21 5 2002 9 V o l. 21, N o. 5 PRO GR ESS IN GEO GRA PH Y Sep., 2002 : 100726301 (2002) 0520430210 D EM 1, 1, 2 3, (11, 100101; 21, 450002; 31, 430072) : D EM ( 3S ),, D EM,, ;,,, : ; D EM ; ; ; : P333 : A [ 1, 2 ] 21,, [ 3, 6 D EM, ], 20 [ 4 70, ], 1969 F reeze H arlan : SH E [ 5, 6 IHDM SW A T ],, [ 7, 8 ],, ( 3S ), 1 D EM [ 9 3S, ] (G IS), G IS (D EM ) G IS, D EM : 2002208; : 2002208 : (G19990436-01) : (19732 ),,,, E2m ail: w angzg@ igsn rr1ac1cn
5 : D EM 431 [ 10, ], D EM 111 D EM D EM (D igital E levation M odel) Chaires L. M iller 1956,,,, D EM, [ 11 ], D EM :, D EM, 112 D EM D EM, D EM, [ 12 ] ( 1) D EM, (SVA T ),,, D EM :,, GCM, [ 13 ] 2 211, :, SH E,, ( ),,, SW A T,, (, TO PM OD EL ) D EM, [ ln (ΑgtanΒ) ],, [ 14 ],, 212,,
432 21 2 3 ( ) ),, D EM (R S), ( ),, : (grid) (h illslop ) (subw atershed) 1 (a) D EM ; (b) D EM ; (c) D EM F ig11 (a) 3- D w atershed m ap based on D EM ; (b) Steam netw o rk from D EM ; (c) D ivision of basin based on D EM
5 : D EM 433 2 D EM F ig12 T he typ ical structure of distributed hydro logical model based on D EM 311 (gr id) D EM ( ),, : ( ), D EM 30m 30 m 50 m 50 m ( SH E ),, 1 km 1 km D EM, 312 (h illslop),, D EM,,, ( 3),, [ 15, ] 313 (subwa tershed), D EM
434 21,,,, 4, 9, ( ) 8 χσ 7,, 3 (, 2001) F ig13 Sketch m ap show ing h illslope discretization (D aw en Yang, 2001) 4 F ig14 Sketch m ap show ing subw atershed discretization 4 411 ( ) ( )
5 : D EM 435 41111, ( 5), : (k riging) 5,, F ig. 5 Sketch m ap show ing p recip itation space in terpo lation 6, 6 F ig16 P recip itation space distribution m ap 41112 7 F ig17 A ir temperature distribution model, ( - 0165 g100m ) ;, ;, 7 41113 : (L ee, 1978) ; (B lack, 1956) ; (Ro ss and Toom ing, 1968 and M on teith, 1973) : sec (Z ) I = I 0 Z a co s (B ) g Ex traterrestial g (018-0134C - 0146C 2 ) g C loud g - Χ L A Igco s(z ) e g Canopy g I, W gm 2 ; I 0, W gm 2 Z a ( ) ; Z ( ) ; B ( ) ; C ( ) ; L A I ; Χ, 0121 016, (1)
436 21 412 ( 2),,, [ 16 ] :,,,,,,,,,,, 41211,,, [ 17, ] 41212 62%, ( ) (E T 0) E T 0, ( [ 18,, - ) ],, 4 : Penm an- M on tieth (M on tieth, 1965), P riestley- T aylo r (1972), H argreaves and Sam an i (1985), Jen sen and H aise (1963), 41213, (D egree - D ay M odel), : M s (t) = D f [T (t) - T b ] (2) M s (t) t, m gs; D f, 3 10-4 6 10-4 (m g gs), ; T (t) t, ; T b, 41214,, (Calver &W ood, 1995; K ite, 1995; Sm ith et al, 1995; Chen 1996), (R efsgaard & Sto rm, 1995; W ang & H jelm felt, 1998), 41215,,
5 : D EM 437, : ( ) ( 80%, M o rre, 1982) ( ) ( ), : f = m in{f p, r} (3) f ; f p ( ) ; r,, : (Ko sti2 akov, 1931) ; (Ho rton, 1932) ; (Ph ilip, 1957) ; (Green- Am p t, 1911) 41216,, ( ),, R echards, 41217, ;, : f g = D 5 H 5 l 5 h 5 t + 5 q 5 l = rg (4) = D S 0 + 5 h 5 l h, m ; q, m 2 gs; rg, m gs; l, m ; D, m gs; S 0 ; f g, m gs 413,,, Α= 5A 5 t + 5Q 5 l (5) = I s (6) S f = S 0 (7) A = ΑQ Β (8) np 2 3 S 0 3 5, Β = 3 5 A, m 2 ; Q, m 3 gs; S f ; S 0 ; n ; l, m ; I s, m 2 gs, (9) ( SW A T ) Q out, 2 = S C g qin, ave + (1 - S C ) g qout, l (9)
438 21 qout, 1, m 3 gs; qout, 2, m 3 gs; qin, ave, m 3 gs; S C 5 D EM, 30,,,,,, G IS R S,,,,,,, : [ 1 ]. [M ]. :, 1984. [ 2 ]. [M ]. :, 1991. [ 3 ],. [M ]. :, 2002. 1. [ 4 ]. [M ]. :, 1990. [ 5 ] D unn S M, M c A lister E, Ferrier R C. D evelopm ent and app lication of a distributed catchm ent scale hydro logical model fo r the R iver Ythan, N E Sco tland[j ]. H y d rolog ical P rocesses, 1998 (12) : 4012416. [ 6 ] M ichael B. A bbo tt and Jens Ch ristian Refsgaard. D istributed hydro logical modeling[m ]. Published by Kluw er A 2 cadem ic Publishers, 1996. [ 7 ]. [J ]., 1997 (1) : 94298. [ 8 ],. [J ]., 1997 (5) : 5210. [ 9 ] Kw an T L. Generating design hydrograph s by D EM assisted geomo rph ic runoff sim ulation: a case study[j ]. J ou r2 nal of the A m erican W ater R esources A ssociation, 1998, 34 (2) : 3752384. [ 10 ],. [J ]., 1997 (3) : 2962300. [ 11 ],. [M ]. :, 2000. 