rymboah rth MEAETH TON EnlnTOrEON TOY Eni<I>ANEIAKOY OZONTOr rth BAArTHrH THr EYPYTEPHr nepioxhr TOY BOAOY

Transcript

1 rymboah rth MEAETH TON EnlnTOrEON TOY Eni<I>ANEIAKOY OZONTOr rth BAArTHrH THr EYPYTEPHr nepioxhr TOY BOAOY r.. npw'iac; 1, I.K. AapiO'O'I"J 2 KOI A.r. naaiot'6<; 3 1 T~~~a Mf1XOVIKWV Xwpora~fa<;. not.eooo~ ia<; KOI n EplcpEpEIOK~<; AvciTTTU~f1<;, not.utexvi K~ LXOA~. nav TIIOT~~IO tooat.ia<; , B6Ao<; 2 Epyaor~pl Ttxvot.oyia<; ntpl~ciaaovto<;, T~~ ~ a HAEKTpOVIKWV YnoAOVIOTIKWV l:uorf1~cirwv, TEl n tlpma , A1yat.tw 3 r v1k6 T~~~a Mae11~aT1Kwv, TEl n 1pma, 12244, A1ycii. w ' giproias@uth.gr nepiah4-'h To KpiOI ~O ETiiTIEOO TWV OT~OOCj)Oip i KWV putiwv EiVOI 1 OpiOKE<; TI~E<; OUVKEVTPWOf1<; mcivw an6 Tl<; OTIOiE<; E~cpavi~OVTOI OUO~EV~ OTIOTEAEO~OTO OE EUOi9f1TOU<; OEKTE<;, 6nw<; TO Cj)UTci KOI TO OIKOOUOT~~OTO. To O~OV EiVOI Of1~VTIKOTEpO<; OT~OOCj)OipiKO <; p(jno<; Tf1V EupWTif1 TIOU npokoaei ETIITTTWOEI<; Tf1 ~MOTf1'1 KOI TO OOOIKO OIKOOUOT~~OTO KOI 11 OU~f1f1 TWV ETIITIEOWV OUVKEVTPWO~<; lou KOTO n<; TEAEUTOiE<; OEKOETiE<; [VOl Of1~VTIK~. Ta rptxovta wpwna'ika Kpim~a mimoa rou EmcpavEiaKou 6~ovro<; y1a Tf1V npooraoia Tf1<; ~MOTf1f1<; KOI TWV OOOWV, TIOU K9opi~OVTOI an6 Tf1V OOf1yla 22/3/EK, EiVOI ~OOIO~EVO or1<; oxto 1<; tk9eof1<;-avran6kpiof1<; nou XP111~ono1ouv ro oeiktf1 ik9eof1<; AOT4. <; OEiKTf1<; EK9EOf1<; AOT4 (EKmcppao~tvo<; OE ~ g/m 3 h ) opi~etoi TO a9polo~a Tf1<; Olacpopa<; ~ETO~U Wplalwv OUVKEVTPWOEWV lou ETIICj)OVEIOKOU 6~VTO<; civw TWV 8 ~g /m 3 (= 4 ppb) OTf1 1cipKE1a ouykekpi~evf1<; XPOVIK~<; mp16ou, XPf1I~ono1wvrac; ~6vo Tl<; wp1al <; Tl~tc; TIOU ~ETp~9f1 KOV ~ETO~U TWV 8: KOI 2:, wpa KEVTPIK~ <; EupWTif1<;, K9f1~Ep1Vci. LT'l ~EAET'l OUT~ TIEplypcicpOVTOI TO OTIOTEAEO~OTO TIOU npotpxovtoi an6 Tf1V OVOAUf1 TWV WplaiWV TI~WV OUVKEVTpWOf1<; ETIICj)OVEIOKOU O~OVTO<; TIOU KOTOypcicpf1KOV OTO OT9~6 Tf1<; TIOAf1<; TOU B6AOU, KOTO Tf1 OlcipKEIO ~1<; ETTTOETOU<; XPOVIK~<; mpiooou, An6 Tf1V avciauof1 OIOTIIOTWVETOI IOXUP~ ETIOXIK~ ~ ETO~oM TWV OUVKEVTpWOEWV lou ETII Cj)OVEIOKOU 6~ovroc;. MEpiKE<; 1acpopt<; napatf1pouvtoi OTf1 ~to11 ll~ep~ma nopefa rou un6 ~EAETf1 punou, ~ETO~U Tf1<; 9 p~~<; KOI Til<; 4JUXP~<; TIEPIOOOU TOU ETOU<;. EniOf1<;, an6 Tf1V ETIE~Epyaoia TWV OEOO~EVWV, ETIIXEipEiTOI OUVKPIT I K~ OTIOTI~f1'1 TWV ETIITIEOWV TWV TI~WV lou O iktf1 EK9 f1<; AOT4 KOI TWV ~ETO~OAWV Til<; VEWPVIK~<; KOI Cj)UTOKO~IK~<; OUVKO~IO~<;. OTf1V wpl!tep'l TIEPIOX~ rou B6t.ou, OTf1 OlcipKEia Tf1<; ~ Ta~6~EVf1<; XPOVIK~<; mp16ou. lli{ 1) KA 1~1(1 : Emcpavc/GKO 6(ov, mmrw 1) OTT] {JAaaTT]Of], OEfKTT]t; ikeeut]) AOT4, B6Aot;. 1. ElrArorH H Of1~ia TWV ETIITITWOEWV lou ETIICj)OVEIOKOU O~OVTO<; OH)V av9pwtiivf1 uyeia, TO ~WIKO TIAf19U~6, Tf1V OVOTTTU~f1 TWV Cj)UTWV, K9W<; KOI TO Of1 ~ VTIKO TOU p6ao OTO EVEPVEIOKO 1o~uy1o Tf1<; rpon6ocpmpa<; txouv avacp p9ti OTf1 Ol 9v~ ~~~Aioypacpia (Lippmann, 1991, Schenone and Lorenzini, 1992, Brauer and Brook, 1997). Em1o~ TO 1apKw<; au~av6~ vo UTI6~a9po TWV OUVKEVTpWOEWV ETIIcpaVEIOKOU O~OVTO<; EfVOI, Tf1V napouoa XPOVIK~ mpio-, tva et~a avf1ouxiac; ~E otoo~tvo 6r1 ra mimoa ouyktvrpwo~c; rou txouv untpomt.a OiaOTEi Karci Tf1 OIOPKEia TWV n:t.wraiwv O Ka TIWV (Volz and Kiey, 1988, Staehelin and Smith, 1991 ). 