!(<18,(0)*/6!() 0&8897!(<G=,-*/('*,(8*7(1*7(*'()*0&9'(()'&9:),.&'8,5+5*,+'&0*--1,7/()*7 +,'(!0!+,(*!70&9'(8&7!(&'!7:10,-*8,7,:*8*7(1,7/('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-3 `-+'*#!&9-5<8*7(!&7*/,7//!-09--*/!78&'*/*(,!5=*5&61/9',(!&7&.+,'(!0!+,(!&7!7 ()*N'&&I5<7YZ[+'&:',8#,'!*-=,-*/&70),':*,7/8*7(,5!557*--0),',0(*'!-(!0-? S)*'*!-,$HG8&7()('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*.&'8!-/*8*,7&'0'!8*-3 S'*,(8*7(8,7/,(*-.&'7&7#!&5*7(.*5&7<0'!8*-(<+!0,55<-+,7$H(&$R8&7()-3 Q'*/!0,(*.*5&7<&..*7/*'-,7/.!'-(G(!8*#!&5*7(.*5&7<&..*7/*'-(<+!0,55<),#* 8,7/,(*-&.$R(&HK8&7()-3 Q,'(!0!+,7(-*7(*'()*0&9'(=<,:'**!7:(&,:9!5(<+5*,6!(),-*7(*70*0&8+,',=5*(& 6),(()*<6&95/),#*'*0*!#*/!7,(',/!(!&7,50&9'('&&83`5()&9:),-*7(*70*!-,:'**/ 9+&7,(()*(!8*&.()*:9!5(<+5*,1.&'8,5-*7(*70!7:!--9-+*7/*/6)!5*()*/*.*7/,7( +,'(!0!+,(*-!7()*0&9'(,7/,--&0!,(*/('*,(8*7(3M*.*7/,7(-(<+!0,55</&7&((,I*,+5*, 97(!5,550&8897!(<G=,-*/-*'#!0*-,'*!7+5,0*3N*0,9-*!(&.(*70,7(,I*,-!:7!.!0,7(,8&97(&.(!8*(&.!7/,7,++'&+'!,(*,7/,#,!5,=5*('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(1+,'(!0!+,7(- 8,<6,!(,0&7-!/*',=5*5*7:()&.(!8*6)!5*-*'#!0*5!7I,:*-,'*8,/*1*!()*'!7T,!5&' a,0)-(,:*!-/!-09--*/!78&'*/*(,!5=*5&63

69 Figure 3.2. Brooklyn Mental Health Court Case Flow

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`;!-U/!,:7&-!-3U7/!#!/9,5-6!()+*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*'-10&:7!(!#*!8+,!'8*7(1 /*#*5&+8*7(,5/!-,=!5!(!*-1=',!7/,8,:*1,7//*8*7(!,,'*7&(*5!:!=5*.&'()*YZ[ +'&:',8975*--()*<,5-&,'*/!,:7&-*/6!(),7*5!:!=5*8,T&'8*7(,5!557*--3%!7,55<1 ()*YZ[6!557&(,00*+(05!*7(-975*--()*<,'*-(,=!5!A*/,7/0&8+*(*7((&-(,7/('!,53 h*:,5*5!:!=!5!(<)!7:*-&7()*/*.*7/,7(^-!88*/!,(*0'!8!7,5&..*7-*3m*(*'8!7,(!&7-,=&9(5*:,5*5!:!=!5!(<,'*8,/*=<()*n'&&i5<7yz[t9/:*!70&7t970(!&76!()()* +'&:',8^-/*-!:7,(*/`M`3S)*+'&:',8^-.&'8,50'!8!7,5T9-(!0**5!:!=!5!(<:9!/*5!7*-,'*,-.&55&6-? Felonies.`557&7#!&5*7(.*5&7!*-,'**5!:!=5*3%*5&7!*-!7#&5#!7:,--,95(1'&==*'<1,7/=9':5,'<,'*+'*-98*/*5!:!=5*1=9(,'*'*#!*6*/=<()*05!7!0,5(*,8,7/()* `M`3V()*'#!&5*7(.*5&7!*-,'*+'*-98*/!7*5!:!=5*1=9(,'*'*#!*6*/&7,0,-*G Misdemeanors. `55&..*7-*-,'**5!:!=5*1=9(()*0&9'(!-7&(!7(*7/*/.&' &..*7/*'-6)&6&95/-+*7/&75<,-)&'(,8&97(&.(!8*!7T,!53S)*'*.&'*1 8!-/*8*,7&'&..*7/*'-89-(=*6!55!7:(&,00*+(,$HG8&7()('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*,7/,+&(*7(!,5T,!5-*7(*70*&.9+(&&7*<*,'.&'.,!59'*(&0&8+5<3 JB S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[6,-!7!(!,55<&'!*7(*/(&6,'/7&7#!&5*7(.*5&7<&..*7/*'-3`(()*9':!7:&./*.*7-* 0&97-*51!(-.&09-),-:',/9,55<*#&5#*/(&!7059/*0)'&7!08!-/*8*,7,7(-3 KD `5()&9:)N'&&I5<7YZ[!7!(!,55<&75<6&'I*/6!()!7/!#!/9,5-,:*/$R&'&5/*'1()*0&9'(+'&:',8 =*:,7(&,00*+($C,7/$E<*,'&5/-!7HDDJGHDDK10&7-!-(*7(6!()()*W*6]&'I4(,(*,:*&.8,T&'!(<3 K$ 05,--!.!0,(!&7(),((,I*-!7(&,00&97(#,'!&9-8*7(,5/!-&'/*'-1()*:*7*',58*/!0,50&7/!(!&7&.()*+,(!*7(1,7<+-<0)&-&0!,5&'*7#!'&78*7(,5+'&=5*8-1,7/()*5*#*5&..970(!&7!7:3[5!7!0,5/!-&'/*'-1!7059/!7: 8,T&'8*7(,5!557*--*-1-9=-(,70*9-*/!-&'/*'-1,7//*#*5&+8*7(,5/!-&'/*'-,'*!7059/*/!7`;!-UO +*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*'-,'*&7`;!-UU3

71 U(,5-&!-!8+&'(,7((&7&(*(),(!7/!#!/9,5-8,<+,'(!0!+,(*!7N'&&I5<7YZ[8&'*(),7 &70*3S),(!-1,+*'-&7!--(!55*5!:!=5*.&'()*+'&:',8!.()*<),#*+,'(!0!+,(*/!7()* +'&:',8!7()*+,-(3 [,-*-/**8*/!7*5!:!=5*&'!7/!#!/9,5-6)&/*05!7*(&+,'(!0!+,(*,'*+'&0*--*/,-9-9,5 6!()+'&-*09(!&7'*#*'(!7:(&()*&'!:!7,5`M`6)&6,-,--!:7*/()*0,-*3Y!-/*8*,7&' &..*7-*-,'*+'&0*--*/=<()*['!8!7,5[&9'(16)*'*,-.*5&7<0,-*-:&()'&9:)=9-!7*--G,-G9-9,549+'*8*[&9'(+'&0*--!7:3h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`00&'/!7:(&+'&:',8'*0&'/-1T9-(KD+*'0*7(&.NYZ[0&9'(+,'(!0!+,7(-),/*,'7*/, )!:)-0)&&5/!+5&8,&'&()*'6!-*&=(,!7*/)!:)*'*/90,(!&7,5,((,!78*7(3`-!A*,=5* JD+*'0*7(),/,)!-(&'<&.)&8*5*--7*--!7()*+'*#!&9-.!#*<*,'-3S)*-*.!:9'*--9::*-( (),(N'&&I5<7YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-+'*-*7(6!(),'*5,(!#*5<)!:)5*#*5-&.7**/3 KH 0&7-!-(*7( 6!()()*+'&:',8^-!7!(!,5.&09-&7.*5&7<&..*7/*'-,7/'*.*''*/(&()*0&9'(,7,#*',:* KJ &..!#*8&7()-,.(*',''*-(3b&9:)5<CD+*'0*7(6*'*!70,'0*',(*/,(()*(!8* &.()*!''*.*'',5(&()*0&9'(3 S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[!-!7(*7/*/(&-*'#*!7/!#!/9,5-6!()-*'!&9-8*7(,5!557*--1,7/()* 0&7-*7-9-,8&7:+'&:',8-(,..,7/+,'(7*'-!-(),(()*<'*0*!#*()*c-!0I*-(&.()*-!0Id KH %*5&7<&..*7-*-0,''!*/,7,#*',:*8!7!898!70,'0*',(!&7(*'8&.H3J<*,'-,7/,7,#*',:*8,;!898 (*'8&.J3J<*,'-3 KJ Y*/!,7-,'*'*+&'(*/)*'*=*0,9-*()*8*,7-,'*-I*6*/=<,-8,55-),'*&.0,-*-6!(),(<+!0,50,-* +'&0*--!7:-(,(!-(!0-3

72 ,7/-9=-(,70*,=9-*!--9*-,'*+'*-*7(*/!7S,=5*J3$C3Y&&//!-&'/*'-F*3:31=!+&5,' -*0&7/,'<`;!-U&'`;!-UU/!-&'/*'-O()*-*6*'*8&-(0&88&75<-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*/ /!-&'/*'-1.&55&6*/=<+*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*'-,7/5*,'7!7:/!-&'/*'-3`'*5,(!#*5<-8,55 /*#*5&+8*7(,5/!-,=!5!(!*-3 Table Demographic Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Participants, Demographic Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Participants (N=327) `:*,(,''*-( JJ<*,'- Y,5* ECo P)!(*',0* JRo N5,0I',0* _Ro V()*'',0* Ko Z!-+,7!0*()7!0!(< KK H$o Z,-8!7&'0)!5/'*7 J$o Y!7&'0)!5/'*75!#*/6!()05!*7( HDo Z!:)-0)&&5:',/9,(*&')!:)*'*/90,(!&7,5,((,!78*7( KDo W*#*'8,''!*/ ECo Z&8*5*--,(+'&:',8!7(,I* $Bo Z&8*5*--!7()*5,-(_<*,'- JDo 9-*+'&=5*8-1/*.!7*/=<()*'*-*,'0)(*,8,-,-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!,:7&-!-&7*!()*' `;!-U&'`;!-UU1,7/&7*G),5.&.()*+,'(!0!+,7(-'*+&'(*/,50&)&59-*!7()*-!;8&7()- YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-),/*;(*7-!#*)!-(&'!*-&.+,-()&-+!(,5!A,(!&7-?ED+*'0*7('*+&'(*/ +'!&')&-+!(,5!A,(!&7-.&'+-<0)!,('!0'*,-&7-3U7()*<*,'=*.&'*()*,''*-(5*,/!7:(& +-<0)!,('!0G'*5,(*/'*,-&7-16)!5*,7&()*'KC+*'0*7('*+&'(*/,+-<0)!,('!0G'*5,(*/ ('*,(8*7(,(()*(!8*&.+'&:',8!7(,I*3`5-&1,++'&;!8,(*5<HK+*'0*7(&.+,'(!0!+,7(- 6*'*&78*/!0,(!&7,(()*(!8*&.,''*-(3 KK `5()&9:)&7*G.!.()&.+,'(!0!+,7(-6*'*Z!-+,7!01+'&:',8+*'-&77*5/!/7&(0!(*5,7:9,:*,-, -!:7!.!0,7(=,''!*'(&05!*7(+5,0*8*7(.&'('*,(8*7(3

73 Table Mental Health Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Participants Mental Health Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Participants (N=327) Axis I diagnoses `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*' `7;!*(</!-&'/*' `((*7(!&7G/*.!0!(,7//!-'9+(!#*=*),#!&'/!-&'/*'- U8+95-*G0&7('&5/!-&'/*' h*,'7!7:/!-&'/*' Y&&//!-&'/*' Q-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*' 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*' V()*'`;!-U/!,:7&-!- Secondary Axis I or Axis II diagnoses V.()&-*/!,:7&-*/6!(),-*0&7/,'<`;!-U&'`;!-UU/!,:7&-!-F7sHEH@ `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*' `7;!*(</!-&'/*' `((*7(!&7G/*.!0!(,7//!-'9+(!#*=*),#!&'/!-&'/*'- M*5!'!981/*8*7(!,1,87*-!0,7/&()*'0&:7!(!#*/!-&'/*'- U8+95-*G0&7('&5/!-&'/*' h*,'7!7:/!-&'/*' Y*7(,5'*(,'/,(!&7 Y&&//!-&'/*' Q*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*' 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*' V()*'4*0&7/,'<`;!-U&'`;!-UU/!,:7&-!- Substance abuse `7<+'!8,'<&'-*0&7/,'<-9=-(,70*9-*/!-&'/*'F`;!-U&'`;!-UU@ Other mental impairments N',!7!8+,!'8*7( M*#*5&+8*7(,5/!-&'/*' Mental health history Q-<0)!,('!0G'*5,(*/#!-!(-(&ab!7<*,'=*.&'*,''*-( >!-!(-(&()*ab!7<*,'=*.&'*,''*-( Q-<0)!,('!0)&-+!(,5!A,(!&7-!7(&(,55!.*(!8* Q-<0)!,('!0G'*5,(*/#!-!(-(&)&-+!(,5!7<*,'=*.&'*,''*-( `7</,<-!7)&-+!(,5!7<*,'=*.&'*,''*-( V78*/!0,(!&7,((!8*&.,''*-( Y*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(/9'!7:<*,'+'!&'(&,''*-( P,-!78*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(,-&.+'&:',8!7(,I* D3Bo H3Ro D3Jo D3Jo D3Jo _K3Bo JE3$o H3Ro D3Jo D3Ko J3Eo $3$o D3Eo D3Eo J3Jo D3Eo $3_o $D3Eo ED3Ho $3Ro C$3Ho C3_o H3Ko KD3Ko $J3Co ED3Ho KC3Eo KH3Bo HE3Bo KE3Jo HJ3Bo

74 ,7H76649 S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[/&*-7&(*8+5&<,97!#*'-,5-0'**7!7:8*0),7!-8F*3:31=,-*/&7 K_ &()*'T9/:*-1 KC,7/&()*'-&9'0*-6!()!7()*N'&&I5<70&9'(-<-(*83 `-!78&-(T9'!-/!0(!&7-1,7,''*-(9-)*'-,7!7/!#!/9,5!7(&()*0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*-<-(*83 S)*(<+!0,55*:,5+'&0*--!7W][!-,-.&55&6-?,''*-(**-,'*=&&I*/=<()*+&5!0*,(()* 5&0,5+'*0!70(3N<5,61,''*-(**-89-(=*,'',!:7*/!7['!8!7,5[&9'(6!()!7HK)&9'-&.,''*-(16)*'*()*<,'*.&'8,55<0),':*/3`(,'',!:78*7(1()*,''*-(**8,<=*'*5*,-*/ b!i*'-u-5,7/3%&55&6!7:,'',!:78*7(18!-/*8*,7&'&..*7-*-,'*.&'8,55<0),':*/o.*5&7<&..*7-*-,'*(',7-.*''*/(&49+'*8*[&9'(.&'!7/!0(8*7(3`49+*'!&'[&9'( KE Y&-('*.*'',5-(&()*N'&&I5<7YZ[&009',.(*'!7/!0(8*7(&'4[U3S)*(!8*.'&8,''*-( (&'*.*'',5!-&7()*&'/*'&.8&7()-17&(6**I-3`-/!-09--*/!7()*+'*#!&9--*0(!&71()* YZ['*0*!#*-'*.*'',5-.'&8,#,'!*(<&.-&9'0*-3P)!5*()*'*!-7&97!#*'-,58*7(,5 )*,5()-0'**7!7:+'&0*--.&',55/*.*7/,7(-!7W][1,55,/8!--!&7-(&b!I*'-U-5,7/,'* +5,77!7:-*'#!0*-97/*'()*B+%0'C-*((5*8*7(F/!-09--*/8&'*.955<!7()*N9-!7*--G`- -0'**7!7:+'&0*--1N'&&I5<7YZ[/&*-7&(0&7-!/*'()*'*-95(-&.(),(+'&0*--!7 /*(*'8!7!7:+'&:',8*5!:!=!5!(<O)&6*#*'1()*T,!5G=,-*/-0'**7!7:8,<)*5+&()*'-<-(*8,0(&'-c.5,:d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`^-&..!0*&=T*0(-&70'!8!7,5T9-(!0*:'&97/-1,550,-*-!76)!0),/*.*7/,7(),-=**7.&97/97.!(,'*,9(&8,(!0,55<0,5*7/,'*/!7()*N'&&I5<7YZ[ &70*()*/*.*7/,7(!-'*-(&'*/(&.!(7*--3 KC S<+!0,55<1()!-'*.*'-(&()*0'!8!7,50&9'(T9/:*&76)&-*/&0I*(()*0,-*&'!:!7,55<,++*,'*/3 KE U7/!0(8*7(!--+*0!.!0(&.*5&7<0,-*-16)!0),'*+'&0*--*/!7()*W]49+'*8*[&9'(-3Y!-/*8*,7&'-,'*(<+!0,55<+'&0*--*/!7()*W]['!8!7,5[&9'(-3

75 6&'I*',7/,+-<0)!,('!0*#,59,(!&7=<&7*&.()*+'&:',8^-0&7-95(!7:+-<0)!,('!-(3a,0) +'&/90*-,6'!((*7'*+&'((),(!-+'&#!/*/(&,55+,'(!*-!7#&5#*/FT9/:*1/*.*7-*,((&'7*<1 ()*[&9'(^-[5!7!0,5M!'*0(&'=,-*/&7()*'*-95(-&.()*-*,--*--8*7(-3 S)*05!7!0,5,--*--8*7(!7059/*-,7,--*--8*7(&.+&(*7(!,5+,'(!0!+,7(-^'!-I&.#!&5*70* (&*#,59,(*6)*()*'()*/*.*7/,7(+'*-*7(-(&&:'*,(,'!-I(&'*8,!7!7()*0&8897!(<O KR '*-95(-&.()*,--*--8*7(,'*-),'*/6!()I*</*0!-!&78,I*'-1!7059/!7:()*T9/:*1()* `M`1,7/()*/*.*7-*,((&'7*<3S)*NYZ[T9/:*8,I*-()*.!7,5/*0!-!&7&7/*.*7/,7( +,'(!0!+,(!&73 %&'()&-*!7/!#!/9,5-/**8*/*5!:!=5*,7/-9!(,=5*1 KB ()*/*.*7-*0&97-*56!556&'I6!() ()*/*.*7/,7((&0&7.!'8)!-f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f*/90,(!&7,5-*'#!0*-3S,!5&'!7:('*,(8*7(+5,7-(&()* 7**/-&.()*!7/!#!/9,5+,'(!0!+,7(!-,0'!(!0,5*5*8*7(&.()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(,++'&,0)!7N'&&I5<71,-6,-*8+),-!A*/=<()*0&9'(+'&:',8^-05!7!0,5-(,..3 `00&'/!7:(&()*YZ[-(,..1()*!7/!#!/9,5!A*/0,-*+5,7!-/*#*5&+*/+'!&'(&()*(!8*&. +5*,3%'*L9*7(,++*,',70*-,'*-0)*/95*/=*.&'*()*T9/:*(&8&7!(&'05!*7(+'&:'*--3 P)!5*/*.*7/,7(-,'*!7()*+'*G+,'(!0!+,(!&7c0,7/!/,0<d-(,:*1()*<,++*,'!70&9'( &70*+*'8&7()3%955<G*7'&55*/+,'(!0!+,7(-,++*,'!70&9'(*#*'<&7*&'(6&6**I-.&' ()*.!'-(()'**8&7()-,7/()*78&7()5<975*--&()*'6!-*-+*0!.!*/=<()*T9/:*3Y&'*.'*L9*7(0&9'(,++*,',70*-8,<'*-95(.'&87&70&8+5!,70*&'=*0,9-*()*T9/:*.**5- *;(',T9/!0!,5-9+*'#!-!&76!55*70&9',:*0&8+5!,70*3M*.*7/,7(-,5-&8**(6!()0,-* 8,7,:*8*7(-(,..6)*7*#*'()*<),#*,-0)*/95*/0&9'(,++*,',70*3 `5()&9:),-*7(*70*!-,:'**/(&,(()*(!8*&.()*:9!5(<+5*,1.&'8,5-*7(*70!7:!- -9-+*7/*/6)!5*()*/*.*7/,7(+,'(!0!+,(*-!7()*YZ[3M*.*7/,7(-,:'**(&0&8+5<6!() ()*!'('*,(8*7(+5,7-.&',-+*0!.!*/+*'!&/&.(!8*1(<+!0,55<',7:!7:.'&8$H(&HK KR S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[/&*-7&(9-*,-('90(9'*/&',0(9,'!,5'!-I,--*--8*7((&&53S)*+'&:',8^--&0!,5 '!-I.,0(&'-!7(&()*!'05!7!0,5,--*--8*7(3 KB a,'5<!7()*-(9/<1()*yz[-(,..7&(*/(),(/*.*7/,7(8&(!#,(!&71+9=5!0-,.*(<0&70*'7-1,7/5,0i&.,++'&+'!,(*('*,(8*7(0&95/=*:'&97/-.&'/**8!7:,0,-*!7*5!:!=5*3 _D S)!-/*0!-!&7!-(<+!0,55<8,/*=,-*/&7()*,--*--*/5!I*5!)&&/&..955+'&-*09(!&7,7/,-*7(*70*(&!70,'0*',(!&73

