Changes in Chemical Properties and Water-percolation of Soils Overlaid with Cattle Manure Compost

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Ἀριστόδημε Καλαμογδάρτης
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1 J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys. No. 33, p../ /.,**/ * * Changes in Chemical Properties and Water-percolation of Soils Overlaid with Cattle Manure Compost Masami NANZYO* and Keiko YAMADA* * Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University + +, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aobaku, Sendai 32+ 2///, Japan Abstract An overlay of cattle manure compost, several centimeters thick, on a lowland soil-column with a depth of,. cm, and watering at a rate of -3 mm a day resulted in significant reduction of water-percolation in one or two weeks. With watering, large amounts of dissolved or dispersed organic matter and K were released from the compost. The K was exchanged with Ca, in the soil column and the degree of Ca, -saturation of the organic matter increased with downward movement and the organic matter was retained in the soil. The precipitated or flocculated organic matter with Ca, might have clogged the capillary pores of the soil. Formation of bubbles due to biological activities and swelling of soil colloids with increased K saturation might also have been involved in the reduction of water-percolation. No significant reduction of water-percolation occurred when an Ap horizon soil of nonallophanic Andisol was placed in the column. Ion exchange of Ca, with K proceeded less in the nonallophanic Andisol than in the lowland soil. Aggregates are more stable and bulk density was lower in the nonallophanic Andisol than in the lowland soil. These properties were favorable for the nonallphanic Andisol to keep its high water-percolation. Other changes in soil chemical properties were an increase in labile P and a ph rise. The increase in labile P took place in the upper part of the nonallophanic Andisol column due to its high P retention capacity whereas an increase in the labile P was also observed in the lower part of the lowland soil column. Key words : lowland soil, volcanic ash soil, compost, ion exchange, water-percolation +,**,,**+ ; Kato et al.,,**+ ;,**, +331 * 32+ 2/// + + :

2 46 33,**/ Miyazaki, +33- ; Seki et al., +332,**- a, b Yokota et al.,,**- +333,**. Iwata et al., +33.,, + + +, Ap, mm ph H,O : + :,./ EC : + : / CEC + M ph 1 NC Al Al o Fe Fe o +331 ph H,O EC, Al o,fe o +*/ Elix S,, 1* mm, -* mm 2 3,- ml + mm *.*/ mm +.* kg,.* mm ; +.*/ Mg m - ; *./2 +.+ kg +.+2 Mg m - ; *.// *.-0 ; *.-, - + mm +** g, +* + +/* ml 1-3 mm 1 +,*/* ml,., - ph, EC,* ml +*/ 0** 0 *../ mm Na, K Ca, Mg C, H,-N, O cm +

3 : 47 Table + + Properties of soils and cattle manure compost Ap Ap gkg +,/3 0/ -*1.,1, ph H,O 04* EC, ds m + *4*0 *4*2 +,4. CEC, cmol kg +.+40,*4, Na, cmol kg + *4+ *4-,*4, K * Ca +34* , Mg , P,O /,gkg + +4* *4/ 143 C, g kg + 3+4, +04*,0* N /4- +4.,240 C N / 34+ Al, g kg , *4- Fe 24* ph H, O EC /.1 Al +. Al Al Shoji et al., +33- CEC Ca Mg K ph H,O / Ca, Mg, K Al Shoji et al., +33- ph H,O C N ph H,O EC K EC K C N Al -, /,, +, -,, - + / 1 3,+ +,+*3 ml +,**. ml,,. ml + +/* ml../ +* / cm s +

4 48 33,**/ -, + ph, EC ph ph ph ph EC +, + EC EC +, -,, K, Na, Ca, Mg + K, K K +331 K. K -.-/ g Na Ca, K,Na - K,Na, Ca,,Mg, +, Ca,,Mg, Ca, : /+* mg, Mg, : /, mg Ca, : 12* mg, Mg, : +/* mg Ca,,Mg, Ca, C, H,-N, O Ca, -, - +, -. +, EC,,, 3 + / - + Fig. + Changes in electric conductivity (EC) ofpercolating water from cattle manure compost ( ), soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost ( ) and soil ( ) with time. Error bars show the di#erences between values ofduplication. Some error bars are smaller than the symbols. Notes on error bars offigs., to 3 are the same as those offig. +. One plot for the percolation water at the -rd week ofthe brown lowland soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost has exceptionally no error bar in Figs. + to /.

