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1 % &! (')*+,$-!., -$!#$ F 2HG5?BIJ2-K L L F 03L L CEM7C N O-K P3CD?A@BK QRST F 436UV?JK 9-M7C WXEY Z Z [\ ] ^] Y _A` Z aebec(y ] ] [Ẍ d _A\e] fe[xe[ga\ [[_Ad h _Dij] _A\e_AdVk-fEY l _AZ _AmEfJn o aeè[pbqaqaq

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

7 h 48 4! ' , #$/, < , 48 48,, % +A >-! +! R , % +A >-A , I % ! +, !$/ -. D' A +?-# , 4-!$/ -. O( A +?-# * %#- E *-8 4 9B>- + D' # *-8, C'+ =,! $ = H p W h W!,-8 4 -# *,-8,, % +P! ,-8, % A ,H,-8, % +A >-! +! <4<- $ ,!,, $/!,+?-# ,!,,-8 8,$#; 7 -+!R ,%, !$/ &',-8 8 D' # 9B> &!H,-8 8 * C'+ =! +! E &, P

8 ,-8 *, % +B! 4-) %,-8 4-#$/$/ < ' h 8 4 -# , Q; + # / * H -8,8 4 A!& *!4-8,8, + $/ # *!4-8,8 $/7# *, -8,8 C'+,! $ * 8 K I= 4 2 I * <=<9; $/ )BKI I ** -8-8,$#; % $/A&O 4-2 M *% -8-8 KI9I B<7' !* -8-8, 77 + A +! +! 88088' 8 4-#$/$/ < W W W k W k 8 4 -# !4 8, $/7#-. =D' , -8, $/7 C', % , -8,8,, % +A R , -8,8 # # ,8, # K -3 I -# * I=(4 5' * -8-8, 8 4%, * % 4R % -8-8?8!* *? ? H 5, H #$/$/ < % PAS

9 ! k W W W W ḧ! *-8 4 -# & * *-8, (3. $/ 4-7@ &' *-8,-8 4 O# < &' *-8,-8,!! + 7- H &' *-8 $/ #A $/! !H * ; )B2, 4-7@ !H *-8 8, I > $0#$ + $/7# *-8 4-7@ + *D' # F ' *-8 * 4-#$/$/ < k W W h q 8 4 -# H 4 8, #B -. $/7 =A +?-# H 4 8,-8 4 9;#+ = + $/ # H!, 8,-8, 4 + $/ # H!, 8 A $/7 D' $/! H% 8 8 4,4-!. D' F H% 8 8, I # 7 D' F H% 8 9B2 # 9B>7' $/! # H!* ;<-7@ 3 4-$/7! # H!* 8 8, 4-! K-3 =D'! # H5 8 8 D'#. D'9B>7' $/ !4, 8 8,. D'9B>-7@ $/ !4 8 8 * 4-!. D' #B ) $/ !4 8 8! +! P <4-$/ !4 8 * 4-#$/$/ < !4 5 p # , -8, Q $/7 $/ , -8,-8 4 $/ <! # , -8,-8, -8,-8 Q! # ,% -8 KI I D'(P! +! , 5 PAS S

10 8-8 4 A! #; , 5 8-8,! +! #; % -8! +! 9B2 # % H % 8-8, ' 8-8. H ! +! =P <4-$/ % -8 * 4-#$/$/ < % W W W W ḧ 8 4 -# , #; 7 -+! * H -8,8 4 O( * 9; $/ * H -8,8,!& *!4-8, I=- C'+ = *, 8 D' # 9B> ** * 4 9B> ** -8-8, *-7 9B> * -8-8 D' # *% -8-8 D' # * 5 8 D' # Q( + 9;+ -!E !, %@ % -8-8, - %@ % ;+ -! 9B>-$/7 & % 8 * 4-#$/$/ < % # , * > <4-+ $/ % H 5-8,8 4 4<- $J % H 5-8,8, KI9I $/7 $/ %, 5-8,8 9B2 #! # % 58 * > D' 4-+ $/R % <- $J % , KI9I $/7 $/ PAS S S

11 58 8 9B2 #! # % 58 4-#$/$/ < q 4 H-8 46P + =3( % 4 H-8, %#- E % 4 H-8 MD'#- # P 4= ' S

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

23 ! + ( +! &+ /%') #/; <&%4 H8# C' (77' &;/ & (2 # <& + # + AB<# 04 5H!H 4 5!H 8# 4 5, 5G A# + 4%- 7!M $/<&& N4 5%'K ' 0 $/ 0 4 I<4B5!, 8N!1$/+ 2/%@ 6+ $/$/ + < 2 % + %'!!&)A 04 5 * H 4 5H-G@I 4A5,G!!5!, 8 7@ + + # (7! ()! + ;+ $/$/ + ' %#- %@ &#; -2+ B &7 -+ B&! * +!<0 A M $/7 2 + C'+ +?# ) $/ -=) +!! -+ #$/ 9 + # < $/ $/6 %@ %< ) # / > + + C'+! $/ 8 K# A )77' * 2;%' 07#% 2B.!-G + #. ) 3!GA) #. > + + C'+! $/ 8 I )B 0$/ / ( # * 0 & + 0 );# 2 <. + ; # / / ; /$/+. 7 /+. + G3 =&) 3E >7' $/ =+ #

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

26 ! # $ % &' ( )

27 Recognised Text Printed Text Classification Image Acquisition Knowledge Base Feature Extraction Preprocessing Segmentation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

30 ! ( ( &! $/ 0+!; <&, % +B >; +! < $F * (+ #. 2 )B & >7 3 +?-# 2-!( *7 % $=:*!$/ -. ) A +?-# G!$/ -. % = +?-# 8(O( +?-# $/7 $/ K =I 4 29I=--. = ( / +! 3(, % +$/-# < 5< + :HCEM36)C O7QB4 QAK 0HO 5?BCEC CEIJ25O-K 5GVC ( +?-# +! ( 3 =&7' )A <!& 3 & 7@;3 0#?-#;2 + B)) # 8B;) # ;2 + B$/ < /%@$/ +! ( % )*!#B) # 2 + G 7 = %#- 2 #() $F & #+ 2!0 <- $ #+ 9 K 9I 4 26I=- 8,( $/0 -+ )B A +?# A ) 0 A (3 -. $/- - +?-# G- + + =3( 7 9%<=/ 7 7 <7' $/- 8 + < 5< :HCEM36)C O7QB4 QAK 0HO ecdij2-o5k VG5C ( +?-# $/7- ; & + $/7' 3 = $/! 0 $/ 4-&3 + = + %' %<M#! =) # 9 7+ ) 7 % $=8M $/!/3 M & ) $/ M 66?# + 9) ). # 2 + # % )!&/ 9I= 4 2=$/- 8(,( $/ -+ )0 / +?# = ) = + +. $/- ' +?-# G' = ( 7 %<& 7-. =7 #! = MI 4 2$/- ( + M7 & + + = )A2 #+ + 8 & ^_Y [Z Y3Z &_^ ) 3! + %#- ;)@ + 7 -#+ 9 3 > + 9) # 9+ C. + =! $=8

31 + < H< + HQB?A4 IJQBCE9 5CD4 QAGV?ACD@ (3 <-7@ / ) ) # & $/7 $/ %'+ # 2, % +3 :;! % ) $/ &) # #+ # 8! l _AbE^Bl7] \ ^BÈZ d _A\ c(^] Y _A` d [^] ae\ [Z A 7 A $/ - + %'(+ # 2(, % +B3( #! 3(. $/ D'# B 7@ + #$1 )@ $/ &7@?# 2 8;$/ - # 0 3(. $/ ') # 2 + = =+! = G 7 + $/ ) # (2 + ;+ &%@# /%<& ; 3 &B3 & $/7 GB 2 (3(!. 7' 0 + A# 0A% 2 0?-# + G) 2 & I= 4 2=$/- 8! p ] \ aeij] ae\ ^Bl3d [^] ae\ [Z (3 5* #+ # A) # & &7 6 #!0 $/;) () # B ;4-3 && 2(%' &# %@ ) G + $0% &)@2 #A) # ; /! () # = + + $/!0% </3 ) # < H< F L 5ID4 QAK 0HO. L M703?AK QA256! + <G* 6I 4 26$/- 2/%' 6 #+ + ) # < ( $/7 $/ 3( ). ) )/ EI= 4 2 $/- +! + # 2 3 ( /, % + $/-# + 7- :B $/- + $/ ; = + $/ 77 p fe[c(_dxe[l3xey Z i\ Y c(y È^B`J]^BmEmE\ _A^Bijf &77 + %# &= MI 4 2M$/- () & + 3( M >- 2 % $/ +!/ + &! + 9$/- A + + # = 3 = $/! ( C' /3 / $/- '! 2 & $/ > $0#$ + 8

32 ! p p fe[me^] f XEY Z i\ Y c(y È^B`J]^BmEmE\ _A^Bijf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

33 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Segmentation-Based/ character-model Technique Chapter 4 Segmentation-Free/ word-model Technique Chapter 8 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 9 Chapter 7 Chapter 10 T ( % & % & T! & & % ) # (2 + B )@ C>- &-#$0%@ B)' + <-$&%' B 0 A #+ ( + $/7#- 0?# & 0 +! 0 < $=8;+ 7-. ( 0 + # ( </ $/7 $/ / )AK =I= 4 2 I - ( &3( > 7- GB, % +=I=# $/7 GB # 0 -#$0%@ ;)*-3 /$/-# + 7- B) $E $0%! 2 < A % < J AL G; $/=) $/-# + 7- / H!H9< + 7- A 7 *) #@ <-7@ 3 + $/7#-.! ) *) ) #! # / 2 7 #+ # 8, ;) 5* <7' ) & ) $/! 3 9 $/7 # 6 = =)!/ +! 7# 7@ 8

34 7- N*-G( 4-7' + D' # N ), % +P G(. + # 3( 7 +?-# ( =) # B,M $/ #B AA ) $E) 3( 0%<&&77 + 0)' 3(. $/ BD'# 0A ) $ 7 -#+ &=3( D'# 7@ +. #$ * A+! A = G 7 + $/ 3(. $/ ) # 2 + = #- M= 3( M $/7 9%< +! = <- $H7 7- G A $/7. O! +! 4<- $ -8 <- $ = > % 6 +!. ;3 + 3 = / > + ( 7 =%<&! $&. 7 8 (3( 5* /)?# + <%/ =# 2! = +! + 7% < ) & + $/=3 + M &% =$/. $&#$ + $/ # 8 7- G' I=#. KI9I! +! 4< $ G'7 + -# =); 7' + *) # 0% +! = < $=8 7. $/ < 2 /D'# 7@ + #$ > 3!. 7@ + ) $ & 9. $/ ;% 2?-# + 8 %-. 2 =?# + 0# & 3( $/- ( I= 4 2=$/- ') + 3 > 7- G' 4 #+ # *D' # A )B, % +P -G'. + # & 31 9 >- + & #+ # B) # ) $, % +/ ;C' 77 ;/! $E 07 -#+ 0 7# #. % + -. ) 4 /) $13 $/!8# ( = + $/7@ ; 4! 7 & $/ ( 4-;) $13 + 3(/ 5* ) # >- ) >-+ #! 4-7 & -7 G@ &7'-A)B) # = 7 2 #+ =#! %<M 3!6 3( >-$/7 )0 3H 6 ) 3 $/! /&?# + 0)B + <$0%@ 8 7- B5G* 4-! 0KI I! +! 4< $ G*#- &% 2?# + 7 -# / =%# +!. & <- $F3 + / ;% //! I 4 2/$/- 8A + 7- & (6+ -C'!# :/ = > C'!#. = 0 > ) C' + -. C'!# * ; A0. 7 %% ) $ ;2-+ %# < $/ B $/- -7 $/ 8B+ 7-

35 $/7 $/ B O#$&. P + /$/ -& /+ +. $/- 3 + ) $ ( > ) ; &I= 4 20$/- 8ADB <G ;$/--. C' &Q %'! $F ;77 & 07 2 ( ( )@ %' 7 ( #! I 4 2 $/- * =%' =+ -C'!# 8 7- ;4 Ḧ #$/$/ / 9$/ M+ + # = ) 6+ 7-!! $/9)0 677@ # /) /) #- # 3 4% + #

36

37 V% ^_Y & Y3Z &_^,$/! % + ;)@7 / +! & A #- $/ +(! )& > G0$/ <G >- + 2 $/ #$/ % <9 7 6 >&3 #$/ + + # + <G;%#- &6! & 7' 4 5H 8, + +!,I:5 * % G(9# ) #(! 7@ ) $/+ & B*= : ! 9 G 3 %@!/ = =) + /7#!6 3 M >= C' = 3(M 6 < # 6)& + +9$/ =! 3 >7' )+ 2 $/ 8 M & = + < ) + 2! / =) $R + 2 ($/ / $/ -8& ) + $/ !&)(77 + )5'. 0 >-& # 0#- $/ +&$/ ; #-! AK5,G DAQB5' G0$/+ 7 -+!M)&) $/ B5' G0%4 +?# 4 5%-G 4 5'% G(7 M 3 77' 0I 5' G(!. # 2 C'+ DBO/5!5 8 I = +! $/ -= #$/. 2 #+ + =+ #+ +?# G #! #+ + ) #(3 7 3 * 9 <-7@ 3 <7' & > G + %@077 9 % <= =+ # 2/ + 7- GA #+ 6, % + G*3

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

39 8 O B J J # 8 P ( ( ( ( / ( ( ( / ( ( ( ( ( ( ( E B S S # 1 01 %1 1 0 %! O 0 O % O! # $ %1, 1 &1 '1 > ) * %, ( & '+, -, ( &.+ / ( ( H( 1 1 H H ( 3 ( + ( P 8 9: 6 7 O O 8O 9: O > 6 ; ( < 9 0 ; < = > A A+ B( G 6 C D= ( G ( 6 C F ) G H I G K ), L Q M N < O $ P 7! M $ Q( ' ; R S+ - ( 0 ( % ( T ) U V W X Y * * E E A Z [4 04 %4 \4 ]^ _ ` T T & & )ba T T & c T U # & #! d % & T ) T '& % & &! T T & ' # & &! %'& T ( T &' # % )