76 8&7()-3 _$ Q,'(!0!+,7(-(<+!0,55<*7(*'*/()*+'&:',8-!7()*,:'**/G9+&7('*,(8*7(+5,7 &70*()*<-9=8!((*/,:9!5(<+5*,(&()*0&9'(3Z&6*#*'1=*0,9-*&.()*(!8*7**/*/(& *-(,=5!-)()*('*,(8*7(+5,7,7/-*09'*+'&:',8-5&(-=*.&'*()*+5*,1+,'(!0!+,7(-6*'* &.(*7!70&7(,0(6!()()*0&9'(.&'5&7:*'(),7()*8,7/,(*/-9+*'#!-!&7+*'!&/3a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i*7*',55<1()*(!8*5!7*6,-,-.&55&6-? M*.*7/,7(-^.!'-(1+'*G+5*,0&9'(,++*,',70*,-8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(0,7/!/,(*- (<+!0,55<&009''*/&7()*-,8*/,<&'6!()!7&7*/,<&.()*!'.!'-(0&7(,0(6!() 8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(-(,..3 a5!:!=!5!(<,--*--8*7(-+,77*/,=&9(,8&7()6!(),+-<0)!,('!0,--*--8*7( (<+!0,55<0&7/90(*/$$/,<-,.(*'!7!(!,50&7(,0(6!()()*0&9'(1()*+-<0)!,('!-(^- '*+&'(0&8+5*(*/J/,<-5,(*'1,7/,--*--8*7(&.&()*'*5!:!=!5!(<0&7-!/*',(!&7- ()*'*8,!7!7:H6**I-3 a5!:!=!5!(</*(*'8!7,(!&7(&+'&:',8,00*+(,70*5,-(*/,++'&;!8,(*5<,7&()*' 8&7()1/9'!7:6)!0)()*N'&&I5<7YZ[05!7!0,5-(,..6&'I*/(&.!7,5!A*+9=5!0 0&8897!(<G=,-*/8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*+'&#!/*'-3 _$ a,'5<!7()*+'&:',81n'&&i5<7yz[+,'(!0!+,7(--!:7*/0&7(',0(-(&-!:7,5()*!'97/*'-(,7/!7:,7/,:'**8*7((&0&8+5<6!()()*0&9'(^-('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*-o,-()*+'&:',88,(9'*/1i*<,0(&'-#!*6*/()* 0&9'('*0&'/,--9..!0!*7(5<=!7/!7:3 _H Y*/!,7-,'*'*+&'(*/!7()!--*0(!&7=*0,9-*()*8*,7-6*'*-I*6*/=<,-8,55798=*'&.&=-*'#,(!&7-6!(),(<+!0,50,-*+'&0*--!7:-(,(!-(!0-3

77 Table Case Processing Statistics Among Brooklyn MHC Participants Case Processing Statistics Among Brooklyn MHC Participants (N=327) Mean Median S!8*.'&8,''*-((&.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0( HK_/,<- $KB/,<- U7-(,7(&..*7-*!-,.*5&7<0),':* RKo 7f, U70,'0*',(*/,((!8*&.'*.*'',5 _Eo 7f, S!8*.'&8.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0((&YZ[+'&:',8-(,'( BJ/,<- ED/,<- S!8*.'&8.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0((&*5!:!=!5!(< /*(*'8!7,(!&7 JR/,<- HR/,<- S!8*.'&8.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0((&.!'-(,++*,',70* $/,< D/,<- S!8*.'&8.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0((&+-<0)!,('!0,--*--8*7( JD/,<- $$/,<- S!8*.'&8+-<0)!,('!0,--*--8*7((&'*+&'( K/,<- J/,<- S!8*.'&8+-<0)!,('!0'*+&'((&*5!:!=!5!(< /*0!-!&7 HH/,<- $H/,<- S!8*.'&8*5!:!=!5!(</*0!-!&7(&+5*,&..*' /,<- JD/,<- M,<-.'&8YZ[-(,'((&0,-*05&-!7: _H$/,<- KKK/,<- `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`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c-+!55&#*'d0,-*-8,<=*)*,'/&7 S)9'-/,<-1)&6*#*'1()*S)9'-/,</&0I*(8,<!7059/*,#,'!*(<&.0,-*-1!7059/!7:()&-* _J Y95(!+5*'*.*'',5-8,<),#*'*-95(*/.'&8,/*.*7/,7(!7!(!,55<),#!7:=**7.&97/8*7(,55<97.!((&-(,7/ ('!,51'*-(&'*/(&.!(7*--1()*7'*G'*.*''*/(&()*+'&:',83

78 &7&()*'-+*0!,5!A*//&0I*(-1-90),-/&8*-(!0#!&5*70*&'cS'*,(8*7(`5(*'7,(!#*-.&' M9,55<M!,:7&-*/M*.*7/,7(-3d Q'&T*0('*-*,'0)*'-&=-*'#*/(6&-*--!&7-&.()*N'&&I5<7YZ[1.!'-(!7`+'!5HDDB(&.!*5/(*-(()*0&9'('&&8&=-*'#,(!&7/,(,0&55*0(!&7+'&(&0&5,7/,:,!7!7V0(&=*'HDDB3 a,0)-*--!&75,-(*/()'**(&.&9')&9'-3m9'!7:()*v0(&=*'hddb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b&9:)5<$D+*'0*7(&.()* )*,'!7:-6*&=-*'#*/6*'*+'*G+5*,,++*,',70*-1/9'!7:6)!0)/*.*7/,7(-6*'* *#,59,(*/.&'!7059-!&7!7()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(3`.*6&.()*)*,'!7:-&=-*'#*/6*'* :',/9,(!&7-16)*'*,/*.*7/,7(-900*--.955<0&8+5*(*/()*YZ[+'&:',83V()*'(<+*-&. -)&6-3 Table Types of Brooklyn MHC Hearings Observed Types of Brooklyn Mental Health Court Hearings Observed (N=85) Q'*G+5*,&'+5*, $Jo 4(,(9-)*,'!7:- K_o i',/9,(!&7&'-*7(*70!7: Ko W&7GYZ[ $Ro W&G-)&6 HDo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

79 ()*!',((&'7*<-,(,55-(,(9-)*,'!7:-3U(-)&95/=*7&(*/(),(()*0,-*8,7,:*8*7( -9+*'#!-&'-6)&+,'(!0!+,(*/!70&9'(6*'*:*7*',55<7&(()*0,-*8,7,:*'-,--!:7*/(& 6&'I6!()()*+,'(!0!+,7(.&'6)&8()*<6*'*-+*,I!7:!70&9'(3 Table Courtroom Interactions Observed During Brooklyn MHC Hearings Courtroom Interactions Observed in the Brooklyn Mental Health Court (N=85) Other than the judge, who spoke at status hearings? M*.*7/,7( BHo M*.*7-*,((&'7*< JEo [,-*8,7,:*'p H$o Q'&-*09(&' Ro V()*' _o X9/:*GM*.*7/,7(!7(*',0(!&7- M*.*7/,7(,//'*--*/.!'-( E$o M*.*7/,7(,++'&,0)*/=*70) _Jo ps)*(*'8c0,-*8,7,:*'d!-9-*/:*7*'!0,55<)*'*(&'*.*'(&,7<8*8=*'&.()*0&9'(^-05!7!0,50,-* 8,7,:*8*7((*,83 a;,8!7!7:()*t9/:*g+,'(!0!+,7(*;0),7:*16*&=-*'#*/(),(()*t9/:*(<+!0,55<-+&i* /!'*0(5<(&+,'(!0!+,7(-17&(()'&9:)()*!',((&'7*<-1(&,//'*--()*!'0&8+5!,70*6!()0&9'( '*L9!'*8*7(-,7/(&!8+,'(!7-('90(!&7-3V#*',551+'&0**/!7:-!7()*N'&&I5<70&9'(6*'* &.(*7/*.*7/,7(G0*7(*'*/3S)*T9/:*,//'*--*/()*+,'(!0!+,7(.!'-(=*.&'*,//'*--!7: &()*'0&9'('&&8,0(&'-,7/*8+5&<*/,0&7#*'-,(!&7,5-(<5*1-(,'(!7:)!-!7(*',0(!&7-6!() ()*/*.*7/,7(-6!()&+*7G*7/*/L9*'!*--90),-1rZ&6,'*()!7:-:&!7:mrS)*N'&&I5<7 T9/:*&.(*7,-I*/+'&=!7:L9*-(!&7-,7/.'*L9*7(5<!7#!(*//*.*7/,7(-(&+,'(!0!+,(*!7 /!-09--!&7-6!())!8,(()*=*70)3Q,'(!0!+,7(-(<+!0,55<-+&I*!70&9'(F,=&9(BD+*'0*7( Y90)&.()*T9/:*G+,'(!0!+,7(*;0),7:*0*7(*'*/&78&7!(&'!7:0&8+5!,70*6!()0&9'( '*L9!'*8*7(-3S)*8,T&'!(<&.0&8+5!,70*8&7!(&'!7:,0(!#!(<F'*:95,'8**(!7:-6!() &9(-!/*&.0&9'(1,7/()*0,-*8,7,:*8*7((*,8+'&/90*/6'!((*7'*+&'(-&.05!*7( +'&:'*--16)!0)6*'*0!'095,(*/(&()*T9/:*1/*.*7-*1,7/+'&-*09(!&7!7,/#,70*&.()* 0&9'(-*--!&73`//!(!&7,55<1()*0,-*8,7,:*8*7(-9+*'#!-&'='!*.*/()*T9/:*&7()* 0,-*5&,//9'!7:()*)&9'=*.&'*()*0&9'(-*--!&7=*:,73S)*T9/:*6,-&=-*'#*/ '*.*''!7:(&()*-*6'!((*7'*+&'(-!70&9'(3 8495)3#(=& S)*8,T&'!(<&.0,-*-6*&=-*'#*/6*'*0&8+5!,7(3S)*T9/:*-(<+!0,55<'*-+&7/*/(& 0&8+5!,7(0,-*-6!()#*'=,5+',!-*1=9(6*&=-*'#*/(),(-&8*(!8*-0,-*-6*'*-!8+5< 0&7(!79*/6!()&9(&#*'(+',!-*3S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[*8+5&<*/&()*''*6,'/-1,-6*553 S)*T9/:*&.(*7!7#!(*/0&8+5!,7(/*.*7/,7(-(&-+*,I6!())!8,(()*=*70)F05&-*(&CD +*'0*7(&.0&8+5!,7(/*.*7/,7(--+&I*6!()()*T9/:*,(()*=*70)1'*:,'/5*--&.&#*'(

80 9-*/+),-*0&8+5*(!&70*'(!.!0,(*-(&8,'I+'&:'*--!7()*('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*1,7/()*'* 6,-0&9'('&&8,++5,9-*6)*7()*-*0*'(!.!0,(*-6*'*,6,'/*/3 M*.*7/,7(-r:',/9,(*/r9+&7-900*--.95+'&:',80&8+5*(!&73U7N'&&I5<71()!-6,-,77&970*/,-:',/9,(!&7/,<3S)*T9/:*,6,'/*/,0*'(!.!0,(*(&()*/*.*7/,7(1()* ),7/-6!()()*T9/:*3S)*/*.*7/,7(6,-,5-&:!#*7,7&++&'(97!(<(&-+*,I(&()*0&9'(3 U7-&8*&=-*'#*/0,-*-1()*T9/:*.9'()*'05,'!.!*/()*(*'8-&.()*'*/90*/-*7(*70*!7 '*-+&7-*(&/*.*7/,7(-^L9*-(!&7-3 Z4(=495)3#(=& S)*.&55&6!7:(<+*-&.7&70&8+5!,70*6*'*&=-*'#*/!7&()*',++*,',70*-?('*,(8*7(,=-*70*-&'7&7+,'(!0!+,(!&71+&-!(!#*/'9:(*-(-1,7/.,!59'*(&,++*,',(0&9'(3`55-(,(*/ 7&70&8+5!,70*6,-,//'*--*/=<()*T9/:*O()!-6,-(<+!0,55<()'&9:)#*'=,5'*0&:7!(!&73 S)*T9/:*0&88*7(*/&7()*7&70&8+5!,70*1!--9*/!7-('90(!&7-&',/#!0*(&()* /*.*7/,7(1,7/*;+5,!7*/()*0&7-*L9*70*-&.7&(0&8+5<!7:6!()()*0&9'(q-0&7/!(!&7-3 V00,-!&7,55<16*&=-*'#*/(),(()*T9/:*!70'*,-*/()*.'*L9*70<&.*!()*'0&9'(,++*,',70*-&'0,-*8,7,:*8*7(8**(!7:-3`//!(!&7,55<16*&00,-!&7,55<6!(7*--*/ /*.*7/,7(-6)&6*'*'*8,7/*/(&T,!53FY&'*&.(*716*-,6/*.*7/,7(-6)&),/=**7 '*8,7/*/(&T,!5&7()*!'+'*#!&9-,++*,',70*1,7/6*'*=*!7:-**7,:,!7=<()*T9/:*1 P,'',7(-6*'*!--9*/!./*.*7/,7(-6*'*7&G-)&6-6!()&9(,00*+(,=5*'*,-&7-3S)*0&9'( /!/7&(,++5<,.!;*/-,70(!&7,5:&'!()83M9'!7:&9'-(,I*)&5/*'!7(*'#!*6-16*6*'*(&5/ (),(7&70&8+5!,70*6,-/*,5(6!()&7,0,-*G=<G0,-*=,-!-1,7/(),(.'*L9*7(r-*0&7/ 0),70*-r6*'*:!#*73W&(*(),(()*(*'8!7&5&:<r-*0&7/0),70*r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`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g,I*< 0&70*'7&.()*+'&:', >C65 I465=D=?45=>8 48: (C5D>B7; `(&(,5&._$B!7/!#!/9,5-6*'*'*.*''*/(&()*N'&&I5<7YZ[+'&:',8=*(6**7HDDH,7/HDDC1&.6)&81JHE+,'(!0!+,(*/!7()*+'&:',83`-7&(*/*,'5!*'10,-*-89-(8**( ()*+'&:',8^-8*7(,5)*,5(),7/5*:,5*5!:!=!5!(<'*L9!'*8*7(-,7/,:'**(&*7(*',+5*,!7 &'/*'(&+,'(!0!+,(*3W&(,55'*.*'',5-,'*/*(*'8!7*/(&=**5!:!=5*3U7(9'71+,'(!0!+,(!&7!7 ()*N'&&I5<7YZ[!-#&597(,'<,7/*5!:!=5*/*.*7/,7(-8,<0)&&-*7&((&+,'(!0!+,(*.&',#,'!&9-'*,-&7-3`++*7/!;%+'&#!/*-()*'*-95(-.'&8,7,7,5<-!-0&8+,'!7:N'&&I5<7 YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-,7/7&7+,'(!0!+,7(-O()*,7,5<-!-*;,8!7*-()**;(*7((&6)!0)()*(6& %&'()*JHE!7/!#!/9,5-6)&+,'(!0!+,(*/!7()*N'&&I5<7YZ[+'&:',81+,'(!0!+,(!&7 5,-(*/.&',7,#*',:*&.$_8&7()-.'&8()*+5*,/,(*(&0,-*05&-!7:3S)*8,T&'!(<&. +,'(!0!+,7(-6)&*7'&55*/!7()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(0&8+5*(*/-900*--.955<?EK+*'0*7( :',/9,(*/3U70&7(',-(1'&9:)5<$R+*'0*7((*'8!7,(*/97-900*--.955<,7/T9-(97/*'$D +*'0*7(),/()*!'0,-*-05&-*/.&'&()*''*,-&7-3`=&9(&7*+*'0*7(&.0,-*-6*'*-(!55 +,'(!0!+,(!7:,(()*(!8*&./,(,0&55*0(!&7!7HD$D3 Y*/!,7-,'*'*+&'(*/!7()!--*0(!&7=*0,9-*()*8*,7-6*'*-I*6*/=<,-8,55798=*'&.&=-*'#,(!&7-6!(),(<+!0,50,-*+'&0*--!7:-(,(!-(!0-3

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`-8,55+&'(!&7&.8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+,'(!0!+,7(-,5-&'*0*!#*/#&0,(!&7,5-*'#!0*-3 4*#*7+*'0*7('*0*!#*/,/95(#&0,(!&7,5&'*/90,(!&7,5-*'#!0*-,7/&7*+*'0*7('*0*!#*/ -!8!5,'-*'#!0*-(,':*(*/(&,/&5*-0*7(-3 I6>G64B!M=5 N'&&I5<7YZ[-(,I*)&5/*'-5&&I.&'895(!+5*&9(0&8*-(&/*.!7*+'&:',8-900*--?7& '*G,''*-(-10*--,(!&7&./'9:9-*1,7/,/)*'*70*(&()*('*,(8*7(8,7/,(*3 S&:',/9,(*1+,'(!0!+,7(-89-(-900*--.955<+,--()'&9:)()*0&9'(^-.&9'-(,:*- [*'(!.!0,(*-,'*,6,'/*/(&+,'(!0!+,7(-,(()*0&8+5*(!&7&.*,0)-(,:*3 _C i',/9,(!&7 _C W&(*(),(()*'*,'*7&97!#*'-,5+'&:',80'!(*'!,.&'8&#!7:()'&9:)()*-*.&9'-(,:*-3['!(*'!,.&' 8&#!7:.'&8&7*-(,:*(&()*7*;(,'*/*(*'8!7*/.&'*,0)!7/!#!/9,5=,-*/&7()*!'-!(9,(!&7,(+'&:',8

83 '*-95(-!7,/!-8!--,5&.0),':*-.&'8!-/*8*,7&',7/7&7#!&5*7(1.!'-(G(!8*.*5&7< &..*7/*'-3Q'*/!0,(*.*5&7-,7/!7/!#!/9,5-6)&0&88!(.!'-(G(!8*#!&5*7(.*5&7!*-6!55 ),#*()*!'0),':*-'*/90*/(&,8!-/*8*,7&'+5*,,7/'*0*!#*,+*'!&/&.+'&=,(!&73 U7/!#!/9,5-6)&.,!5(&0&8+5*(*()*N'&&I5<7YZ[,'*(<+!0,55<-*7(*70*/(&T,!5&' +'!-&7!7,00&'/,70*6!()()*&'!:!7,5+5*,,:'**8*7(3 Table Specialized Treatment and Services Provided Through the Brooklyn MHC Additional Services* Provided Through the Mental Health Court (N=327) H3J+'&:',8- Any case management services 74.3% C3Ko [,-*8,7,:*8*7( _H3Co JR3_o Any housing 51.7% Z&9-!7: $B3Co $D3Ko 49=-(,70*,=9-*'*-!/*70* HE3Ho Any substance abuse treatment services 72.8% `/&5*-0*7(/'9:('*,(8*7( D3Jo $D3Ko KC3_o 49=-(,70*,=9-*'*-!/*70* HE3Ho 49=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7( HH3Bo Any vocational services 7.7% `/&5*-0*7(#&0,(!&7,5f*/90,(!&7 $3Ho >&0,(!&7,5fb*),=fa/90,(!&7 C3Eo py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