1 Ulj.lf1AE<; Tl~t<; UTIO~ci9pou TOU ETIICj)OVEIOKOU O~OVTO<; TIOU napotf1pouvtoi or1c; mp1oxtc; Tf1<; Mwoytiou ~nopouv va anoooeouv ora U4J11M mimoa Tf1 <; ump1woouc; f1a I OK~<; aktivo~oafa<; OE OXEOf1 ~ ll<; TOTIIKO EKTIE~TIO~EVE<;, av9pwnoy VOU<; npoeaeuof1<;, np6po~e<; ouof <; rou tmcpaveiakou 6~ovro<;. lltoo~tvou OE 6r1 1 KalpiKE<; ouv9~ke<; (f1aionpakttka 2"" navcmtjviou I:uvcopiou noacoooijiat;, Xwpora{iat; Kat ncptrpe:p taktjt; Avarrru{ryt; 1139 EmiJtAf.la t KOOOTJt;: B. Kor(GIJaVTJt;, A. KouyKoAot;, H. MrrE:ptarot;, Ll. tkov6jlou, r: nup6kot:; SET , ISBN

2 npawka 2"" navcmi/viou I uvc6p/ou noacoooj.i/~, Xwpo ra{la~ KOI ncpi(/jtp /OKIK Avamu{rK- T6J.IO~ II <pavtla, U4JilM~ Stp~oKpao i ~ KOI xa~llaoi avt ~ol) txouv Oll~avnKt~ tmmwo 1~ o-ro OXIl~O no~6 TII<paV 1KOU 6<ovTO~, 1 U4JilMt,; OUVKEVTpW 1(,; TOU ~<pavi<ovtoi KUpiw~ KOHl Til 61pK 1 TOU KOAOKOipiOU, T6oo 11~ OaTIKt~. 6o KOI 11~ npoootioktt,; KOI aypotikt~ ntpioxt~. l\io<pop r,; ~EMT 1,; TIOU TIIK VTpWVOVTOI 1 TII<pOV 1K6 6<ov 111,; OVOTOAIKtt,; mp1oxtr,; Til~ Mtooytiou, unoypa~~i<ouv ro u<p1ara~ VO np613ail~o (Ziomas et al, 1989, Glavas, 1999, Kalabokas et al, 2, Kouvarakis et al, 2, Duenas et al, 22, Paliatsos et al, 26, Papanastasiou and Melas, 29). To tm<pav IOK6 6<ov 1VOI tva~ at~oo<palpik6~ puno~ nou l3piok TOI navtou KOI StwpEi TOI UTI U8uvor,; VIO TOV TpaU~OTio~6 TWV <pumwv, VIO Tit,; ~EH.iJ 11,; Tilt,; OUVKO~I6r'Jr,; KOI Tilt,; napaywvri~ an6pou, Ka8wr,; KOI a6uva~ia all~lloilt,; TWV 6amKwv 6tvTpwv (Chevone and Linzon, 1988, Krupa and Manning, 1988, Pye, 1988, Velissariou et al, 1992, Fuhrer et al, 1997, Lefohn et al, 1997, Jackson et al, 2, Fumagalli et al, 21 ). H IKOVOTilTO TOU TII<pOV 1KOU o<ovto~ VO npokoae 1 13MI31l OTil 13MaTilOil r'jtov yvwo-rr'j VIO TIOVW an6 3 t Til, OMIO KOTO Til 61pK 1 TWV T A UTOiWV 6 KOTIEVTE ETWV 1 TII6pOo 1~ TOU EXOUV yiv 1 OVTIK i~ VO ~EVOAOU EV61a<ptpoVTO~ OlllV EupWnll. EnmMov, ETI 16ri TO 6<ov EiVOI tvar,; puno~ ~ ~EVOAil 6uvaT6TilTO XWPIKr')t,; 6 1CtXUOil~. ~nopt i VO n pokaato 1 mi6paoll at ~ t ya,). ~ aypotikt~ EKTO o 1~ Tilt; Eupwn llr,; (WHO 2). Mt xp1 Twpa, 1 6EIKTEr,; Mollt,;-tK8 ollr,; n ou KOALIT pa OXETf<ovrm ~ TllV avmn6kp1il Tou <purou OTilV ETii6paOil TOU ETII<pCIVEIOKOU 6<ovror,; EfVOI a8poiotikou-ouoowp UTIKOU TUTIOU (Lee et al, 1988, Barnes et al, 199, Krupa et al, 1995, Sanz et al, 1999, Saitanis et al, 21 ). H mf6paoll TOU TII<pV 1KOU o<ovror,; OTil OUVKO~I6ri, Til f3mati1il KOI TO MOll ~nop 1 VO O~IOAVIl8Ei ~ TllV EIOOVWVr'J ~1 1,; KOTWTOTilt,; OpiOKr')t,; Tl~ rir,; OUVKEVTpWOil~ ETII<pOVEIOKOU 6<ovTor,; mavw an6 TllV onoia To <puta ~<pavi<ovrm va tiv1 wafo81lto. a8polatik6r,; 6EiKTil~ KOTWTOTilt,; opiokri r,; T l~ri~ ouyktvtpwollt,; 6<ovror,; (AOT) <paiv TOI va tivoi KOTOA AilAor,; OTO VO OUOXETf< 1 TllV mititwoil, an6 TllV EK8EOil <putou OUVKEVTpWOil ETII<pOV 1- KOU 6<ovTO(,; pKEIO Til~ 11~tpar,;, TOUMXIOIOV