40 8 M 6$/ * ) '6 )0 9 = + >-( 2 G- 7'!& ; A% A,-8 48B, (+ 2#7& 0) #( 5@ ( 7' %@!!0+ + /) $1 ) G$/ + + /) $1 ) 0! G& &+ + ) $ (! 8BI ; ) ( A+ %@+ + /) $F%@ / -!;0 ) 8BK 3( 2 G- >/ ;3 + + %' + + ) $1 < -! 8 B! #7' 0 0 () 3! 33( : 7 ; &* : ; *, 8B + + += $/7 + 3( M$/ < ) $ # //$/ J #%-. 3( L G@= + 9 #%-. 3 9$/ <=+ $/ 0 8,B& >-$/7 G-+ B ( 3(3 '.BI=$/$/-, 0.B, %-, 8BP ( 3( < ',) $/;0! + + =+ $/7' G =3( 0,;) $/& 3( $/7@ 8 A = 0C' %@0+ + ) $N%@ 9 G 3 ;,' 0 + 3( =$/ <= <=%'+ + =) $! 3 + =+ # / + -# <= )B+ # $/, % + ;$/ <& 2 =!. =!. 4( 4 + 1B 8 B + + B+ 0%'(, 87,-G%@ 3, 7,G, : 8,BGA9., 8,BGA 69 &,, 8/, -. % ++ + (. '8# ( ;0 7' + -) $F)@,,AG*9 $ 3 <- 0 9 ); + 9%@0+ + % $ * = $ 8 P! <- $/ <%'9+ C' + +!6 6 + $/7 > < 0 +! : 4826 E + &: ) E & * A + $/7#-.! < 6 6 $/7 $/! < %@ + # 6)0 # ) $/ < E B * $/ <# 0 7 B 3 77@ B0%@-4-8 B<7' B <- ; *! <$/ B + # * ;$/+. 7 < /%' + # /)( / > + /) 2 76! # 3 + 7' (+!!7 % $=G DB!B,-8 48#A! # ;-+ + #B3 3 $/ 2 7=2 + <== + G

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Ä5!, 8;-. +! <- $

45 Document Image Acquisition Preprocessing Smoothing Skew Detection Document Decomposition Thinning Segmentation Feature Extraction Classification & Recognition Document Description ( %! ( & T ' & &$ ( % & % c & ) 39$/ 0-2! :0!-. +! 9+ + # + < 6 C' -2! ; -. +! /+ 7- # + + BB ;)' 4 A3 + & ( 7 /%<0 B)'+. 7@ 8; + -2! ( (2 <= # & + =+ + # +! =+ + $/$/ < %<62 ) <!= +! # &0 < 77' 8 +! & ; $/ 0 +!!-3 & > 8 5@. +! < $ +! 0 = >-/) / & %@ 3 = <- $ $/ < +?# / >-/#!9

46 R d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

47 B+ # B $/! )*+ G 77@ + )@ 67' 77' /9) &77@ + / )( >-0%<9%@ + $/!= ( + #$/ 8 &6+ 2 ) $ 9! <-. 2 $/! 6% 2 $/! G 9DB!,-8 8,N% 2 $/!=+ )@ ' -) $/ &+ +! -#$0%@ G7' / 7'0 )B% + 3 +!/ -) $/7! ) 3 /$/ -/ A + ( &2 #G / -7 > 3 /! <. 2 %@ 3M B &3 -%@+ C' &;% + 4'G- %@ 23 8! # $ % & ' (! $ () * + $,! - # & ' ( T & % ( & T T! & % $ & T! ) /$0# (%' $/ &) $E 7 >- -2 # A) #/ 0 $/! G) >$/7 0# )A 0$/! <= 2 A 0 $/! 0$/ -6 0%< #!=! $ )(! <9 2 = & $/!8 2 9! $N 07@ +!& )

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p p c(_d_b] fey Èg #+ ( $/! #!0$/ $/ + '$/ 7!< 7' 8B(3/7' ( $/ 7@!/!-8 7@!G;7@ & $/ (!7&& 7+ /%' 3 #+!9% + / 9 3 A% 4 3F $&# 9 $/ 0 $/ A. 8 + G! C' & $/!7& $/!GB 03 $/ / $/ ( & =+ # 8O( $ 7@!9! 77 < 0 $/% +$/ 7! <=7@ G'$/ <G = 077@ 0 8A 7'!/77 7-.

49 & # & # % ( $ % & ) T ( % ' # # %!! c $ ) & $/$/ <) 3( &%<& &7@ /#! $/ 4 #+ #! 9; $/ G@ 0DB!:,8 *8!77 =7'. $/$/ <&) 3 $/ #+ #!/ $/ 8 // / #=&7 > * /&! 2 + %'$/ $/ + </ 7 9 J,8 4 L, 7 ; ;0 + )*7 > + / #+ #!/ $/ 8 )B $/!,E%<= #+ #!& $/ O+ =%@ C' J /L J,8,L ; B ( )* 7 >- B+ #+ & B #+ #! $/ (Ö. %<+;+ 7'* B )% + 47 >- *,08 DB!K,-8 # ( # A)'7@!&+! #! ; 3( #+ #! $/ 3 =DB!,-8 *-8, (77 + / & #+! ' 77' ; (%<77 <.!0 $/ /C' G DB!,8 8; / $/ '3 3G EG 3 + /7 B #!& -7 > ; 0 $/! 8B7 > =%<= $/ 2 # ); ' 07 >- $/ 9C' 3GB?#!=0 <9 7 #!9 $/! ); &3 3GB%#-0 =! /7 >,*2 # 3 3 &C' $/ G $/ <= #+ + )A! =+ 3( 5* % + $/! 8

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

51 ! $ U (! % $# % ( % & T & ) p p p [ XE[j] [ij] Y _A` ^BÈX i_a\ \ [ij] Y _A`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

52 -! & & % S $! # $ % & ( & &!! ( $& & T & S & T # ( T % ), = $/! 4 31! & % 69#! %@#!/%@ >- ); $/7@ O( 5!, 8K 3 2 G* $/7. $/! &, % + > $/!$/ <%@$/ %<= = + + ( -+ =%' 20=%@ 3 3( =+ + 8 p p h _DiaEc([`J]eXE[i_Ac(m7_AZ Y ] Y _A`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

53

54 # $ % & % % &! % % & ) )0 L N & 2 AE &M$/ 0 = 7 ) >- 6 /!$/ 6)(3( 0 #% /+ + $/ - ) ) <-!/ >0 99, % +0 >- $/!0 # C> &7 )(+ + #- 2/,I %G,I!5 8E, D,5' / # 9 = =) &7 > B 2/= <6) = G =+ ( 2 < > # =%' 3 = 3(/% -+ 4-) = = <67 >- B G* &DB!:,-8 4 H-80 $/ %< ) <!( ( A )'7 > * B 2; (! B <0 ; >- D-,A5% 80#77@ 9 3( < 3 9 7@ + & 0 8 >=7 0!$/ 9 >= = 93 M #%-. 3 8;P = #%-. 3 $/ =%<= 7@ +! A7 +,I'-G@,I!5-G@,O/5' 8, 2! 2 # + $/7#- ) $ 2 + -!7B A# 0 $/ B3 B 7+.! 6. 3( 6 7+! 6. 3( 6 7+! 3 DB!,-8 4 H-8, $/7- + $/7@!0, % % 69 ;?/ &&(?/ AE &> & #A 5' ; )( GA 3 DB!$,8 448, %# %,KB5% 0#- $/ ) + $&%!= + < $/ @ /C'!007@ ) + % 7! 7/3 /$/ $&#$ + G'= 4 3 # & N & +M/ &8

55 p p l ^BÀ] È_A\ c(^bl Y Z ^] Y _A` 7 % $R$/ <9%@&+ < ( GA #! $/+. 7 =3( 3 9 +) #-5@ ) $H & $/07 %-. $=8N $ 2 # B5%G B5' (7 7' 6! $ + + / &! / ( 2 + ( 0 > + %< +! $/7@ =#!M7 = )& $/ BC' G( + M%'!9M!/ $/ / < ) 5* 3! 8;, + 2 #- /7@ /%' 3 / C' ;&C #- 2+ $/7' 3(077 6%<6!= &C' /+ $/7@ + p p! fey ÈÈY Èg^BÈX Z [l [j] _AÈY Z ^] Y _A`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

57 ) +! <, % +& >-& +! 6 < $ 3 0 & -. / 5'. 8 4-!$/!-. B, % +B-3!,I!,-G 9 4G 9 45G 99!5-G 99)5!HG 99)5H% ( $&#+ 6 $/7 6!$/!=5'. 0$/+. 7, % +&3( 8= 0 $/7 + <9$/ 2 9 &3 46+ #- 2 7!&=! $1 & -) $/ 5@., % +=-3!9 9 /-. / +! < $/ $/ <=%'#,,A5% 8, % +/ > +! < $//+ 2/ &77 + M + 4-! 3 9!$/ -. % <- $/!$/ -. ) < $/ 8 p [gac([à] ^] Y _A` be^bz [X Z ndz ] [c(z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

59 '! - ( $ % & % (! % & & U ) &% & 7 9 $/7' ) # 0), % +3.!-8 #B $/0EA! #; 4 / C' E?-# + M ) + + M7@ & % )D' + 7- G(3 + M# 0, % + 7%@ @ 3 0 0%. &+! ) $ = $/B + 4 8= 7%' 3( / &$/! #7 8,! = &% 3( #- / &/ + ;$/ B3 /A % 4-4 5!H 93 3N! = + )3!9/ + M -. /9!$/ 7 $/ 03(&+ + # 6 9$/ / )( /3 3F3 7 C' &)7 $/ 2 8 ) &!$/ 3( 9=+ &! 3( $/ 4 = 4- +!! -8 I= 3( ; I=, &I 7! + 7' G( E & &$ & G* =3( 6 $/! = -+ 0 & L L 8 4-!# 7 & + + 8!!# &+ -. ) $/ =?# =) + +!/+ + / #+ + 8, + +! <G!# ; >+ + ;) (!.

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p p [gac([à] ^] Y _A` d \ [[Z nez ] [c(z + $/& ); >- +! $/ 2 %< <. +! + # ()* #$/! ' 8 $/7- +! / &3 / 7 ) =3( 63 #- <!=!$/ / +! + + /07 $/ # < ! </ -#+ ) 7' + +!! 5% &)' ;3 & 2, % +( +! 3(A < &3( 6 7@03 6=#?#&2 + 0 )() # G* 9 ) # 2 + &$/!&%@$/ + M! /9 % )!#) # 2 + 9;(QA5' G;0 7 M %#- 2 #&) $ 9 -. #+ 2!& <- $, $/ 5'% 8, =77 + $/7 $/ 6$/ 7! + K.. I A ) $ B5% 3 + 3A% 0$/ 4!( ; -+ *3 + #+ #! $/ AC A3 0 7 > - ;+ 7@! 7'

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65 p! Y ÈY c aec XEY Z ] ^BÈi[il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p! p h [iy Z Y _A`] \ [[il ^BZ Z Y [\ + C' 7 / ;. $/ ) # #?#! &%<M$/ / )6?# $/ -@8M! $ & #+ / 2 <M+ / M/%@ M 6 2=/6 %@ + $/ -2! #3 9-#$0%@ = )&+ = /2 <! G,$/ %-G@,I!5-G 9;,A5HG@,,5 4 G@3 9 & + <=3(+ $&. 7@ 9)(/ &9 &- 3 & %' $/ 8 9;+ M- ) + <3(/ -+ M3 M6O- 2. % = +!6 ) 7!9 -/ 6 = $/ - + 7' 9 5* + 2 <= / );#!& 0!!?# * C' *$/- ( + ( $/ / %#- ;+ + # & 0$/4 C'@ 4 8=, #0+! <GB+ C'+ 9 /+ %@/

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p! [ae\ ^BlHÈ[j] _A\ il ^BZ Z Y [\!F & ); &$/ #+ + ) #;77 + %@ 97. 7@ ) A # ;, #! 3( 4/J A L #A%!5 A -. <- $3 + $/ <=%' !0 //7 + # @! <8 7'!<6 0 + %< /+ + + )@ # (/!$/ -! <8B $/ -2! %' $/7 $/!2 :!: A 2) (. 2 7$/ ; $/ G </ 2 /% < #- $/ + < # 7@ + # ;)B 5@ (3! 7!0 < G' < + %' # / / ;@G- -#+!0 3M 7@( %?-# A B ( G* / 3( 49%'0 9 == 5@ # 8/, 2;3( 4+ 0%';) #0 ( #% + ;), % +%!#! # , O%5%GK O%5%GK 5%G,,D+5%G,,,5'-G-I 5'-G 4-5%G O# 5'-GA,I:5GAD,5' 8: A &+ 6 $/7 <6+ # &) # /2 +

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

70 V% # = + 7- ( 2& # 3( 4=0 = C' )*, % + > +! 2 C' + # =+ + + &), % +/3! / # + =7 -+ /) 2/7! B$/- A) 6, % + >/ +! < $=86 &$/- ;3& 2- =C2=! : 7 # & > + C'+ / + $/ -( +!3 + # / 29 + # 5@ = &# )!, % +& > 86DB <G# 2 2-3( 7@ ) $/+ )A) # >-!/, % + > +! 7! $/ 8

71 % ^_Y & Y3Z &_^,R+ + / +! <- $ /+ $/7@ M )6+ + ).! $// 3 ) $ 3 =2 <M)0 + 7 / #+! 7 -+!/= 5* +! <0 2 <-!0! (/!'7 -+!) ( / ( $/!& 9 $//) $ ) 7 $/ + 7. =) ) # < ! ?# ; )A<( %L & &9J QLB1A! &; 3! K J KI I L 8BQ ;07 -+ # ) ( + -!) # 2 + G > + ) $ M $/! G; C' + - %'-46 ) <-$&%' 8 ( +?-#! C'+ </ #+ + $/7#- / +! (KI9I & -= )B+ +!&) # >. + ) $ + + 3( M $/! 8M=# <-!6 #$/7- ); 0KI I &+ + 3( 6 $/!+ 6%'03 B+ +. (&7 $/ + $7 -+ G/ ( 7 $/ ( ) & -+ +& %'& $/ 9 9=7 + G*3(. C' $/ 8