84 Table Case Outcomes for Brooklyn MHC Participants Case Outcomes for Brooklyn MHC Participants (N=327) [9''*7(Q,'(!0!+,7( $3HHo i',/9,(*/ EK3D$o S*'8!7,(*/ $R3J_o V()*' C3EKo i',/9,(*-&.()*yz[&'!:!7,55<+5*/(&,#*',:*!70,'0*',(!&7-*7(*70*-&.h3h(&j3$ &9(0&8*-.&'N'&&I5<7YZ[:',/9,(*-3W*,'5<.&9'!7(*7:',/9,(*-),/()*!'0),':*- /!-8!--*/1,7/,=&9(&7*G),5.),/()*!'.*5&7<0,-*-'*/90*/(&8!-/*8*,7&'-*7(*70*-3 U7H$+*'0*7(&.0,-*-1()*'*6*'*7&.9'()*'-9+*'#!-!&7'*L9!'*8*7(-O=9(!7JD+*'0*7(1 ()*'*6*'*$G(&GJG<*,'+'&=,(!&7'*L9!'*8*7(-3b&9:)5<$$+*'0*7(&.0,-*-),/&()*' 0,-*/!-+&-!(!&7-3 Table Sentencing Outcomes Among Brooklyn MHC Graduates Sentencing Outcomes Among Brooklyn MHC Graduates (N=242) [),':*-M!-8!--*/ JEo Y!-/*8*,7&'0&7#!0(!&76!()(!8*-*'#*/ H$o Y!-/*8*,7&'0&7#!0(!&76!()$<*,' +'&=,(!&7 Jo Y!-/*8*,7&'0&7#!0(!&76!()J<*,'- +'&=,(!&7 HEo V()*' $$o Q,'(!0!+,7(-6)&.,!5*/(&0&8+5*(*()*YZ[&'!:!7,55<+5*/(&,#*',:*!70,'0*',(!&7 /!..*'*70*6)*70&8+,'*/(&()*+5*,&..*'-8,/*(&+'&:',8:',/9,(*-1-9::*-(!7:(),( -900*--.95+,'(!0!+,7(-),/0&8+,',(!#*5<-*'!&9-&..*7-*-,7/0'!8!7,5)!-(&'!*-,-()&-* 6)&.,!5*/3 h&7:*'g(*'80'!8!7,5t9-(!0*&9(0&8*-&.yz[+,'(!0!+,7(-,'*,//'*--*/!75,(*' -*0(!&7-&.()!-'*+&'(1-+*0!.!0,55<!7[),+(*'K(),(0&#*'-()*!8+,0(*#,59,(!&73 Z&6*#*'1!(!-6&'()7&(!7:1)*'*1(),(,#*'<-8,55+*'0*7(,:*&.YZ[)*,5() HDDH,7/HDDC1,.(*'()*!'!7!(!,50,-*05&-*/3S)*-*!7059/*/+'&:',8:',/9,(*-1+'&:',8.,!59'*-1,7//*.*7/,7(-6)&),/,5(*'7,(*/!-+&-!(!&7-3S)*(!8*.'&80,-*05&-!7:(&'*G '*.*'',5',7:*/.'&8CJ(&RRH/,<-3

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`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

86 Table Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Graduates and Failures, Characteristics of Brooklyn MHC Graduates and Failures, (N=327) Graduated (n=242) Failed (n=60) p-value Demographics `:*,(,''*-( JJ3R<*,'- JD3B<*,'- D3$DEB Y,5* EH3Eo RR3Jo N5,0I',0* 3Do CE3Ro P)!(*',0* KD3Ko HR3Ro D3$DDR V()*'',0* K3Co J3Ko D3CRRJ Z!-+,7!0*()7!0!(< HH3$o $J3Co D3$KC_ Z&8*5*--,(+'&:',8!7(,I* $C3Ko HR3$o Referral to MHC %*5&7<0),':* RH3Co RR3Jo D3HR$D U70,'0*',(*/,(()*(!8*&.+'&:',8'*.*'',5 _$3_o E$3Eo Mental health `;!-U8&&//!-&'/*' _K3$o _B3Jo D3KEKD `;!-U+-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*' JC3Ro JJ3Bo D3CR$H 49=-(,70*,=9-*/!,:7&-!-&7*!()*'`;!-U&'UU 3Do R$3Eo Mental health court processing H$_3R J$B3E D3$EDD HH3K J$3K D3JK$$ M,<-.'&8.!'-(0&9'(0&7(,0((&*5!:!=!5!(</*0!-!&7 J_3E KJ3J D3$KKK M,<-.'&8*5!:!=!5!(<,--*--8*7((&0&9'(-(,'(/,(* _$3K CC3E D3$KD_ M,<-&.8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+,'(!0!+,(!&7.'&8+5*,(& _$B3E _KE3D D3_CHB Mental health programs received W98=*'&.+'&:',8(<+*-'*0*!#*/ H3J H3K D3_$KK `7<0,-*8,7,:*8*7(-*'#!0*- EEo C_o D3D_B_ `7<)&9-!7: KCo EDo D3DDDB `7<-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*- CBo REo D3DD$D `7<#&0,(!&7,5-*'#!0*- Bo _o D3HEE$ Q*'-&7-6)&:',/9,(*/,7/.,!5*/()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'('*0*!#*//!..*'*7(5*#*5-&. -9++&'(!#*8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-3i!#*7()*)!:)*'',(*-&.-9=-(,70*,=9-*,8&7: +'&:',8.,!59'*-1!(!-7&(-9'+'!-!7:(),(-!:7!.!0,7(5<8&'*+'&:',8.,!59'*-+,'(!0!+,(*/!7-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7(1+,'(!095,'5<'*-!/*7(!,5-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7(3

87 4!8!5,'5<1+'&:',8.,!59'*-6*'*8&'*5!I*5<(&),#*=**7)&8*5*--=*.&'*()*!' `++'&;!8,(*5<EE+*'0*7(&.+'&:',8:',/9,(*-'*0*!#*/0,-*8,7,:*8*7(-*'#!0*- 0&8+,'*/(&C_+*'0*7(&.+'&:',8.,!59'*-3S)!-/!..*'*70*6,-/'!#*7=</!..*'*70*-!7 /54N73>9:76 =7A; >H >C65 N'&&I5<7YZ[-(,I*)&5/*'-!/*7(!.!*/()*5&7:G-(,7/!7:-(,=!5!(<&.()*0&9'((*,8F()* T9/:*105!7!0,5/!'*0(&'1,7/`M`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h,0I&.0&8897!(<G=,-*/8*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(6,-()*&75<0),55*7:* 0&7-!-(*7(5<0!(*/=<-(,I*)&5/*'-3V7*-(,I*)&5/*'+'&#!/*/,8&'*79,70*/#!*6(),( ()*0),55*7:*6,-!75&0,(!7:-+*0!,5!A*/-*'#!0*-.&'05!*7(-6!()895(!+5*7**/-O6)!5* &9(+,(!*7(8*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(!-:*7*',55<,#,!5,=5*1-*'#!0*-.&'05!*7(-'*L9!'!7:!7(*:',(*/-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7(&'-9++&'(!#*)&9-!7:,'*0&7-!/*',=5<8&'* 5!8!(*/3 ]#YLJHGLL OL 1LYOP^ 3GHNOP +GOPNM *GRVJKGL -GKGJVGI TZ (RJ_JHOP 5GXGHIOHNL JH #RSSQPZH OHI NMG #RSH\E )GW 8SRQ i*7*',55<-+*,i!7:1()*09''*7(*#,59,(!&79-*/*;!-(!7:'*0&'/-,7/,l9,-!g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

88 4<-(*8,(!0/,(,1)&6*#*'1,'*0&55*0(*/,7/8,!7(,!7*/&7,5,':*-9=-*(&.0'!8!7,5 /*.*7/,7(-6!()8*7(,5)*,5()+'&=5*8-3`55+*'-&7-!70,'0*',(*/=<()*W*6]&'I[!(< _E g(<+!0,55<!7()*t,!5.,0!5!(!*-&7b!i*'-u-5,7/g 97/*':&,-*'!*-&.-0'**7!7:-9+&7,/8!--!&7(&!/*7(!.<+&--!=5*8*7(,5)*,5()!--9*-3 Q*'-&7-6!()!/*7(!.!*/8*7(,5)*,5()!--9*-,'*+'&#!/*/.9'()*'8*7(,5)*,5()*#,59,(!&7,7/('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-/9'!7:()*!'!70,'0*',(!&73`//!(!&7,55<1!78,(*-6!()8*7(,5 )*,5()!--9*-'*0*!#*/!-0),':*+5,77!7:-*'#!0*-(&.,0!5!(,(*0&7(!79!(<&.0,'*!7()* 0&8897!(<9+&7'*5*,-*3 S)!-+&+95,(!&7&.MV[!78,(*-6)&'*0*!#*/T,!5G=,-*/8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-.&'8- ()*=,-!-&.()*-(9/<q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`//!(!&7,55<1(&()**;(*7( (),(8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(/*.*7/,7(-6*'*!70,'0*',(*/+'*('!,51()*<6&95/),#*'*0*!#*/ ()*-*-*'#!0*-+'!&'(&()*,//!(!&7,5-0'**7!7:1,--*--8*7(1('*,(8*7(+5,0*8*7(1,7/ 0&9'(8&7!(&'!7:+'&#!/*/=<()*-+*0!,5!A*/YZ[+'&:',8-3 S)*MV[!78,(*+&+95,(!&7!7059/*-,5,':*798=*'&./*.*7/,7(-6!()8*7(,5!557*--3 W,(!&76!/*1'*-*,'0)*'-*-(!8,(*(),(CK+*'0*7(&.T,!5!78,(*-*;+*'!*70*8*7(,5)*,5() +&+95,(!&7&.!78,(*-),-'*8,!7*/=*(6**7$J1DDD,7/$K1DDD.&'890)&.()*+,-( /*0,/*3 _R W*6]&'I1h&-`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ff66637<03:&#f)(85f/&0f)(85f-(,(-f/&0k-(,(-3-)(851,00*--*/x97*$c1hd$$3

89 `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`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`//!(!&7,55<1MVZYZ+'&#!/*/()*'*-*,'0)(*,8 6!()/,(,&7,55+*'-&7-6)&6*'*,''*-(*/!7N'&&I5<7&'()*N'&7;/9'!7:HDD_,7/ HDDC6)&6*'*-9..!0!*7(5<8*7(,55<!55(&'*0*!#*-*'#!0*-97/*'()*(*'8-&.()*B+%0'C' -*((5*8*7(3 CD FS)*+9'+&-*6,-(&.&'8,0&8+,'!-&7+&&5.&'()*,7,5<-!-&.8*7(,5 +&+95,(!&7!-+'*-*7(*/)*'*,-6*553 J%%&-$ #(+ J ( $4 83$? ;#3)- V70*,''*-(*/1-9-+*0(-,'*(<+!0,55<)*5/,(()*+'*0!70(1(',7-.*''*/(&,0*7(',5=&&I!7:.,0!5!(<1,7/()*7,'',!:7*/,(0&9'(3 C$ `(,'',!:78*7(1,T9/:*/*0!/*-6)*()*',-9-+*0( _B [!(<&.W*6]&'I1M*+,'(8*7(&.[&''*0(!&7-(,(!-(!0-'*+&'(*/&7 )((+?ff66637<03:&#f)(85f/&0f)(85f-(,(-f/&0k-(,(-3-)(851,00*--*/x97*$c1hd$$3 CD S),(!-1+*'-&7-6)&6*'**!()*'c/**8*/d&'c/*-!:7,(*/d,-*5!:!=5*.&'B+%0'C/!-0),':*+5,77!7: -*'#!0*-3 C$ `-8,558!7&'!(<&.,''*-(**-,'*(,I*7(&()**8*':*70<'&&8!7-(*,/,-c*8&(!&7,55</!-(9'=*/

90 Figure 3.3. Mental Health Services Provided During Pretrial Detention

91 .&'+'*('!,5/*(*7(!&73S)*8,T&'!(<&.!78,(*-97/*'MV[0&7('&5,'*!70,'0*',(*/,(()* 7!7*.,0!5!(!*-5&0,(*/&7b!I*'-U-5,7/3S)*'*6*'*=*(6**7$DH1DDD,7/$$D1DDD!78,(*,/8!--!&7-/9'!7:()*HDDH(&HDDC-(9/<+*'!&/.&'()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(-*#,59,(!&7O ()!-.!:9'*6,-T9-(=*5&6$DD1DDD,(()*(!8*&.-(9/<!7(*'#!*6-6!()MVZYZ +*'-&77*53 CH 2&D&%%#) $4 '&($#) *&#)$ >&%G3=&- `558*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*+'&#!-!&7!7[!(<T,!5-!-'*.*'',5G=,-*/3b*.*'',5-(&8*7(,5 )*,5()-*'#!0*-,'*9-9,55<8,/*/9'!7:()*!7(,I*+'&0*--1=9(-&8*'*.*'',5-,'!-*.'&8 ()*0&9'(/9'!7:,'',!:78*7(1!78,(*-*5.G'*.*'',5(&-*'#!0*-1,7/,-8,55-),'*F,=&9( P)*7+'&0*--!7:,7*6,/8!--!&7(&,[!(<T,!51MV['97-.!7:*'+'!7(-10)*0I-0'!8!7,5 )!-(&'<1,--!:7--*09'!(<5*#*51,7/,/8!7!-(*'-,-9!0!/*+'*#*7(!&70)*0I5!-(/*#*5&+*/ =<()*W*6]&'I4(,(*V..!0*&.Y*7(,5Z*,5()1()*4Q4iJJD1(&/*(*'8!7*6)*()*' '*.*'',5-(&8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-.&'()*!78,(*,'*7*0*--,'<3U78,(*--9=-*L9*7(5< 97/*':&.9558*/!0,5*;,8!7,(!&7-6!()!7,++'&;!8,(*5<HK)&9'-&.,''!#,5,(,[!(<T,!53 Q,'(&.()**;,8!7,(!&7!7059/*-,HHG!(*88*7(,5-(,(9--0'**7!7:0&7/90(*/=<, +)<-!0!,7&'+)<-!0!,7^-,--!-(,7(16)!0)8,<'*-95(!7,'*.*'',5(&8*7(,5)*,5() -*'#!0*-3[&+!*-&.I*<-0'**7!7:!7-('98*7(-,'*!7059/*/!7`++*7/!;a /76K=D7; J--&--9&($ #(+ BG#)<#$34( V70*,8*7(,5)*,5()'*.*'',5!-8,/*1,7!7!(!,58*7(,5)*,5(),--*--8*7(!-0&7/90(*/=<,5!0*7-*/05!7!0,5-&0!,56&'I*'1+-<0)&5&:!-(1&'+-<0)!,('!-(6!()!7EH)&9'-3S)!-!7!(!,5,--*--8*7(8,<=*0&7/90(*/-&&7*'!79':*7(-!(9,(!&7-3N,-*/&7()!-,--*--8*7(1-(,.. /*(*'8!7*-6)*()*'.&55&6G9+,--*--8*7(&'0,'*!-7**/*/,7/6)*()*',7!78,(*-)&95/ 4(,..'*+&'(*/(),(,=&9(BD+*'0*7(&.'*.*'',5-,'*c,/8!((*/d CJ (&()*8*7(,5)*,5() 0,-*5&,/,7/1()*'*.&'*1/**8*/*5!:!=5*.&'/!-0),':*+5,77!7:-*'#!0*-97/*'()*(*'8- &.()*B+%0'C-*((5*8*7(3U78,(*-^=&&IG,7/G0,-*798=*'-,'*8,'I*/!7(*'7,55<6!(),7 cy1d,7/-*'#!0*+'&#!-!&7!-(',0i*/!7()*y*7(,5z*,5()m!-0),':*q5,77!7:[!('!; /,(,=,-*3 CK MVZYZ+'&#!/*/()*'*-*,'0)(*,86!()$H1HBB,''*-(G*#*7('*0&'/-.'&8()!-/,(,=,-*1 '*+'*-*7(!7:,55&.!(-*70&97(*'-6!()N'&&I5<7,7/N'&7;,''*-(**-!7HDD_,7/HDDC3 CH [!(<&.W*6]&'I1M*+,'(8*7(&.[&''*0(!&7-(,(!-(!0-'*+&'(*/&7 )((+?ff66637<03:&#f)(85f/&0f)(85f-(,(-f/&0k-(,(-3-)(851,00*--*/x97*$c1hd$$3 CJ S)*(*'8c,/8!((*/d!-9-*/(&/*-0'!=*-&8*&7*^-*7('<&7(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()0,-*5&,/3S)!-/&*-7&( 8*,7()*<,'*)&-+!(,5!A*/&'8&#*/(&,8*7(,5&=-*'#,(!&797!(3 CK S)!-cYd/*-!:7,(!&7!-9-*/!7(*'7,55<&75<.&'MV[(&!/*7(!.<,05,--8*8=*'1!7&'/*'(&*7-9'*(),( *5!:!=5*!78,(*-,'*+'&#!/*/6!()B+%0'CG'*L9!'*/-*'#!0*-3S)!-!-7&(,.970(!&7,5&'/!,:7&-(!0 /*-!:7,(!&7,7/-)&95/7&(=*0&7-('9*/,-8*,7!7:.95.&'('*,(8*7(+9'+&-*-3%9'()*'8&'*1()*cYd /*-!:7,(!&7!-9-*/!7(*'7,55<&75<1,7//&*-7&(,++*,'*;(*'7,55<,-+,'(&.!78,(*-^=&&IG,7/G0,-*

92 8&'*(),7&70*/9'!7:()*HDD_(&HDDC+*'!&/O!7()*-*0,-*-1&75<()*!'.!'-(,''*-(G*#*7( 6,-!7059/*/!7()*,7,5<-!-3 `--)&67!7S,=5*J3HK1N'&&I5<7,7/N'&7;!78,(*-6!()8*7(,5!557*--!7()*-(9/< C_ W*,'5< Table Characteristics of Brooklyn and Bronx Arrestees Who Received Mental Health Services from DOHMH in Jail During Demographic Characteristics (N=9,493) J_3_<*,'- Y,5* EK3$Bo N5,0I _R3CBo P)!(* $R3HEo V()*'',0* HJ3DKo Z!-+,7!0*()7!0!(< JR3DHo a7:5!-)5,7:9,:*,=!5!(< BK3_Bo Z&8*5*--,(,''*-( R3DDo W&(*?M,(,&7',0*1*()7!0!(<15,7:9,:*,7/)&8*5*--7*--6*'*,#,!5,=5*.&''&9:)5<ED+*'0*7(&.()*-,8+5*3 V70*!78,(*-,'*c,/8!((*/d(&()*8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-0,-*5&,/1,-*'!*-&..&55&6G9+ )*,5()-&0!,56&'I*'97/*'()*-9+*'#!-!&7&.,+-<0)&5&:!-(3`.9'()*'+-<0)!,('!0,--*--8*7(!-0&7/90(*/.&'()&-*'*L9!'!7:+-<0)!,('!00,'*3`[&8+'*)*7-!#* 05!7!0,58*7(,5)*,5()-&0!,56&'I*'3P!()!7-*#*7=9-!7*--/,<-&.()*[SQM4W1, /!-0),':*+5,77!7:-&0!,56&'I*'0&8+5*(*-,/!-0),':*+5,73S)*[SQM4W/&098*7(.970(!&7-,-,('*,(8*7(+5,76!()!7!(!,5/!-0),':*+5,77!7:'*0&88*7/,(!&7-O!(!7059/*- ()*8*7(,5)*,5()/!,:7&-!-14QYU/*(*'8!7,(!&7F!3*316)*()*'-&8*&7*),-c-*'!&9-,7/ CC.970(!&7,5-(,(9-10&8897!(<G=,-*/('*,(8*7()!-(&'<1 C_ %*6*'(),7$+*'0*7(&.*,0)6*'*-+*0!.!0,55</*-0'!=*/,-`-!,7&'W,(!#*`8*'!0,73 CC /!,:7&-(!0(*'83S)*'*,'*798*'&9-/*.!7!(!&7-&.4QYU!7()*8*7(,5)*,5().!*5/16!()/!..*'*7( #,'!,(!&7-&./!,:7&-(!0,7/.970(!&7,50'!(*'!,3S)*4QYU/*(*'8!7,(!&7!-+'!8,'!5<.&'()*+9'+&-*&. /!-0),':*+5,77!7:1,-,4QYU/*(*'8!7,(!&7('!::*'-0*'(,!7,//!(!&7,5'!:)(-97/*'()*B+%0'C-(!+95,(!&73 -+*0!.!*/!7()*B+%0'C-(!+95,(!&73S)*VYZ4QYU/*.!7!(!&7!-9-*/!7()*0&8897!(<(&/*(*'8!7*

93 '*0&88*7/,(!&7-.&'('*,(8*7(!7T,!51,7/'*0&88*7/,(!&7-.&'('*,(8*7(9+&7'*5*,-*3 `7,5<-!-&.()*N'&&I5<7,7/N'&7;/,(,!7HDD_,7/HDDC-)&6*/(),(,''*-(**-6*'* (<+!0,55< CE '*.*''*/(&8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-6!()!7(6&/,<-&.,''*-(,7/'*0*!#*/,7!7!(!,58*7(,5)*,5(),--*--8*7(&7(),(-,8*/,<1,-+'*-*7(*/!7S,=5*J3H_3U((&&I,7&()*'7!7*/,<-.'&8()*!7!(!,5,--*--8*7((&0&7/90(.&55&6G9+,--*--8*7(-,7/6'!(*,[SQM4W1!7059/!7:,/!,:7&-!-14QYU/*-!:7,(!&7,7//!-0),':*+5,77!7: '*0&88*7/,(!&7-3S)*'*8,!7!7:5*7:()&.-(,<!7T,!5,.(*'()*[SQM4W6,-0&8+5*(*/ 6,-,7&()*'(6&8&7()-3 Table Time to Selected Mental Health Service Milestones Mental Health Service Milestones (N=9493) b*0*!#*/!7!(!,5,--*--8*7( BC3HHo H/,<- D/,<- [SQM4W0&8+5*(*/ CH3DBo B/,<b*5*,-*/.'&8T,!5 BE3BCo S!8*.'&8[SQM4W(&'*5*,-* /,<a5!:!=5*1=9('*.9-*/b+%0'c/!-0),':*+5,77!7: -*'#!0*- HC3RJo W&(*(),(()**;(*7((&6)!0)8*7(,5)*,5()7**/-6*'*,--*--*/,7/('*,(*/!7T,!5 /*+*7/*/&7()*5*7:()&.-(,<3`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

