Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα: Εξίσωση Κίνησης, Διατύπωση του Προβλήματος και Μέθοδοι Επίλυσης. Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου

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1 Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα: Εξίσωση Κίνησης, Διατύπωση του Προβλήματος και Μέθοδοι Επίλυσης

2 VISCOUSLY DAMPED 1-DOF SYSTEM Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση Equation of Motion (Εξίσωση Κίνησης): Complete Solution: Πλήρης λύση where: homogeneous or complementary solution Γενική λύση ή λύση ομογενούς εξισώσεως particular solution Μερική ή ειδική λύση REFERENCE: BOYCE, W.E. and R.C. Di PRIMA (1970). Introduction to Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3 UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση Equation of Motion: 0 Initial Conditions: 0, 0 Possible solution is of the form: [ 0for non-trivial solution, i.e., for non-zero motion.] Substituting in the equation of motion: where: General solution of homogeneous equation: or cos sin

4 UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTE: Recall Euler s formula: cos sin cos Introducing the initial conditions: 2 sin 2 cos sin sin where: & tan Clearly, an oscillatory/harmonic response with: Period sec Ιδιοπερίοδος συστήματος rad Natural (circular) frequency sec Κυκλική ιδιοσυχνότητα συστήματος Natural (cyclic) frequency Ιδιοσυχνότητα συστήματος Hz= cycles sec

5 UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTE: Let: where: sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos sin & tan Alternatively: where: sin cos sin cos sin sin cos cos cos & tan

6 UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Phase Plane Diagram (or Poincaré Phase Plane) Displacement: sin Velocity: cos cos [Notice that has dimensions of displacement.] Potential Energy: Δυναμική Ενέργεια sin Kinetic Energy: Κινητική Ενέργεια cos cos Evidently: No energy is dissipated in a system undergoing free vibrations. Circles in a phase plane diagram thus represent constant-energy states.

7 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση Equation of Motion: 0 Initial Conditions: 0, 0 Possible solution is of the form:, 0 Substituting in the equation of motion:

8 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Critically Damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση ίση της κρισίμου When the discriminant Δ is zero: διακρίνουσα Then Δ0 2 2 Συντελεστής κρίσιμης απόσβεσης, (The characteristic equation has a double root) διπλή ρίζα General solution: Introducing the Initial Conditions: The above solution represents non-oscillatory motion. NOTE: Mechanical Systems for which it is required that the system return to a zerodisplacement position in the least amount of time are designed to have critical damping (e.g., recoiling gun, weighing scale).

9 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Definition of Damping Ratio: Λόγος απόσβεσης 2 Then: Therefore:, 1 For the critically damped case: 1 Περίπτωση κρίσιμης απόσβεσης

10 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Over-damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση μεγαλυτέρα της κρισίμου 1 Clearly: 1 Let: 1 Then: Introducing the Initial Conditions, we obtain: 2 2 Alternatively, the response may be expressed as: cosh sinh NOTE: Recall the definition of hyperbolic functions in terms of the exponential function: sinh 2 cosh 2

11 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Over-damped Σύστημα με απόσβεση μεγαλυτέρα της κρισίμου Critically Damped Σύστημα με απόσβεση ίση της κρισίμου NOTE: Certain recoil mechanisms (e.g., an automatic door closer) are designed to have over-damping.

12 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Under-damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση μικροτέρα της κρισίμου 1 Roots of the characteristic equation: 1 Κυκλική συχνότητα αποσβενυομένης ταλάντωσης Definition of Damped Circular Frequency: 1 The general solution may be written as: or cos sin Introducing the Initial Conditions, we obtain: or cos sin where tan sin The above expression represents decaying oscillatory motion. NOTE: For (i.e., ) the solution reduces to undamped free vibrations.

13 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTES: The curves & envelope the displacement-time relationship and touch the latter at those points where sin 1. These points, however, do not represent maxima of. The actual maxima lie just a bit to the left of the points. The times at which maxima occur are obtained by setting 0, which gives: tan 1 or sin 1 Phase-plane Diagram: How to select the direction of the oblique axis : Velocity: sin cos cos sin Let ; then: cos tan sin iff tan

14 VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) σπείρα Exponential (or Equiangular) Spiral Equation of Exponential Spiral: The shape of the spiral depends on only. For a given value of a spiral has to be drawn only once. Using the drawing as a template, the spiral can be transferred to the phase-plane diagram by selecting the required value of on the spiral. Let be the angle that is formed by the polar radius of a point on the spiral with the tangent to the spiral at that point. The distinctive feature of the curve is that the angle is constant because: tan 1 NOTE: This is why the exponential spiral is called sometimes equiangular spiral.

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