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73 4!0Q + - %'-4& $/7 $/!Q 7 -+ # 3 + :;!& G@/ + 0$/ # G@+ + /+. C'+ $/ -@8 V< H< +?A47K O5K OVM8@CDQ,E!!0 ( + &%#!&0QE+ - %@-4'8, #$/ -. $/ (QN3 +! + ) R 7#- 2 + G J - L G; 9= ) <$0%@ GB %'-4/ = 8; 7 -+ % =/7 C' + $/ # 89! 2 < ) /! / + 2!97@ % 7@ & ) 7#-&2 + & 9%'7 -+ M%< Q0G $/ A?# / ; / 7! -). $/ /3 =&C> -. = + - %@-4'8 V< &+ 0 ) 7 -#+!9 7#-2 + M& )( + - %@ (+ %@ ) / B + %@ 3( 3(&2 + BL 'J AL H ) H J -8 4 L $/ &!%' 0 (Q! $E A $/ ( 7-. $&#$ ) 2 + #+ 2! = 7 +! + M!6 2 + =%<M 9+ = < M + - %@-4 $/ $&#$=8& 0+ 6%@/7 $/ $/ + < C'!= / ) /! 2 #+ = $/ $/ 'J L J -8,L ($/ $0#$=G3 ; 2! /)@ 2 +?#-. 8 A= C'/ + 0) #+ = # 0) #+ &0 &7 -#+ BG A) #+ & # ) # =+! 5'

74 4 $ n n n L H n 8 n L n n n L n n H 'J L,-8 'J 8 'J 'J AL 8 -L M + $/ # %'# F 9 F #-. 3! <9;#+ = + 0$/ # $/7 = $/ $/$/=# =$/ # $/ $/ < 7 'J L - J L J 8 -L V< H< F C O7QB?A03K 9 F 036 -GHQB4 QAK 0HO /7 M + &3 9 7#-/2 + <!&/+ $/$/= 7 -#+! #7@ =! 8 9;+ + *?# 2 * + - %@-4 <-$&%'* <G %@-4 <-$&%' ; 7 =%</ 8;!$/ )*/ 7#-;2 + () (+ - %@-40 <-$&%' A A% /0 ($/ $&#$ + () (2 + () $ ' <-$&%'@+ 8;+ + )A?-# -. =$/ # $/7 </ <2 + #$ ); * 7# /! %@-4= <-$&%' # =() 3 4 J 8 -L 3 7 / =+ # + - %@-4 <$0%@ G( & -#$0%@ )A2 +! =) ( + - %@-4 <$0%@ 8

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p c([^bèzeil aez ] [\ Y Èg -<-$/ +&+ #!=! $=G* 3 <9# # < 7' !8 ) & 0#$&%' );+ + - %@-4'89=7 -+ # 0! ) + + ## <M! + # GM 9+ # + #7@ =# *&) 3E+ ) # 0 3 6DB! 8 48! $R 0 + $/7@ 0 3/! : & & - %' ( $/ </#- )@!2 + 8A 2 + %' 0 *+ )B 0+ - %@-4= <$&.

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

77 START Choose randomly M vectors out of the U training set Set i=1, m=1, min=999 Find d(x, µ ) i m d(x i, µ m ) < min NO Increment i Set m=1, min=999 YES min = d(x µ i, ) m argmin = m i < U NO YES D < Threshold YES YES m < M NO NO Calculate centroids Assign x to µ i argmin STOP R T & $ % ' # & % ( ( & T ) O! 4 5!*G;I<! 5' 8 0 &#/ = $/ %@ 3( M 7' + M3 M3 = + <%' #!! 7 -+!/ )B <$0%@ (3 $&%!##(%@# 2 ( =77@ + 8 V< V< + (2VCE07?AR 43OV9 L CE6)C O7QB@ 07T /1/, KI I = # <-!C'. #+ # 89;+ ) 9 -+ M3 M $ ) /!*7' $/$/ # % G @ 86P 9 + =7@ - ) $/ GB =7 -+ #$/ %'& $/0 0 9% 2! 6%<

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

79 48B - 7 %% <8A ( B 7 %% <&)*%@!0 48 J 4 L,-8B; B 7 %% <8* A ' ;7 %% < )%@! = A $/ G!0 / / $/ C48 J C4 L 8B0% 2 = <$0%@A7 %% <8; 7 %% < ) % 2-!/ <$0%@ 3 $/- * = ; $/ 8 J L /J L! 7 2 #B $/ $/7 ( 7@ + C. + 0)'&KI IH?# B 7@ + ) <-! 3($/- -7 $/ G N EG % 2 = <-$&%' G )B7 %% </$/ #,0G-O 8B+ $/7+ ( 0 0%' # / 0 ) B ;KI I AJ &L 8 V< V<?B0HU5L CE6)@e0 C):V03L P7CE9 2 KI I 7 2- # < 2?-# + J *L;+ %'! =#! (KI9I9G-3 ;! ) =% 2?-# + = + % 2 &) + = /)7' % <-$&%'(% 2 &8 D' 3! / 7 KI9I # /! % 2 =?# + : ; $/ ( C' % + A B J 4 L@% 0 ; ;7 %% < G % 2 6=6 )0 <-$&%' = + +!= <-$&%'(7 %% <6 %#- J L GB3 4 68

80 $ 8BA ) $N &+ # 0 J L = J 4 L + +! 6 9 M7 %% < G3 K4 68 *-8# + $/ 8 8# )!&%+ 4/ / 7 / 3 7@8 2 0 A) $/ + 7- & )@&KI9IH0 (7 -+ # # 6! =% 2?# + G! %! % 5 # 4 <7 % $/& %' 2 %@ ) 77 <!6 KI IR //. 3 =77 2 KI I6G *J /L G?# + )0% 2 FJ L G'+ $/7#- $/ + 7 %% < )B % 2 =?# + 0! 2-!0 $/- J 'L 8 2 KI I6G *J /L G?# + )0% 2 NJ *L G@C'9 /7- $/A7 MJ?-# + L J L KI I6GAJ &L GB # 0 7 $/ $/>. $/ 7 %% <)B% 2 =! 2!0 $/- 8 D' 3!6 = 97 % $/M 97 7@ #- + )A $=8 p bez [\ ^] Y _A` Z [ DaE[Èi[ [ ^Bl ae^] Y _A` ; A3 & 2 # & )@ % 2 &?# +! 2 & KI I68 + $/7#- 7 %% </ % 2?# + 03( 7 -#+ 0%<! 2 $/- 8A * * >- $/ < $/7@ *7 + # < & 0+ - $/!0 $/7@!$/- ; ;%@! $/ 8;K + G! ( 0C' $/- ' %@ $/ + % 2 G* 9 3 G* &$/- *3 &! 7 %%. <8 $/7#-! B7 %% < #!/ -#$/! 2 </7@ % (?-# + )'! M * #B0 $/. + #$/! + ; /?# ?-# J, 4L $&# 7 + 4& 8(3= 2 $/ < %'&#

81 States α (i) t α t+1 (j) S 1 a 1j S 2 a 2j S j S N a Nj t t+1 Time R T $ # %! # $ #!& # & & T!3U ) ) 3( # &9 &%+ 43( # 8&0) # + + # ; ) 3 2 % + = + )A $/ ;) + G' 88 J L G' 0DB! -8,8 & # : 48) & & N ; ) 3( =7 %% (( 7 %% < )B 2 8 J L J L 4 J -8 *L,-8) &L & F A+ + ;) 3 07 %% < )' $/ 24;% 0 - *7 %% < )7 2 #*) 3 2. % ) $N A $/ = 0 7 %% ) $H + )A / G'3( * % 2 7 %% < $/ C48 J -L J L J L J -8 L 4 4

82 $ States β (i) β (j) t t+1 a i1 S 1 S i a i2 S 2 a in S N t t+1 Time R R T # %! # #!& # & $& T![U ) &( & R! # )J 'L( #$H)A $/ ') 3 =2 % J L 8 J 'L J L J 8 L P >$/!= =+ $/7# #!= /). 3 2 % = )& $/ G 6 J 4L J 4 L&$0# J 4L J 4L&-. 8 % # &) 3 / $//77 + /) # 3( 2 77@ + /) $ 3 4G DB! 8 8; & 3/ # : 48) & & B 7@G %+ 43( 02 % ;)' + & $/ / 8 J L 4 4 J 8 -L

83 ,-8) &L & + + # &) 3 67 %% < ) $/ % 6 7 %% <= )(%+ 43( 2 % ) $ ( / / $/ 4= 7 %% ) $N + )B 0 / G@3 A % 2 7 %% ()A $/ 48 J L J L J -L J -8 5L 4 C4 $, 4 P >-$/!/ /+ $/7# #!/ %+ 43( &2 % A 2 ; ; ; - + ; )' $/G A, J ;4LB$0# 7 + A J ;4L J ;4 LB 8 p p md] Y c(^bl3me^] f \ [j] \ Y [ Y Èg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

84 $ 48) & & J L J L J -8 4 H-L J L H J -8 44L 4,-8)O L & + # < ?# + /%< 4 7!/ + 4=)A 0!#$/ $/ > $/ J L G') + G'= 20 J L &( & J L $/ > J -L J L J -8 4,L J L!$/ > J -L J L 4, $/> AJ -L J L!$/> J -L J -8 4 *L 8)M% &, B ; )' 7- $&#$E7 &3( ) # #0 7@G; B )!= = = +!/ 8 J L J L C4 $, 4,& 2( $/7 $/ ;Q %-! $E * 4! $/A )' $/- 7 $/ B & ! 7 0%'!!8( $/ ($&# 7 + (= $/ # + <= = $/!& $/ '2 # 8(O( 3 ( 7?# + : 48)M/ E &!J L 4 J -8 4 L!J L 4 J L J L! J L 4 4 J L

85 ,-8) & & 8)O L & &( & J L!J J L L J L J -8, H-L J L H J -8,!4L 4 J L!'J J L L $/> J -L J L;J -8,,L J L!$/> J -L J -8, -L *-8)M% N9A 3 3 & p 4, $/> AJ -L J -8, -L!$/ > BJ -L J -8,*L J L J -8, -L C4 $, 4 _JXE[lHmE^B\ ^Bc([j] [\e[z ] Y c(^] Y _A` +!&!3 0= $/7- $/ /7-. $/ $/ G 1 G /( /%' + %@ 3 /% 2?-# # 8/7- $/ <9+ 9$/>- $/ % 2 =?# + 07 %% <G J 'L G! 2 $/- G AJ L 8( 0 / <- + ) ( G' 3 2 =. 2&7 -+ # & #+ 6 0O#$&. P + 9$/ -@G*4 3 6 = 9B>7' + -. I=>- $/ =J 9(I9L G- (77 & 0 -+ <0$/>- $/ ( 4 --J 'L( )A + AJ L 8 $/ &7 -+ # ;! <& 7@ 0 C' ) + M$/- 7 $/ 8M# G6 /) % = $/

86 $ States α (i) t β (j) t+1 S1 a 1i a j1 S 1 S2 a 2i Si S j a j2 S 2 SN a Ni a jn SN t-1 t t+1 t+2 Time R - # % $ & % $ #! & T # & & % & T 3U $ % # & % ) S %! ' % # & % ) ) ) $0# ;) 4 J -8,%L J -8, -L J L! # J -8, 5-L A + %'= =7 2- #&!9) $&# &$/ $/ + <G; J -L%' 07 %% <= );%@!/ ( $/ G@ / $/ C4! 2 = $/- *= % 2 =?-# + J -L J -8 H-L A-4-!& /DB!8 = 0 C' )B ) 3( % % G 9;?8-8 H/$/ <%@3 = J -L J L J L J -L J L J L J -L $ $ J L J L J -L J -8 4L 4-#$/$/! J -L; 2 A4 4 # ( / >7' + =-#$0%@ )A ;) $ B 8

87 D'& =7# )!G( C'= 7 %% < )%@! $/ G*! 2 &% 2 9?-# + & &$/- B J L J L J -8!,L! M#! 9 ) ) 3( % % G 9;?'8-8!,&$/ <%@3 J L J L J L $ J L J L J -8 %-L,+ +! <G J L/ J -L/+ %'9 %< #$/$/! J -L 2 J L J -L J -8 %-L 4-#$/$/! J LA 2 B $/(! 2 B -#$0%@ ;)' $/ ; * )@ $/ ( >+ / ;3( ( #$/$/! 2 4 C4G! 2 -#$0%@ )B () $N 89;?# 8,%. -8, 5&$/ <=%' 3 = 3E J L J -8!*L J L V< V< /1/ R -CE@ $ $ $ J -L J L J -L $ J -L J -8 %-L J -8 'L KI I ;+ /%'+ C' /% /& #+ # )@ ( &$/. > %'!!)@ ; + /KI IN;%@ / + # ( ' ( ) # </+ ($/ <%' ) / & I/ $/- *$/ <=%@ + =) $ < #$/&$/- G- DB! -8 *. -G3 *G / - $/ B 0 ( &$/ > -. = $/ G H

88 $ % R! d % && c ' ) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4-$/B77 #+ 0* 7@ + 0 +! + + * +!.?# + + = 6 6 $/ >@8 $/7 $/- ) <-!/ 0+ 2 B!- +0! 3 0 O% KI I J!. KI I9L GB DB! 8 *. %@8 &$/- <= $/7' & 0 KI I + 3 #$&. %@ /+ + #/) &% 2 /-+ + #!97 0 )! -#$0%@ = 8( $/ + 77 = : 48B?-# + 0$0# H 4 J -8 %-L,-8+ / 3( / = + # $/ 3?# 8 CH J -8 5-L