94 Table Time Served in Jail Time Served in Jail (N=9493) Q*'0*7(,:*'*5*,-*/.'&8T,!5 BE3BCo $DK/,<- JC/,<- '&($#) *&#)$ 1%&#$9&($ 3( ;#3) MVZYZ+*'-&77*5*-(!8,(*/(),(&7,7<:!#*7/,<,++'&;!8,(*5<J1JDD!78,(*-,'*&7 ()*8*7(,5)*,5()0,-*5&,/1'*0*!#!7:('*,(8*7(&'/!-0),':*+5,77!7:-*'#!0*-3V.()*-*1,=&9(H1_DD(&H1RDD+*'-&7-'*0*!#*8*/!0,(!&7-16)!5*()*'*8,!7/*'F'&9:)5<H_ `7,5<-!-&.()*/,(,.&'N'&&I5<7,7/N'&7;,''*-(**-!7HDD_,7/HDDC1+'*-*7(*/!7 '*8,!7!7:RR+*'0*7(6*'*!7()*:*7*',5+&+95,(!&73 CR Y*7(,5)*,5()/!,:7&-*-,7/ 4QYU-(,(9-6*'*,#,!5,=5*.&'E_+*'0*7(,7/R_+*'0*7(1'*-+*0(!#*5<1&.()*!78,(*- -*'#*/=<MVZYZ!7T,!53`-/*+!0(*/!7S,=5*J3HR1()*8&-(0&88&7`;!-U8*7(,5 CB S)*,#*',:*.970(!&7,5-(,(9-&.!78,(*-,-8*,-9'*/=<()*i5&=,5`--*--8*7(&.%970(!&7!7:6,-, -0&'*&._E&7,-0,5*&.$(&$DD18*,7!7:(),(()*,#*',:*!78,(*6!()8*7(,5!557*-- ),/8&/*',(*-<8+(&8-,7//!..!095(!*-!7-&0!,51&009+,(!&7,51&'-0)&&5.970(!&7!7:3 CR M!..*'*70*-=*(6**7-(,..*-(!8,(*-&.()*8*7(,5)*,5()0,-*5&,/,7/()*-(9/<^-/,(,,7,5<-!--(*8.'&8,798=*'&.5*:!(!8,(*8*()&/&5&:!0,5/!..*'*70*-3%!'-(1-(,..'*+&'(-.&09-*/&709''*7(+',0(!0*-,(()* (!8*&.-(9/<!7(*'#!*6-!7HDDB3N<0&7(',-(1()*/,(,,7,5<-!-!-'*('&-+*0(!#*,7/=,-*/&7,-9=-*(&. 0,-*-!7HDD_,7/HDDC34*0&7/1-(,..'*+&'(-'*.5*0(()*-(&0I!78,(*+&+95,(!&7&7,7<:!#*7/,<1 6)*'*,-()*-(9/<^-/,(,0&55*0(!&7.&09-*/&7,/8!--!&7-/9'!7:()*-(9/<+*'!&/34(,(!-(!0-=,-*/&7 -(&0I+&+95,(!&7-(*7/(&'*.5*0(()&-*6!(),5&7:*'5*7:()&.-(,<16)!0)8,<=*/9*(&8&'*0&8+5!0,(*/ 0'!8!7,50,-*-&'8&'*-*#*'*8*7(,5!557*--3%!7,55<1-(,..'*+&'(*/&7()*!'*;+*'!*70*6!(),558*7(,55<!55!78,(*-1'*:,'/5*--&.0,-*T9'!-/!0(!&73N<0&7(',-(1()*-(9/<-*5*0(*/,-9=-*(&./*.*7/,7(-!7N'&7;,7/ N'&&I5<70,-*-16)&8,<),#*-<-(*8,(!0,55</!..*'*7(-&0!&*0&7&8!0,7/)*,5()0),',0(*'!-(!0-.'&8()*,::'*:,(*+&+95,(!&73 CB -(,(9-0&/*=,-*/&7/!,:7&-(!0,7/.970(!&7,50'!(*'!,1=9(!(!7!(-*5.!-7&(,/!,:7&-(!0(*'83U(!-,5-&7&(1 7*0*--,'!5<,/*(*'8!7,(!&7&..970(!&7,5-(,(9-3%&'*;,8+5*1-&8*&7*&7,+-<0)&('&+!08*/!0,(!&76)& 0&7-!-(*7(5<(,I*-)!-&')*'8*/!0,(!&71,7/0,7.970(!&76*556!()!7()*:*7*',5+&+95,(!&718,<=* /!..*'*7(!7.970(!&7,50,+,0!(<.'&8-&8*&7*6)&!-7&(8*/!0,(!&7G0&8+5!,7(3

95 Table Indicators of Mental Health Status Indicators of Mental Health Status (varying Ns) Z&9-*/!7YZ27!( 4QYU&'h!I*5<4QYU Y*,7i5&=,5`--*--8*7(&.%970(!&7!7: $H3HJo _$3H_o _E RJ3HKo b*0*!#*/8*/!0,(!&7!7t,!5 W&(*?S)*,#,!5,=!5!(<&./!..*'*7(8*,-9'*-#,'!*/!7()*+'&:',8/,(,=,-*1/*+*7/!7:&76)*7()*/,(,6*'* 0&55*0(*/!7,:!#*7!78,(*^-!70,'0*',(!&73M,(,&7+5,0*8*7(!7,8*7(,5&=-*'#,(!&797!(6*'*,#,!5,=5*.&' B1JRD!78,(*-O4QYU-(,(9-6,-,#,!5,=5*.&'R1DBD!78,(*-F6*'*+&'(&7()*.!7,5!A*/4QYU-(,(9-6)*7,#,!5,=5*1,7/()*!7!(!,5ch!I*5<4QYUd,--*--8*7(!7()*HB+*'0*7(&.0,-*-6)*'*,0&7.!'8,(!&7&.4QYU 9-,:*6,-,#,!5,=5*.&'K1KCH!78,(*-3 Table Mental Health Diagnoses Mental Health Diagnoses Recorded in the Program Data Axis I Diagnoses (N=7,121) Axis II Diagnoses (N=4,791) `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*'- $E3HBo K3D_o `7;!*(</!-&'/*'- J3ECo K3RDo `((*7(!&7/*.!0!(/!-&'/*'- D3REo D3KRo [&:7!(!#*/!-&'/*'- D3HDo D3$Jo M!--&0!,(!#*/!-&'/*'- D3DJo D3DHo a,(!7:/!-&'/*'- D3D$o D3DHo Y*7(,5/!-&'/*'/9*(&8*/!0,5 0&7/!(!&7 D3D$o D3DKo U8+95-*0&7('&5/!-&'/*'- $3_Ko $3C_o Y*7(,5'*(,'/,(!&7 D3D$o D3DKo Y&&//!-&'/*'- JE3BCo $K3ERo Y&(&'-I!55-/!-&'/*'- D3DDo D3DHo W&/!-&'/*'&7:!#*7`;!- D3DEo D3DKo Q*'-&7,5!(</!-&'/*'- D3HDo $3$_o Q-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*'- $H3BCo _3REo 4*;9,5&':*7/*'/!-&'/*'- D3DJo D3DDo 45**+/!-&'/*'- D3$$o D3DRo 4&8,(&.&'8/!-&'/*'- D3DDo D3DHo 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*' HJ3C$o CJ3JBo S!0/!-&'/*'- D3D$o D3DHo V()*'/!-&'/*'&7`;!-UU $3JHo J3KDo U78,(*-6!()8*7(,5!557*--)&9-*/!7()*:*7*',5+&+95,(!&7,'*'*L9!'*/(&),#*, 8!7!898&.8&7()5<+-<0)!,('!0#!-!(-3Y&'**;(*7-!#*-*'#!0*-,'*+'&#!/*/!7()* YV23U78,(*-!7,YV2(<+!0,55<),#*,6**I5<05!7!0,5*70&97(*',7/1,(8!7!8981

96 =!6**I5<+-<0)!,('!0#!-!(-3S)*<,'*,5-&-**7(6&(&()'**(!8*-+*'/,<,-+,'(&. 05!7!0,5'&97/-3`//!(!&7,5-*'#!0*-!7059/*:'&9+()*',+<1,'(()*',+<189-!0()*',+<1,7/0&:7!(!#*=*),#!&',5()*',+<3S)*8&-(*;(*7-!#*-*'#!0*-,'*+'&#!/*/(&()*,++'&;!8,(*5<JD!78,(*-&7-9!0!/*6,(0)&7,7<:!#*7/,<3S)*-*!78,(*-),#*, /,!5<05!7!0!,7*70&97(*',7/,'*#!-!(*/&7'&97/-()'**(!8*-+*'/,<3 4(,..*-(!8,(*/(),(,=&9(RD+*'0*7(&.()*8*7(,5)*,5()0,-*5&,/),-0&G&009''!7: -9=-(,70*9-*+'&=5*8-3N<c+'&=5*8-1d()*</!/7&(7*0*--,'!5<8*,7/*+*7/*70*1=9( ',()*'(),(!78,(*-*7:,:*!7-9=-(,70*9-*3`--)&67!7S,=5*J3HB1,7,5<-!-&.()*/,(, &7N'&&I5<7,7/N'&7;,''*-(**-!7HDD_,7/HDDC-)&6*/(),(7*,'5<C!7$DF_R ),#!7:,-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!,:7&-!-&7*!()*'`;!-U&'`;!-UU3U78,(*-6!()+9'*5< -9=-(,70*G'*5,(*/!--9*-,'*7&(,/8!((*/(&8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0*-1=9(!7-(*,/,'* +'&#!/*/-9=-(,70*,=9-*('*,(8*7(-*'#!0*-3S)*'*,'*09''*7(5<.!#*-9=-(,70*,=9-* ('*,(8*7(97!(-3a,0)97!()&9-*-=*(6**7KD,7/_D!78,(*-,(,7<:!#*7(!8*34*'#!0*-!7059/*!7+,(!*7(()*',+*9(!00&8897!(!*-10&:7!(!#*=*),#!&',5()*',+<:'&9+-1,-6*55,-0&9'(,/#&0,0<,7//!-0),':*+5,77!7:-*'#!0*-3 Table Substance Abuse Diagnoses Substance Abuse Recorded on Either Axis I or Axis II (N=7,159) `7<-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!,:7&-!-&7`;!-U&'UU `50&)&5 [&0,!7* Z*'&!7 Y,'!T9,7, V()*'p 27I7&67-9=-(,70*(<+* pw&(*?cv()*'d!7059/*-,7/6,-.'*l9*7(5<+&5<-9=-(,70*9-*3 _E3_Ko C3J$o B3DDo $$3DRo J3_Jo HJ3JCo B3CDo W3-=#%C& E)#((3(C >&%G3=&-,( ;#3) S)*B+%0'C-*((5*8*7('*L9!'*-/!-0),':*+5,77!7:.&'*,0)!78,(*6)&!-'*0*!#!7: 0*'(,!7+-<0)&('&+!08*/!0,(!&7-!7T,!5&''*0*!#*/8&'*(),7(6&8*7(,5)*,5()-*'#!0* #!-!(-3b*L9!'*/*5*8*7(-&./!-0),':*+5,77!7:!7059/*-9=8!((!7:,++5!0,(!&7-.&' *7(!(5*8*7(-,7/=*7*.!(-F*3:31Y*/!0,!/1Q9=5!0`--!-(,70*1%&&/4(,8+-1Y*/!0,(!&7 i',7(q'&:',8@18,i!7:'*.*'',5-&',++&!7(8*7(-(&0&8897!(<g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103 P!()'*-+*0((&8*7(,5)*,5()/!,:7&-!-1()*N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-!7T,!5!7HDD_GHDDC 6*'*-!8!5,'(&&()*'!78,(*-!7-&8*'*-+*0(-1=9(/!..*'*7(!7&()*'-3`;!-U8&&/ /!-&'/*'-6*'*()*8&-(0&88&7/!-&'/*'(<+*!7=&():'&9+-1,--*--*/!7,=&9(.&9'!7 (*7+*'-&7-349=-(,70*G'*5,(*/`;!-U8*7(,5/!-&'/*'-F*3:31-9=-(,70*G!7/90*/8*7(,5 +*'-&7-3S,I!7:`;!-UU-9=-(,70*/!-&'/*'-!7(&,00&97(,-6*551)&6*#*'16*.&97/(),( -9=-(,70*G'*5,(*/+'&=5*8-6*'*8&'*+'*#,5*7(,8&7:()*N'&7;8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'( +,'(!0!+,7(-!7T,!5OCC+*'0*7(),/+'!8,'<&'-*0&7/,'<-9=-(,70*9-*/!-&'/*'-F`;!-U +-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*'-,5-&6*'*8&'*+'*#,5*7(!7()*N'&7;YZ[:'&9+FHJ+*'0*7( 8&'*5!I*5<(&),#*=**7/!,:7&-*/6!()`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a7:5!-)5,7:9,:*,=!5!(<1,7/)&8*5*--7*--3 S)*N'&&I5<7YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-('*,(*/,(b!I*'-U-5,7/6*'*8&'*-*#*'*5<!55(),7&()*'!78,(*--*'#*/=<MVZYZ&7,798=*'&.8*('!0-3S)*<6*'*8&'*5!I*5<(&=* EE `-7&(*/!7[),+(*'H18!--!7:!7.&'8,(!&7'*/90*/()*+&&5&.*5!:!=5*0,-*-.&'0&7-!/*',(!&7!7()*!8+,0(,7,5<-!-(&'&9:)5<_1DDD3

104 %970(!&7!7:,5-&6,--(,(!-(!0,55<-!:7!.!0,7(5<5&6*'(),7()*,#*',:*&._E,8&7:&()*'!78,(*-3 P!()'*-+*0((&8*7(,5)*,5()/!,:7&-*-1()*N'&&I5<7YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-('*,(*/,(b!I*'- /!,:7&-*/6!()8&&//!-&'/*'-6)!5*!7T,!53Z&6*#*'1N'&&I5<7+'&:',8+,'(!0!+,7(- 6*'*8&'*5!I*5<(&),#*=**7/!,:7&-*/6!()+-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*'-FH_+*'0*7(0&8+,'*/ b&9:)5<&7*g.!.()&.()*n'&&i5<7yz[+,'(!0!+,7(-('*,(*/,(b!i*'-u-5,7/6*'* /!,:7&-*/6!(),7`;!-U-9=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*'6)!5*!7T,!516)!0)6,-0&8+,',=5* (&&()*'T,!5!78,(*-6!()8*7(,5!557*--3S,I!7:`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

105 HOPZNJK &VGRVJGW (+,!%-?/ 23,(! )$8*%* )5 '2)52);* `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a,0)yz[!/*7(!.!*/!7/!#!/9,5-6)&),/=**7'*.*''*/&',/8!((*/(&yz[3s)*w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b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`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`-()*+'!8,'<&=T*0(!#*&.&9'!8+,0(,7,5<-!-!-(&/*#*5&+5*--*L9!#&0,518&'* 0&7#!70!7:*#!/*70*'*:,'/!7:()**..*0(!#*7*--&.(6&YZ[-1,+&&5*/,7,5<-!-!-()*'*.&'*7&(+9'-9*/!7 &9'*#,59,(!&73 RD `7&()*'0&7#*7(!&7,5,++'&,0)(&+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*,7,5<-!-!-'*:'*--!&7,/T9-(8*7(&'-(',(!.!0,(!&7 =,-*/&7+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-3S)*I*</!..*'*70*=*(6**78,(0)!7:,7/-(',(!.!0,(!&7!-(),(8,(0)!7:,/T9-(-.&'/!..*'*70*-=*(6**7()*('*,(*/,7/97('*,(*/#!,-(9/</*-!:716)*'*,--(',(!.!0,(!&7!7#&5#*-:'&9+!7: -(9/<-9=T*0(-!7(&-(',(,=,-*/&7+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-,7/*;*09(!7:-*+,',(*,7,5<-*-6!()!7*,0)-(',(983 V7*0,7()!7I&.-(',(!.!0,(!&7,-,0&,'-*.&'8&.8,(0)!7:!7(),(()*('*,(*/,'*8,(0)*/(&()*97('*,(*/,-,:'&9+6!()!7*,0)-(',(983`5()&9:)-(',(!.!0,(!&7),-5&7:=**79-*/!7()*5!(*',(9'*(&'*8&#* -(',(!.!0,(!&7:9!/*-,:,!7-(!(-!8+5*8*7(,(!&7!7()!-+'&T*0(34(',(!.!0,(!&78,<<!*5/(*79&9-'*-95(-6)*7,-(',(98!-/!-+'&+&'(!&7,(*5<&'*;059-!#*5<0&8+'!-*/&.*!()*'('*,(*/0,-*-&'97('*,(*/0,-*-3V7()* 0&7(','<1()*8,(0)!7:,++'&,0)'*L9!'*-(),(978,(0)*/0,-*-=*'*8&#*/.'&8,7,5<-!--&(),(()* 0&8+,'!-&7=*(6**7()*('*,(*/,7/97('*,(*/!-=,5,70*/,7/970&8+'&8!-*/!7(*'8-&.!7(*'7,5#,5!/!(<3

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h!8!(!7:()*-0&+*&.,7,5<-!-(&()&-*6)&0,7-9'*5<=*8,(0)*/.,0!5!(,(*-()*/*#*5&+8*7(&.,7,7,5<(!0.',8*6&'i(),('*-*8=5*-(),(&.',7/&8!a*/ 0&7('&55*/('!,5-3S)*-*+'!70!+5*-!7+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:0,7<!*5/,)!:)*'5*#*5&.!7(*'7,5#,5!/!(<!7()*'*-95(-&.()*!8+,0(,7,5<-!-3 R$ `5!-(&.0&#,'!,(*-*;,8!7*/!7/,(,,7,5<-!-!-+'&#!/*/!7`++*7/!;i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`-()*-*0&7/=*-(8,(0),7/()*()!'/ /!..*'*70*=*(6**7()*('*,(*/,7/97('*,(*/3S)*+',0(!0,5,/#,7(,:*&.),#!7:895(!+5*0&7('&597!(-+*' ('*,(*/0,-*!-()*!70'*,-*/-,8+5*-!A*3`:,!71),#!7:/!-0&#*'*/5!((5*/!..*'*70*=*(6**7()*'*-95(-.'&8$G(&G$,7/$G(&G8,7<8,(0)*-16*'*+&'(()*'*-95(-.'&8()*$G(&G$8,(0)!7()!--(9/<3 RJ S)!-0,7=*!8+5*8*7(*/=<*7.&'0!7:c0&88&7-9++&'(d,7/c0,5!+*'d!78,(0)!7:3U7+'&+*7-!(<-0&'* 8,(0)!7:1()*'*-)&95/=*,-9=-(,7(!,5&#*'5,+=*(6**7()*('*,(*/,7/97('*,(*/!7(*'8-&.*-(!8,(*/ +'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-3S)!-&#*'5,+!-I7&67,-c0&88&7-9++&'(3d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`.',0(!&7&.()*YZ[('*,(8*7(:'&9+),/()**-(!8,(*/0),70*&.'*0*!#!7:('*,(8*7( (&&)!:)(&=*8,(0)*/(&,7<&7*!7()*MVZYZ-,8+5*,7/6,-()*'*.&'*'*8&#*/.'&8,7,5<-!-3S)*.!7,5-,8+5*.&',7,5<-!-!7059/*-$1$HR&=-*'#,(!&7-3%&09-!7:&7()* 8,(0)*/-*(&.('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-+'&#!/*-:'*,(*'0&7.!/*70*!7()* '*-95(-3`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`.*67&(,=5*&=-*'#,(!&7-*8*':!7:.'&8S,=5*K3$!7059/*(),(()*('*,(8*7(,7/ 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-,'*-9=-(,7(!,55<-!8!5,'(&*,0)&()*',.(*'8,(0)!7:3P!()','* *;0*+(!&7-1()*/!..*'*70*=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-!--(,(!-(!0,55< RK S)*5!(*',(9'*&7+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*,7,5<-!-&..*'-0&7.5!0(!7:+*'-+*0(!#*-&7()*!--9*&.-*5*0(!7: 0&#,'!,(*-(&=*!7059/*/!7()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'**-(!8,(!&73`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

