Ξ R int Sybesm a 1, 2 (1. ; 2., 100871) :, N P V P,, A spp T,, : ; N P ; V P ; ; ; T : H 14 : A : 167127023 (2006) 0420040207 : R int Sybesm a (1960 ),,,, ; (1955 ),,,,,,, : (01JB 740003) : 2006202202 ( sm all clause), Sybesm a [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Hoek stra [ 3 ] :,,, :,, - (external argum ent), (internal argum ent) (1) : (1) Q, (1) ( ), Q : Q : Q Q, (tense) (2) a ( ) : (2) a. [ SC Q ] (b. Q i[ [ SC t i ] ]) Ξ ( : 01JB 740003) (NWO ) ( IIA S),, 40
,, (2) b, Q, (Case), V 0, (verb compound) (1) (3) ( ) :, Chom sky [ 4 ], vp ( V P) V P ( V P) (4) a (4) b, (5) ( ) : (4) a. D Q b. [ vp D [V P [ SC Q ] ] ] (5) V P (3) V P :, Q (5) vp D : D, Q, ( D ) Q (3),, Q, (3), (5), v 0, V P Spec [ 1 ] [ 2 ] (5) vp Spec D (3), (5) V 0,, vp v 0 (4) a N P ( ), V P 1. N P,, (1) Q, Q,, Q [ 3 ], Q, Q, Q 41
2006 4, (1) (6) : (6) ( i[ [ SC t i ] ]) (1) Q Q, (6),,,, (4) D Q, Q ( ), ( ), (7) : (7) D Q ( : D [ SC Q ]) (7) Q, Q Q ( ),, Q, (7) (4) (4) D Q, : Q, D, D vp ( V P ) Spec, ( ), D, D,, (4) (8) (8) : (8) a. b. Q 2. V P V P, (1), ( ),, (1) ( (2) ) : (9) a. [ (1997) SC Q ] (b. Q i[ [ SC t i ] ]), V P (unaccusatives),,,, ( (9), ), (9), Q,,,, P ro Q (10) : (10) Q [ SC P ro ] ], (10) (9) :, (9), (1) Q (6), (10) (6), (9),,, (10), (9),, (1) (6), (1) Q (4) D Q [5 ] [6 ] [7 ] [1 ] [2 ] 42
,, (4) (1),,, (9), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] (4), (5), v 0 ( ), V - : to- v, (11) D Q V P M atthew s Xu Yip, (12) ( (81) ) ( ) [ 9 ] : (12) kai tou [k e? i] tsia? kau tia υ 2si 2, ( ), (p re- verb) : (13) D Q (1) Q, ( Q ),, (14), Q,, (passives), : (14) Q, (1), Sybesm a, (1) ( (9) (15) a), (15) b, [ 2 ] : (15) a. Q : Q i[ [ SC t i ] ] b. Q : Q i[ [ SC t i ] ] (15) a (15) b, (16) : (15) b, (15) b vp ( V P) : (16) a. 3 Q b. 3 D Q, Sybesm a (1999) (1) ( ), (1) (14) ( ) (14),, (1) (15) b (16) b, -,, ( ) ; ( V ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) [ 11 ], [8 ] ( ) [10 ] (1) (14) (m iddles) 43
2006 4,,, (tense) ( T P), A bney [L ( exical) - P ro jection ] [F (unctional) - P ro jection ] [ 12 ] A bney,,,,? Sybesm a [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 6 ], [V - N P- R ], [V - R - N P ] N P R :, Stow ell PRC (P redicate R eference Condition) [ 13 ] : Stow ell : D ( ) Infl ( ) D, Infl, ( ) Infl,,, Infl Stow ell (17) : (17) (SC) PRC, Infl, Hoek stra :, [ 14 ] Gu ron and Hoek stra :,, ( ), T (T - Chain), T T,, [ 15 ],, (1) Q Sybesm a ( aspectual p ro jection ) [ 2 ] [ 16 ],, (tense) (aspect), V P ( V P), V P ( V P),,, ( 18) A spp () : 44
(18), V, A spp,,, V P, A spp, T,,,, T,, (lo ),,, ( 19) (dai) (leu4) (daej) ( (19) c d [ 17 ] ) : (19) a. de haeb duz gaeq gou da i lo b. ku1 rja3 pw an3 rw 1 (tu2) ku1 leu4 lo c. boux vunz de ban j duz ngw z dai lo d. dahm eh ndaq dahnuengx daej lo,, (ndaej), (lo ),, (dai) (leu4) (19) agb (20) : (20) a. de haeb ndaej da i duz gaeq gou b. ku1rja3 ndaej leu4pw an3rw 1 (tu2) ku1 ( Cheng Sybesm a [ 18 ] ), zo,,,, : (21) a. keo i lo 2zo li2seung syu hei2lei b. keo i lo 2hei2zo li2seung syu : (22) a. keo i lo 2zo d i2cin ceo t2lei b. keo i lo 2zau2zo bun2syu,, A spp T, : [ 1 ] Sybesm a R inṫ Causatives and A ccom p lishm ents. T he Case of Ch inese ba [D ]. Docto ral D issertation, U niversiteit L eiden, 1992. [ 2 ] Sybesm a R int. T he M andarin V P [M ]. Do rdrech t: K luw er, 1999. [3 ]Hoek stra T eun. Sm all C lause R esults [J ]. L ingua, 1988, 74. [ 4 ] Chom sky N oam. T he m inim alist P rogram [M ]. 45