89 %' 2 =$/ $ H $ H H $ $ $ $ H H H H H H H 84-$/ 77 + ; + (!+! ( + (%< $/7'!6 + M 97' $/ #$&%' ) #$/7 H J -8 H-L, #$/,G $ H H H $ H H H $ $ $ $ H H H H H H H V< V<. -L K ID4EQAK 03O e0 F 2V47?B47IJQBCD? CDID03M3O-K QAK 03O K I 4 2=I=- ; 2 %@ / > $/ </# ) #) ;3! )@. 3( &77 + K B5 4G, 9)5%G 5G,O/5 8B <&3( #+ + ) # < @ 4. 7@ G(#-. $/ +/ 7' + M +! 63-2! )$/-!=2 # 7! 4'-G!#4%G! #4!*G!!*-G, 5%G #;K5'-G! 5% 8A #+ + )(#- $/ +0 7' + +! < $/0% 69 & -. 6I= 4 2 $/- A$/ 2 + $/7-77 < $/ $/ -= M+ + 3( +! KO(%5'G B B 5'GA B B >5 % 0 5@. QA B5,G O% B5%GA K B5 *G #)5' 8 KI I 7 2- ( >-7 + ( 7 ) ; $/. 2 <! %% +& & '. & +! 6 < $/ GB /! ; = = ) $ &3( 6 $/!& =?-# + )% 2 8//% 2

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

92

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

95 [ => [ ]> < NA 3 N> ( [ AC B B / @ < - & & ( $ & & % % -! ' # & ( % &! % & S %!& T & % & &!& & ) 3( <;7' % (!$/ 3 ;+ + 8;DB!-8 3 / =#!& < _ => A? < 3ACA? / =A? [ ] A? ( E A? A? ] B / ] = ( R - & & ( $ & & % %! & % # & ( % &! % & S %!& T & % & &!& & ) 5< H< (2HG-L GVQA2 /3/C' =) $&# M#!$/ << 7 C' + # <, KFJ 2 =+ # < 9(L 8 $/ $/ ; -, >-7 / ; ( ( (# 7 7' )A! ; /+ # 2 8(DB! 8 / 3 / =#!& () 8

96 A? A] N> < C N> ( C AC > A? 3 B A? 3A? ACB A? = ] [ <? ] AC A[ B - & &$ ( $ & & % % T # # & T # & ( % &! % & S %!& T & % & &!& & ) 5< H<. OV9-47L GV@ ) $/ &(! L!,., #,'=! 7' - ) $/ +( &! ) $E / )@ # <=, KJ! =+ # < 9(L(=!0)! + # 8 # ) + + +!# / < 8E /3( $/! & );) $/7@ &+ $/7#-. % $/ 8;DB! 8 *& 3 / =#!/, #() 8 => ( = ACA? AC N AC B NB A? C < = CAN A > / [ B < < [ = [ - & & ( ' & & % %'%! # $ # & ( % &! % & S %!& T & % & &!& & )

97 & & & &8 + * & * & & 2 & & &8 & $ & ) & & * & & L =^ [Z Y3Y ^ W =^ [Z ( Y );+, % +0$/# = $0%! 2 < A % <9J AL 8'I )A 0$/-# #- &+ 7@8 4-$/& )( $ &$/ 0 0$/-# + 7-A * ) #!( ;+. $/ 4 >/J L )A % <8 5< V< + N /10H2 + 5< 4V< /$/-# + 7- & 0 1 & 7 * & &* 7 $ & & 2 & A 3 9%< 0 1 & 7 '& & * ; * / &87 ) 0L & & 0!B 3! &00L! G 3 0, H',K J!H' 9(L 8 3(C' (3 #!, %% =+ 7 0J *H. 4 *%% 9(L( + # ; - (;%@ / + B%</ 7@ + ;/ 5* %@ 9, % -8 #!/ + # <G * 7 : 2 + * ' 2 & L ' L!: N2 C' M + %@ %@-4'8 =$/-# + 7-/ -. + # 3= 5@ < : & < &# 9 /3 0 &%'--<9 ); %@-4'G DB! -8 -G M <- 9# M 63 = =) - G DB! 8-8 5< V< N S?D< + /%@-4 3/7 : 48 % $ & &* &* 7 * & : * % $ 1 & & 1 & 7 2* 3 ' LC & ' : ) 3 9%<9 7@- $R 7 0 ); + &7 7 %< 0 & ; & 7 * 7 : 2 0 L & % / 8&$/# %@ $/0)B &?#4 5@ 7 )B $/ $/# + 7-3! % A 4-3 = #% + 8,-8. * 2 7 ) ; & )/ * & & :& ; ) / 3 L; L+& ' ) L)&:; + # / <= )A 7!#8

98 ( - $ # % #( ( ) H ( ( 7 & + (( ;# #.# $ G #( # #. ( # ( # $ 8 # #( #( $ A % ( #(.# + $ % #( #( ( % # ( ( #. + (( 7 + -( 8 8 #( $( )#( ) #( AC/ N> ( ] / ]? / 3A? B? / /# %1K#L 8 24)# + :4# G & ( C G 0 8* ]( / K 1 # #? \4 ; $# & ) #( # & %1 # ) H %4# # # G ) + '# /# G %1 # #, * IB AN/ N> ( ] ]> B C I N ( T :4)#( H# ( K & #(.# T 04 /# 8 %478 /# W7 /# P ) 24 O # 2 F %4# 7 R W &'& &. 8, # 1 #, * ] 6 # ) \4# ; $# & > 24 O # 8 #( T '# 1 + )( H # ( K#L 8* J #( H # (,# %4#; $# & - & & ( & &! & T % # & T ) ) S %!& T & % & &!& & ) < ] (? > / B < A? [ = N> ( < / > %1 + 4 ( /# K %478.#%1 /# %K 4 /# 1 ;!G 8* 78 1 /# % M 7 78 K! ( ( G, 8 ( / T ' C ' 1 # ( /# T > 018 ( [ AC ( # > [ > [3CAC * 9 ; 8O 78 2, %4' H# 4 # $ O ' % F $# %4( ) 6 ; K1L 8 Q E 04 + &1 G 78 C ' 7 :' ( T ' 24 F $# 4 ( > C / B ] :' 2 8 J + %04 O -( 8 + G 78 ( 4 K 2 $ #, 6 ; /# K1L 8 & %78 - & & ( & &!' & T & % & & T $ % # & T ) ) S %! & T & % & &!& & )

99 0 > * & & & 2 : 8& A # # & # : 8& ; & & ( * &* # $ ) # #( #( 0 * O B3 %< ;+ % #- : 0 ( 2 & /0 2 7 * 0 & 7 2 L$! &C L L G; , K J 4 %' 9(L 8(DB! -8 3 / + 7- >- + =) $ $/# & < / 3 AC 3 ]A? B / # /.!# 01 C &'# 1 # # # G P * P 3# (/#( % 8 # '# H # # / V * 'E 04 # #( T :46#%1 P # '# 8 ( / 1 P # 8# + K &( # 1 # + 73 #(/# AC C@ < ( =B > A? AC [ >?A? = /# P ) ( T :4# %04 /# '* U# + OG C 8 # ##( % P # 24)# *# [4 $ 3#E ( K1L # 8 T&( 018.#& U+ Q #( 1 ##( %04 H# 8 C#& 01 3 & ( T '# E #( K ] < #(/# / U# 8 + # 8 &1,# # < - & & ( & &! & T % # & $ ) S %! & T & % & &!& & ) 5< V< N S?D< + + *$/# + 7-* * 7 & & 7 :& 0 7 & 7 ; & )/ * & ( * & )/ 5& 7 2 &* : ; ) L; & )' &%< /&* & & 7 #& ' & /0 & & 7 2 &87 * 0 7 2* 0 * &LC & L /! 0!N N &( ' 0L! G3 4 *&,KJ 4 '% 9(L 8 ;$/# + 7-A7 A % ) <#! 5@ A! A! ) $E, $=G$/ <07' + %'#7'& $=8A B B7 & @8 7' = + = $/ 4 + # <G@=7 O(#? :4,5H,KEJ 4 H 9(L 8-DB!8 5 3 (0 + 7-( > + &) $E

100 & & &..# $ ) & &, &.# 8 ( & $ + # $ $ # ) & # G #( * $ # & - $ # - 0O & #. $ $ # ( #. $/# + A?@] = A < _ < N = [ A?A N> ( C / CAC A?C /# V E 01 & 8* # %, $( & ( / 8 B # 8 %1 *# ( 0 # Q # 8 78 #%4! # /# 04+# Q 3 #( ( /# * # Q 8$ 78 /# ; #4! G# 1 *& 8 1 T ] = &( 018 ( > /# > > < N 04+# Q 3 #( + # $O%1) M 04+#:1 # 1 & 78 M P #.#/( 3 ) ( /# /# ' T&( # G# - & & ( & &! & T % # & $ ) S %! & T & % & &!& & ) 5< V< N -< *$/# + 7-* * % $ /0& * 12 & ) 7 & % $ 0& 5& 7. * 7 & 1 / L &;! > L & 8; ( ( + + # )!! 7<) 9;! <7-M 0 ( 2- &!6) * & &8 7 1 & 5& &7 ' 8= 30+ $/7 6%< 0) * & & * / 3 & & ) 0 &K &9%< #- 3 $/ - (77@ G %', K1J 4 * H 9(L 8 ($/-# /!--N 4@8/ $/ (/ ; 8 4 H& 3 / + 7- > + =) $ $/# < V< N -< '+ /%@-4= = 37 8O( =2 #$/ %@! % #7- <=3 #- /7 ) + 8; )A 3(7 ) 3 : 48 0 &* &* & ) + '! >0,-8 ) 7 :& 7 $ 0 & 0 &* & ) + &* '! / &

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

103 $ ) ) & $ * & & & & &8 $ & & ) & $ & ( & & * ) & $.# & & $ & ( & ) + * & ( $ & ) & 0 / ) + 20 %@!!-8 + # < %!* %H/,K J 4 H' 4 '% 9(L93(3 9 ) B ; 4@8/DB!8 4 3 / + 7- >- + =) $ $/# A? ] N / & [4 3# # ( 8 1 E 04& #8 ( T G O 04 H# KL 8 24) 1 3 * H )* A < %Q ( H ) /#( U )E 78 0+, ( T :4 # /# P ) 0$( 8 %G ( 2 # /# 6 R - & & ( & &! & T % # &!! ) S %! & T & % & &!& & ) 5< V< N. 9-9< / &6+ + ) + /%< 0 ( 2 & /0 2 7 * 0 & 7 2 & L$! & L L G3 / = :5 4!4,KJ 4 '% 9(L G' 03 : 48 * & &8 :& & / &* * & & & $ & 2 % 7 & * /0& & & ) & $ % $ & + 0 ; & / 3 )' 0L! ) +! ' L: 3!@!0 & & 3 / 8( 7 = 7. =)B02 #,@8,-8 ) & 1& 2 7 % 2 &* 2 $ ' L; L L! 8 8 * &8 7 % $ & &8 7 * & $ 7 ; &*: 2 ) * & * & ) % & ) 3 &; LC 3 ' & 0L + ' 8 8B, 3 0) & & * 7 & /!?# 6 = $!!& 0 $/ 3 + = # % # *-8B, + $/$/ <%< 0 ; * &8 7 & ) * 0 & 7 2 & &87 / 7 2 &87 /0 3 &

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

105 O # 0 O! * * O! * * O * O * 0 O I * O I * F O I * D O * ) O * S 6 $ + #, + = ]^ _ ` & % # &'! ) /#$&%' );$/+. 7 = >- $&.! -3 $/# > + ) # ) $ ; # < A ;# ) *!0 +! 7# 7@ #!# # ( 0+ -0! 2 = + $/-# + 7-=3 + = =# M ) $/-# + 7-

106

107 % ^_Y & Y3Z &_^ #-!&3( 9$/-, % = 0 < +77 = < &+ 7-8 = >-& 3( (= +! 9 <- $/% 69 & & /?-# < 4 )!$/ J ) & 4- + %9) & 5* / <7' /)!$/ L 3( =& =7 $/ -) > +!D'# &) # ) $ =, % +/3 M $/! 8=$/ - &9 36 7M7 -+ : /C' / ) $/& 3 $/! 66 $/ 7' / $/! + 6 F77 3(. $/ ;D'# 0A ) $ 7@ 0 $/! 86= #! 7@ + #$N$/! # 2 = G* 7 + $/

108 % # %! c! & ' ( % T & ( S '& T T & % & # S & T & % S! & T c ( % & % S & T T %! & & % ( & T!$ & T& T %! $ U % ( %& T $! & % S %! & T T %! '! ) % V & Z ^ 3Z & ^ )#%! (* [Z ( Y[Z & ^ 3 $/!$/ <=%'0+ N, F 7'G@ + $/!7 > & = 7 M + %' 9) $ # % /) ) # ;+ $/7#- ;7 -+!-8;(3(&! #7; )*! $/B # /) 7# 7@ :B %@# <= + 7- G@! = H< H< + 03G-OV9-4?AR, CD@BID?AK HQB03?B@ 2 2C' +!! ()@ $/!8 B = B3 ; +!B) $ B)! # / 0%+ 4! #@G* G*-+ + # 8,F+ 9+ # 2&%@# < 7 =6+ # G3 =M7' M+ # 2 %@# <M 7 3! $/( +?# ; ( + %@( %@# < )A 7@ 8

109 ! p fe^by ` i_dxe[z 6 + %@ 6%@# <7 > G 6+ #= > G@ );/ 7'0#!/D' $/ + - D' % =.( <=)A 0!$/ )A + =!$/ + - %<#!&&#$&%'!0 + $/ G' DB!0*-8 48 *+ $/7+ A B! A$/#A)-!;$/ $/ <8 0$/ %+ 4- :/ 0 2/ GA6 0 2 ( / p p k5_al ndga_aè^bl3^bmeme\ _ Y c(^] Y _A` + %@ 0+ # ( >- (2 //!?# + G; DB!=*-8 48=$/ ! + $/7 ;7 2 #A A A 7' * ; $/; 3. %+ 4 ( ! p Y gaè^] ae\ [ * #+ * ; $/ < )- ;7 % $) $ ( 3. $/ 7'( 7. $/ ) #+ + $/$//77 + B 0+ + # ( + /)*0+ %'#-. <G@ 9+ $/7#- 0 & + 0) $H &+ &%'# < 7 > 8! &$/ - ) &+ + 2 % + G( 4/ &) #M <-7@ G@ () +!/)B 3/% + : )( + / + + # 9) + 7 C' 62 #/ ) /! 3 A! /9$0%!## + &$/ # 8&P ); + ; $/7 /!0+ (+ # 2! & + $/. # A,. 7' /2 8! p _AaE\ Y [\exe[z i\ Y md] _A\ Z ($/ - >7 + 7 >- AJ LB & + #(;0+ $/7 > -#$0%@ 8/0 '. / 6 / B>-. & = $/! < >- 8 #+ / 7 % $ $/ </) $, E =4 08@I 2 77 <-!/ 0 + ) D'# ) $ # &) #+ 7 -#+ & + $/7 > &3 + M =+ =D'# & D'#