109 !7/!-(!7:9!-),=5*.'&8A*'&3%&'*;,8+5*1J_+*'0*7(&.()*N'&7;('*,(8*7(:'&9+ &.K+*'0*7(,:*+&!7(-),-,(G-(,(!-(!0&.$3JB16)!0)/&*-7&('*,0)-(,(!-(!0,5 890))!:)*'+'&+&'(!&7&.=5,0I,''*-(**-F '*-+*0(!#*5<16)!5*()*MVZYZ-,8+5*-)&6-,7,#*',:*&.H3KK+'!&'#!&5*7(.*5&7<,''*-(-3 Table 4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures Variable Sample Treated Comparison t p> t N5,0I 278,(0)*/ D3JK D3 GB3B$ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3J_ D3J$ $3JB D3$C P)!(* 278,(0)*/ D3DE D3DR GD3_K D3_B Y,(0)*/ D3DE D3DE D3DD $3DD Z!-+,7!0 278,(0)*/ D3_R D3J_ $$3$E D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3_E D3C$ G$3JB D3$E Y,5* 278,(0)*/ D3CH D3CC G$3BH D3DC Y,(0)*/ D3CH D3C$ D3DC D3B_ `:*,(`''*-( 278,(0)*/ JE3DK JK3KC _3RJ D3DD Y,(0)*/ JC3EB JC3BJ GD3HK D3R$ W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(- 278,(0)*/ $J3_D $C3$R GK3H_ D3DD Y,(0)*/ $J3$E $J3DD D3HJ D3RH `:*,($ -( `''*-( 278,(0)*/ HK3_J H$3KR B3J_ D3DD Y,(0)*/ HK3HC HJ3ER D3BK D3J_ W&.`7<>!&5*7(%*5&7< 278,(0)*/ $3JJ H3KK GB3KB D3DD V..*7-*- Y,(0)*/ $3JK $3JJ D3$J D3BD W&.%!'*,'8G'*5,(*/ 278,(0)*/ D3$B D3KJ GC3RB D3DD V..*7-*- Y,(0)*/ D3H$ D3HD D3$$ D3B$ W&.M'9:G'*5,(*/V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ C3CE _3CB J3EK D3DD Y,(0)*/ C3KC C3HC D3CJ D3_J

110 Table 4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures (cont.) ' ' ' ' ' ' Variable Sample Treated Comparison t p> t W&.Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ H3RR K3JJ GK3JC D3DD Y,(0)*/ H3ER H3E$ D3HJ D3RH W&.Q9=5!0V'/*'V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ J3HB K3C_ G_3BC D3DD Y,(0)*/ J3HB J3HH D3HB D3EE $ -( V..*7-*,-b&==*'< 278,(0)*/ D3DB D3$E GK3CE D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3$D D3$D D3JD D3EE $ -( V..*7-*,-N9':5,'< 278,(0)*/ D3$$ D3$D D3CK D3_H Y,(0)*/ D3$D D3$J G$3K$ D3$C $ -( V..*7-*,-`--,95( 278,(0)*/ D3DB D3$H GH3 D3D$ Y,(0)*/ D3DB D3DB GD3KH D3CR $ -( V..*7-*,-M'9:4,5* 278,(0)*/ D3$H D3DC C3D$ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3$H D3$D $3$J D3HC `50&)&52-* 278,(0)*/ D3DH D3DC GK3J_ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3DH D3DJ GD3EE D3KK [&0,!7*2-* 278,(0)*/ D3$D D3$D D3$$ D3B$ Y,(0)*/ D3$$ D3$J G$3$R D3HK Y,'!T9,7,2-* 278,(0)*/ D3D_ D3DE G$3BD D3DC Y,(0)*/ D3D_ D3DK $3J$ D3$B Z*'&!72-* 278,(0)*/ D3$C D3$$ J3B$ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3$C D3$J $3HR D3HD U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7( 278,(0)*/ D3DB D3HK GR3CR D3DD %*5&7< Y,(0)*/ D3$D D3$D GD3$D D3BH U7-(,7(V..*7-*?%!'*,'8G 278,(0)*/ D3DH D3DC GK3CE D3DD '*5,(*/ Y,(0)*/ D3DH D3DJ G$3JC D3$E

111 Table 4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures (cont.) Variable Sample Treated Comparison t p> t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`.(*'8,(0)!7:1)&6*#*'1()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*!-7*,'5<!/*7(!0,5.&' =&():'&9+-FKC+*'0*7(0),70*&.'*0*!#!7:('*,(8*7(@3S)*8,(0)!7:+'&0*/9'*'*-95(*/!7'*8,'I,=5*+*'.&'8,70*!7,0)!*#!7:()*&#*',55=,5,70*=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/ 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-16)!0)!-,5-&6*55G!559-(',(*/!7%!:9'*K3$3 %!:9'*K3$-)&6-()*/!-('!=9(!&7&.*-(!8,(*/+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-3S)*'*-**8(&=*7& /!-('!=9(!&7,5/!..*'*70*-=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3`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b&-*7=,98,7/b9=!7F$BR_@.&'(*0)7!0,5/*(,!5-@3`.(*'8,(0)!7:1()**;(*7(&. -(,7/,'/!A*/=!,-'*/90*/.'&8HB3R(&J3Je7*,'5<,BD+*'0*7('*/90(!&7!7=!,-3

112 !7(*'8-&.,#,'!*(<&.&=-*'#*/0),',0(*'!-(!0-&.-(9/<+,'(!0!+,7(-1!7059/!7: /*8&:',+)!0-10'!8!7,5)!-(&'<1,7/-9=-(,70*9-*3 Figure 4.1. Propensity Scores, by Bronx Mental Health Court and Comparison Groups Comparison Treatment (Bronx MHC) Propensity Score Density Logged Propensity Comparison Treatment N*.&'*(9'7!7:(&()*7*;(-*0(!&71!(!-6&'()*8+),-!A!7:(),(()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*!-()* 0&,'-*-(.970(!&7&.,55()*0&#,'!,(*-3P)!5*()!-,++'&,0)0,7!8+'&#*()*&#*',55 0&8+,',=!5!(<=*(6**7('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-1!(!-,56,<-.*,-!=5*!7 +'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:(),(()*(6&:'&9+-8,<7&(=,5,70*&70*'(,!70&#,'!,(*-3S& ()**;(*7((),(()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*!-7&(=,5,70*/1!(!-!8+&'(,7((&7&(*(),(()* &=-*'#*/0&#,'!,(*-9-*/(&0,5095,(*()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*6!550&7(!79*(&=*9-*.95!7 +'*/!0(!7:('*,(8*7(,--!:78*7(Fb&-*7=,98HDDB?$CC@3Z*70*1-&8*&.()*I*< 0&#,'!,(*-,'*!7059/*/!75,(*',7,5<-*-(&*7),70*()*-(,(!-(!0,5'!:&'&.()**-(!8,(*/ ('*,(8*7(*..*0(.&'YZ[+'&:',8-3`.9'()*'/!-09--!&7&7()!-!--9*.&55&6-!7,5,(*' -*0(!&7&.()!-'*+&'(3 0>7; >C65,7:CD7,7D=:=K=;B< S)!--*0(!&7/!-09--*-()*'*-95(-.'&8+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:,7,5<-!-3S,=5*K3H '*+&'(-()*,#*',:*('*,(8*7(*..*0(&.N'&7;YZ[&7'*0!/!#!-88*,-9'*/=<'*G,''*-(,7/'*G0&7#!0(!&73`.(*'8,(0)!7:&7,6!/*',7:*&.&..*7/*'0),',0(*'!-(!0-16*.&97/ (),(()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+6,-5*--5!I*5<(&*;+*'!*70*'*0!/!#!-8(),7()*0&8+,'!-&7

113 RE %!'-(1()*'*G,''*-(',(*6,-CB+*'0*7(.&' ()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+,7/E_+*'0*7(.&'()*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3S)*/!..*'*70*&.C +*'0*7(,:*+&!7(-!--(,(!-(!0,55<-!:7!.!0,7(1-9::*-(!7:(),(YZ[+,'(!0!+,(!&7'*/90*- ()*0),70*&.=*!7:'*G,''*-(*/3U7&()*'6&'/-1),/()*N'&7;YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-7&(=**7,/8!((*/(&('*,(8*7(1()*0),70*&.'*G,''*-(6&95/),#*!70'*,-*/=<C+*'0*7(,:* +&!7(-3 Table 4.2. Average Treatment Effect of Mental Health Court on Recidivism Bronx Variable Control Difference S.E. T Treatment b*g,''*-( D3CB D3E_ GD3DC D3DK G$3CCu b*g0&7#!0(!&7 D3CH D3CH vgd3d$ D3DK GD3DK W&(*3u1vD3$D1p1vD3D_1pp1vD3D$ YZ[+,'(!0!+,(!&71)&6*#*'1/!/7&('*-95(!7,8*,-9',=5*'*/90(!&7!7()*0),70*&.'*G 0&7#!0(!&73`5()&9:)!(-*..*0(&7'*G0&7#!0(!&7!--(!55!7()**;+*0(*//!'*0(!&7F,5()&9:) '&97/!7:!7S,=5*K3H&=-09'*-()!-@1()*'*!-7&-(,(!-(!0,55<-!:7!.!0,7(/!..*'*70* =*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3S&=*((*'97/*'-(,7/'*0!/!#!-8+,((*'7- =*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-1S,=5*K3J-)&6-()*(<+*&.&..*7-*.&' 6)!0)-(9/<+,'(!0!+,7(-6*'*'*,''*-(*/3S)*&..*7-*0,(*:&'!A,(!&7!-,++'&;!8,(*5< =,-*/9+&72[b05,--!.!0,(!&73>!&5*7(0'!8*'*.*'-(&89'/*'17&7G7*:5!:*7( 8,7-5,9:)(*'1.&'0!=5*',+*1'&==*'<1,7/,::',#,(*/,--,95(3Q'&+*'(<0'!8*!7059/*- =9':5,'<15,'0*7<18&(&'#*)!05*()*.(1,7/,'-&73`550&7('&55*/-9=-(,70*&..*7-*-,'* 05,--!.!*/,-/'9:0'!8*34&8*&.()**;,8+5*-!7059/*/!7&()*'0'!8*,'*.&':*'<1 +'&-(!(9(!&71.',9/1:,8=5!7:1MPU15&!(*'!7:1,7//!-&'/*'5<0&7/90(3 V#*',551()*='*,I/&67&.&..*7-*(<+*!-.,!'5<-!8!5,'=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+,7/ ()*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3M'9:0'!8*,00&97(-.&'()*8,T&'!(<&.,55'*0!/!#!-8&..*7-*-?KR +*'0*7(!7()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+,7/KK+*'0*7(!7()*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3S)*Q*,'-&7^- H FsJ3BH@!7/!0,(*-(),(()*'*!-7&8*,7!7:.95,--&0!,(!&7&#*',55=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,--!:78*7(,7/()*&..*7-*(<+*.&''*G,''*-(F+s3HE@3 RR RE Y&-('*0!/!#!-8-(9/!*-(<+!0,55<'*5<&7,CG8&7()1$G<*,'1&'HG<*,'.&55&6G9+,7/97!#*'-,55</!-0&#*' (),('*0!/!#!-(-6&95/(*7/(&'*G&..*7/'*5,(!#*5<L9!0I5<,.(*'!7(*'#*7(!&73U(!-',()*'979-9,5(),( '*0!/!#!-(-6&95/'*8,!70'!8*G.'**.&',5&7:(!8*=*.&'*'*0!/!#,(!7:3S),(-,!/1,/T9-(!7:.&'()*,(G'!-I (!8*.&''*0!/!#!-8!7()!-,7,5<-!-8!:)(7&(=*,-0'!(!0,5,-!7&()*'-(9/!*-6!(),-)&'(G(*'8.&55&6G9+ +*'!&/3S)!-#!*6!--9++&'(*/=<.!7/!7:-.'&8-9'#!#,5,7,5<-!-1,/T9-(!7:.&'()**;+&-9'*(&'!-I&. '*0!/!#!-83`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

114 Table 4.3. Offense Type for Re-Arrest by Treatment and Comparison Groups Re-Arrest Offense Type Control Bronx MHC Total >!&5*7( H_ HB _K _3B$o E3KCo C3C_o Q'&+*'(< KC HB E_ $D3REo E3KCo B3HKo M'9: $RR $RC JEK KK3KKo KE3R$o KC3DCo V()*' $CK $K_ JDB JR3EEo JE3HRo JR3D_o S&(,5 KHJ JRB R$H $DDo $DDo $DDo Q*,'-&7^- H sj3bh6!()/.fj@ 1345!M?94=8;,7D=:=K=;B >C65< `5()&9:)()*L9*-(!&7&.+'&:',8*..*0(!#*7*--!-,//'*--*/!7()*,=&#*,7,5<-!-1!(!-,/#,7(,:*&9-(&0)*0I()*'&=9-(7*--&..!7/!7:-=<*8+5&<!7:.9'()*'-(,(!-(!0,5,/T9-(8*7(-(&0&7('&5.&''*-!/9,5=!,-(),(8,<*;!-(,8&7:()*('*,(8*7(,7/ 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3W&(&75</&*-()!-!70'*,-**..!0!*70<Fb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

115 Table 4.4. Logistic Regressions Predicting Re-Arrest and Re-Conviction (N=1,128) Bronx Model (1) Re-Arrest Odds Ratio Model (2) Re-Conviction Odds Ratio YZ[S'*,(8*7( D3EDEu D3BC$ N5,0I $3BCR $3EKE P)!(* D3EER D3RJR Z!-+,7!0 $3JBH $3KJB Y,5* $3H$D $3$EH `:* D3B_$pp D3B_Kpp K3_$Hpp H3EBKp U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7( D3CJB D3EC_ U7-(,7(V..*7-*?Q'&+*'(< H3$J_ H3E_Rp U7-(,7(V..*7-*?M'9: $3DJK $3DDC H3$DBpp $3C$Cp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()>!&5*7(%*5&7<[),':* D3BRD D3RB_u W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*[),':* $3$B$pp $3$$Bpp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()M'9:V..*7-*[),':* $3DKEu $3D_$p W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q9=5!0M!-(9'=,70*[),':* D3BB$ $3D$H V..*7-*>,'!*(<40&'* $3DHD $3DHE H:E $H$D3B $KDH3B B:E $HBC3K $KRR3J h&:h!i*5!)&&/ G_RR3K GCRK3K [)!G-L9,'*/ RR3JB CE3EC a;+&7*7(!,(*/0&*..!0!*7(-o$-(,(!-(!0-!7+,'*7()*-*- u1vd3$d1p1vd3d_1pp1vd3d$

116 S)*'*,'*-*#*',5.!7/!7:-(),(,'*7&(*6&'()<3%!'-(16)!5*0&7('&55!7:.&'/*8&:',+)!0,7/0,-*0),',0(*'!-(!0-16*.&97/(),(=*!7:!7()*N'&7;YZ[+'&:',86&95/'*/90* '*G,''*-(*/,'*,++'&;!8,(*5<HB+*'0*7(5&6*'.&'()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+(),7()* 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3S)*+'*/!0(*/+'&=,=!5!(<&.'*G,''*-(!-EC+*'0*7(.&'()*0&8+,'!-&7 :'&9+,7/ED+*'0*7(.&'()*YZ[('*,(8*7(:'&9+3Y&/*5H'*+&'(-()*&//-&.=*!7:'*G 0&7#!0(*/34!8!5,'(&()**,'5!*''*-95(-1YZ[+,'(!0!+,(!&7<!*5/*/,7*:,(!#*18,':!7,5 *..*0(&7()*0),70*&.'*0&7#!0(!&71=9(.,!5*/(&'*,0)-(,(!-(!0,5-!:7!.!0,70*3V#*',551 ()*'*G,''*-(,7/'*G0&7#!0(!&78&/*5-6*'*!7,00&'/(&*,0)&()*'3Y&-(0&#,'!,(*-,5-& <!*5/*/,7*..*0((),(!-!7()*-,8*/!'*0(!&7,7/&.-!8!5,'-!A*=*(6**7()*'*G,''*-(,7/ '*G0&7#!0(!&78&/*5-3 4*0&7/16!()'*-+*0((&/*8&:',+)!0-17*!()*':*7/*'7&'',0*<!*5/*/,8*,7!7:.95 *..*0(&7'*0!/!#!-83Z&6*#*'1,:*,(,''*-(-)&6-,)!:)5<-!:7!.!0,7(*..*0(&7'*G,''*-(3 a,0),//!(!&7,5<*,'&.,:*,(,''*-(!-,--&0!,(*/6!(),'*/90(!&7!7()*0),70*&.'*g,''*-(=<$+*'0*7(,:*+&!7(3 S)!'/1()**..*0(&.!7-(,7(&..*7-*&7'*0!/!#!-86,-*;,8!7*/()'&9:),-*(&.=!7,'<!7/!0,(&'-,--*--!7:()*(<+*&.&..*7-*3S)*'*.*'*70*0,(*:&'<6,--*((&c&()*'1d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`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a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

118 Table 4.5. Survival Analysis Predicting the Hazard of Re-Arrest (N=1,128) Bronx Model (1) Model (2) Hazard Ratio Hazard Ratio YZ[S'*,(8*7( D3CRCpp D3CK$pp N5,0I D3BRK P)!(* D3CKB Z!-+,7!0 D3B$D Y,5* $3DH_ `:* D3BECpp H3$DBpp U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7( $3$_Bu U7-(,7(V..*7-*?Q'&+*'(< D3R U7-(,7(V..*7-*?M'9: $3RR$pp D3BJR W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()>!&5*7(%*5&7<[),':* D3BKKp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*[),':* $3DJ_pp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()M'9:V..*7-*[),':* $3DHEpp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q9=5!0M!-(9'=,70*[),':* D3BBD V..*7-*>,'!*(<40&'* $3D_Hp H:E $DKCE3D $DJCC3J B:E $DKEH3$ $DKKC3R h&:h!i*5!)&&/ G_HJH3_ G_$CE3H [)!G-L9,'*/ HE3 $_R3J a;+&7*7(!,(*/0&*..!0!*7(-o$-(,(!-(!0-!7+,'*7()*-*- u1vd3$d1p1vd3d_1pp1vd3d$

119 Figure 4.2. Time to Re-Arrest by Treatment Condition Survival Time (in days) Comparison MHC Treatment -GLYPNL XRS_ NMG #RSSQPZH 3GHNOP +GOPNM (SYRN 07K79>?B785 >H +>B?46=;>8 O6>C?; S)*/*#*5&+8*7(&.,0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+.&'N'&&I5<7YZ[.&55&6-()*-,8*+'&0*/9'*-,-()&-*9-*/.&'N'&7;YZ[3M9*(&()*/!..*'*70*!7/,(,,#,!5,=!5!(<,7/ 0),',0(*'!-(!0-=*(6**7N'&7;,7/N'&&I5<7YZ[-1)&6*#*'1,8&/*',(*5</!..*'*7(-*( &.0&#,'!,(*-6*'*9-*/!7()*!8+,0(,7,5<-!-.&'N'&&I5<7YZ[3U7+,'(!095,'1`;!-U /!,:7&-*-6*'*,#,!5,=5*.&'()&-*6)&+,'(!0!+,(*/!7N'&&I5<7YZ[1,-6*55,-()&-* /!,:7&-*/6!()8*7(,5/!-&'/*'!7T,!53P*8,(0)*/()*N'&&I5<7-,8+5*(&()*MVZYZ -,8+5*&78*7(,5)*,5()0&7/!(!&7-1,-6*55,-0'!8!7,5)!-(&'<,7/&()*'!7/!#!/9,5 0),',0(*'!-(!0-3 `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