VIO Til OUVKO ~ I6ri an6 OITOPI (lefohn et al, 1997). rt OUTr'JV TllV ~EMTil OVOAU TOI ll OXEOI'l ~ ETO~U TOU mmtoou TWV TI~ WV TOU 6tiKTil AOT4 KOI TWv mmrwotwv OTil auyko ~ 16r'1 an 6 ytwpyikri KOI <puroko~ik ri napaywyri OlllV UpUTEPil ntpioxri TOU 86Aou KOTO Til 61pK 1 Til t,; 7 - TOUt,; XPOVIKri t,; ntp1mou f.ef.omena KAI MEf.OAOriA rtilv Epyaoia OUTrl yivetoi ~1 npoana8eio atotiotikrit,; O~IOAOV111l l,; TWV OUVKEVTpW OEWV TOU ETII<pOV 1 KOU 6<ovTO(,;, f31o~ VIl OTO OTOIX 1 TIOU KOTOypO<pOVTOI OTOV 18~ 6 napakoaou81lol'l t,; Tilt; at~oo<palpikr'jr,; punavollt,; atilv n6ail Tou B6Aou y1a 7-ETri xpov1kr') ntpio6o TIOU apxi< 1 TO ~ 61,; OUT6t,; f3pfok TOI OTO KEVTpO Til t,; TIOAil~ TOU 86AOU (ytwypa<pik6 nmtor,; am9~ou (<p) = 39 22' B, ytwypa<pik6 ~ r'jko~ o-ra9 ~ou (A) = 22 57' A, U4JOt,; o-ra9~ou an6 TO ~tao mim6o Tilt; 9aAaooar,; = 2.6 m). o-ra8~ 6~ tmyxou T il~ OT ~OO<pOipiKri r,; punovoill,; ivoi TIAripwr,; OUTO~OTOTIOIIl~tvor,; KOI AEITOUPVEf OlllV ntpl<ptp 1 Tilt; MOVVIlOiar,;, ykotoot811ke 6 an6 TO Ynoupytfo n tpif3amovr or,;. Xwpom ~iar,; KOI l11l~6mwv 'Epywv (YnEXOl\E). To KA I ~a TOU 86,).ou EiVOI ~ VEIOKOU TUTIOU ~ TOUt,; uypour,;, r'jmou~ XE I~ WV ~ KOI 9 p~o-~ilpct KOAOKOipiO. H ~toll l'l~eprima 9 p~okpaola EiVOI 7.8 C KOI 27 C VIO TllV TI pio6o TOU X 1~WVO KOI TOU KOAOK1p1U, OVTiaTOIXO. To ~ VEIOK6 KAi~a XOpaKTI1Pi<ETOI an6 TllV OVtnclpK 1 13POXOTTTWO WV KOTO Til 6iOpKEIO Tilt,; 8Ep~r'Jr,; ntpi66u TOU ETOU(,;. Eno~EVW(,;, an6 TO ~tao TriOlO Ulj.IO(,; 13POXri~ TIOU EfVOI 42 mm, TO ~ EVOAUT po IJEpor,; TOU E ~<pavl<tml KOTO Tour,; X 1~Ep lvour,; ~river,;. H ~ llviaia 61apK 1 llaio<poveiot,; no1kimi 1 ~ETO ~ u wpwv Tov lavouap1o KOI wpwv rov louaio. r TilV n 6AI1 rou B6Aou, 1 nvtovw; OVE ~ O I KOTO Til 9tp~ri ntpio6o TOU t TOUI,; (MOIOt,;-rmrt~f3piot,;) EiVOI V6TIOU TO~ta, VW OE OAil TllV un6aoittil61pk 1 TOU ETOU(,; fvmf36p1u TO~ta (EMY, 1999). 114

3 L11axclpla'l Kal rrpouraa/a rrcpt{3amovro') 3. AnOTEAEIMAT A IYZHTHIH LTO LXr')IJO 1 napouma~etoi ll IJEO'Il ETr')OIO nopefa TWV IJilVIOfWV TIIJWV OUVKEVTpWOil~ TOU ETII(j)OVEIOKOU 6~VTO~ OTO OT91J6 TOU 8 6Aou, KOTO Til 616pKEIO Til e; 7-ETOU~ XPOVIKr')~ TIEpl6i5U, Dnw~ q>oivetoi OTO OXr')IJO OUT6, ll IJEO'Il ETr')Oia TTOpEia Til ~ OUVKEVTpWOil~ TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU 6<ov TO~ XOPOKTilPi<nat an6 IJEYIOTO TTOU EIJq>Ovf<ETOI KOTO Til 9Ep1Jr') mpfolio TOU ETOU~ (MciiO~-LETTTE IJ~P IO~) Kat EAOXIOTO TTOU EIJq>avi<ETat KaTci Til 4JUXPr'l mpio6o TOU t Touc; (OKTW~p1o-Anp ia1o). H IJIKp6TEPrJ TIIJr') ouyktvtpwoil ~ EIJq>Ovi<nat TO b.ekeij~pio KOI rj 1JEYOATEprJ TOV lo,l,to, lie Myo~ TWV liuo TIIJWV EiVOI 1:2.85. To napotr]pouijevo IJEVIOTO Tr] ~ IJEOilc; ETr')ma c; nopeia~ (I:Xr')IJO 1) anoliilietat KOTO KUpiO Myo OTr]V EVTOVrJ r],l,takr') lipaotr]pt6tr]ta rj anoia OTTOTE,l,Ei npwtapxik6 napciyovra q>wto XIliJIKr')~ napaywyr')~ ETIIq>OVEIOKOU 6<ovTO~ KOTO Tfl litopkeio Til~ 9Ep1Jr')~ TIEpi6liOU TOU ETOU~ (Seinfeld, 1975). nap6 1JOIO~ IJ Opq>r')~ IJEOEc; ETr')OIE ~ IJETO~Atc; OUVKEVTpWOilc; ETIIq>O VEIOKOU o<ovto~ txouv napatilpil9ei Kat OE cia'-ec; mp 1oxt~ OTflv Eupwnll (Seinfeld, 1975, Ziomas et al, 1989, Kalabokas et al, 2, 24, Duenas et al, 22, Kalabokas and Repapis, 23, Paliatsos et al, 26). 