110 A ) $ & $/7' 0) # 3 + M 0 /!-. )?# + < + $/7@ 0+ + #0) C' ; 3. )?# + < + $/7@ $/ % + 7'8 &$/ - &%' #+ + ) # <77 6, % ! 9 %-GI= 5% 81K 3( 2 G0 = #$/ %!$/ )* 3( = (%- % G ( + 8D'# $/ G'3 0D# 0 # % ) 0 $/7 0+ # 2 ) + + G(D#0+ &%'77 + <9 &3 %'. + # )' (+ $/7 >- <) + # 2( B+ + ; (+ + 8! p! \ ^BÈZ d _A\ c ($/ -/ + %@ (0, 7'3 + ;+ $/7@ /)*7 $/ + + # 2! 4 B5!,G! # 5' 8;$/ $/. %<= )!0 + = )A % + 0! )A 7' <- $=80K 3( 2 A MA ) $R?-# % + + $/7' =)A&C' )B $/- =7 $/ ++ # 2 $/ '!$/ ( +! & + # 2 %- #! 77 <-!//!& 4! $=8 A$/ * A *$/ - A 2; <0 B B$/ <5@ + #- 7#- )A!&! $=8 H< H< CDMHK 0HO, CD@BID?AK HQB03?B@ 7 7@ )B $/ %!= /! 6 # & & 3( + 7- :0 & 7@ $/ 8; & ( -#$0%@ )A7 > + 3 =%'# =7' $/ & 0 =! )! %@# <86 & % = 8(3$/ 7 + $/ - :($/$/!. 7' ; ) $=8! p p _Ac([À] Z &3( 0C' 0 -#+ 6%<6K # K#!, 8&,1 7 2/ )$/$/ = +! /, % +/ %@&) # 9! B5HG 9;,A5HG', O%5%G 9;, B5'-G-4-5% 8

111 , D',. $/! $/$/ )B J L C' AJ L J *8 4 L + A$/$/ + %' >7 9 J *L J L BJ L J *8,L 3 $/ + *$/$/ G C' 3 C4, J *8 L P 5, G )& 2 & &2N N & /3 6 2 ) $ + =$/$/ 8; $/$/ 7 + $/ 8! p p p _Ag m _Al ^B\ \ ^BÈZ d _A\ c B77 + / A% /&7 2- #A3( 4%< = 4-+ ' 3 + &( < 0 ; 7@! <) (-#$/02- #- <- $=8#9;+ 7 > B);, 7@& 9=+ $/7 > -#$0%@ 8 / % 69 &7 7' <6)( &! $N) + $/7 >-#$0%@ J L J L $, G-3 =! -#$0%@ 8+ $/ < B A )- ;! $ *# /J HL J *8 L J *8 *L J L J *8 L $/ &) # )@ ; ) $1 B (%@ +!/. = )B 2, F 7'0 ) $/ = && = 7

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

113 ( & T T & )T % &! T (!$ & T ') H< V< /14 -K 6G-6, F 036 -GHQB4 QAK 0HO,, 7'/$/ <6 2 $/ / %# & 7 #!;! $/ 8 & 0+ + # = 2 & 0 7 > (J L 7 6% 9= &+ 9! 0L &> ( 7'7 > () $ 0$/ > $0#$ 9;#+ + %@ 3( 9 > $/> J L J L 0+ - ; ) $=G%9G) A + &7 > - >- A3 + &$/7*,. 7@&) $R 6 = 7@ + - / <- $ 3! /8 6J L J L J L J L H 4 97@ / $/! & $/ 6 9 = 68 M + =%@%GA = /7@ $/!& % ' 7 > 8

114 R! $ ( % # '! $ & & % % -! # & ( % &! % & )T! U H!# $% S + Q ( < #!7@ A $/!()' A, 7@ B 2 B +! 9 = &9 7 + $/ 80I= 2 G@ &7@ $/! 7' - + * ) 7'0 9%<! A # A!( (7@ * $/!; = <3 ; $/! 0! 8 DB!# +*-8.>*8 3 ; # B )'77 <-! * ) $/ 5* ;) ;) + 8B </ # ( ; 7' B $/! B 2. B +! B 0 = (& 7 + $/ 8# <0 ) $ & 0! 3 / $/!;3 &&! & = -. * 7 + $/ 3 = $/! 80 # /3 $/! ; <7' 3 / $/7 8A <& 7 &#! ) #B 5@ B) : 4- $/7 C' =, % +G@# # G*9, % +0A 8 $/7 / = $! /!!H, G -. $R =!!%' 3 4 % G*9 $N 8 K-3 & $/7 B > + &) $E ($/# + 7- B7 2- # < $/ = DB!# *-8 9$* M $/! 0) 393( & 4 ) $R 5* 0$/# $/7#-.! 9) ) + GB%'. + =3( = $/! ( $/ 7@ ( $/!8

115 # % T # # & T # & ( % &! % & )$T! $ + :4%1 #Q % ( S 3! ' ( ' % #! $ & & % /#( %04 1#! ' ( ' % #! $ & & % %! & % # & ( % &! % & ) T! ' T M %4$!7 8 % ( T & S 1 3!

116 ! $ ( % # '! $ & & % %%! # $ # & ( % &! % & )'T! ' P E & + ' [ a ( c & % #%(* Y %]Y P 3 T & S 6 & + D'# ) $ &77 6 = = $/ 7@ B $/!3 + # / / 7 2 #( + 2 /7 -#+ /D'# + - / &+! = G' 7 + $/ D'# AA ) $ #B 5 ' B )' $/ B $/7@ A - )!B7 -+!-8/& ); /D'# A ) $N = L;+ %' 7 J L J *-8 -L H =D' &D'# 0A ) $ ;3 <6 9+ $/7#- D'# A ) $H)B&) #+ P 5, 8 7 /! C'+ 2!= 9+ $/7#- 9+ $/7 > <9%<9 #+! /?-# 67'. () $ 3 = 68 =7 2- #& &3/ 3 /< 3 $/!0 6 9 / $/ 97@ $/! 8

117 -! ( & T '! ( /# ; %G O = ' & & % %! d % & T %! ' & & % %! # & ( % &! % & ) 7 7@ < ) =D'# &A ) $ 3 + M & L J L J *8 5L B 3 B ; ) ; 0 (! 0 )' () #+ *J L* # 6$0# 7 <! J L%<9 / + 6 >7' B $=8/A4 $/! # J L J L + ; J L + J L J *8 4 H-L ) B ) L'- * A5@ + * ;$/! #B ) *D'# A ) $=8; # D'# ( 7@ + #$)* $/ /7@

118 #( # #! ( ' & T '! 24 1%7 8 T & $ & & % %! d % & T %! ' & & % %! # & ( % &! % & ) T $/!( B 2 B <&+! ; & = G- 7 + $/ G-/! 3 $/! $/ 7@ = $/!9 M! D'# A ) $H)A $/! > % 2 & L!! A 0N P 5, J L J L J *8 44L 3 J LA * + $/7 >0+ #! () J L 8B A /&$/!& J L J L J *8 4,L

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

120 K L M # $ 6 7 M < >= / B 3 B 5 # L $6 # $6 # N $6 O P M O N # $6 # 7 $6 # $6 #E $6 7OQ R S! # $&% *')( +-, /01 5 # 7 $&% 9;: 3?5 6 # $&% 0 C D 5 6 #E $&% +*')( H A GF., IJC /

121 J B. < G. >, ; 7 /. %& $ $A $!? & 3 $ 3 %! $ % $ K 01 H I * D E F C %& $ % 1 $ < = % 1 $ 3 8:9 * % %& $ 3 021, - + #! ) * ' ( S T B R % 1 $ K A Q B / Q B! % 1 % 1 % 1 $P 0 1. O<N H 7 ' M L

122 ' B P 3 O 6 # $ 7 M,, 0/ I M 6 3 K L 5, G :, 7OQ R S J C C / 3 O 5 6 #E $ % H,. /0 R 5 # L $6 # $6 # N $6 O P M O N # $6 # 7 $6 # $6 #E $6! # $ % H + C 3 5 # 7 $ % 9., H. I C /2C 6 # $ %, 9

123 % ^_Y & Y3Z &_^ () ($/ B+ $/$/0$/-# A 7 0$/ +! 77 + $/ -6) 0+ #+!9 ) + =7 89;+ ) + 7 $/ <=%'0 7 9%<=0E E B AE ( ! % #7'9 + 6$/ # $/7#- = 2 & 0 ) & B+ 7- G $/7. % &3( / +! & < $ < $ 0! 6) =C' / > ( > + M 7 %<M! 7 <7' = <M -. + # ; 3 ;)?-# + ()@ D'# B 7@ + #$=8! +! & % /& 30 + $/ # B) $E 7 <7' 8; 77 + $/ # ( 9;#+ / + / ($/ -= 77 &$/- =$&#. ) $/# * $/-# % V ]Y Y [^ & ( [Z &_^! ^ Z,/ '+ / &3( / +! / ; 3 5* (3( 7 0 /+ $/7 $/ / 0 $/ <8.

124 - & +! <- $R + C'+ G*7 + $/7. /+ /%' + $/7 & /3 (2 <&)'3 <- 8(+ $/$/0) + %@ 3( $/ &7 + $/7 9 +?-# & 7 + %@ $/. # $/ 0) $/ < %' 3 6 3(=) # / 8= $/ #. $/ )A $/ <0+ %@ /$/ $/ + <0 )* 7 2 # = =0) # 7+ 8 $/ + $/$/ </# +?# ; )A + $/ # 3 + &+ + # * + (%@ 3( & 7#-A) # ;& + ) ) + =) # / 6 = % = =-. $/ ) # 7+ 8 V< H< + GVIEL K 9-CD43O ( $/7 B + ;$/ # 8B A!A ( 7#-A) # + ) + ) # 0 8! 9;#+ + $/ ;+ B #+ A ;7 % $E )' +! + $/7#-! + $/ # 8 9;#+ + ;%' 3 3 7' '. $/ 7+ 0 h J L J 8 4L 9;#+ = + 7' ) 2 + = + ) # 77 > $/ < $// + / 0!0?#B3!0 + $/ = / ) # 7+ 8 V< H< :3QB4 ID43Le9-K + 0 &(! : &> 8 $/ < %'&! 9 9 # 9;#+ 9 + &$/ # 80& + & %- %<M $/!9 9 $/7 = $/ ) # =2 + /3 + $/ # %' 3 M 3(

125 - ;! 2 =%< J -8,L $/ <=%@ > 0 '. $/ ') # 7+ Dh Dh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

126 4 ωy ωy N 4 N 4 N 8 N 8 ω x ω x N - 8 N 2 N - 8 N 2 - N 4 - N 4 T # & #! & % % & # % c %! S S ) T # & # & T # & & % ) G J, FGA3 >- + = 8< 6 >7' $/ + %@ %' 3G 4!*-8 V< V< / G5L QAK -L C 50HO7Q F 47@C 9;+ /3( & > + / ; 7 =%<07 <-7@) $/ &) $ 2!+ - /+ 2 # )B/ $/7 )A!03( 8 4 4, J 8 -L 3 =#$&%' 0)3( $/! 0 7! 3 0# + + # & $/7 8= 0 0 # /+ 0) 9;#+ + $/ # 8;D'; 4 + $/ # G- B &(! &/ + + # & $/ + 8 J L 4, J 8 *L

127 Image Word Normalisation Polar Transform 2D-FFT Template Creattion Template Matching Templates Decision Making $! ( % U % & % & &! & & % ( % & % c & ) Recognised Word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

128 F F 6 $ 6 $ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ] ^ _ ` ( % & % & & T & & $ % & )+a T $ % &$#! % ( % && #!& T & &! & ) S+ * $ Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ]^ _ ` ( % & % & & c $ & & %! ) + $/7 = >- + <) # ) $H () 8, + = )A >-7@ $/ (3(7' ) $/ /3 /3( / $/7 + + # %< 2!!() #* $/ 3( D'# * 7' + #$E$/!. #2 # 8& +! ); 7#- 3 3% 9= 3( + $/ # :B 9;#+ 6J 9L( 4 6J 4 0L;. + =$/ # 8M= $/ D'# & 7' + #$ $/! # &) ( 7#-B3( 03( (+ $/7 &! B $/7 A % G & 3( &3;! / 3 / $/7 (3 & $/ -. $&#$F + 8BA% 8, 3 ; +! / # ;)*$/ 4 HH <-7@ 3 93 $/7 3 $/7 + + # 6%< 2!! )?# + <%& >- + ) $ $/ =D'# 7' + #$N$/! # 8(0 +! = + % $/ $0#$ 9;#+ = + $/ # 8

129 DB!-8 #$/$/ / 3 9 9;# $/ # 6# M+ $/7 6 7#-=3( $/ < $/7 8D'#+ # 2 & 3(= 3 + *3B# 0 + #+ B B $/7 G ; A 3 3 3( #$/ = &%@# +! 3 &- & &77' &$/!= / 76 7@ % 2 0 ) GA + GA &-#$0%@ )# +! 63( 2 )B 7# % Band8 & ED Band8 & SD Band16 & ED Band16 & SD Error rate 15% 5% Words in the lexicon R a & ( % &' % & c $ & & % % & ) DB!-8 3 % $/ # $/7 /) $/ #! + - /+ = 3 3( 7' ). $/+ ; 0 () $/ 0#! B ; A% # 03! >7' + / $/=+ C'+ 6) #+ $ $&#+ $/ / 2& = /) # / $/ < # ( # / %@ / (%' + # $/7 B ) $/ 0) $ $/7 &3 M $&# 7 /) G( = <- =2 0M+.?-# <! 8B ;;0$/ ( 5* + (& $/ # 8