120 N,-*/&7,$G(&G$8,(0)1()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:+'&0*/9'*<!*5/*/JDJ8,(0)*/ -0&'*(),(0&95/7&(=*-9++&'(*/=<()*MVZYZ-,8+5*3S)*,#*',:*+'&=,=!5!(<&. '*0*!#!7:('*,(8*7(,8&7:()*978,(0)*/0,-*-!-D3BBC3M,(,5&--/9*(&978,(0)*/ 5&7:*'0'!8!7,5)!-(&'<(),7()*8,(0)*/0,-*-3 S,=5*K3C'*+&'(-/*-0'!+(!#*-(,(!-(!0-&.I*<8*,-9'*-=*.&'*,7/,.(*'8,(0)!7:3 S)*'*,'*-(!55,.*60&#,'!,(*-(),(/!..*'-!:7!.!0,7(5<=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/ 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-,.(*'8,(0)!7:3%&'*;,8+5*1('*,(8*7(-9=T*0(-,'*&7,#*',:*$3_ <*,'-<&97:*'(),70&8+,'!-&7-9=T*0(-,(()*(!8*&.()*.!'-(,''*-(3S)*'*,'*,5-& -5!:)(5<8&'*-9=T*0(-!7()*('*,(8*7(:'&9+6)&6*'*,''*-(*/.&'/'9:0'!8*-FHK YZ[,7/MVZYZ-,8+5*-=*0,8*8,'I*/5<-!8!5,'(&*,0)&()*',.(*'8,(0)!7:3S)* &#*',55=,5,70*=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-!-*;0*55*7(3 BH S)*,#*',:* 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3 `5-&7&(*6&'()<!-(),(()*'*6*'*-9=-(,7(!,5/!..*'*70*-=*(6**7()*YZ[,7/ MVZYZ-,8+5*-!7(*'8-&.8*7(,5)*,5()0&7/!(!&7-1=9(Q4Y,0)!*#*/,-!:7!.!0,7( '*/90(!&7!7-90)/!..*'*70*-3%&'!7-(,70*1()*MVZYZ-,8+5*),-,-9=-(,7(!,55< +',0(!0,55<()*-,8*.&'()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-,.(*'8,(0)!7:3 S)*-*&=-*'#,(!&7-&7()*0&8+,(!=!5!(<=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-,'*6*55G-9++&'(*/!7%!:9'*K3J3S)*=&;+5&(-&.*-(!8,(*/+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-+'*-*7(,7,58&-(!/*7(!0,5&#*'5,+=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3S)*/!-('!=9(!&7 &.5&::*/+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*-,5-&0&7.!'8-(),(()*N'&&I5<7,7/()*0&8+,'!-&7-,8+5*- -),'*:'*,('*-*8=5,70*6!()*,0)&()*'3 M*-+!(*()*'*8,'I,=5*+*'.&'8,70*&.+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:1!(!-!8+&'(,7((&+&!7( &9(,.*6+&(*7(!,5-)&'(0&8!7:-3%!'-(1-!8!5,'(&()*N'&7;*#,59,(!&71,.*60,-*-.'&8 ()*N'&&I5<7-,8+5*),/,+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*(&&)!:)(&=*8,(0)*/3490)0,-*-0&95/7&( =*8,(0)*/(&,'*,-&7,=5<*L9!#,5*7(0&8+,'!-&797!(,7/6*'*()*'*.&'*'*8&#*/.'&8,7,5<-!-3U(!-!8+&'(,7((&,0I7&65*/:*(),(*-(!8,(!7:()**..*0(&.('*,(8*7(!7, -9=+&+95,(!&7(),(6&95/,56,<-'*0*!#*('*,(8*7(!-7&(+5,9-!=5*()'&9:)+'&+*7-!(< &.,55()*0&#,'!,(*-,-,6)&5*3`5()&9:)()*&#*',55+*'.&'8,70*&.8,(0)!7:6,- BH Q4Y'*/90*/()**;(*7(&.-(,7/,'/!A*/=!,-,0'&--,550&#,'!,(*-9-*/!7Q4Y=<7*,'5<RD+*'0*7(3 S)*/!..*'*70*=*(6**7('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-18*,-9'*/,-/*.!7*/!7b&-*7=,98,7/b9=!7

121 *;0*+(!&7,51()*=,5,70*=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-&7,.*6 0&#,'!,(*-'*L9!'*-.9'()*'!8+'&#*8*7(3S)*-*,'*8!7&'L9,5!.!0,(!&7-&.&9'*#,59,(!&7 (),(7**/(&=*'*0&:7!A*/!7()*5,(*',7,5<-!-*;,8!7!7:('*,(8*7(!8+,0(3 Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures Variable Sample Treated Comparison T p> t N5,0I 278,(0)*/ D3_R D3_B GD3K$ D3CR Y,(0)*/ D3_R D3 D3CC D3_$ P)!(* 278,(0)*/ D3JR D3$R R3EC D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3JR D3K$ GD3RJ D3K$ Z!-+,7!0 278,(0)*/ D3HD D3JR GC3JR D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3HD D3HH GD3KD D3CB Y,5* 278,(0)*/ D3E_ D3CE J3H$ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3EC D3ER GD3KR D3CJ `:*,(`''*-( 278,(0)*/ JK3BR JK3ER D3JJ D3EK Y,(0)*/ JK3RD J_3KD GD3CJ D3_J W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(- 278,(0)*/ HH3$H $C3C$ _3EC D3DD Y,(0)*/ HD3DJ $R3RD D3CH D3_K `:*,($ -( `''*-( 278,(0)*/ HK3$C H$3_C _3ER D3DD Y,(0)*/ HK3JH H_3RD G$3CH D3$$ W&.`7<>!&5*7(%*5&7< 278,(0)*/ K3JJ H3KH $D3_ D3DD V..*7-*- H Y,(0)*/ J3RH J3KH D3BK D3J_ W&.%!'*,'8G'*5,(*/V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ D3CR D3KH _3DD D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3C_ D3_C D3RH D3K$ W&.M'9:G'*5,(*/V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ C3JC _3BB D3BK D3J_ Y,(0)*/ _3B_ C3HD GD3JH D3E_ W&.Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ C3$B K3KD J3CK D3DD Y,(0)*/ _3J$ K3DE $3_R D3$H

122 Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures (cont.) ' ' ' ' ' ' Variable Sample Treated Comparison T p> t W&.Q9=5!0V'/*'V..*7-*- 278,(0)*/ E3EK K3E$ R3_$ D3DD Y,(0)*/ C3B_ E3$$ GD3$B D3R_ $ -( V..*7-*,-b&==*'< 278,(0)*/ D3$_ D3$C GD3BD D3JE Y,(0)*/ D3$K D3$$ $3HJ D3HH $ -( V..*7-*,-N9':5,'< 278,(0)*/ D3$D D3$D D3DE D3BK Y,(0)*/ D3$D D3$D D3DD $3DD $ -( V..*7-*,-`--,95( 278,(0)*/ D3HK D3$H C3JD D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3HJ D3H_ GD3_E D3_E $ -( V..*7-*,-M'9:4,5* 278,(0)*/ D3DK D3DC G$3CK D3$D Y,(0)*/ D3DK D3D_ GD3JB D3ED `wu4u/!,:7&-!-? 278,(0)*/ D3D$ D3$C GE3JD D3DD `/T9-(8*7(/!-&'/*' Y,(0)*/ D3D$ D3D$ GD3K_ D3C_ `wu4u/!,:7&-!-? 278,(0)*/ D3 D3JB _3_J D3DD Y&&//!-&'/*' Y,(0)*/ D3_C D3_$ $3DC D3HB `wu4u/!,:7&-!-? 278,(0)*/ D3JE D3$J $H3K D D3DD Q-<0)&(!0/!-&'/*' Y,(0)*/ D3JE D3JE GD3DR D3BJ `wu4u/!,:7&-!-? 278,(0)*/ D3DJ D3HK GR3BD D3DD 49=-(,70*G'*5,(*//!-&'/*' Y,(0)*/ D3DJ D3D_ G$3CE D3$D `50&)&52-* 278,(0)*/ D3DR D3DC $3EC D3DR Y,(0)*/ D3DR D3D_ $3KC D3$_ [&0,!7*2-* 278,(0)*/ D3DK D3$D GJ3JE D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3DK D3DK D3H$ D3RJ Z*'&!72-* 278,(0)*/ D3DH D3$H G_3_D D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3DH D3DD $3CK D3$D Y,'!T9,7,2-* 278,(0)*/ D3DE D3DC D3HJ D3RH Y,(0)*/ D3DE D3DR GD3J$ D3EC

123 Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics of Key Measures (cont.) ' ' ' ' ' ' Variable Sample Treated Comparison T p> t U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7(%*5&7< 278,(0)*/ D3J$ D3HJ J3H_ D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3J$ D3JJ GD3KK D3CC U7-(,7(V..*7-*?%!'*,'8G'*5,(*/ 278,(0)*/ D3DE D3DC D3RK D3KD Y,(0)*/ D3DE D3DC D3CE D3_D U7-(,7(V..*7-*?M'9:G'*5,(*/ 278,(0)*/ D3HK D3KD G_3CR D3DD Y,(0)*/ D3HK D3H$ D3BE D3JJ V..*7-*>,'!*(<40&'* 278,(0)*/ K3CJ _3JR G_3_D D3DD Y,(0)*/ K3_$ K3H_ $3$E D3HK Q'&+*7-!(<40&'* 278,(0)*/ D3KJ D3DK _B3B D3DD D Y,(0)*/ D3K$ D3K$ D3D$ D3BB Figure 4.3. Propensity Scores, by Brooklyn Mental Health Court and Comparison Groups Propensity Score Comparison Treatment (Brooklyn MHC) Density Logged Propensity Comparison Treatment

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able 4.7. Average Treatment Effect of Mental Health Court on Recidivism Brooklyn Variable Treatment Comparison Difference S.E. T b*g,''*-( D3CD D3CR GD3DR D3D_ G$3_$p b*g0&7#!0(!&7 D3KD D3_C GD3$E D3D_ GJ3HDpp W&(*3u1vD3$D1p1vD3D_1pp1vD3D$ S)*(<+*&.&..*7-*.&'6)!0)'*0!/!#!-(-6*'*'*G,''*-(*/!--988,'!A*/!7S,=5*K3R3 %!7/!7:-,'*:*7*',55<0&7-!-(*7(6!()()*'*-95(-.'&8()*N'&7;*#,59,(!&73S)*'*!-7& &#*',55,--&0!,(!&7=*(6**7('*,(8*7(,--!:78*7(,7/()*(<+*&.&..*7-*F H s_3rr1 +sd3$$e@3s)*+'&+&'(!&7&.'*g,''*-(-.&'#!&5*7(,7/+'&+*'(<0'!8*-!-'*5,(!#*5<-!8!5,',0'&--()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-f$_+*'0*7(#*'-9-$e+*'0*7(,7/$c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

125 Table 4.8. Offense Type for Re-Arrest by Treatment and Comparison Groups Re-Arrest Offense Type Comparison Brooklyn MHC Total >!&5*7( J$ J$ CH $_3D_o $C3BKo $_3BKo Q'&+*'(< JH HB C$ $_3_Jo $_3R_o $_3CRo M'9: EJ K_ $$R J_3KKo HK3_Bo JD3JJo V()*' ED ER $KR JJ3BRo KH3CHo JR3D_o S&(,5 HDC $RJ JRB $DDo $DDo $DDo Q*,'-&7^- H s_3rr6!()/.fj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`.*6&()*'+'*/!0(&'-1-90),-+'!&'!7#&5#*8*7(!7#!&5*7(0'!8*,7/&..*7-*#,'!*(< -0&'* -)&6-(,(!-(!0,5-!:7!.!0,70*!7+'*/!0(!7:'*0!/!#!-83S)*-*.!7/!7:-&70'!8!7,5 )!-(&'<G'*5,(*/.,0(&'-,'*0&7-!-(*7(6!()()*'*-95(-.'&8()*N'&7;*#,59,(!&73>!&5*7( &..*7/*'-6)&+,'(!0!+,(*/!7()*YZ[+'&:',86*'*890)5*--5!I*5<(&'*0!/!#,(*(),7 &()*'&..*7/*'-!7()*YZ[+'&:',83`7,(!&7,5'*0!/!#!-8-(9/<&7+'!-&7*'-!7/!0,(*- (),(#!&5*7(&..*7/*'-(*7/(&),#*,5&6*''*G,''*-(',(*(),7+'&+*'(<&'/'9:&..*7/*'-,7/,-!8!5,''*G,''*-(',(*,-+9=5!0G&'/*'0'!8*-90),-/'!#!7:6)!5*!7(&;!0,(*/1 6*,+&7G'*5,(*/&..*7-*-1(',..!0&..*7-*-1,7/&=-('90(!&7&.T9-(!0*Fh,7:,7,7/h*#!7 HDDH@34!70*#!&5*7(&..*7/*'-6*'*0&7-!/*',=5<5*--5!I*5<(&'*0!/!#,(*(),7,7<&()*' &..*7/*'-!7()*N'&&I5<7*#,59,(!&71!(-**8--,5!*7((&)<+&()*-!A*(),(YZ[+'&:',8- BK `-/!-09--*/,=&#*1()*+'&+*7-!(<-0&'*!-()*0&,'-*-(.970(!&7&.,55()*0&#,'!,(*-,-,6)&5*3U(!- ()*'*.&'*+&--!=5*(),(,//!(!&7,50&#,'!,(*,/T9-(8*7(-0,7'*-95(!7,7&7G7*:5!:!=5*0),7:**#*76)*7()* &#*',55=,5,70*=*(6**7('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-!-:'*,(3

126 Table 4.9. Logistic Regressions Predicting Re-Arrest and Re-Conviction (N=606) Brooklyn Model (1) Re-Arrest Odds Ratio Model (2) Re-Conviction Odds Ratio YZ[S'*,(8*7( D3_KDp D3JERpp N5,0I H3HDEu $3H$$ P)!(* $3DDH D3E$_ Z!-+,7!0 $3J_B $3HDE Y,5* $3D_J D3EB$ `:* D3BC$pp D3BE$pp D3JR_p D3EKK U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7( D3RHD D3EHD U7-(,7(V..*7-*?Q'&+*'(< $3HD_ $3D$_ U7-(,7(V..*7-*?M'9: $3RBCu $3HHD $3JD_ $3HRH W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()>!&5*7(%*5&7<[),':* D3BJ$p D3BKEu W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*[),':* $3D$$ $3DKJp FH3JJ@ W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()M'9:V..*7-*[),':* D3BRH D3BBB FGD3B$@ FGD3D_@ W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q9=5!0M!-(9'=,70*[),':* $3DKRu $3DD$ F$3EH@ FD3D_@ V..*7-*>,'!*(<40&'* $3_$Rpp $3JRDpp FK3_C@ FK3KK@ H:E CCJ3J EKR3K B:E EJR3H RHJ3J h&:h!i*5!)&&/ GJ$K3E GJ_E3H [)!G-L9,'*/ E$3HH EC3_$ a;+&7*7(!,(*/0&*..!0!*7(-o$-(,(!-(!0-!7+,'*7()*-*- u1vd3$d1p1vd3d_1pp1vd3d$

127 8!:)(=*=*((*'-9!(*/(&,//'*--0'!8!7&:*7!0.,0(&'-.&'#!&5*7(&..*7/*'-(),7.&'&()*' (<+*-&.&..*7/*'-3 B_ Y&-(&()*'0&#,'!,(*-1!7059/!7::*7/*',7/,:*1<!*5/*/,7955*..*0(&7'*0!/!#!-83 `5()&9:)7&(+'*-*7(*/!7S,=5*K3B18*7(,5)*,5()0&7/!(!&7--90),-`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a-+*0!,55<1()*&..*7-*#,'!*(<-0&'*18*,-9'*/=<()*798=*'&./!..*'*7( (<+*-&.&..*7-*-&7*),-0&88!((*/!7()*+,-(18&/*',(*-()**..*0(&.()*YZ[ +,'(!0!+,(!&73`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

128 Table Survival Analysis Predicting the Hazard of Re-Arrest (N=606) Brooklyn Model (1) Model (2) Hazard Ratio Hazard Ratio YZ[S'*,(8*7( D3_DBpp D3KKRpp N5,0I $3_B$ P)!(* D3BEJ Z!-+,7!0 $3H Y,5* D3BCB `:* D3BE_pp D3RDK U7-(,7(V..*7-*?>!&5*7( $3$$_ U7-(,7(V..*7-*?Q'&+*'(< D3BCK U7-(,7(V..*7-*?M'9: $3HH$ $3_EHpp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()>!&5*7(%*5&7<[),':* D3BCHpp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q'&+*'(<V..*7-*[),':* $3D$Jp W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()M'9:V..*7-*[),':* D3BBR W98=*'&.Q'!&'`''*-(-6!()Q9=5!0M!-(9'=,70*[),':* $3D$Du V..*7-*>,'!*(<40&'* $3$R$pp H:E $RRH3_ $ERK3$ B:E $BJ_3J $BDH3B h&:h!i*5!)&&/ GBHB3J GRC_3D u1vd3$d1p1vd3d_1pp1vd3d$

129 %!:9'*K3K/*8&7-(',(*-()*/!..*'*70*!7()*'!-I&.'*0!/!#!-8=*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/ 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-&#*'(!8*3`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igure 4.4. Difference between Treatment and Comparison Groups over Time Difference in Hazard Rate Time(in Days) 95% bounds Difference in Hazard Rate Difference in Survival Curve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ime(in Days) 95% bounds Difference in Survival Curves

130 !-!8+&'(,7((&,0I7&65*/:*(),(-90),0'!8*0&7('&5*..*0(&.()*N'&&I5<7YZ[6&95/ 7&(5,-(+*'-!-(*7(5<&#*'()'**<*,'-3 $J_JNONJSHL `5()&9:)Q4Y+'&#!/*-,'*,-&7,=5<'&=9-(,7,5<(!0.',8*6&'I(&-(9/<()*0,9-,5*..*0( &.('*,(8*7(1,7/&9''*-95(-<!*5/*/.,!'5<-900*--.95+*'.&'8,70*!7,0)!*#!7:=,5,70* =*(6**7()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-1()*(',/!(!&7,50,9(!&7,:,!7-( &=-*'#,(!&7,51'*('&-+*0(!#*'*-*,'0),++5!*-)*'*3`-6!(),55-(9/!*-'*5<!7:&7Q4Y(&!/*7(!.<()*0,9-,5!8+,0(&.+'&:',8+,'(!0!+,(!&71()*'&=9-(7*--&.&9'*-(!8,(*/ YZ[+,'(!0!+,7(-,7/()*!'0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3`--)&67!7()!-0),+(*'1Q4Y6,-,=5* (&&=(,!7'*,-&7,=5*=,5,70*&7&=-*'#,=5*0),',0(*'!-(!0-3Z&6*#*'1,-6!(),55L9,-!G *;+*'!8*7(,5+'&:',8*#,59,(!&71!(!-+&--!=5*(),(!8+&'(,7(97&=-*'#,=5* 0),',0(*'!-(!0-8!:)(/!-(!7:9!-)()*('*,(8*7(,7/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-,7/),#*, 8*,7!7:.95!8+,0(&7()*5!I*5!)&&/&.'*0!/!#!-8!7-&8*6,<(),(6,-7&(,00&97(*/.&'!7&9',7,5<-*-3 `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a#*7!.6*.&55&6*/()**;,0(-,8*+'&0*/9'*-,7//*#*5&+*/()**;,0(-,8*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+.&'=&() N'&7;,7/N'&&I5<7YZ[1,/!'*0(0&8+,'!-&7&.()*'*-95(-.'&8=&()*#,59,(!&7-6&95/=*-(,(!-(!0,55< &'(*/6!()&9(.9'()*',/T9-(8*7(-3275!I*5!7*,'8&/*5-1*-(!8,(*-.'&8=!7,'<8&/*5-F-90),-&9' 0&*..!0!*7(-.'&8/!..*'*7(-,8+5*-0,7=*8!-5*,/!7:,-'*-!/9,5#,'!,70*-/!..*',0'&--()*-,8+5*-

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i9!/*/=<0&7#*7(!&7,5-(',(*:!*-!7q4y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`=&#*,551()*-(9/<+,'(!0!+,7(-!7=&()+'&:',8-/!..*'-!:7!.!0,7(5<!7()*!' 0),',0(*'!-(!0-1!7059/!7:/*8&:',+)!0-10'!8!7,5)!-(&'<1,7//'9:9-*)!-(&'<3M9*(& /,(,,#,!5,=!5!(<,0'&--()*(6&-(9/<-!(*-1+'&+*7-!(<-0&'**-(!8,(!&7+'&0*/9'*-6*'*,5-&!8+5*8*7(*/&7,/!..*'*7(-*(&.0&#,'!,(*-.&'*,0)*#,59,(!&73 BR %9'()*'1,- BR a#*7!.6*.&55&6*/()**;,0(-,8*+'&0*/9'*-,7//*#*5&+*/()**;,0(-,8*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+.&'=&() N'&7;,7/N'&&I5<7YZ[1,/!'*0(0&8+,'!-&7&.()*'*-95(-.'&8=&()*#,59,(!&7-6&95/=*-(,(!-(!0,55< &'(*/6!()&9(.9'()*',/T9-(8*7(-3275!I*5!7*,'8&/*5-1*-(!8,(*-.'&8=!7,'<8&/*5-F-90),-&9'

132 /*8&7-(',(*/!7()*-9'#!#,58&/*5-1()*N'&7;,7/N'&&I5<7YZ[('*,(8*7(:'&9+- /!..*'!7-&8*.97/,8*7(,56,<-(),('*-95(!7()*/!..*'*7(+,((*'7-&.'*0!/!#!-8'!-I &#*'(!8*3 h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