1 8 ~ 6 Ol 2: c:5' Mrjvac; IXr'JIJo 1. MEOil ETr'}OIO n op ia TWV OUVKEVTpWOEWV TOU ETII(j)OVEIOKOU 6<ovTO~, KOTO Til liiopkeio Til~ TT pt6liou 21-27, OTO OT91J6 TOU 86Aou LOV OUVETTEIO Til~ ETTOX I Kr'}~ lipoorj~ TOU ETII(j)OVEIOKOU o<ovto~, lieiktrj~ AQT 4 (1Jg/m 3 h) EKq>pa<EI Til OUOOWPEUIJEVIl UTTEp~OOil TWV wp1aiwv OUVKEVTPWOEWV TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU o<ovto ~ ETTOVW an6 TO 8 IJQ/m 3 (4 ppb) KOHl Til litctpkeio IJI O~ lielioijevflc; XPOVIKr'}~ TTEpl6liOU XPflOIIJOTTO I WVTa~ IJOVO Tl~ WplafEc; TI IJEc; OUVKEVTpWOflc; TTOU IJETPOUVTat an6 8: IJ EXPI Kat 2:, K9E flijepa (EU 22). To 1KOVOIJIK6 LUIJ~U,l,lo TWV HVWIJE VWV E9vwv, y1a TflV Eupwnfl, EXEI oumr')o 1 KpiOIIJO q>optio TWV 6 1Jg/m 3 h (= 3 ppb h) OTflV TpiiJflVfl mpiolio MaTou-lou,l,iou y1a TflV rrpomaoia Tr"J~ ouykoijiliric; Kat 2 1Jg/m 3 h {= 1 ppb h) OTO E~O IJfl VO AnpiAiOU - LETTTE IJ ~piou YIO TflV npooraoia TWV liaowv (Karenlampi and Skarby 1996). 1 OUVKEVTpWOEic; TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU o<ovto<; OKo,l,ou9ov IJIO flijepr'}ma TTOpEia TTOU XOPOKTflpf~ETOI an6 UljJflAt~ TIIJEc; KOTCt Tic; IJEOfliJ~p ivec; -anoyeuijotivec; wpe<; (6TOV EUVOEf TOI OXfliJOTIOIJO<; ETIIq>OVEIOKOU 6<ovTO<; an6 TflV fl'-lakr'} OKTIVO~Afa Kat Tfl 9Ep1JOKpaoia) KOI XOIJflAtc; OUVKEVTpWOEI~ KOTO Tfl lilcipk 1 TWV VUKTE:piVWV WpWV (OTTOTE Kat TTOpOTflpEf TOI KOTOOTpoq>r'} TOU ETTiq>OVEIOKOU o<ovro~). XpflOIIJOTTOIWVTO<; TO lielioijevo Til<; XPOVIKr'}~ TTEp16liOU 21-27, rj IJEOfl flijepr'}oia nopeia TWV OUVKEVTPWOEWV TOU ETII(j)OVEIOKOU 6<ovro<;, TOOO KOTO Tfl li16pke1a Tfl<; 4JUXPri<; (KTW~piO<;-MCtpTio~) 6cro Kat KO TO Tfl litcipkeio Tfl~ 9Ep1Jr'J<; TTEpl6liOU TOU ETOU~ (Anpi,l, lo<;-lettte IJ ~PIO~). napouma<ovtat OTO LXriiJO 2. Aurt ~ 1 XPOVIKE~ TTEpioliol ETIIAEX9rJKOV y1a TflV OVTtnapa~oAr'} TWV EV6f11JEpr')OIWV IJETO ~o,l,wv Tfl<; OUVKEVTpWOfl~ TOU ETTI(j)OVEIOKOU o<ovro~ an6 MIIJOTOAOVIKr')<; OTTOljJfl<;. 1141

4 npakrtka 2"" navcm1jv1ou :ruvc(ipfou n oaco6ojjiat;, Xwpora{lat; KaJ ncplfp P 1aKIJt; Avamu{ ryt;- T6JJot; II 1 8 : 6 Ol 3 4 d' Dpo IXIiiJO 2. MEOil lli.jepr')ma TIOpEia TWV Wplaiwv TIIJWV TOU ETII<paVEiaKOU 6~VTO<;, KaTCI Til 616pKE1a Til<; 4JUXPr'J<; (AETTT(J ypai.ji.jr')) KOI Til<; 9Epi.Jr')<; (EVTOVIl ypai.ji.jr'j) TTEp16U TOU ETOU<;, OTO ara91jo TOU 86AOU, KaT6 TllV 7-ET() TTEpio6o Onw<; 61aTIIOTWVETOI an6 TO rxr')i.ja 2 ll IJEOil lli.jepr')oia nopeia TWV OUVKEVTpWOEWV TOU ETII<paVEiaKOU 6~VTO<;, T6 KaT6 Til 61pKE1a Til<; 9Epi.Jr')<;, 6 Kal Til<; 4JUXPr'J<; TIEpi66U TOU trou<; xapaktr]pi~etoi an6 tva IJEVIOTo. To IJEVIOTO aut6 KaTa Til 616pK Ia Til<; 4JUXPr'l<; TIEpi66U TOU ETOU<; EIJ<pavi~ETOI OTO 61Tili.Ja 12:-18:, EVW KaT6 Til 616pK 1a Til<; 9Epi.Jr'J<; mp166ou TOU ETOU<; E IJ<pavi~ETOI OTO 616Tili.Ja 11:-2:. To TIAOTO<; Tr]<; IJEOr]<; r]ijepr')oia<; nop 1a<; KUI.JaiVETOI an6 35 