130 F F * * * * * * F * * * * * * F * * * * * * F * * * * * * ] ^ _ ` R ( % & % & ' & T # # & ( % &! % & '! % ) & ' $ ) P 5 Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ] ^ _ ` ( % & % & $ & T # & ( % &! % & %! ) & $ ) A# E 5@ + 7@ ) $/+ 93 E#! 9;#-. + <4 + 6$/ # G0 + + $/7#-.! ) 30 2! 7 <9 6A% 8 #! / $/&3 $/7 # 9 = 7' & # )(A% 8,-80A% -8 3 ; C' ( ) - 7' ) $1%@ ;3 =#! 9;#+ = + 0$/ # 3 ) /! +! ( &3 /#! 4 & + $/ # (3 + / + # = M 2 =+ + # 8 & + 0 C' ; ) ; 2 $/ A 7' #+ # 8;A0+ + 4& 2. <=); + $=G@ >-7@ $/ 3(7@ ) $/ 3 & + 3 $/7 ;) $/ %< 2!!&D'# ( 7' + #$H$/!. #0 ) $N + 9 )B 8A% -8 / 3 0 +! ) 5* 2-+ %# <= = 8 D'=4 *. 3( >- + + ) = +!!& 0 > !0) E8

131 100% 100% Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon T! $ % %! & % $ % # % & &! % &' % &$ & S # &! & ( % & %& & S %! ( % & %& & ) DB! 8 / 3 + -) # =$/ > 7@ + )A 3(/ #-. 8 # &C' # ) 9 B 3 B +! 0 ; ( + & # < + 2 ) 8 $/7 0 = 03( # & &%@ & # A %# 3 & $/7 G-0 +! 3 % $/ $&#$ R$/ # 8 V< 5< :VK OVMHL C,47O59?AK QQBCEO 503O3Q CE@BG-L QB@ 7- -GB=-#$0%@ 0 )$/# + 7-3( / # M $0%!< 2 < A % <EJ BL 84-$/7 3( > + 9) $R /$/-# + 7-3( /# 6 =%# 0 $/7 % 8&,( /%'!! ) < 29 + M )0 3R+ = 3!6 <- )( ) 0 8N & >-7@ $/ 3( /7@ ) $/ 66 $/7 7-.!K4 *3( & >- + ) $ $/-# + 7-8

132 25% 15% 5% 0 Source A Source B Source C Source D Source E Source F Source G Source H Source I Words in the lexicon Error rate a ' & ( % & % T %! $ & & % % & ) & )

133 25% 15% 5% 0 Source A Source B Source C Source D Source E Source F Source G Source H Source I Words in the lexicon Error rate a ' & ( % & % T %! $ & & % % & ) & $ )

134 $ * * * * * * ] ^ _ ` ( % & % & ' & T # &! % & %!! % )+a #! %! & % $#! $! & c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

135 F F * * * * * * F * * * * * * F * * * * * * F * * * * * * ]^ _ `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

136 50% Error rate 30% 10% Band8 & ED Band8 & SD Band16 & ED Band16 & SD Words in the lexicon a & ( % &' % )! & & $ $! % & $$ % & %! %?T & ) 3 =) $/ ) $ ) ) G;3 6 $/ -#$0%@ / )) G 3 = ' 2 % ) 8! _AÀ] m [\ d _A\ c(^bèi[ (+ ; 5@ ( /3( & $/7 3) $/ 6%<6 $/ <6 +! / $/7 &) $R / $/7 7! 0! 2 0#06 + 9)( +. + < )A 3!& < G@7 2- # <= + + 3&) # ) (3 0 + # = /) $/!3 = $/7 G M 3 3( 9+ M3 $/7 =3( + + # 9%<9 2!!/) # 3 6 $/7 3( & $/ <. + ) $1 $/7 7!& $/7 ) $ + 9) 8 6+ & & *) 7 2- # <9$/ 9 7- G # = =+ + #!3 = $/7 8 DB! 8 0 # B +! )*3( $/7 ;) $F) M 9+ 8 = %2 # = =

137 100% 90% Case one Case two Case three Recognition rate 80% 70% 60% 50% Words in the lexicon % & ( % & % & ( % &' % )! = $/! ( M $/7 &3 6 &%<&<0 A) A3 + &$/!B 2( 5* B3( & 7@ 8 / 3 + / 7 & $//+ + 7-/ $/7 * A 7 B<0 )- (7 + 7!() 8A < !G@ ); *)A $=8 5* + ()' ; B+ ; &+ + $/ () ;7 + 7 =+ + #!0 2!2 # 8! p _A`J] m7[\ d _A\ c(^bèi[ + ) # 5@ + 8 =+ 0 + =3 = $/7 3) $/ 6%<6 $/ <6 +! / $/7 &) $R / $/7 7! 0! 2 0#0 + 9)( +. + </)' 3! < G;7 2- # <& + /+ 3 + $/7#-.! &) ;3 + # &) $/!3 / $/7 : - 89;+ /3 / $/7 3(+ + # /%</ 2!! 3 $/7 ( 3 0 $/ < + =) $ 0 $/7 7-.!9 $/7 ) $ + M) 8 = =3(

138 100% Case one Case two Case three Case four Case five Recognition rate % 90% 80% Words in the lexicon % & ( % & % & ( % &' % ) $/ =+ & 3( > &$/ &+ $/7#-.! 9) # 8 /) M! 2 5* + = 0 07@ ) $/+ 0 ); 0 +! 3 9 DB! ) #B! #7@ &) #A) B ) $F + &3 & $/7 G && 33 + &3 & $/7 (3( + + # 9%<9 2!!/) # 3 6 $/7 3( & $/ <. + ) $1 $/7 7!& $/7 ) $ + ) 8 =+ C2 ) G'7 2 # <=$/ 7- G # = =+ + #!3 = $/7 8 DB! 8 50 # B +! )*3( $/7 ;) $F) / C2+ 8(, 7 2 # =+!) G*+ &G* GA 7 &! &$/!/ 0C2& $/7 3( / 0 6%<6<6 ) 3 + $/!; 2 5@ ;3( / 7@ 8 3(0 B 7' + # &) + ; 8 0+ ; ( (+ $/7#-.! ) A$/ 7-3( + # 0 ) $E (3( 0 $/7 8# &+ ( 3-G ) /#?#3 7@ =

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

140 ( # #( # # $ %!$& & %!$ S # 04+! # T S S #( % P # c S (ST # U + :1G# % S S # - $ S S % + Q #( 1 S %! S 8H # V $! ) ) ( S S! # 78& H G %1G ' S S T )!& & &

141 # # $ # - $ # #( V %!$& & %!$ S M %4# T S S $! ) /#( G!&( KL 8 T T S %! (ST M #!7 8 T '% ( T & S S! 8H # ' )!& &!& & %! S #( )!& & ' $! ) % # /# S %! S! 1 & 297 $/7. % M < $ ) +!! + # 2, % +03( 8 9; & > %<6= -. /# %Q#

142 # (# ( $ # % R! & & %! S H ; # K& # T! S S! 24 3 # #! S S # U H # 8# * - % ( S %! (ST F 6#7 8 T % )!& & ' $! ) 24 # 01 - % ' )!& & $ $! )!& & %! S /# %4( 0 H& # 7 8 T $ S %! S!! / $/7 8 0 $/7 3(&) $/ %<M%! =!=) =D'# &+ - + G + %' M =7 2 #/+ 7- G( 6 3

143 )?# + 8 B $/7. % +! *7@ ) $/ 3( +!!( <7'. 3 ) GM 2- #-3 ) &3 + 3! <- 8 + G (7' ) $/ /7@- <&3 $/7 3( ) $/ 9) $ $&# ) 8 3(0#/ = / 2-.!!97 -+ ) 5@ /3( M $/7 8M #+ 6D'# 7@ + #$ $/! # ) # ) + $/ -< /!&$/ -) >- +! D'# ) # 0) $ +! &) / # %' $/7 ) 3!0+ 7-9I= 4 2=$/- (7 < 8

144

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

147 ω y ω x T! ( % ( & & & T # & # ) $/ 9. )( )(=+ + # +!,-#. 7@ 9. + / $/ / / ) G 9DB! -8 48!6 + $/ G;3 / 3!9 + $/ ;+ G #!D'# B 7@ + #$F$/! # B RI 2 G& )0 D'# 7@ + #$ 0 # + / / +! #+ + ) # <G(&. # = 7- *8;K 3( 2 G' 2 # 3. $/ -! 8AK + G #+ ; ( $/ < ) 7 % $=G@ );)B &D'# 7@ + #$R$/! # & 2-9 >= + G@ 3 DB!-8,-8 9;+ ;!H 3!. 7@ $/7! 3 38 /%- & + %#- / ) ! :0 #+! /#$&%' )( $/7?# == #+!& 5* + )B 8 < H< :HCEM36)C O7QB43L 9;+ $ 0) > + &7 2- # < + %' &9 5* -#$0%@ )/D'# =+ - + $/ 6+ + <M 7 + %#- ()A& 7 +! #73 / D'# ( 7' +.

148 G ω y o 60 o 30 o 0 ω x o -30 o -60 T # & #! & % % &! % & & ) #$=8!==! 2 +?-# ) A + ); &D'# 7@ + #$ - / /7 2=?# &) %'& $/ 9%<!& 0D'# 7@ + #$R + + )( / )(3 + 7 %<6 7 QE+ - %'-48( 77 + = ) /N N & < G= (3 <= $/7 $/ = = 7' + +!! 5% 8, 0! 2 + (?-# + = ) # %'-4 <$0%@ 0 7 /+ G -89= + $/ 0 + ) + ; 2!B2 #B )- ; + B$/ # *%- ) $ / #+ + 2/2 + 0?-# 8=, #$/&3( 2 3( 6 $/7 =!= GB + $/7 / D'# 7' + #$ + G 4, (8 F+ - %'-4 G + M=) $ 2 + G G 4, 4, (8A 2! + $/ # 9)!!63 $/7 = 9+ ) 1 #+ + 2

149 4 4 Training Word Images Normalsied Polar Transform 2D Fourier Transform FFT Spectrum Decomposition Vector Quantisation Testing Word Images Normalsied Polar Transform 2D Fourier Transform FFT Spectrum Decomposition Cluster Centroids Classification Observations Reestimation For HMMs Model Parameters Multiple HMMs Probability Computations Recognised Word R T ' '! ( U & # % & %!! ( % ) <$0%@ 4 J 8 4 L $/ L J 8,L L* * 9;#+ 0 + ($/ # ;%@ 3( & ( 'J %@-4/2 + = 7# B + B (+ $/7 >- <0 )' + - %'-4!(%<& ) + ) (8 P / 07 2 & $/+ $/7#- ;+ $/7 >- <6&! + - %'-4% 2 +?# 8 < H< CE@BG-L QB@ & ;+ 7- G Q! $E ;77 0 5* ( G* &2 +?-# 6#!= 0)D'# 7@ + #$H$/! # ^BZ [!02 + & 0%- $/7 7!= 5* 0+ $/7#-.! 9) 8&0! + A4 H 'H02 + 8

150 3 2.5 Case-I Case-II Case-III Average distortion Log(M) & & T U (! & & % U # '! ),-8 ^BZ [!& >- + ) $/7 7!6) ; 8 =!9 + H'%& ^BZ [! %- $/7 7!M ) ! +,H,!, H02 + 8,77 <-! %. $/ B+ #!! $=G B + %' &&7! *%-G >= # ?# (3! = + 3 =& %'-48 #!9 =+ # ) #!9! $ 2!9 M7' ) $/+ ) ; =7 & ) *2 # EG M6!6 + G() ' 4, BC,!* 8 =+ + =! + 0 2! &3 / -#$0%@ ( )*+ # %@-46 + ) $ %= 4,%-89 0!. C'+ 5@ + # C' & + 6+ $/7#- 3!/! + - %'-48=P / 0 $/ ; 5* + 9 2!