133 (+,!%- B/ (&*! #%)%'2! )$8*2* (SLN #GHGXJN HOPZLJL OL,ORN SX NMG 3GHNOP +GOPNM (SYRN %VOPYONJSH S)*2U'*-*,'0)(*,8),/+'&+&-*/(&0&7/90(,.9550&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-!-,-+,'(&. ()!-*#,59,(!&7327.&'(97,(*5<1()!-6,-7&(+&--!=5*.&',#,'!*(<&.'*,-&7-3 /*0*7(',5!A*/3a,0)&.()*-*0),55*7:*-!-'*#!*6*/!7:'*,(*'/*(,!51=*5&61,.(*' 6)!0)6*/!-09--()*!'!8+5!0,(!&7-.&''*-*,'0),7/+',0(!0*3 U8+&'(,7(5<16*-9++5*8*7(()!-/!-09--!&76!(),/*(,!5*/&9(5!7*&.()*/,(,1,5&7: 6!()()*8*()&/-(),(6*+*'0*!#*,'*7*0*--,'<(&0&7/90('!:&'&9-0&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-*-3P*)&+*(),(()!-!7.&'8,(!&76!55=*&.9-*(&T9'!-/!0(!&7-(),(,'* 09''*7(5<&+*',(!7:8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+'&:',8-1&'()&-*(),(,'*+5,77!7:(&!8+5*8*7(()*-*8&/*5-!7()*.9(9'*3`//!(!&7,55<16*)&+*()*+'&#!-!&7&.()!-!7.&'8,(!&76!55+'&#!/*,-&5!/.&97/,(!&7.&',/#,70!7:.9(9'*'*-*,'0)&78*7(,5 )*,5()0&9'( G7; =8 +>8:CD5=8G 4 #849E;=; S)*.!'-(0),55*7:*(),(6**70&97(*'*/!70&7/90(!7:()*0&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-*- F[N`@&.()*(6&YZ[+'&:',8-*#,59,(*/!7()!--(9/<!-(),(()*<-+,7,',7:*&. 0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*,:*70!*-3`7,++'&+'!,(*0&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-!-6&95/,00&97(.&'()* (&(,5'*-&9'0*-9-*/!7+'&0*--!7:,7/('*,(!7:8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(0,-*-1,-6*55,- 0&8+,'!-&70,-*-1(&*-(!8,(*()*8,':!7,5'*-&9'0*-9-*/,-,'*-95(&.()*8*7(,5 )*,5()0&9'(,0'&--,55,..*0(*/,:*70!*-3S)!-+'*-*7(*/,+'&=5*8.&'()*09''*7( -(9/<3 S)*-*5*0(*/YZ[+'&:',8-),/-!:7!.!0,7(!7#&5#*8*7(.'&8Q'&-*09(&'^-V..!0*-1 Q9=5!0M*.*7/*'^-V..!0*-1()*[&9'(-1S'*,(8*7(`5(*'7,(!#*-.&'4,.*[&8897!(!*- FS`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

134 0,-*+'&0*--!7:,7/05!*7(('*,(8*7(!-0*7(',5!A*/16)!5*890)&.()*!7.&'8,(!&7 7**/*/.&',[N`!-7&(3 `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`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`-,'*-95(1!(6,-+'&)!=!(!#*5</!..!095((&*-(!8,(*()*0&-(-&.'*:95,'YZ[ &+*',(!&7-,7/!8+&--!=5*(&*-(!8,(*()*-&0!,50&-(-&.-,70(!&7-,7/('*,(8*7( +'&0*--!7:()*-*0,-*-,00&'/!7:(&(',/!(!&7,58*,7-F!7()*,=-*70*&.()*8*7(,5 :&7*()'&9:),7/()*5,0I&.,#,!5,=5*/,(,3

135 'B?9=D45=>8; H>6 I64D5=D7 S)*0),55*7:*-!/*7(!.!*/)*'*-)&95/7&(=*0&7-('9*/(&8*,7(),(()**#,59,(*/ YZ[+'&:',8-,'*7&(*..*0(!#*&'6*55G&':,7!A*/3U(!--!8+5<()*0,-*(),(()*!7-(!(9(!&7,5,7//,(,0&55*0(!&7-('90(9'*-,'*7&(/*-!:7*/(&-9++&'(0&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-*-17&'6*'*()*<*#*'!7(*7/*/(&/&-&3`-/!-09--*/,=&#*1()*0&9'(- *..*0(!#*5<-),'*/,(,,=&9(05!*7(,--*--8*7(-,7/7**/-3S)*.,0((),(()*</&7&( -),'*/,(,,=&9(()*(&(,5-(,..)&9'-!7#&5#*/!7/*,5!7:6!()0,-*-&'()*-,5,'!*-&. ()&-*-(,..8*8=*'--!8+5<'*.5*0(-(),((),(!7.&'8,(!&7!-7&(0'90!,5.&'-*'#!7: 05!*7(-3h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`7&()*'!8+&'(,7(!8+5!0,(!&7&.()!-!-(),(&9'97/*'-(,7/!7:&.YZ[&+*',(!&7-!- -*#*'*5<5!8!(*/3b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a#*7!.()*0,-*-,'* /!#!/*/,8&7:()*-,8*798=*'&.-(,..1,7<,//!(!&7,5(!8*-+*7(&7()*0,-*-,-, '*-95(&.()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(8*,7-(),(5*--(!8*!--+*7(&7&()*',0(!#!(!*-1 6)!0)!-,0&-((),(-)&95/=*,00&97(*/.&'3 W#$# 84))&=$34( S)**,-!*-(6,<(&:,()*'()*-*/,(,!-(&-9'#*<,55!7#&5#*/-(,...&'()*,8&97(&. (!8*-+*7(&7()*0,-*-97/*'()*(',/!(!&7,5-<-(*8,7/()*,8&97(&.(!8*-+*7(&7 0,-*-6!()!7()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(3S!8*-+*7(&7()*0,-*-!7059/*-+'*+,',(!&7.&',7/,((*7/,70*,()*,'!7:-1+*'!&/!0-(,..8**(!7:-1&7*G&7G&7*8**(!7:-6!() 05!*7(-1,7/,7<&()*',0(!#!(!*-/*,5!7:6!()()*0,-*-&'05!*7(-3S)9-1.&9' L9,7(!(!*--)&95/=*0&55*0(*/3%&'*,0)-(,..8*8=*'6)&6&'I-&7'*5*#,7(0,-*- )$(+6!()&'6!()&9(()*8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(1()*+'&:',8-)&95/0&55*0(? `#*',:*798=*'&.7*60,-*-+*'6**I3 `#*',:*798=*'&.6**I-'*L9!'*/(&+'&0*--*,0)0,-*3 S&(,5798=*'&.)&9'-+*'6**I-+*7(&7'*5*#,7(0,-*-3 J(#)?-3- S,=5*_3$+'&#!/*-,7*;,8+5*1-988,'!A!7:()*/,(,,7/8*()&/-9-*/(&0,5095,(* 0&5987-,'*0,5095,(*/.'&8()*-*0& U7()**;,8+5*+'&#!/*/1()*0&-(&.+'&0*--!7:*,0)0,-*()'&9:)()*YZ[!-lECK3 V.()!-1lJDR/&55,'-+*'0,-*6*'*=*!7:-+*7(,7<6,<9-!7:(',/!(!&7,50,-* +'&0*--!7:8*()&/-3S)*'*.&'*1()*8,':!7,5-(,..0&-(-&.+'&0*--!7:*,0)YZ[ 0,-*,'*lECKGlJDRslK_C+*'0,-*3

137 Table 5.1. Sample of How Staff Costs Would Be Calculated A. Staff person [,5095,(!&7- B. New cases per week 77*60,-*- +*'6**I C. Weeks of processing per case P6**I-+*' 0,-*&7,#*',:* D. Number of ongoing cases at a time Ws7;P 0,-*-,(, (!8* E. Hours per week spent on mental health cases M*(,!5-&.[,5095,(!&7- Z)&9'-+*' 6**I P!()&9(Y*7(,5Z*,5()[&9'( Q'&-*09(&' K7*60,-*- H6**I- R(&(,50,-*- R)'-f6I M*.*7-* `((&'7*< Q'&:',8 Y,7,:*' K7*60,-*- H6**I- R(&(,50,-*- $C)'-f6I K7*60,-*- H6**I- R(&(,50,-*- D)'-f6I F. Hours per week per case )szfw)'-3 +*'6**I+*' 0,-* $)'f6i+*' 0,-* H)'-f6I+*' 0,-* D)'-f6I+*' 0,-* G. Hours per case total Ss);P )'-3+*'0,-* &#*',55 H)'-f0,-* K)'-f0,-* D)'-f0,-* H. Salary (and wage) lm+*'<'3 Fl/s MfF_H;KD@ +*')'3@ l$hd1ddd Fl_R+*')'3@ l$dd1ddd FlKR+*')'3@ led1ddd FlJK+*')'3@ S&(,5 Q'&-*09(&' K7*60,-*- KD6**I- M*.*7-* `((&'7*< Q'&:',8 Y,7,:*' K7*60,-*- KD6**I- K7*60,-*- KD6**I- $CD(&(,5 0,-*- $CD(&(,5 0,-*- $CD(&(,5 0,-*- P!()Y*7(,5Z*,5()[&9'( $C $C KD D3$)'f6I+*' 0,-* D3$)'f6I+*' 0,-* D3H_)'f6I +*'0,-* K)'-f0,-* K)'-f0,-* $D)'-f0,-* l$hd1ddd Fl_R+*')'3@ l$dd1ddd FlKR+*')'3@ led1ddd FlJK+*')'3@ S&(,5 I. Cost per case S;/s (&(,50&-( +*'0,-* l$$c+*' 0,-* l$bh+*' 0,-* ld+*' 0,-* ljdr+*' 0,-* lhjh+*' 0,-* l$bh+*' 0,-* ljkd+*' 0,-* leck+*' 0,-* $JD

138 &6745B785 +>;5; `7&()*'!8+&'(,7((<+*&.0&-(!-('*,(8*7(0&-(-3S'*,(8*7(0&-(-89-(=*,00&97(*/.&'*#*7!.()*0&9'(/&*-7&(+,<.&'()*('*,(8*7(=*0,9-*-&8*&7**5-*/&*-3 P)*()*'('*,(8*7(0&-(-,'*+,!/=<:&#*'78*7(-9++&'(1+'!#,(*)*,5()!7-9',70*1 ()*05!*7(-^.,8!5!*-&'.'!*7/-1&'/&7,(*/=<('*,(8*7(+'&#!/*'-1-&8*&7*-(!55 =*,'-()*0&-(-&.('*,(8*7(,7/1()*'*.&'*1()*-*'*+'*-*7(-&8*0&-((&-&0!*(<3S)* (*'8!7&5&:<c0&-((&-&0!*(<d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`+'!51()*05!*7(*7(*'*/'*-!/*7(!,5('*,(8*7(.&',58&-( (6&8&7()-3P)*75*,#!7:'*-!/*7(!,5('*,(8*7(-f)*'*(9'7*/(&()*+'*#!&9- ('*,(8*7(-0)*/95*1=9(,5-&6,-*7'&55*/!75!.*-I!55-0&9'-*-3M9'!7:()*7*;((6& (&.&9'8&7()-1()*!7(*7-!(<&.8*7(,5)*,5()('*,(8*7(6,--0,5*/=,0I1,7/()* 05!*7(=*:,7,T&='*,/!7*--0&9'-*3S)!-!-,/*(,!5*/97/*'-(,7/!7:&.()*05!*7(^- *;+*'!*70*1.'&86)!0)05!*7(-900*--,7/-('9::5*-0,7=*!7.*''*/1,7/6)!0)0,7 +'&#!/*!7#,59,=5*97/*'-(,7/!7:&.()*+'&0*--3

139 Table 5.2. Sample of Treatment Records for Client A Sessions or Days of Treatment per Month Modality Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total V9(+,(!*7(!7/!#!/9,5 0&97-*5!7: V9(+,(!*7( :'&9+ 0&97-*5!7: b*-!/*7(!,5 ('*,(8*7( M'9:,=9-* ('*,(8*7( X&= '*,/!7*-- 05,-- h!.*-i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h,':*/,(,0&55*0(!&7*..&'(-),#*=**797/*'(,I*7!7()*+,-(-+*0!.!0,55<(&*-(!8,(*7,(!&7,5+'!0*-.&'#,'!&9-('*,(8*7((<+*-3 `5(*'7,(!#*5<1!7/!#!/9,50&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-*-0,7=*9-*/.&'()*5*--0&88&7 ('*,(8*7(8&/,5!(!*-3 V70*+'!0*-.&'*,0)8&/,5!(<,'*&=(,!7*/,7/()*(&(,5,8&97(&.('*,(8*7( '*0*!#*/=<*,0)05!*7(F.&'*,0)8&/,5!(<@!-&=(,!7*/1()*-*0,7-!8+5<=* 895(!+5!*/(&*-(!8,(**,0)05!*7(^-('*,(8*7(0&-(-1,-/*8&7-(',(*/!7S,=5*_3J3 KH -*--!&7- EH -*--!&7- _H /,<- KK -*--!&7- $D -*--!&7- $C -*--!&7-

140 Table 5.3. Sample Treatment Costs for Client A Modality V9(+,(!*7(!7/!#!/9,5 0&97-*5!7: V9(+,(!*7(:'&9+ 0&97-*5!7: b*-!/*7(!,5 ('*,(8*7( M'9:,=9-* Treatment Received KH-*--!&7- EH-*--!&7- _H/,<- KK-*--!&7- Price lrd+*'-*--!&7 l$d+*'-*--!&7 l$rd+*'/,< l_d+*'-*--!&7 lj1jcd lehd lb1jcd lh1hdd Cost ('*,(8*7( X&='*,/!7*--05,-- $D-*--!&7- lkd+*'-*--!&7 lkdd h!.*-i!55-05,-- $C-*--!&7- ljd+*'-*--!&7 lkrd S&(,5 l$c1_hd [5!*7(`!709''*/-!:7!.!0,7(('*,(8*7(0&-(-!7()*<*,'&./,(,0&55*0(!&7Fl$C1_HD@3 [5*,'5<1()!-!-/'!#*7=<7*,'5<(6&8&7()-!7'*-!/*7(!,5('*,(8*7(3S)!-!559-(',(*- ()*!8+&'(,70*&.0&55*0(!7:*L9,55<,009',(*0&-(-.&'()*0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3%&'!7-(,70*1!.()*0&8+,'!-&7!7/!#!/9,5F6)&!-7&(,8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+,'(!0!+,7(@ 8,(0)*/(&[5!*7(`'*0*!#*/T9-(,-890)'*-!/*7(!,5('*,(8*7(1),5.,-890):'&9+ 0&97-*5!7:,7//'9:,=9-*('*,(8*7(1,7/7&!7/!#!/9,50&97-*5!7:1T&='*,/!7*-- 05,--1&'5!.*-I!55-05,--1()*('*,(8*7(0&-(-&.(),(!7/!#!/9,56&95/=*l$D1RHD3U7 ()!-0,-*1()*8,':!7,5('*,(8*7(0&-(-&.8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(+,'(!0!+,(!&76&95/ &75<=*l_1EDDsl$C1_HDGl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h!I*-(,..0&-(-,7/('*,(8*7(0&-(-1,7,009',(**-(!8,(*&.()* 8,':!7,50&-(-&.YZ[-'*L9!'*-(),(()*-*/,(,=*0&55*0(*/.&'=&()YZ[ +,'(!0!+,7(-,7/()*6*55G/*.!7*/0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+3 S)*0&55*0(!&7&.()*-*/,(,.'&8&..!0!,5,:*70!*-/*+*7/-&7()*-('90(9'*&.()* '*-*,'0)+'&T*0(1=9(!-(<+!0,55</&7*=<()*'*-*,'0)*'-1',()*'(),7()*+'&:',8-3

141 S!8*-+*7(!70&9'(1)&6*#*'1!-8&'*0&8+5!0,(*/3S)*-*/,(,,'*9-9,55<7&( *5*0('&7!0,55<'*0&'/*/3S)*'*.&'*1&7*6,<(),(,8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(0,7=9!5/ 0,+,0!(<(&*7,=5*,0&-(G=*7*.!(,7,5<-!-!-=<I**+!7:'*0&'/-&7*!()*'? [5!*7(G5*#*5!7.&'8,(!&7&7()*798=*'&.)*,'!7:-&.*,0)(<+*(),(*,0) 05!*7(),/3 `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able 5.4. Commonly Used Costs of Arrest (Dollars in 2005) Crime Cost of Arrest Source Crime Cost of Arrest Z&8!0!/* [&)*71 %&':*'< l$d1c$k $BBR lhck b,+* [&)*71 M'9:- lk1cjc $BBR lh_ `'-&7 Y!55*'1*( i,8=5!7: l$1j_h,531$bbc lhd b&==*'< [&)*71 M2UfMPU lrcb $BBR l_k `::',#,(*/ [&)*71 >,7/,5!-8 lj_k,--,95( $BBR le_ N9':5,'< [&)*71 S',..!0 leke $BBR l_e h,'0*7<f()*.( lhck [&)*71 M!-&'/*'5< l_e Y&(&'#*)!05* le_c ()*.( 4&9'0*?N!*'!*HDDB $BBR [&)*71 $BBR 0&7/90( P*,+&7 lhd Source [&)*71$BBR b,ti98,',7/ %'*70)1$BBE N!*'!*1HDDB Y!55*'1*(,531 $BBC `9-(!71$BRC `9-(!71$BRC `9-(!71$BRC N!*'!*1HDDB

142 `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`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

143 (+,!%- C/ 6+! +0% 6% $%-)%5 '-&3!+%!#$%#&'() (* +,'-')#$.%/&'+! ')&!,!)&'()/ *(, (**!)0!,/ 1'&2 -!)&#$ '$$)!//D 23,$2(!2&)* '&-,&$2(8E,-(!2(%E )5 '1!1-% -%*%-(+ Y*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(--**I(&'*/90*'*0!/!#!-8,8&7:&..*7/*'-6!()8*7(,5!557*--,7/ (&!8+'&#*+9=5!0-,.*(<=<5!7I!7:&..*7/*'-6!()-*'!&9-,7/+*'-!-(*7(8*7(,5!557*--(& 5&7:G(*'810&8897!(<G=,-*/('*,(8*7(!75!*9&.!70,'0*',(!&73M*-+!(*()*-(*,/<:'&6() P!().97/!7:.'&8()*WUX12U'*-*,'0)*'-0&7/90(*/-*+,',(*+'&0*--,7/!8+,0( *#,59,(!&7-&.()*N'&7;,7/N'&&I5<7YZ[-3S)*process evaluation/&098*7(*/ &#*',550&9'(+'&0*--!7:F*3:31!--9*--9''&97/!7:0&8+*(*70<,7/,00*--(&,++'&+'!,(* analysis,--*--*/()**;(*7((&6)!0)yz[+,'(!0!+,(!&7'*/90*/ '*G,''*-(,7/'*G0&7#!0(!&7,8&7:+,'(!0!+,7(-0&8+,'*/(&&()*'/*.*7/,7(-6!()8*7(,5 /!-&'/*'-6)&-*0,-*-6*'*+'&0*--*/,-9-9,5=<()*0'!8!7,5T9-(!0*-<-(*8=*(6**7 HDDH,7/HDDC3Q'&+*7-!(<-0&'*8,(0)!7:(*0)7!L9*-6*'*9-*/(&0&7-('90(*L9!#,5*7( 0&8+,'!-&7:'&9+-3 Y,T&'.!7/!7:-.'&8()*+'&0*--,7/!8+,0(*#,59,(!&7,'*-988,'!A*/=*5&61=*:!77!7: 6!()-9=-(,7(!#*'*-95(-&7+'&:',8*..*0(-3h!8!(,(!&7-&.()*,7,5<-!-,5-&,'*/!-09--*/3 S)*0),+(*'*7/-=<!/*7(!.<!7:()*!8+5!0,(!&7-.&'.9(9'*'*-*,'0)3 *Y ORZ 'JHIJH[L %!7/!7:-.'&8()*process evaluation!7/!0,(*()*'*,'*i*</!..*'*70*-!7()*+'&=5*8g -&5#!7:0),',0(*'!-(!0-,7/&'!*7(,(!&7&.()*(6&8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(-(),(0&95/,..*0( +,'(!0!+,7(&9(0&8*-1!7059/!7:? Judicial Interaction and Courtroom Dynamics.Y&-(7&(,=5<1,5()&9:)=&() 0&9'(--*5.G!/*7(!.<,-&+*',(!7:97/*',/*/!0,(*//&0I*(16*&=-*'#*/(),(()* N'&7;YZ[0&9'(/&0I*((<+!0,55<!7059/*/,8!;&.0,-*-F05&-*(&&7*G()!'/ U70&7(',-(1()*N'&&I5<7YZ[-*(,-!/*()*0&9'(^-S9*-/,</&0I*(*;059-!#*5<.&'8*7(,5)*,5()0&9'(0,-*-1=9('*-*'#*/S)9'-/,<-.&',8!;&.c-+!55&#*' 0,-*-1d!7059/!7:/'9:0&9'(0,-*-3N&()0&9'(-'*L9!'*//*.*7/,7(-(&,''!#*,(()* -(,'(&.0&9'(,7/6,!((&:*()*',-,:'&9+.&'()*!'0,-*(&=*0,55*/O+,'(!0!+,7(- 0&95/5*,#*1)&6*#*'1&70*()*!')*,'!7:6,-&#*'3275!I*/'9:0&9'(-!76)!0) 0,-*-,'*+5,0*/&7()*/&0I*(!7-+*0!.!0&'/*'(&.,0!5!(,(*+'&:',8-(',(*:!*-,=&9(9-!7:'*6,'/-1-,70(!&7-1,7/9-!7:()*c0&9'('&&8,-()*,(*'dF*3:31)*,'!7: 8*'!(&'!&9-0,-*-.!'-((&'*6,'/-90)!7/!#!/9,5-=<+*'8!((!7:()*8(&5*,#* 0&9'(!7()*-)&'(*-((!8*1&',5(*'7,(!#*5<1)*,'!7:-,70(!&7*/0,-*-.!'-(-&(),(

