ΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΣΤΗΡΙΑ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΕΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ ΥΨΗΛΟΥ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟΥ Γενικής Παιδείας Χημεία Α Λυκείου Επιμέλεια: ΒΑΣΙΛΗΣ ΛΟΓΟΘΕΤΗΣ e-mail: info@iliaskos.gr www.iliaskos.gr
1 57 1.. 1 kg = 1000 g 1 g = 0,001 kg 1 g = 1000 mg 1 mg = 0,001 g. m 3. dm 3 (cm 3 1 m 3 = 1000 dm 3 = 1000 L 1 L = 1 dm 3 = 1000 ml = 1000 cm 3 1 ml = 0,001 L V m kg/m 3, g/l, g/ml... (He, Ne 2 2 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 3. (Na +, Ca 2+, NH + 4 (Cl, O 2, SO 2 4, NO 3 ).
2 57. (p) (e) 1840. (+) ( ) i) ii) A Z X. = + 35 37 17Cl 17 Cl..
3 57 ( «1. w / w ) 2. w / v ) 3. v / v ): v / v 2 2
4 57 1. Br S Pb Si 2 3 4 w/w. w/v. v/v O 2. v/v. 5 6 Cl 20 % w/w 7 8 NaCl C g/100 g 200 g C g NaCl g NaCl. 9
5 57 10 11 HCl 12 C: 13 14 15 3 PO 4 g 3 4 m V=1,4 400mL=560 g. ml 3 4 3 4 2 x = 336 g H 3 PO 4 3 4 x 3 4 y; g H 2 O y = 224 g H 2 O 1. ml, v / v 2. 15 % w / w ; 3. 2 2 w / w 4. 2 S 20 % w / w 2 S;
6 57 5. 3 10% w / v ; 6. 3 15 % w / v 3 ; 7. 6 H 12 O 6 w / v ; 8. 2 2 w / v 9. 3 ) 2 w / v 10. w / v 11. w / v ; [ 36 g ] 12. 5,6% w / v ; [ 11,2 g ] 13. w / w [ 5% ] 14. w / w ; w / v ; w / v w / w NaOH w / w w / v m m NaOH NaOH V= V 100 x =24 g NaOH ml NaOH x; g NaOH 1,2 w / v. 15. w / v w / w 16. HCl 16,5% w / v w / w 17. 3 30% w / w w / v m = m 1 + m = V 1 + V. m = m 1 + m
7 57 m = m 1 + m = m 1 - m = V 1 - V w / v w / w 480 g. 800 g. 20% w / v 320 g H2O ; % w / w 1,2 g/ml 1 ml KOH g KOH g KOH x 1 ; G KOH X 1 =80 g KOH 2 x 2 X = 10 g KOH w / w. : m = m 1 + m 2 V = V 1 + V 2 m = m + m 18. w / w w / v w / w ; [ 3:2 ] 19. w / w w / v 2 w / v 20. w / w 1 w / w 2 =1,1 gr/ml; [ 160 ml ] 20. 2 SO 4 20% w / w w / w 2 SO 4 30% w / v w / v ; [ 30% - 200 ml ] 21. w / w w / w [ 9,75% ] 22. w / w w / w
8 57 [ 5,55% - 13,636% ] 25. w / v w / v ; [ 3:2 ] 2 n. 2 n 2. n = 1 2 = 2 e ) n = 2 L ( 2 2 2 = 8 e ) n = 3 2 = 18 e ) n = 4 2 = 32 e ) n = 5 2 = 50 e ) n = 6 n = 7 Q 1) K < L < M < N < O< P < Q. 2) Bury. 11 Na, 35 Br, 20 Ca. Na L L Br L K (2), L (8), M (18), N (7). Ca L L (8), M (8), N (2).
9 57».. Li, Na, K. Be, Mg, Ca. (VII A F, Cl, Br, I. (VIII A He, Ne, Ar, Kr.. ) e e 0 0 2. To Na + S 2 2. (Na, K (Ca, Ba, Mg,
10 57 NaH 1. ( 1. Mn (x KMnO 4. x + 4 ( 2) = 0 x = +7. 2 Cr (x Cr 2O7. x) + 7 ( 2) = 2 x = +6. Li, K, Na, Ag +1 H 1 +1 Mg, Ca, Ba, Zn +2 F 1 (Pb, Mn, Ni, Co) +2 Cl, Br, I 1 +1, +3, +5, +7 Al, Bi, (Cr, Au) +3 O 2 S 2 +4, +6 Cu, Hg +1, +2 N, P, As, Sb 3 +3, +5 Fe +2, +3 C, Si 4 +4 Sn, Pt +2, +4 B 3 +3 ClO 4 ClO 3 ClO 2 ClO BrO 4 BrO 3 BrO 2 BrO IO 4 IO 3 IO 2 IO 3 2 2 SO 4 2 SO 3 HSO 4 2 CO 3 HCO 3 3 PO 4 3 PO 3 2 HPO 4 H 2 PO 4 MnO 4 2 Cr 2 O 7 CN + 4 Cl F S 2 2 3 x x CN.