2006 4 Cam bridge, M ass: M IT P ress, 1995. [5 ]. [J ]., 1987: 6. [6 ]. [J ]., 1997: 6. [ 7 ]H uang C, Jam es T. Comp lex P redicates in Contro l [C ]ggcontro l and Gramm ar, ed. R ichard L arson, Sabine Iatridou, U tpal L ah iri, and Jam es H igginbo tham. Do rdrech t: K luw eṙ 1992. [ 8 ]. SC [D ]., 2005. [ 9 ] M atthew s Stephen, Xu H uiling, Y ip V irginia. Passive and U naccusative in the J ieyang D ialect Chaozhou [ J ]. 2005, 14. Journal of East A sian L inguistics, [ 10 ]M ulder R en, Sybesm a R inṫ Ch inese is a VO 2l anguage [ J ]. N atural L anguage and L inguistic T heo ry, 1992, 10 (3). [ 11 ] Cheng L isa. V erb2copying in M andarin [J ]. M ṡ U niversiteit L eiden, 2005. [ 12 ]A bney Stephen. T he English N oun Ph rase in Its Sentential A spect [D ]. Docto ral D issertation, M IT, 1987. [ 13 ] Stow ell T im. Sm all T lause R estructuring [ C ]gg P rincip les and Param eters in Comparative Gramm ar, ed. R F reidin. Cam bridge M ass: M IT P ress, 1991. [ 14 ] Hoek stra T eun. A spect and T heta T heo ry [C ]gg T hem atic Structure: Its Ro le in Gramm ar, ed. Iggi Roca, Do rdrech t: Fo ris, 1992. [ 15 ] Gu ron Jacqueline, T eun Hoek stra. T he T empo ral Interp retation of P redication [ C ]ggsm all C lauses, ed. A nna Cardinaletti, M aria T eresa Guasti, San D iego Cal: A cadem ic P ress, 1995: 772107. [ 16 ] Sybesm a R int. W hy Ch inese V erb2le Is A R esultative P redicate [ J ]. L inguistics, 1997, 6 (3). Journal of East2A sian [17 ]. [M ]. :, 1995. [ 18 ] Cheng L isa, Sybesm a R int. Po stverbal can in Cantonese ( and H akka ) and A gree [ J ]. L ingua, 2003, 114. Small Clause Results and the In ternal Structure of the Small Clause R in t Sybesm a 1, SH EN Yang 2 (1. D ep a rtm en t Ch inese S tud ies, L eid en U niversity, N etherland; 2. D ep a rtm en t of Ch inese L ang uag e and L iteratu re, P ek ing U niversity, B eij ing 10087, Ch ina) Abstract: T h is paper p resen ts a sho rt in troduction to Sm all C lau se T heo ry and the sm all clau se app roach to Ch inese resu ltative structu reṡ It is show n that the sm all clau se app roach seem s like a fru itfu l w ay of analysing no t on ly resu ltative structu res bu t also m any o ther sim ilar structu res in Ch inese. T he paper fu rther investigates the in ternal structu re of the resu ltative sm all clau se in Ch inese and concludes that the sm all clau se m ay con tain an aspectual functional p ro jection, headed by le. T he sm all clau se p redicate moves tow ards le so as to be included in the T 2chain w h ich connects all tempo ral, in terp reation of the sen tence po ssib le. aspectual and p redicative elem en ts in a sen tence so as to m ake tempo ral Key words: sm all clau se; statu s of N P s and the inner V P; the in ternal structu re of the Ch inese resu ltative sm all clau se; aspectual p ro jection; T 2Chain 46