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163 Appendix A Study Design Modifications, (New York Only)

164 Appendix A. Study Design Modifications, Study Design Modifications, (New York Only) (New York Only) Proposed, 8/2005 Approved, 1/2006 Current/ Modified Design, 8/2008 Process Component, to document program logic, philosophy, operations, and processes including coordination across multiple systems. Logic model/ case flow diagrams development Site Visits annual Semi-structured interviews with program staff Semi-structured Interviews with stakeholders (jail, court, and mental health) not involved in intervention Court observations (both BMHC and business-as-usual) Focus groups (both BMHC participants & comparison group) Review program records (inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes Network Analysis of boundary spanners DROPPED Logic model/ case flow diagrams development Site Visits annual Semi-structured interviews with program staff Semi-structured Interviews with stakeholders (jail, court, and mental health) not involved in intervention Court observations (both BMHC and business-as-usual) DROPPED BAU element Focus groups (both BMHC participants & comparison group) DROPPED Review program records (inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes Case flow diagrams development (logic had been document by local evaluators) Site Visits 3 trips in 10 months. Semi-structured interviews with program staff Semi-structured Interviews with stakeholders (jail, court, and mental health) not involved in intervention to document BAU. Court observations (MHCs only) 2 sessions/ court Review program records (inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes Impact Component, to measure improvement beyond BAU in offender criminal justice and service delivery outcomes Retrospective sample drawn from administrative records; minimum 24-month follow up period o BMHC drawn from 2/02-12/05 o CG drawn from 1/05-12/05 Data Sources o BMHC program records o DOHMH records (MH) o NYC DOC (local custody) o NYS OCA (trx) o NYS DCJS (CHI) Retrospective sample drawn from administrative records; minimum 24-month follow up period (12/31/2007) o BMHC drawn from 2/02-12/05 o CG drawn from 1/02-12/05 Data Sources o BMHC program records o DOHMH records (MH) o NYC DOC (local custody) o NYS DCJS (CHI) *DROPPED SERVICE DATA; COULD NOT GAIN ACCESS Retrospective sample drawn from administrative records; minimum 24- month follow up period (12/31/2008) o BMHC, 3/1/02-12/31/06 o BxMHC, 1/1/02-12/31/06 o CG, 1/1/ /31/06 Data Sources o BMHC program records o BxMHC program records o DOHMH records (MH) o NYS DCJS (CHI) * COULD NOT OBTAIN NYC DOC DATA Cost Effectiveness Analysis, to determine the cost and benefits of each model as compared to BAU Calculate per unit cost of each program input Calculate per person (per service) quantity Examine criminal justice costs Calculate per unit cost of each program input Calculate per person (per service) quantity Examine criminal justice costs Develop cost analysis primer to guide future data collection and analyses. Transferability, to document legal and administrative factors necessary for replication and to suggestion one model over the other. Program documentation of key components (staffing requirements, training, policies and procedures) Review legal requirements, legislative stipulations. Program documentation of key components (staffing requirements, training, policies and procedures) Review legal requirements, legislative stipulations. DROPPED from evaluation design but key components incorporated into process evaluation.

165 Appendix B Bronx and Brooklyn MHC Court Characteristics

166 Evaluation of Criminal Justice Interventions with Mentally Ill Offenders Bronx and Brooklyn Mental Health Court Program Matrix At-A-Glance Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Year Established February 2001 officially started taking cases; grew from 1999 pilot program March 2002 Origins Committee of 41 agencies convened; program developed through consensus process Eligibility: Began by accepting felony offenders; later received grant to include misdemeanants Developed by New York State Office of Court Administration (OCA) and Center for Court Innovation (CCI) after publication of white paper The Revolving Door; NY State Office of MH is a collaborative partner Eligibility: Began by accepting nonviolent felony offenders, but progressed to accepting those with chronic misdemeanors; some violent criminal offenders taken on case-by-case basis. MHC Team The Bronx MHC team includes: Dedicated judge Coordinating staff: project director, two co-directors; medical director also works as part-time psychiatrist Brooklyn MHC is a component of the Kings County Supreme Court; the clinical team is based in the court. The Brooklyn MHC team includes: Dedicated judge Clinical team: clinical director, 12 case managers, and 3 part-time psychiatrists; Prosecuting attorneys: based in Narcotics Bureau of the Bronx District Attorney s Office; rotating Assistant D.A.s (ADA) handle cases; Bureau chief serves as court liaison. Defense counsel: rotating court-assigned indigent defense counsel (18B attorneys, Legal Aid Society, Bronx Defenders) or private counsel Project director/clinical director (dedicated) Clinical team: dedicated senior social worker and 3 forensic counselors (BMHC employees), consulting psychiatrists rotating ADA prosecutor (dedicated) Defense counsel: attorneys rotate, but one Legal Aid attorney handles the majority of MHC cases Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

167 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Target Population Felony (first time and predicate) and misdemeanor offenders with severe and persistent mental illnesses (SPMIs), as indicated by Axis I diagnoses, or substantial history of hospitalization or poor functioning; co-occurring substance use is prevalent among clients Felony (first time and predicate) and chronic misdemeanor offenders, with SPMI/AXIS 1 diagnoses, where mental illness contributed to criminal activity; assessment must indicate that treatment may help the offender lead a crime-free life in the community 93 % are felony offenders (UI analysis 2011) 80% are felony offenders (UI analysis 2011) Eligibility Requirements Misdemeanor and felony offenders, aged 16 and older, who are eligible for jail diversion Clinical eligibility determined by TASC (Axis 1 disorder, SPMI) Excludes: murder, sex offenses, and arson ; other violent offenses considered on case-by-case basis DA has discretion to refuse participation Participation is voluntary; clients enter guilty plea to begin program Client must be stable and competent to stand trial Client must not have participated in and successfully completed MHC program in past Misdemeanor and felony offenders, aged18 years and older; youth aged are considered on case-by-case basis (began in ) Clinical eligibility determined by court clinical team psychiatrist (Axis 1 disorder, SPMI - schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, schizoaffective disorder) Mental illness contributed to criminal activity; willingness to enter treatment Excludes murder and rape as charge rule-outs ; other violent offenses considered on case-by-case basis DA has discretion to deny case participation Participation is voluntary; clients enter guilty plea to begin program Defendant must be stable and competent to stand trial Client may have participated in MHC program in past Program Duration 6-12 months for misdemeanor offenders, generally 12 months (minimum) for misdemeanor offenders months for felony offenders, generally months for 1 st time felony offenders months for 1 st time violent or predicate felony offenders Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

168 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Case Flow/ Referral Sources 225 participants under MHC supervision on any given day; Caseflow: Cases identified pre-arraignment and before plea/trial; referred to MHC through various sources (see above); Project Director processes referrals and assigns preplacement case manager; individual is screened for mental illness by TASC case manager; judge gives final approval based on recommendation of TASC MHC Team, DA, and defense attorney; participation is voluntary, but must enter guilty plea; individual participates in treatment; individual graduates when court feels treatment plan goals are achieved. Referral sources include: DA (especially Narcotics Bureau an estimated 85-90% of cases come from narcotics), defense attorneys; criminal court; criminal court MH unit; 730 hearings on competency to stand trial; Bronx TASC (e.g., TASC team for drug court); felony and general arraignment screening assessment; community providers; jail MH staff; probation; ATI/case management programs; family; self (clients may self-refer) Approximately. 10 cases referred/month; 29 per quarter; ~275 graduates at 1/2009. at any point in time, there are about 135 people in treatment in the community and 20 people in Rikers Island awaiting placement and about 30 on remand As of October 2005, Brooklyn MHC had received 439 referrals, accepted 217 cases, and graduated 76 clients (113 were active, 20 had been closed for a variety of reasons) Referral sources include: DA, defense attorneys, 730 competency proceedings (all 730 returns are referred to BMHC), judges, other specialized courts Clinical director gives final approval of mental health eligibility based on clinical team psychosocial assessment and psychiatric evaluation Judge gives final approval for court participation based on DA, defense attorney, and clinical team input Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

169 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Referral Process/ Screening Procedures TASC screens individuals for clinical eligibility (biopsychosocial assessment, clinical interview, standardized risk assessment tools, MH/Substance use/health/social functioning/criminal Justice measures); however, additional screening is often done by referral sources (the DA s office pre-screens all trial and narcotics cases with a 7 question screening form developed by BMHC, correctional referrals often undergo full assessment). Also need Rikers Island medical records before clinical assessment to obtain a complete picture of illness and to ensure individuals are on appropriate medications Approximately 2/3rds of clients are in custody when diverted to the Bronx MHC (they remain in custody until placed) Cases referred by judge, defense attorney, or prosecutor (referrals usually occur after indictment, and median time from arrest to referral is roughly 5 months. Clinical assessment occurs after the client s first MHC appearance; the MHC social worker conducts the psychosocial assessments and a consulting psychiatrist conducts the psychiatric evaluations; MH eligibility determined by court s clinical director, a licensed social worker. Treatment plans developed. Assesses for risk of re-offending and violence; treatment plan is designed to mitigate risk of violence. MHC will decline cases if offender is deemed a community safety risks. Defendant must voluntarily choose to participate in program; give guilty plea (although all charges can reduced or dismissed after treatment); and sign a MHC contract. Defendant participates in treatment. Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

170 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court MH court dispositions/treatment TASC DOES NOT provide treatment, only case mgmt. services. Use network of community agencies in greater metropolitan area, including intermediate, residential, outpatient, and hospital care for mental health, substance abuse, medical, educational, and vocational needs. Client generally pays for treatment through SSI or Medicaid (treatment provider may help them sign up for these) TASC Mental Health Court Unit directly contacts community providers to link clients to appropriate services; clients have weekly appointments at TASC office or TASC team visits client if in inpatient care; Individual needs to be stabilized before can be placed so may be sent to Bellevue (males) or Elmhurst (females) or treated at Rikers; also need to be sober for certain amount of time before residential placements will accept Clinical court team design (based within court); forensic coordinators monitor treatment progress; conduct random drug tests; operate family education groups and run Remand Intervention group (new in 2008; senior forensic coordinator only) Treatment is community-based and typically includes MH treatment, substance abuse treatment, community-based case management, supportive housing services and vocational/ educational services. Will place participants in services outside of borough and even in different state if necessary to ensure best match. Outpatient is primary treatment modality although residential substance abuse treatment is available; will place in housing if homeless. About 100 treatment providers Time from referral to placement is about 4-6 weeks Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

171 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Court Process and Monitoring Court is held twice/week (T/TH) as needed; mix of cases heard Dedicated court docket (Tuesday 10:00-2:00; Thursday is spillover day) Court status hearings every 3 months; court atmosphere; Court tries to be flexible and understanding; willing to give multiple second chances Have weekly meetings with TASC (eventually reduced to bimonthly, if doing well); TASC meets regularly with participants in community if they are in residential treatment; Weekly or biweekly drug testing (not random); many treatment providers also do drug testing TASC meets weekly to review all/problematic cases Participants appear in court weekly in beginning, every two weeks for first three months, and monthly for rest of duration (more frequent court appearances can be required for noncompliant clients). All non-incarcerated participants must show up at 10:00; the program believes this creates a sense of community and reduces stigma because participants see each other on Tuesdays and they all have the same judge. The judge talks directly to clients, and they usually approach the bench along with the clinical director, defense attorney(s), and prosecution Sometimes use brief period of jail time as sanction; can be rewarded with reduced court appearances, certificates for phase completion; other rewards. Use team modality model all staff are familiar with all clients and meet with various clients; clients meet with assigned forensic coordinator before each court appearances Medical model: all clients meet with psychiatrist Clinical team meets weekly to discuss cases Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

172 Bronx Mental Health Court Brooklyn Mental Health Court Exit/Graduation criteria No treatment phases or stages to define success; feel that success could not be defined with concrete goals and instead must be client-centric; more interested in insight and treatment compliance than actual reduction of symptoms When treatment plan goals are achieved; decision made by court- TASC Mental Health Court Unit, judge, DA, and defense attorney. For certain cases, charges may be reduced or dismissed upon successful completion. Client receives certificate for graduation; program staff take pictures of clients with certificates and put on bulletin board in TASC office If client successfully completes, they cannot work with the MHC again in future if they receive another charge Define success as no rearrests, cessation of drug use, program participation, adherence to treatment, other subjective measures based on client and case (individual measures of success) Phased approach: 1. Adjustment (e.g., keep appointments, show up to group)-typically awarded around 90 days, 2. Engagement (e.g., doing something in treatment), 3. Progress, 4. Preparing to Graduate Graduation Receive phase certificates along the way to mark progress; first certificate is awarded at completion of Phase I, usually at first 90 days. Participant complies with treatment mandate and does not commit new offenses. After graduation, misdemeanants and first-time nonviolent felony offenders have guilty pleas vacated and charges dismissed. Predicate felons and first-time violent felony offenders have charges reduced to misdemeanor plea, and violent offenders are put on probation. If participant does not graduate, s/he may have to return to jail or prison depending on terms of plea. Instruments/ Measures in Use Screening: TASC screening packet, seven-item screening, client case information form, MHC diversion accepted/rejected form, TASC intake memo, baseline interview (see site visit notes 1/09 for caveats to using) Follow-up: Post-Acceptance Follow-Up Form, 6-month interview, 12-month interview MH/Substance use/health/social Functioning/Criminal Justice/insight & treatment adherence/violence/risk behaviors/satisfaction with court program/social desirability measures given at screening, 6 mos. out, 12 mos. out- some only baseline, others at all 3 time points (have list of 30+ measures used at various time periods) Psychosocial assessment focuses on the client s psychiatric, medical substance abuse, housing, employment, education, and social history. Psychiatric assessment conducted to obtain mental health diagnosis; informs treatment recommendations. Violence risk assessment; program also assesses criminogenic risk of re-offending. Note: Information for this matrix was drawn from two sources: Bronx program materials dated December 2004, and interviews UI conducted with the Brooklyn mental health court in October This matrix was developed in January 2009 for internal purposes. Information was updated in April of 2009 based on new information obtained from January 2009 site visits.

173 Appendix C Courtroom Observation Instruments

174 MHC Observation Individual Appearance Complete one form for each defendant appearance Date: Appearance start time: Defendant gender: M F Defendant incarcerated at start? Y N If yes, handcuffs and/or other restraints used? Describe: Site: Brooklyn Bronx Judge: Observer: Appearance type (circle one): Pre-MHC or Plea MHC status hearing Non-MHC (describe No-show / non-appearance ) Court participants CHECK all parties present, CIRCLE whether each spoke (beyond stating name or a greeting) Also CIRCLE the person judge spoke to first. Present Spoke? Addressed Judge Y N by judge Case manager Y N 1st Resource coordinator Y N 1st District attorney Y N 1st Defense counsel Y N 1st Defendant Y N 1st Community Tx Provider Y N 1st Other (e.g., D family, victim) Y N 1st (Who? ) Judge s interaction with defendant (check all that apply) Eye contact with D (for most of the appearance) Talked directly to D (as opposed to through attorney) Asked non-probing Qs (Y/N or other one-word answers) Asked probing questions Imparted instructions or advice Explained consequences of future compliance (e.g., phase advancement, graduation, etc.) Explained consequences of future noncompliance (e.g., jail or other legal consequences) Directed comments to audience (e.g., using the current case as an example) Spoke off-record to D (i.e., not transcribed) Touched or shook hands with D D asked questions or made statements D displayed art/talent (e.g., told story, sang, etc.) Other notes/impressions of the judicial interaction: Defendant s overall demeanor seemed (circle all that apply) Happy/satisfied Forthcoming Intimidated Confused Angry Upset Resentful K:\Spc\LWinterf\MH TO\Kamala\Court_obs_appearance_v3_fmt.doc, 4/19/09

175 Compliance Status (circle only one): Good report Bad report Circle bad report if any noncompliance noted. Achievements recognized (check all that apply) Treatment attendance/participation Drug-free days: How many? Phase advancement Job/school event Eligible for graduation Other (describe: ) Any rewards administered? (check all that apply) Courtroom applause Shook hands with judge Praise from judge Praise from other staff (Who? ) Deceased court appearances Other (describe ) If bad report, a) Noncompliance was (circle all that apply) Treatment absence(s) Positive drug test(s) Returned on warrant Poor attitude Missed court date(s) Re-arrest Violated rules at treatment Other (describe: ) b) Court s response was (check all that apply.) None Adjustment to tx plan (how? ) Admonishment from judge Admonishment from other staff (Who? ) Jail time Defendant failed MHC (Indicate sentence or other consequence ) Other (describe ) c) Judge raised his/her voice while responding? Y N After the hearing, the defendant: Was put in custody Left the courtroom Remained in court (where? ) After the hearing, defense counsel appeared: Satisfied: not at all somewhat very Upset: not at all somewhat very Additional notes & impressions: Appearance end time: Duration of appearance: minutes (rounded) K:\Spc\LWinterf\MH TO\Kamala\Court_obs_appearance_v3_fmt.doc, 4/19/09

176 BROOKLYN -- Judge Tuesday, Observer: Appearance start time: Appearance end time: Appearance type MHC status hearing MHC graduation / sentencing Pre-MHC or plea Non-MHC (describe ) No-show or non-appearance Other/unknown (describe ) Defendant gender Male Female Defendant race White Black Other (describe ) Defendant incarcerated at start? No Yes Notes COURTROOM DYNAMICS COURT PARTICIPANTS -CHECK all parties present. -CIRCLE whether each spoke (beyond stating name or a greeting) and -CIRCLE the person the judge spoke to first. Addressed Present Spoke? 1 st by Judge Y N Judge Case manager Y N 1st Resource Coord. Y N 1st District attorney Y N 1st Defense counsel Y N 1st Defendant Y N 1st Treatment Provider Y N 1st Other (e.g., D family, Y N 1st victim, who?) JUDGE S INTERACTION w/ DEFENDANT Check all that apply Eye contact w/ D (for most of appearance) Asked non-probing Qs, Y/N or other one-word answers (talked directly to D, not through attorney) Asked probing Qs (talked directly to D, not through attorney) Imparted instructions or advice (e.g., consequences of compliance/noncompliance) Directed comments to audience (e.g., using current case as example) D approached bench Spoke off-record to D (i.e., not transcribed) Touched or shook hands with D D asked questions or made statements D displayed art/talent (e.g., told story, sang) Describe J demeanor: COMPLIANCE STATUS: Good, bad, mixed? Good report recognized ANY compliance Details of achievements Check all rewards administered None Courtroom applause Praise/recognition from Judge Decreased court appearances Phase certificate Graduation (alt. sentence? ) Any other notes Bad report noted ANY noncompliance Details of noncompliance Check all sanctions administered None Adjustment to treatment plan Admonishment/recognition from Judge Increased court appearances Remand to jail Failed MHC (sentence? ) Any other notes Defendant satisfaction with hearing Visibly happy/satisfied Neutral Visibly unhappy/upset/dissatisfied Other (describe ) DA or Defense Attorney reaction, if notable

177 Appendix D Administrative Data Variable Inventory

178 Administrative Data Variable Inventory Concept DOHMH (Comparison Group)- Variables Received Brooklyn Program Data Files- Variables Received Bronx Program Data Files- Variables Received VARIABLES FOR USE IN IMPACT EVALUATION Person identifier X X X DEMOGRAPHICS Sex X X X Race & ethnicity X X X Age X X X SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Language X Homelessness X X X Residence X X Education X X Marital status X Has children X Employment & Income X Veteran Status X CRIMINAL HISTORY X MENTAL HEALTH STATUS MH History X Current MH Status X X X MH TREATMENT Services received X X X 1

179 Concept DOHMH (Comparison Group)- Variables Received Brooklyn Program Data Files- Variables Received Bronx Program Data Files- Variables Received Duration of service provision X X X SUBSTANCE ABUSE STATUS & TREATMENT Substance abuse status X X X Substance abuse treatment X X HEALTH Health insurance Health status X REFERRAL, ELIGIBILITY & PROGRAM PARTICIPATION Referral Source X X Time to referral X X First referral to MHC? X X Eligibility Decision X X Time to eligibility decision X Participation Decision X X Time to participation decision X X Pretrial incarceration X X CASE PROCESSING & OUTCOMES Time from arrest to program start X X Total time in MHC X X Legal representation X Concurrent CJ involvement X Legal status X 2

180 Concept DOHMH (Comparison Group)- Variables Received Brooklyn Program Data Files- Variables Received Bronx Program Data Files- Variables Received Initial charge X X Initial plea offer X X Intermediate compliance outcomes X Case outcome: success or failure X X Final sentence X X Subsequent participation in MHC X X 3

181 Appendix E MHC and DOHMH Screening Instruments

182 MHC and DOHMH Screening Instruments

183