I.Jg/m 3 EW<; Kal 53 I.Jg/m 3, y1a Til 4JUXPr'J Kal Tr] 9Epi.Jr') mpio6o TOU ETOU<;, avtiotoixa. To U4JilM Upo<; Tr]<; IJEOr]<; r]ijepr')ma<; TIOp ia<; TOU TII<pa V 1aKOU 6~VTO<; KaT6 Tr] 9 pi.jr') TI pio6o, ano6i6 TOI m9avw<; OTr]V U4JilAr'J <pwtoxrjijikr') napaywyr') 6~ovro<; nou npoka.l. 1Tm an6 TrJV tvmv11 EK9 r] OTrJV r]aiak(j aknvo{3oaia KaTa Til 616pKEia Til<; r]ijepa<;. KaTO Tl<; ~pa61ve<; WpE<; TO ETII<paVEiaK6 6~V IJEIWVETal OUOiaOTIKO an6 TOU<; I.JilXaVIOIJOU<; Til<; Xlli.JIK(J<; KOTaarpo<pr')<; Kal Til<; ~r]pr')<; Evan69EOil<; (Garland and Derwent, 1979, Ziomas et al, 1989). n ap61joia anot AEOI.Jara OXETIK6 IJE TllV ETIOXIK(J IJETO ~om TWV OUVKEVTPWOEWV TOU ETII<paVEiaKOU O~OVTO<; EXOUV 61aTIIOTW9Ei Kal OE 6ME<; aypotike<; mp1oxt<; OTrJV Eupwnll (Ziomas et al, 1989, Duenas et al, 22, Paliatsos et al, 26). H IJEOil EIKOOITETpOWpll OplaKr') TII.Jr') OUVKEVTPWOil<; TOU atijoo<poipikou 6~VTO<; y1a TllV ano<puyr') TipOKAilOil<; ~r]ijiwv OTil ~AOOTil11, TIOU EXEI TE9Ei an6 OXETIK() 6r]yia TOU naykooijiou OpyaVIOIJOU YyEia<; (noy) EIVOI TO 66 I.Jg/m 3 (WHO 1987). An6 Tr]V av6auor] TWV IJEOWV r]ijepr')oiwv OUVKEVTpWOEWV TOU UTI6 IJEAETr] putiou 61aTIIOTW9r]KaV UTTEp~6 1<; aut()<; Tr]<; OpiaK()<; Tii.Jr'J<;. no OUVKEKpi i.jeva, OE ET()Oia ~OOil 1 IJEO <; r]ijepr')oie<; OUVKE VTpWOEI<; UTIEpE~r]OaV Tr)V EIKOOIT Tp6Wpr] OplaKr') TI I.J r') KOT6 158, 139, 142, 99, 144, 26 Kal 41 r]ijepe<; an6 TO 21 IJEXPI TO 27, avtiotoixa. Kar6 Til 616pK 1a Tr]<; 9Epi.Jr')<; mp166ou (AnpiAIO<;-rETITE IJ ~pio<;), 1 IJEOE<; r]ijepr')oie<; OUVKEVTpW 1<; UTIEPE~IlO"aV Tr]V EIKOOITETp6w Pil oplak() TII.Jr'J KaT6 15, 137, 133, 93, 13, 22 Kal 34 an6 TO 21 IJEXPI TO 27, avti OTOIXa. AuT6 Or]I.JaiVEI OTI ra mim6a ouyktvtpwor)<; TOU Em<paVEiaKou 6~ovro <; OTrJV TIEpiOXr'J TOU 86AOU napai.jevouv, y1a TO IJEyaAI:ITEpo IJEpo<; Til<; E~ET~61JEVIl <; TIEp166ou, ETIOVW an6 n<; OplaKt<; TIIJE<; (Paliatsos et al, 26). EvTOUTOI<;, 11 61aXPOVIK() E~EAI~r] TOU api91jou TWV lli.jepwv IJE UTIEp~6EI<; Tr]<; 24WPil<; OplaKr')<; TII.Jr')<; EI.J<pav i~ 1 mwtik() TOO"Il, T6 Tr')Oia ~OOil, 6 Kal OTil 61pKE1a Til<; 9Epi.Jr')<; TI pi66u TOU ETOU<;. 1142

5 tltaxclptafl Kat rrpoaraala rrcpt{3amovrrx; 25 v: 2 :!.,. 15 IJ' ~~ ,.--- ~ 1 -,--- i! < 5 - r---o n I I I I I I I 'Ero<; Ixrn.1a 3. t.1axpov1kr'} t~t,\1~11 Tou AOT4 (1Jg/m 3 h) y1a Tl']v XPOVIK() ntpio6o M6ioc;-lou,\1o<; IJE OVTIKEI IJEVIK6 OKOTT6 TI']V TTpoOTOOia Tl']<; (j)utik(}<; 13MOTI']OI']<;. H EU9tfa YPOIJIJ(} OVTITTpOOWTTEUEI TI']V TIIJ(} at6xo, 6 IJQ/m 3 h, IJE 1361'] TI']V 22/3/EK LXETIKO IJE Ta mim6a TIIJWV rou 6EiKT'l AOT4, an6 TI']V ava,\uol") TWV wp1aiwv OUYKEVTPWOEWV ETTI(j)OVEIOKOU o<ovto<; TTOU 1JETpr')91']KOV IJETO~U TWV WPWV 8: KOI 2:, wpa KtvTpiKr'}<; EupwTTI']<;. K91'] 1JEPIVO an6 TO MOIO IJEXPI TOV IOUAIO KUIJOV91']KOV IJETa ~u 1265 KOI JQ/m 3 h KaTa Til 61cipKtta Til<; t~na<6 1J tvi']<; xpovikr'}<; mp16oou, (LX(}IJO 3), EVW yra TI']V mpiooo ATTpiAiOU-LETTTEIJI3piOU KUIJOV91']KOV IJETO~U 2889 KOI IJQ/m 3 h y1a TI']V i61a XPOVIK(} mpio6o (LX(}IJO 4 ). n pol")youijeve<; IJEMTE<; TTOU OVEAUOOV TO ETTiTT 6 TOU ETTI(j)OVEIOKOU o<ovro<; 16 OTI']V tuputep'l TTEPIOX(} TWV Mtooytiwv-AmK()<;. 