3. [ 12 ] Band L E. Topograph ic partition of w atersheds w ith digital elevation models[j ]. W ater R esou rces R esearch, 1986 (2) : 15224. [ 13 ] Q ian Yadong, L u Guonian, Chen Zhongm ing. Study fo r netwo rk s of runoff and sedim ent transpo rt from grid digi2 tal elevation data[j ]. J ournal of S ed im ent R esearch, 1997 (3) : 24231. [ 14 ],,. TO PM OD E [J ]., 2000 (3) : 2962301. [ 15 ] D aw en Yang, Srikantha H erath, Katum i M usiake. Spatial reso lution sensitivity of catchm ent geomo rpho logic p roperties and the effect on hydro logical sim ulation[j ]. H y d rolog ical P rocesses, 2001 (11) : 208522099. [ 16 ],. [M ]. :, 2000. [ 17 ]. [M ]. :, 1997. [ 18 ]. [J ]., 1996 (2) : 1802185.
5 : D EM 439 M ethods of Con structing D istr ibuted Hydrolog ica l M odel Ba sed on D EM W AN G Zhong2gen 1, L IU Chang2m ing 1, ZUO Q i2ting 2, L iu Q ing2e 3 (1. Institute of Geograph ical Sciences and N atural R esources R esearch, CA S, Beijing 100101 Ch ina; 2. Co llege of H ydraulic & Environm ental Engineering, Zhengzhou U niversity, Zhengzhou 450002 Ch ina; 3. H ydraulic and E lectric Engineering D epartm ent of W uhan U niversity, W uhan 430072 Ch ina) Abstract: R esen t advances in rem o te sen sing, geograph ic info rm ation system s, and com 2 puter techno logy m ake the u se of distribu ted hydro logicalm odel, based on digital elevation m odel (D EM ), an attractive app roach o r too l to studying hydro logical p rocesses and evo2 lu tion law s of w ater resou rces under changing environm en ṫ But distribu ted hydro logical m odel is no t perfect com pared w ith lum ped hydro logicalmodel. In o rder to p rom o te its de2 velopm en t, based on D EM, th is paper discu sses and sum s up the characteristics of dis2 tribu ted hydro logical m odel, then p robes in to tw o m ain w ays and m ean s of con structing distribu ted hydro logicalmodel. O ne w ay is like SH E m odel, ano ther is like SW A T m odel. A lthough distribu ted hydro logical m odels can be m ade in differen t w ays, the p rim ary structu re of the m odel is qu ite sim ilaṙ A typ ical structu re of D EM based distribu ted hy2 dro logical m odel is p rovided in th is papeṙ To better study the im pact of the changing envi2 ronm en t on hydro logical p rocesses, a w atershed m u st be divided in to subun itṡ T h is paper exp ressly discu sses the th ree m o st comm on techn iques u sed to discretize a w atershed, w h ich are respectively grid cell discretization, rep resen tative h illslope discretization and subw atershed discretization. In the final, as to the p rob lem of con structing m odel, the m ethods of bu ilding the com ponen ts of the distribu ted hydro logical m odel is set fo rth from th ree aspects: input m odu le, un it hydro logy m odel and river rou ting m odel. A b rief com 2 m en t on the cu rren t distribu ted hydro logical m odel research and som e advice are given in the conclu sion. A ll these w ill p rovide a gu idance fo r m ak ing distribu ted hydro logicalm odel based on D EM. Key words: distribu ted hydro logical m odel; digital elevation m odel; w atershed discretiza2 tion; un it hydro logy m odel; river rou ting m odel