5 : g ++ g /.3 g /- 0**,**. KCl /.+ g NaCl *.3 g 0** /.+ g -.+ g *../ mm.,.* g, K Na Fig., Changes in K and Na concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost ( ), soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost ( ) and soil ( ) with time. - Ca, Mg, Fig. - Changes in Ca, and Mg, concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost ( ), soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost ( ) and soil ( ) with time.

6 50 33,**/ + +,. K,Na Ca,, Mg, +, - EC + + EC KCl +, CaCl,,* +33- K,Na Ca,, Mg, + +, ,. + / K 2+ K. OC Fig.. Changes in organic C (OC) concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost ( ), soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost ( ) and soil ( ) with time. / P,O / Fig. / Changes in total P,O / concentration of percolating water from cattle manure compost ( ), soil overlaid with the cattle manure compost ( ) and soil ( ) with time.

7 : ph, EC, CEC ph ph 1.* , , 1./ 2.0 ph EC *.*- *.*/ds m + *., *.,1 ds m + *.*/ *.*0 ds m + *.+0 *., ds m + EC CEC 0 CEC.+., cmol kg +./ /- cmol kg + * cm CEC CEC CEC +323 ; Nanzyo, +33+ ph Al Al OH - CEC,+,, cmol kg +,,,- cmol kg CEC CEC - -, Na, K, Ca, Mg Na, K Na,K Ca,,Mg, 1 0 CEC : Fig. 0 Vertical distribution of CEC values with ( ) and without ( ) cattle manure compost. 1 : : Fig. 1 Vertical distribution of exchangeable cations with (lower) and without (upper) cattle manure compost.

8 52 33,**/ -.,., K Ca, Ca, +32+ K gkg + - gkg +,* K Ca Ca - -., Al o + 3 Al Al o / Al o 0 cm -. ph EC 2 OC : Fig. 2 Vertical distribution of CEC values with ( )and without ( )cattle manure compost. 3 Fig. 3 II P, O / : Vertical distribution of modified Bray P, values with ( )and without ( ) cattle manure compost.

9 : 53 K K Ca, K Ca K K Ca,,**- b Ca, K Ca cm C N 3.+. Ca, +32+ K Ca, 1,**+ ; Kato et al.,,**+ ;,**,,* tha +,**+,0* tha + +* K Ca, +/ cm.,. cm cm + -3 mm +, K Ca, K Ca, K Ca, K ph Al : : +-//0*-/,**- a :

10 54 33,**/ pp. +1/ +33,**- b : pp..*..*/ : p.., : pp. 11 +*.,**. : 0 +,.,.,2.,**, : 1- : 033 1* : 02 : 0.* : +/ :,1 -..,**+ : +1 : + 2. Iwata, S., Tabuchi, T. and Warkentin, B.P. (+33.) : E#ect of clay dispersion and swellingon permeability to water. In Soil-Water Interactions - Mechanism and Applications, pp , Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.,**+ : 21 : Kato, W., Kobayashi, H., Sugiura, T. and Baba M. (,**+) : Improvement of physical condition of soil with cattle slurry fertilization-mechanical strength and water-stability of soil aggregates. J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys., 20 : Miyazaki, T. (+33-) : E#ect of microbiological factors on water flow in soils. In Water Flow in Soils, pp. +31,,*, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York : pp. / / : 0 : Nanzyo, M. (+33+) : Stoichiometry for the decrease in the amount of phosphate-induced negative charges of clay fractions of Andisols. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., -1 : -/ : In. pp..././.,**, : + 1- : +2/ +3+. Seki, K., Miyazaki, T. and Nakano, M. (+332) : E#ects of microorganisms on hydraulic conductivity decrease in infiltration. Eur. J. Soil Sci.,.3 :,-+,-0. Shoji, S., Nanyo, M. and Dahlgren, R.A. (+33-) : Melanic Andisol, In Volcanic Ash Soils Genesis, Properties and Utilization, pp.,-,1, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Yokota, T., Ito, T. and Saigusa, M. (,**-) : Measurement of total phosphorus and organic phosphorus contents of animal manure composts by the dry combustion method. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,.3 :,01,1,. :,**. 3 0 :,**. ++,3

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