6oo KOI ati']v mp1oxr') AAicipTou-BorwTiac;. 61aniarwoav nom Utpi']M<; TIIJE<; rou 6tiKHJ AOT4 (Sailanis et al, 2 1. Paliatsos et al, 26). v: 45 2 a. 4 ca..a v 25 ~ 2 ~!! < 'Ero<; Ixril.la 4. t.1axpov1kr'} t~,\1~11 Tou AOT4 (1Jg/m 3 h) y1a Tl']v xpov1kr'} mpio6o Anpi,\lo<; LmTtiJI3PIO<; IJE OVTIKEI IJEVIK6 OKOTT6 TI']V TTpOOTOOIO Tl']<; 6IK(}<; 13AOOTI']OI']<;. H tu9tla YPOIJIJ(} avnnpoowmutl TI']V TIIJ(} ar6xo. 2 1Jg/m 3 h, IJE l3cio1'] TI']V 22/3/EK An6 TO LX(}IJOTO 3 KOI 4 EUKOAO KOVEI<; OUIJTTEpOIVEI 6n I'] 61XPOVIK(} E~EAI~I'] TWV ET(} OIWV TIIJWV TOU 6tiKTI'] AT4, TOOO Tl']<; TTEp166ou MaTou-lou,\lou, 6 KOI Tl']<; mpt6u Anpl,\fou-LtTTTt1JI3pfou, EIJq>avf<ouv mwnkr'} TOOl']. Ma,\1ara, KOTa TO ETI'] 26 KOI 27 1 TIIJE<; tivoi KOTO TTOAU KOTWTEpt<; TWV TIIJWV OTOXWV TTOU EXOUV K9piOTtf OTT6 TI']V 22/3/EK. r1a TI']V O~IOAOVI']OI'] TWV TTOpaTTOVW EUpi']IJOTWV EYIVE TTpoan69tiO OUV6tar')<; TOU<; IJE atoixeia OTPEIJ IJOTIK(}<; TTOpaywyr')c; IJ(}AWV Tl']<; TTEpiOX(}<;, TTOU,\r')q>91']KOV TOOO OTT6 TOV AypOTIK6 LUVETOipiOIJO Zayopac; ni']aiou, 6 KOI OTTO TO n tplq>epeiok6 KtvTpo <l>utonpoaraoiac; KOI noiotikou EA yxou 86,\ou. r1a TO OKOTT6 OUT6, EYIVE TTpOOTT9EIO

6 npakuka 2"" navcml}v1ou :Euvcopiou noa otioj.iiac;, Xwporaf,iac; KaJ ncplrpcpclakl}t:; Avarrruf,l)t:; - TOJ.IOt:; 11 Of'JI.liOUpyia<; TIOO'OTIK~<; ')( '11<; IJETO~U TWV ET~UIWV TIOO'WV UTPEIJIJOTIK~<; rrapaywy~<; IJ~Awv, crti1v urr6 IJE:AETI1 mp1oxr'j. KOI Tou O ikti1 AOT4. 1 crxtcrei<; rrou EKq>pa<ouv TI1V TIAOK~ IJETO~U TWV TIOUOT~TWV UTPEIJIJOTIK(J<; rrapaywy(j<; IJ(JAWV (m:n M) IJE Tl <; TIIJE<; TOU oe:ikti1 AOT4, rrou EKq>pa<ovTal IJE ET(Jme:<; TIIJt<; KaTa Tl1 OlapKEIO Tl1<; xpovik(j<; mp16ou 23-25, EKq>pa<ovTOIIJE cruvapt(jo 1<; VPOIJIJIK~<; naaivopoij11u11<;. T6cro KOTa Tl1 OlapKEIO Tl1<; mp16oou Maiou-louAiou (crxtcr11 (1 )), 6cro KOI KOTa Tl1 OlapK 1 Tl1<; mp16oou Anp1Aiou LETITEIJI3Piou (crxto11 (2)): nmlm = AOT4, r2 =.486 (1) nmlm = AOT4, r2 =.5 (2) OTIOU, n MLM KOI AT4 E:Kq>pcl<OVTOI OTO kg ova 1 m 2 KOI 1Jg/m 3 h, OVTiOTOIXO, KOI Of KAioE:I<; rwv ouvapr~ot:wv YPO IJIJI K~<; rraaivop61ji1i1<; txouv 1aomo11 (kg ova 1 m 2 )-{1Jg/m 3 h)" 1. An6 OUTa TO OTIOTEAtOIJOTO OIOTIIOTWVETOI 6TI, y1a Tr]V mpiooo Ma'iouiOUAiOU, IJE Tl1 XPI1aiiJOTIOil1fl rou YPOIJIJIKOU nponinou, TO 48.6% Tl1<; Olaarropac; (r-2 =.486) TWV ET~aiWV TIIJWV TOU TIOOOU napaywy~<; IJ~AWV IJTIOpOUV VO ~11YI19UV an6 n<; OIOKUIJOV 1<; rwv TIIJWV Tou i5 ikti1 AOT4. AvTi9ETO, y1a TI1V rre:piooo ArrpiAIO<;-LETITt ij- 13plo<;, XPI1UIIJOTIOIWVTO<; To ypoijijik6 np6wno, To 5% TrJ<; Olaarropac; (r-2 =.5) Twv ET(JUIWV TIIJWV TOU TIOOOU napaywy~<; IJ~AWV IJTIOPOUV VO OUVOE9UV IJE Tl<; OIOKUIJaVcr 1<; TWV TIIJWV TOU OEiKT11 AOT4. Tt.