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fe[c(_dxe[l3z ] \ aeij] ae\ [ 5@ (KI IN <-7@ 2 3 = B,$/! <-7@ ; B ; @$/- 8B ($/- '7 -+ (?# -. <& #!!0) $ #$&%' = +

152 T $ & T % & % & S % c % $! ) %@! / + #< #$&%' )B G' #!==+ + # $/ & )@ $/- 7 $/ ;+ /%@ /+ # ; )@ #$&%' ;) ;7@ ;$/- -%@ + $/ B -! 8# & ;+ 7- G <-7@0 + ) 3 9$/- (3 -#$0%@ );?# -G' 0DB! -8 *-8; + = 3 ( < 9) $ & 0 #+ + 8< &+ 6%@/$/ $/ + < 7 CH ) C4 p fe[[z ] Y c(^] Y _A` _Ad3] fe[ c(_jxe[l3me^b\ ^Bc([j] [\ Z 0 )..!KI9I #+ #?# #!& < 7. $/ 8; '7 %% </7 $/ /% <2 # 4 4 H, 0O#$&. P +!&7 -+ # 0$/ = ,8 /!# 0 + & -+ -$/ > $0#$=8AK 3 2 G-& 2( );$/- A7 $/ 2 # + # =< $/- (3 9! 3 2 # &) /86D' =+ # >7' $/ G; $/ &) R3 =! 5* / $/ <6 + 2 # GB) 3( %< $/ 7 -+ & ) </ + 4 4, J -8 -L J L 4 4, J -8 -L 6

153 + 9;?-# 8-8 ' (# 0 $/ $/ + 8 K 3( 2 ) &C'!&?# + 0)B! 0G J L($/ <=?-# = 8/ 0+ + # J L = ) <6&2 # 8 4-3?#!/ 7 % $=8A/ $/ -< G'7'. $/ + J L, # ) 3 J L 4, 4, J 8 *L 3 *7 C' 2 B 7 + $/ J L, ael ] Y mel [_AbEZ [\ ^] Y _A` Z [ DaE[Èi[Z P / $/7 ; 4 /) $1 5@ ;) G <-7@ 3 //-. + 2& ); & +! <- $R %- ). 7' B$/- 8A% 2 0?-# + G G+ # <+ )A 2 * 7'?# + G 4, G-3!?# + ) ;) 'G ()*) # /) ;! 3 $/- 8B, + $/7 ()* 5* () # = / ;3( 4/ ( 3 = 7-8B 4 --/7 %% < );$0# 7 % 2?# + / 3(= ! 9;?8-8 G- C' # /J 'L;) + =?-# + G 4!/ / ) $N 48 + = 7 $/ > $/ ( 7 -#+ )A 7 %% /J 'L J 8 L

154 λ1 Probability Computation P(O λ ) 1 λ 2 Probability Computation P(O λ ) 2 Observations Maximum Selection Recognised Word λ V Probability Computation P(O λ ) V! ( # & & % ( ' & & % % ( % % (& T % # & U & % # % & & T $ % % % ( $! ) $/ ) $&# -8 ' 8 G) #&&7! *G # + +! < J L $ $ J -L $ $ J L $ $ J L J $ $ $ $ J -L $ $ J -L $ $ J -L J -L $ $ J -L J -L L J -L J L J L J -8 L J -8 -L

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

156 '& ^ Z Y[Z & ^ =^ \ ]Y[Z & ^ 9;+ 63 $/!&3( ) $/ 6 $/ 67' $/!G 0 + %@ 7- *-89 D' /D'# 0A ) $ 3( 77 / 0 7' ( $/!8B ( # = D'# ( 7' + #$H$/!. # / ! 3. $/! 3* #+ 0. $/!*%<= 2!& )B )B 0D'# 7' + #$N / >=+ + #- 2!H 3(!. 7' + 8! >9 5* &+ - %' &! 6 / <$0%@(% 6 /$/ $&#$ 9;#+ + 89;+ 3 = $/!3(( = 7 %< >+ + #- 2 <$0%@ % 2 8A(% 2 0?# + A3 # 0 3 $/- + $/- * 7 3 > 2 # & ;3 7@ ) $/ /) ( + )@ + &$/ ,8-8 & =7@ ) $/+ ) # M 7 <86O( / GB 7' ) $/+ ) KI I=. % $/7. % = +! + < 5< + F 47@C I =4% H!H $/7 ( 7!N4 *3( ;3 # / 0 7' ) $/+ ) =KI I QR3( M +! 8 = $/ =#!0) # 5@ + $/7#-.! ) :4- $/7. C' &, % + G-# # G&, % +(A - ) 0 7- EG* 7@ + 2 <8 0 $/7 3 0 $!!!=) $ H= ;, GB & $ =!!=%@ 3( C4 ' GB 0 $R # = )A $/7 D'#0 >-7@ $/ 03( =7' ) >$4,. <$0%@(+ -. %@-4- G (C' B >-7@ $/ ;! & + &() ( >0D'# A 7@ +. #$ + ( & <-$&%' 8B 3 = $/!3(; ) 0 >-. % 2?-# + 8 9;+ =3 = #! ) #&% 2?# + G ) $ + ) 8 & >-7@ $/ # % )@ ( & 3( /$/- ; ; ) / 4 4,%-8; + = >7' $/ # $/-#$0%@

157 100% Recognition rate 90% HMM-I1/128 HMM-I2/128 HMM-I3/256 HMM-I4/256 Band16 80% Words in the lexicon ( % & % & ' & c $ & & %! ) )* <$0%@ (7' ;+ - %@-4'G% )@ 0 ( & 3( $/- 8 >7' $/ ), 4, 8 = 9 >7' $/ %'-437 :,*% <-$&%' 8 A 4 C' >7' $/ ' )A 0 / 3 # = & 3 $/- 8 & >7' $/ & 0 ) 4,*%-8 ) # = >7' $/ $/ B # >7' $/ >-+ 7- % )B & 3# 9 / = 03 9$/- 8 >-7@ $/ ) = &,,*%-8 DB! -8 0 # B +! # )* ) #( >7' $/! (3 / 7@ ) $/+ )* $/7. % +!. + %' 0 0 (7 2- #B+ 7-8B( $/7. % & +! B#. = =3( $/7 / <9;#+ M + $/ # 8 = $/ 4-&+ M%' + + # ) $ 0C'!# :=C' G -.

158 100% Recognition rate 95% 128 Clusters 256 Clusters 90% 33% 66% 100% Size of training data set T d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

159 2 F F 6 5 $ $ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F F $ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ]^ _ ` ( % & % & & c ' & & %! % & % (! % ) ' $/7. % +! 3( 9+ $/7@ 2. # ; 2; KI9I. % / +! ;%' + # )' $/ < %@ 3( M =) 8 M+ KI9I. % +! #. 7 & $/7. % +! 03 +!! 3 M $&. 7 ) $ ) E8R =$/ = 6KI I=. % E +! #- 7' ) $/& $/7. % M +! /3 M! M 2 <-7@ 3 3 $/7 G DB!-8-8 DB!8 5/ 3 > 5@ + -) # 9$/ + ) 0+ $/7#-.! ) ); N4 *. 3( 9 > #%-. C'!# 7 C4,%. <-$&%' + - %@-43 % % ) 9 # ) 0!97# 7@ G M,*%. <-$&%'+ - %'-463 ' ' ); / = 0# 9)!=7# 7' 8 <6 + # 7@ ) $/+ )A $/7. % = +! $/ = 7 2- #+ 7-8 < 5< F 47@C 6 &+ G;) #) G;) $ 2 % & ) & 7- -GA3 (3(9 )( &) 3-3 G( 0 3(63( = <7' 3 8M

160 O O N 7 M N O O 7 E 3 N 7 E 3 O O E S O O S? # L $ # $!! N! M N O O E 6! # 7 $ # N $ # # N! M N 3 O O O 7O N 7 M 6 M L Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon % 100% 100% Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon % 100% 100%

161 100% Recognition rate 90% Band Clusters 256 Clusters 80% Words in the lexicon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

162 100% 100% Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon % 100% Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon (!(, (!(, T! $ % % '! & % % # % & & ( % & % c & $ S # &! & ( % & % & & ) % #!! % & %! ) % %!! & T! & & $#! & % % ( & T! $! )

163 F 2 2 Y 6 5 $ $ * * * ) * * * ) * * * $ * * * ) * * * ) * * * $ * * * ) * * * ) * * * $ * * * ) * * * ) * * * ]^ _ ` ( % & %$ & # % &! % & % (! % ) + - %@-4'G $/7. M $/7. < 5< F 47@C I H!H 3 $/7 ; >- + /) $E / 5* ) G( 7!4 *=3 &3( =# 6 & =7' ). $/+ &)( &KI I Q13 +! 9 + 8/D'# >-7@. $/ 3( /7' ) >K4,%. <-$&%'B+ - %'-4 G* &C' >-7@ $/! M + M=) = >D'# & 7' + #$ + <-$&%' 8 3( M $/! 03 = ) 6 >-. % 2 6?-# + 8<9;+ 93 $/- A3 6#! %. 2 =?-# + 7!/?# 2 >-7@ $/ # ' ); / = 03 $/- 6 ) M 4 4, 8H6 + E >7' $/ # $/6#$&%' )( <-$&%' 7@ + - %'-4 6$/ 0!?# + % ); &3(0# 6)!= &3 $/- 8 0 >-7@ $/ ) 9, 4,%-8 0 >-7@ $/ %' N,*%& <$0%@ 8 A 4 C' >-7@ $/ ' ) 03&# )!= /3( $/ >7'.

164 100% 90% Band16 HMM-III1/128 HMM-III2/128 HMM-III1/256 HMM-III2/256 Recognition rate 80% 70% 60% 50% Words in the lexicon ( % & % &! ' U % & %! )' T ( %!!! & T & & % ) $/ 0 ) 6 = 4,!* 8&&) # 6 >7' $/ 0 $/ #= >7' $/ = >+ 7- ' ) 3( # 6)! &3( 6$/- 8 >-7@ $/ & ) 6,,!* 8 DB!8 4,/ A% 8 # 0 +!. # ); ) # >-7@ $/! 3 07@ ) $/+ 0 ); $/7. % 6 +! GA + %@ &7 2- #+ 7-8/ $/7. % / +! ;#. = (3 & $/7 B& 9;#+ + /$/ # 89A% -8 3 & +! 2 Y * * * S S S * * * S S S * * * S S S * * * S S S * * * ] ^ _ ` R ( % & % & ' & T # $ % & $ %!& T & &! ( % )

165 !!! #!! $!!!!!!!!!! %! &! '!!!!!!!!!! (! )! *!!!!!!!!!! +!,! -!!!!!!!..!.!!! / K B B 6$ % A 7 3 A R B P A 1 B K 89:. 7 B 3 T

166 # ) + ) 0 ); 0 9) 800 % 0+ $/7 7@ ) $/+ )* ) # >7' $/ (/ $/7. % +!. (3. = 3( $/7 8 DB! / =+ -) # $/ + & ) ;4!*. 3 M > + ) 0 ; / 6) &7 M O( / 7'. ) $/+ )A $/7. % +! G G 7@ ) $/+ )BKI9I. % +! / + < 5< 107?A9:V476 -L CE@ 4-$/ ) 3( $/7 /3 6 = +! %<M $/7. % & +! *3 A <03( ( #+ + ) # <& +! &#! KI I=. % M +! & = 3 M 8MDB! # 0 $/ ) 9 7#-=3( $/7 8 3 = 3 $/7 $/7. % = +! # = &+ + # 2! = $/7 7! ;3 8B ( * 5* + (%@ 3( 0 B $/7 7#- $/7 3 7@ 8( $/ +! 2 < + # #!&& $/7 $/7. % +! 8;KI9I= $/! 6 +! = =3( G(3 + M $/7 2 +! * ) = ) $/7 8HK 3 2 G0KI9I== % 6) +!!= B 7#-3( 6 $/7 G* 2 63 ' ); / = # &) B! 3( /$/- 8BDB!-8 4* 3 ( $/)' 7#- 3 $/7 (3 + =+ # = %@ +! #!&KI I 8 #,H$/ - ) +!! + # 2/3 & 6, % +/$/# %@ -. $/- B$/ - 3! 9#!=$&#. 7 &KI9I= G*3 & / > + 3( 7 %<6 7 KI9I98=3( $/- &3( = M#!6 D'# 7@ + #$H$/! # G + %@ 7- *-8 D'# = 7@ + #$ )/3 $/7 93( 2- M > 3!. 7@ M + 8 9;+ + 03&! 9=+ - %'-4 <$0%@ 8 ) = 3 9 $/! / >-. % 2.

167 P. P. S 3 3 A.!? 6 3Q 3 3 P Q T Q A Q 6 % $A % B! 1 100% 100% 100% Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon % 100% 100% Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon 50 Words in the lexicon B B K 1 A B 3 B A Q B B 3 B B 3! A % $ % $P! A!B! B?! T B B K : 9 $ 3 B T!B! K B B A Q

168 # $ # $ #.# %!& & %! S & ( %G ' # &T S S (! T 04 H$# T ( % S S 2 F G '% S (ST F P *# A c # % S S /# 7 %1# G ' S %! S + :4'# 8 % )! & & $ $! )?-# + 8(A 2 + $/ 2 & )@ + ; = G?-# QF3 $/7 &# & )( > + - %'-4 G* ) + = +! #7@8 #B 6)& 939# ) =!M 63( E$/- G 3 /3# M) &! = +! < $ 7'.

169 O$ # + :4 #( /! % S %! Q / #! & T & #! % & ( % & c > > -T ) ) $/+ 8; <- $H+ 2 =&! +! + $/7 & $/7. % = +! G' + %@ 7-8

170

171 % ^_Y & Y3Z &_^ 7- :*67 = $/ -M >- + 7@ + ) # /) $ 3 $/!81,! ) # = 6 =$/ - & 2 9 =+ %#! $ B?# & & B > + ( ) # ; ; B+ 7% )A!02 =-3 = / (+ 7- B7 30 +?-# () ( >- +!0 #+ # ) # ) $H+ # 20, % +3 8,) !-G' 0 4. = )A % <3( = $/! + $/7@ = &&-#$0%@ )B 4 6= &C' +?#GB ) $/ ) # &&! ) # 0 &+ # 2 # / );!$/ G( &! 2/ 6 &!$/! & ) = $/ 7@ M ) 9!$/ = 2= 6 9% ) = + 7- )B+ # 2!$/ ?#GA = $/ A &!$/ #!!/ 4!8&O(<6$/ #! 9;#+ 6 + /9 / -.! ) (!$/ G@ + = 4/ ( ) $/ = &?# + 0)A) # 2 + 8

172 % V % & & % ) a T %! $ & T & ( T &' % ) ( & ' 3Z ^ $/! )* 3( / 0%@ +! = ( -#+ / 0 <- $ $/ >6 )% >- /J &)! #'L93 /7 > J %+ 4! #'L 8 / ( ()A 7# / &7 7 3 / $/!B) *) # > + 0 ( + 7; + # % 4 =$/- G # %' ;7 -+!) B (3 $/!( $/-!7 -+ G ) 4- +2,8-8,8 4G' = #+ $/! 8 V< H< + ek 6)4 QAK 0HO ( (& = ' #; #!/ + + =7 $/ 2 ) >- 8# 0 % < $/!B G (% B3 2; ;$/ > $0#$ -#$0%@ ( )*% + 4&7 >- 8BD';-3 / + 7- G # / $/7 + < +!& 0% 0 3 =7 # $/ 2 $/ / ) 7@ %@ 2 %@ K 3 2 G + # $/ )A % # /+ ) ( $/ -= &C> ) + 07@ # 9 ( + 207' )B + + G 7' + < G'%' 20%@ 3 8