>.oc;, OTI1V rrpoarra9 1 OI11JIOupyia<; nocrotik~<; oxto11c; IJE:TO~u TWV ET~o1wv TIIJWV n MLM, OTI1V un6 IJEAETI1 TIEpiOX~. KOI Tl1 <; TI6TI1TO<; Tl1<; 13POXr'J<; (BPA.s) TIOU TIEq>TEI OTI1V urr6 IJEAETI1 mpiox~ OTI1 OIOPK 1 Tl1<; xpovik~<; mpi6u ArrpiAiOU-L TITEIJI3PiOu, KOTOAr'j~OIJE OTI1 O')(E11 (3): n MLM = BPA-s. r2 =.91 (3) 6rrou, nmlm KOI BPA S EKq>pa<ovTOI OTO kg OVO 1 m 2 KOI mm, OVTiOTOIXO, 11 KAiOI1 Tl1<; cruvapti111<; YPOIJIJIKr')<; TIOAIVOPOIJI111<; EX 1 OIOOTOO'I1 (kg ova 1 m 2 ) (mm)' 1. Arr6 aur6 TO arrottae:oijo OlamarwvETOI 6TI IJE: Tl1 XPI1UIIJOrroii1I1 rou YPOIJIJIKOU rrpoturrou, IJOVO TO 9.1% Tl1<; OIOOTIOpa<; (r-2 =.91) TWV ET~aiWV TIIJWV TOU TIOOOU rra paywy~<; IJ ~ AWV IJTIOpOUV VO E~11YI19UV arr6 n<; OIOKUIJaVOEI<; TWV TIIJWV TOU U\VOU<; 13POX~<; TIOU ntq>t 1 OTI1V TIEPIOX~ KOl a Tl1 OlapKEIO Tl1<; XPOVIKr')<; TIEpi6i5ou AnpiAiOU-LETITEIJI3PiOU. 4. IYMnEPAIMATA 1 WpiOi <; OUVKEVTpWOEI<; TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU o<ovto<; TIOU KOTOypaq>11KOV OTO OT91J6 TOU 86.>-ou, KOTa Tl1 OlapK 1 Tl1<; xpovikr')<; mp16oou 21-27, avam911kov rrpokeiijtvou VO 1JE:AETI19Ei T6cro 11 ETIOXIKr'), 6 KOI JEP~al IJ E:TOI3A~ TOU<;. Arr6 OUT~V TI1V OVaAU11 ra ak6aou9a ou!jmpao!joto!jrropouv va cruvax9ouv: (1) H ETIOXIOK~ IJE:TOI3A~ TWV OUVKE:VTpWOEWV TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU o<ovto<; EIJq>OVi<EI EAOXIOTO KOTa Tl1 OIOPKEIO Tl1<;!VUXP~<; TIEPIOOOU KOI IJEYIOTO KOTa Tl1 OlapK 1 Tl1<; 9Ep1J~<; TIEPIOOOU TOU ETOU<;. (ii) H 1JE11111JE:p~a1 rropt:ia TWV OUyKEVTPWOEWV TOU ETIIq>OVEIOKOU o<ovto<; OTO OUVKE KPIIJEVO crra91j6 E:IJq>avi<e:l 1J6vo tva IJEVIOTO. AuT(J 11 1JEYIOTI1 TIIJrl rrapoti1peitoi IJETO~u 12:-18: KOTa Tl1 1apKEIO Tl1<; \VUXP~<; mp16ou KOI 11 :-2: KaTa Tl1 OlapKE:Ia Tl1<; 9Ep1J~<; mp16ou TOU tmu<;. To EUpo<; Tl1<; 1JE11<; 111JE:p(Jma<; rrope:ia<; KUIJOIVETOI an6 35 tw<; KOI 53 1Jg/m 3, VIO T11\VUXP~ KOI Tl1 9Ep 1Jr'J mpiooo TOU ETOU<;, OVTiOTOIXO. (iii) H ava.>.ucr11 OEiXV 1 6TI To mp1l3amovt1ka mimoa ouyktvtpwcrl1<; e:mq>ave:lakou 6~VTO<; rrapoijevouv U\VI']AO OUT~V Tfl IJWOYEIOK~ TIEpiOXr'J KOI TO KOTWTOTO 6p1 o<o VTO<; (66 IJQ/m 3 crav 1JE11 EIKOOITETpawp11 TIIJr'J} Tl1<; 11yia<; TOU noy YIO TipOKAI1fl <111JIWV crr11 I3Mar1111, ~me:pvietoi cruoti11jotika y1a mumx1arov 6 IJ~ V <; TO tro<; (ArrpiAIO<; LETITEIJI3p1o<;), KaTa Tl1 1apK 1a Tl1<; ~ETa<6 1J EV11<; xpovikr')<; mp16oou. (iv) Ynapxouv OTOIXEia rrou ouvotouv Tl<; TIIJE<; TWV OEIKTwv AOT4 IJE Emmwo 1<; OTI1 OUVKOIJIO~ IJ~AWV OTI1V un6 1JEAETI1 TIEpiOXrl E11K6Te:pa, 1 OIOKUIJaVcr 1<; TWV TIIJWV TWV OEIKTwv AOT4!Jnopouv va ouvoe:9ouv IJE Tfl 1aq>opa rwv rroootr')twv otpeijijotik(j<; rrapaywy~ <; IJ~Awv cre nocroota 6rrwc; 48.6% KOI 5%, KaTa Tl<; ne:p16ou c; Ma'iou-louAiou KOI Anp1AiOU-L!:TITEIJI3piou, OVTiOTOIXO. Enicrl']<;, I'] TIOOOTI']TO Tl']<; 13POXr'J<; TIOU TIEq>TE:I UTI'] 1144

7 Ll1axclp1af) Kal rrpoaraa/a rrcpi{jiimovro<; isiopkeia Trl<; XPOV I K~c:; ntp161sou An piaiou-rtrnq.j~plou, 1J6vo IJE ro 9.1% Tl")<; ISIOKUIJOVOI")<; rwv nooorr;rwv OTPEIJIJ OTIK()c:; napaywy~c:; IJ~Awv IJTIOP 1 va ouvi5e9ei. Euxaploritc:; EuxapiOTOUIJE TOV ilpa A9av. rapavr6nouao, METEWpoMyo Tl")<,; LliEU9UVOI")<,; KAIIJOTOAOylac; Km Eq>aptJovwv, E9v1K~c:; METEwpoAoy i K~c; Ynr1PEolac; y1a Tl")v napaxwpi")oil ~POXOIJErpiKwv tittiotjtvwv TOU OT91JOU Tl")<; AVX16.Aou. Eniol")c:;, EUXOPIOTOUIJE TI")V Ka r. MnourAa an6 TOV AyponK6 LUVETOIPIOIJO Zayop6.c; ni")aiou KOI TOV Ko rn. BAEIWpa an6 TO neplq>e PEIOK6 Ktvrpo <l>uron pooraolac:; KOI noiotikou EAtyxou B6Aou VIO TI")V napaxwpi']oi") OTOIXEiwv napaywy~c:; IJr')AWV Tl")<; ntpiox~<;. TtAoc;, EUXOPIOTOUIJE TOV ilpa KOUTOEpr') Euor681o y1a TI")V napaxwpi")oi")ijetp()oewv Q>UTIK()c; napaywy()c; oro N. Mayvl")olac:; \IOfPACJ)IA E8v1K() METEwpoAoyiK() Ynl")ptoia (EMY), I<AtJ.JOTtKa orotxcfa rwv orafjj.jwv TfJ~ EMY (ncpfooo~ ). Ttuxoc:; A'. Barnes J.D., Velissariou D., Davison A.W. and Holevas C.D., 199. Comparative ozone sensitivity of old and modern Greek cultivars of spring wheat. New Phytol., 116: Brauer M. and Brook J.R., Ozone personal exposures and health effects for selected groups residing in the Fraser Valley. Atmos. Environ., 31: Chevone B.l. and Linzon S.N., Tree decline in North America. Environ. Pollut., 5: Duenas C., Fernadez M.C., Canete S., Carretero J., Liger E., 22. Assessment of ozone variations and meteorological effects in an urban area in the Mediterranean Coast. Sci. Total Environ., 299: EU Directive 2213/EC. Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 67/ 14. Fuhrer J., Sk~rby L., Ashmore M.R., Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe. Environ. Pollut., 97, Fumagalli 1., Gimeno B.S., Velissariou D., Temmerman L.D., Mills G., 21. Evidence of ozone-induced adverse effects on crops in the Mediterranean region. Atmos. Environ., 35: Garland I.A. and Derwent R.C., Destruction at the ground and the diurnal cycle of concentration of ozone and other gases. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 15: Glavas S Surface ozone and NO. concentrations at a high altitude Mediterranean site, Greece. Atmosph. Environ., 33: Jackson D.M., Rufty T.W., Heagle A.S., Severson R.F. and Eckel R.V.W., 2. Survival and development of tobacco homworm larvae on tobacco plants grown under elevated levels of ozone. J. Chern. Ecol., 26: Kalabokas P.O., Viras L.G., Bartzis J.G., Repapis C.C., 2. Mediterranean rural ozone characteristics around the urban area of Athens. Atmos. Environ., 34: Kalabokas P.O. and Repapis C.C., 23. A climatological study of rural surface ozone in central Greece. Atmos. Chern. Phys. Discuss., 3: Kalabokas P.O., Repapis C.C., Kouvarakis G., Mihalopoulos N., 24. Rural surface ozone levels in Greece. In: Proceedings of the XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium (ed. C.S. Zerefos), vol. II, Karenlampi L., Skarby L. (Eds.), Critical levels for ozone in Europe: Testing and finalising the concepts. University of Kuopio, Finland. Kouvarakis G., Tsigaridis K., Kanakidou M. and Mihalopoulos N., 2. Temporal variations of surface regional background ozone over Crete Island in the southeast Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res., 15(4): Krupa S.V. and Manning W.J., Atmospheric ozone: formation and effects on vegetation. Environ. Pollut., 5:

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