173 $ V< H< (25K O5O-K O5M! #+! 4 ( & 3! 3 - )* 7 >- 3 C. <& $/7 ) < 2! $ 84- +A,-8 8,-8 * 2 3 0#$&%' )!9! $/ 8 K 0$ $/7 4-#! $ 4' 8/ =7 A$/ /7 >-, 3 2 # 7' / < 2 # /4 3 M) $ = = 3( #%-. &3 M M C' ( >- B$/ 4 &) ; & )' ) 3! ) # + ( ) # N 4 N 3 N 2 N 5 P N 1 N 6 N 7 N 8 ) ) ) ) % ) '% # & & % & T % % & U & c% # ) % & T ' T & 48# <9#$&%' 80& <9#$&%' $/ # )* 3 $/</% + (07 + # ;7 >- $/!(+ + 8

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

175 ! R # & & T % % % ( ( & T $ ) - & % $! & % & T! & %! %& T! % & # S '$ ( % (! % & & # % & %! # & % ( % ( # % & S %! $ % & # & % ( & T! & % )

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d _A\! K &= B L E _AÈÈ[ij] Y Y ] n 2@%G

177 % 58#! $/ 2=<! # <#$&%' 03 +?# / 8 / + & / =3(/6 7# #/% + M3 + + # & > + )@% + &7@ ;&& /7' 8AP 6 3) # 97@ 3( 6 7@ 7-. 7' = % + =7@ %' + $/& $/@7 > 8 %]Y Y Y3Z &_^ 4! 7 ) =3( $/!&+ 0) -#$0%@ 0) $/$/ + M $/ &3 M6) # 7' 8 ;! >- + B 4 G- ; & ) $/B 3( / 4?# + )') # (2 + 8; ( 3 5@ ; #+ # ) # & # > + -7) $ 4 =! 7=%@ ) >- +!0 $/!0) # 8 V< V< + ek O HQB?A4 IJQAK 03O + & 4 6! 799 > %< 2! + 4!9) $ ) # 7@ 7 -+! ) $ 7 > ( /# ( +!9 ) # 7@ 8#!/ # &$/ 4- <97 >- * %@ 2 2 M =3 $/! /# = 2M 9 + E9J #;O I L(C' '/% + 47 >-?# A G 3 (7 > -?# #= -G0 2 &% + 47 > -?# 3(8,M $/7@?-# $/ = & # = 4/.! 9=+ + A / &% 2 9?-# + &) 0KI I 3 A 4 > # &# 9 B!# /%<& () 3! # :B ) B ; ( 3() # 7' & $/ #%-. 3( ; -+ &!() G % + ) $ # 9%'0 > + 9%' ) 0<9 )B 4-(% +!&) $ 8

178 ) & $ - %! & T & % $ % % $[T %! $ & & % & & ) V< V< 0V0 HQB?A4 IJQAK 03O #!0 4 +!G- 4 (+ + 4 ) -7;3 + = 7 6%<9+ 97 );7 > 8,1#$&%' );, % @ G ) A%, %@ 2 & +! :A $/7 ( -7@G+ $/7 >0-7@G&#% -7@8 p Y c(mel [l _D_Am + )=! & 4= 0%@! ) $R) # /7' 0 # / 0 )B +! < + %@ % G -G 0@ G$ G + G * ' G + * G G * : 8;, & G G' $/ <) $H/ $/7-73 & <& -3 &B &3( * ;.*P,- 3 =DB! 8 *-8 p p _Ac(mEl [ l _J_Am G (+ ( )A B 3(&($/ 4;3 + /+ + 30B ) # 7@ 89B>-$/7 )B0 3(. 4/ -7+ %' = G * + 6%'& -7 :0 G G* ( 8 9B>$/7 )(. 80DB!-8 */ 3 3( 3( & /. #!-,B /

179 p h _AaEbEl [l _J_Am 0+ 0)( 3(9+ + $/7 / + $/7 >6-7 8<9B>. $/7 )A +! <=+ L 8 V< V< 5CD4 QAGV?AC):HCDQ K 2-! > * -7@) $ ; 4 0! 7)- B3( $/!G* F ) $/ 6 =. $/ *) # ;+ =) # ) 3! $/! 9) # =J >4L : ) # &! 2 &! )( 4= 2 4! # =() 3 : - - J -8 L - $/ $&#$1/ $/ > $0#$ 4! ) 7@ + 2 < # 0 = 2 H 4 89 ) # / ) & # 2 # ) # J >,L :B A) # $/ # B + # 2 # ) 484- $/7 < 2-9;# %@ 3( 9 3( ) # 7@ 0 ) / 49%< 0+ ) #?-# = 03 4& ;0 $/7-7@G=4 3 4! 8O;<9 C' (,/?# 3(3 0 + $/7 >= -7@G 3 = /#% -7@8, #!0 *) # - B;$/ # ; + # 2 # 7 + <G 3+ # 2 M 2( $/ (, 2 #G <& ( # ) #*3 + $0% 3 = ) # 8 8#9;7' ) # J -L :( ) # C' 3( 7@ )A 4'8 )A ) 3!2 # :

180 d c b a & # # & % % T & # T U # ' # S T % T ' & # T 3U # # ) Q; # + 7- H &2E & &BE & 4 &2E & &( 0E &, &2E & %E & &( 0E & &2E & &( 0E & &( 0E & * &( 0E & %E & %E & &(BE & %E & &> 0E & %E & %E & ;) # +!# /%@ 3( = $/ ; 4(%'!! 5@ &+ + 86DB! -8 # 39 4 /. * &, /, 8; 3(/ 4-2 $/ # 2 # ( >-+ 7-) $(3 + =?-# = &/ G' 7@ + 2 <8 T & % $!! % (& T! & & % ' & U $& & T % ) T &! & ' & T &$ & & & T % S & T & T! C %4 1 #04 # c S %! U & T % S & T & T! C %4 1 # 0 -T # c ) 8#! 2= -+ 6) # J L : % < ) # +

181 b * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a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

182 # v u m 11 12l n 10 k c 2 6 h 7 8 i j 9 3 d 4 e 5 f a 1 b g T! ( % % ( '& T ( % & %( T & T! 6 ; K1L 8 ( >! c S %! & T & % & $ % (& % $! % & # % % $ ( $ % & T!' & T% # )!$ & T & & ) & # % & XEgA[ Y ` Y Èg 4!) $1) # 7' G + 7 > ' / 4& (7 #$/ / %@!& //!!$/ G@ / + 7 >- // # * $/ <+ ( 7 %<M & 3 7@ GM = ), /7 = $/3 <G' ) 3!& () $ 4/ > + =# ' >-) # 7' -8 5& # = >$/7 )B = %@ 3: 48BD' + = )B7 >- ;3 + = 7 & 4/%' 3 = 30). # 7' 8,-8BA ) &7 > ; ==?-# + /)( &!$/ ). 3 : J L 4 ) $ C' 7 >- * / 8 J %'L0, >7 > * &/ )B7 >- %'!!0 0 > 4'8 J + L + 4& 7@ 7@ + # ( + %@ 3( '7 > ( / ;0 (!; ;%@ 3( & (C' ;0 ;7 >-

183 8 J 'L ) * 7 C'! J,%'L G 7 -+ = 0 > 7@8 J L 4 7/!07 >- B + # G- + / 7 > * 8 J ) L,!/ C' (& 3 (7 > ;B!$/ 7' 8 J!L ) ( ( $/ ;7 > A ( A! 0J -L G (7 J 'L A & >/7 > ( &%'/ = 3H!97' 8 =J,L #A8 p [ÈgB] f ^BÈX _A\ Y [À] ^] Y _A` 9;+ & 40 B 3M ) $/ /?-# + )@ $/ (!$/ 8 9;+ /!$/ & 3(9 7' 4 2,-GA3 + 2/ + - J LMJ L GB 7' + 2 <8 A9+ + &!$/ ( 3(0) # ( >- +!$/! 9! G $/7 < 9;#+ = + %' 3 = 3/ 7' J L J L J -8 L &! G -G* &! & 0!$/ 0$/4 3 '. >- 8 M J -8 *L *7 -#+ A 3(. $/ ) # B2 + *) * + 0 B!$/ %@!!0 &/ 4'8 ae\ ÈY Èg(m _AY `J] Z = = &) # =7' G; < & $/(% > ! = $/ + < ) $ 9 + M @! 22 #% -) $/ =%@#- 0%@ 2 #

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

185 $ $ $ 0+ $ ] ^ _ `! $ & # & ) $ $ $ 0+ O O Y + 0+ Y + $ ] ^ _ `! & # & ) V< 5< + F 0V95C U-0V0 /+ - %@-4 + # <-$&%' 8 <$0%@ M A% C' C2& <-$&%' 0 2 ) G@% + 47 > 3 <= <=2 # G@ ( ) $/ =3 >. +!& 4-8;0 )A <-$&%' 7 9%<= =. $/ '2 + 8 V< 5< F 0V95C U-0V %@-4M + # H <-$&%' 8F 9 <$0%@ = 9 A% 8,-86/C' & 3 2= <-$&%' 0 2 ) 0 GB) # 7@ G' -7 G'= #!/7@ 8& )B 0 <-$&%' %< = 3. $/ '2 + 8

186 '% # & & % & % % ( & c $ & & %! ( % & # % & # 3U & V< 5< OVID0V9-K OVM V436 5L CD@ + # ( / > + ) $N! 2 93( 6 $/! G* 9 ) $/!0 ==?-# + /) <$0%@ 8 ] \ ^Bij] Y Èg 4!/) $R9! *3( 9 $/!G' &$/- C' 4 9! 7 C' &% &3( 6) # &2 + & & >- C' <& + - %'-4/ & (# 0) $1 % 2 =?-# + 8 D' 3!0 7 &7@ ) $ ( 4': 48B, 77 <!6! $=G;/ 4- +8,-8,-G;) 3 %< 4 &$/ ,-8 8A B # A 0 $/- C' 3 =DB!# %= -8 4,. %@8

187 '% # & & % & % % ( T %! ' & & %! ( % & # % & # 3U &,-8#9B> + ; 4-A& -7*) $ ($/- C' 0 4 &A > ,8B;3( 0 $/!; 3 & 0DB! #+ )4,() # ;2 + GA,. 4 + $/7 > -7@G $/7-7@80P $/!& 3 6 9DB!-8 4,. +&7 -#+ 04, ) # 2 + 3(/ $/ B,!= + -7 & 7 7@ + - %@-4 <$0%@ 8 8BD' = 4: C' (2 # $/ = < ! + =) # 2 + /0 )B 0 2 <9+ -. %@-49 <$0%@ 0% 6 $/ $0#$ 9;#+ 6 + $/ # G' A% p ] \ ^Bij] Y Èg A 4( #B 7 -+ ; B3 0&! 3( $/! &7 -#+ 0$/- C' = >- + (3( /) #

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

189 0C' +?-#0 ) $/ =. $/ ) # (2 + G3 ( + & +?-#( ) & + / 4?# + / )( $/ A 0!$/ 89;+ 9 +?-#&# %@-4& ) # 2 + ( 0 + <$0%@ # % ) (!& +! =7# 7' #!/KI9I= 8

190

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

192 ) + Zero-order Probability First-order Probability Words of the dictionary Training State Assignment Probability Computation State Transition Probability Initial State Probability Training Samples Link & Loop Extraction Feature Extraction feature vectors Clustering (VQ) symbol prob. Modified Viterbi Algo. Recognition classes centroids Test Samples Link & Loop Extraction Feature Extraction feature vectors Classification symbols Result! ( '& T! %! U % ( % & % c & ) % V Z '&_^ [Z \ ^$#%! / + M $/ = + M 3 %+ 4 ) =3( -. +! < $=8 7 &! KI9I > ! 0 + # 0 $/- ; #+ # 8 DB < ( 2 # / # ( )A77 <! > $/ +! <-7@ 3 =, % < H< + :HRV@QBC 6 S P7CE?BP5K C $// /3 > M%< 9! /KI I 3 + &3 / ; 7 =%</ 7 0 #!& KI9I98- > $/ 2-0 =KI I / 6 $/! #7 G $/ < # 8 9;+ 9# ) =2 <!=#$&%' )( 8 9;+ /$/ <9! ) <9 <6/ 4G 4= 7 =+ $/7 &+ +, G*/) + )( + $/7 + + G@( #+!&+ + 3, 8(, ) >- +! G# / -8-8,G*) $N / 4! 7@G & 40 B ) $/ /. $/ -) # (2 +.

193 G ! &77 7 & <-$&%'B#! Q08 < $1 3 &DB!A58 4$/ <&%' + %@ 0 30! :A!! / +! /! 8 /!!G + <$0%@B! 9 =&); / 3 96 $/ <9# 8 /!/ = + 7@!-. 2 B4 3!&) $N /! %# < M !9) $ 9! $/7 $/ = KI9I 7 $/ 8 9 +! M! $/7 < )( &?-# =! 2?# + 0)B% 2 <$0%@ 8 p \ ^BY ÈY ÈgZ ] ^BgA[ 7- -G-0-#$0%@ ( )*7 $/ <&7 7 -+!&7@ B). 3 %< 4& -7/ > + /7 + ) $/ / )@ 4 6! 76 ==?# + );) # &2 + 8#A A G 4?# + B 7 &!$/ 8# &!$/ G + & 4 A %' 3 & A $/ +($/!-G 8!-8A! ( %@!!& )/> &, G-! /+ $/7 2, G! N,. 4/+ $/7 >= /@8(O;< + + #!/ /-#$0%@ ) 9 %' 9$/! G@ <$0%@@7 %% B + ;2 #% -) $/ # + A! 2 &2-+ %# <0) $E3 + &. % /7 %%. /% 0!-. 2 B4-3!/ + 7@ 93 <$0%@*7 %% <7 2- # p p [i_agaèy ] Y _A` Z ] ^BgA[ A 4= =!6!G( +! M! %'! /%<M77 <-! =7 -+ # /) 46-7 >- + ) # = >- + & 0 7#- 3 + & );% 2 %- %<!!/ / %'-4= <-$&%'A#!/ 04. $/ ;+ #!0! $=8ADB <G $/- C' &Q %! $ 6 $/- ;7 $/ ) $R /!=!GB C'= 7- $/'7 ( #!= KI I ) (! 2 =% 2?# + 8

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