11 57 : HBr H 2 S HCN i) : HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 2 CO 3 HClO 3 H 3 PO 4 x x : Ca(OH) 2 Zn(OH) 2 Fe(OH) 3 Cr(OH) 3 NaOH 2 x x : : Na 2 O FeO Fe 2 O 3 CO CO 2 N 2 O NO N 2 O 3 N 2 O 5 P 2 O 3
12 57 y A x x x. : F, Cl, Br, I, S 2, CN ) : : KCl NH 4 Cl CaF 2 Na 2 S NaCN FeBr 2 FeI 3 : : Na 2 SO 4 KClO 3 4 3 CaCO 3 NaHCO 3 KHSO 4 LiH 2 PO 4 1. ) 9 F, 17 CI, 35 Br, 53 I ) 11 Na, 12 Mg, 20 Ca, 19 K ) 7 N, 8 O, 6 C, 15 P, 16 S ) 18 Ar, 36 Kr, 54 Xe, 2. 3. 23 11 Na 14 7 N 4. +3 3
13 57 5. 3 Li +, 8 O, 2 He, 9 F, 17Cl, 10 35 Br. 6 A A 7. 8. 9. 34 10. 7 9 11 17 18 11. - 12. 13. 11 Na, 32 Ge, 83 14. - 15. -2 16. 10
14 57 17. 14 22 36 18. 2+ 19..., 20. 2. 21. 22.
15 57 23. 24. 35 56 37 2 25. 2 2 2 3 26. 2 2 3 27. 3 2 2 28. 1 8 17 19 29. 11 Na - 35 20 Ca - 8 O. 30. 19-8 13-16 31. 11 Na 8 O, ii) 20 Ca 17 CI, iii) 13 35 32. A 1. 2. 2. 3. 33. 4, H 2 6 C, 1 H, 16 S. 34.
16 57 2 2 O NH 3 4 9 F, 1 H, 8 O, 7 N, 17 CI, 6 C. 35. A 2 2 4 2 3 36. 4 + 4-2 + 6 + 2 37. 4 2 Cr 2 O 7. 3. 2 O 7. 3 4. 38. 2 SO 4, NaNO 3, Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3, Na 2 SO 3, Ca(NO 2 ) 2, NH 3, KMnO 4, K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Ba(CIO 3 ) 2, SO 2, SO 3, CO, CO 2. 39. NO 3, NO 2, CIO 4, CIO 3, CIO 2, CIO, MnO 4, NH + 4, SO 2 4, CO 2 3, IO 3, HCO 3, PO 3 4, Cr 2 O 2 7, CN, HSO 4. 40. : 2 CO 3 CN 3 PO 4 S 2 HSO 4 K +1 Ag +1 Ba +2 Mg +2 Zn +2 Al +3 + NH 4 Cu +1 Cu +2 41. 1) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 2) HClO 3) Zn(OH) 2 4) Fe 2 O 3 5) Cr(IO 3 ) 3 6) HBrO 3 7) Au(OH) 3 8) CaO 9) Bi 2 S 3 10) HNO 2 11) Pb(OH) 2 12) CuO 13) Hg(BrO 2 ) 2 14) HClO 4 15) Sn(OH) 2 16) Ag 3 PO 4 17) K 2 O 18) NaOH 19) H 2 CO 3 20) FeO 21) BaSO 4 22) Mg(CN) 2 23) Ca(NO 2 ) 2 24) Cr 2 S 3 25) HF 26) Cu(ClO) 2 27) LiNO 3 28) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 29) Na 2 CrO 4 30) (NH 4 ) 2 S 42. 43. 1. H 3 PO 4......
17 57 2...... 3. HClO 3........ 4....... 2 S........ 6....... 7. HClO........ 8....... 9. H 2 SO 3........ 10......... 44. 1. NaOH....... 2....... 3. Mn(OH) 2........ 4. Fe(OH) 3........ 5......... 3 1. S + O 2 SO 2 H 2 + ½ O 2 H 2 O N 2 + 3 H 2 2 NH 3 CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 2 KClO 3 2 KCl + 3 O 2 2. K + MgCl 2 2 KCl + Mg Fe + CuSO 4 FeSO 4 + Cu 3 H 2 SO 4 Na + HCl NaCl + ½ H 2 Fe + H 2 SO 4 FeSO 4 + H 2 : Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Bi, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pt, Au Cl 2 + 2 KBr 2 KCl + Br 2 : F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, O 2, I 2, S 2 2
18 57 Ba, Ca, Na 2 K + H 2 O KOH + ½ H 2 Ca + 2 H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 + H 2.. 3. + B + + + HCl, HBr, HI, 2 S, CO 2, SO 2, NH 3 1) CO 2 3 ), 3 4 K +, Na +, NH 4 + 2) S 2 K +, Na +, NH + 4, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Ba 2+ 3) AgX, PbX 2, CuX (X=Cl, Br, I) 4) PbSO 4, BaSO 4, CaSO 4 KOH NaOH, Ca 2 2 K +, Na +, NH + 4 NO 3, ClO 3, HCO 3 H 2 CO 3, H 2 SO 3, NH 4 OH H 2 CO 3 CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 3 SO 2 + H 2 O NH 4 OH NH 3 + H 2 O 3 NH 4 Cl + NaOH NH 3 + H 2 O + NaCl 1 1 2 2 2 HCl + Na 2 S H 2 S + 2 NaCl H 2 SO 4 + CaCl 2 2 HCl + CaSO 4 1 1 2 2 2 KOH + ZnSO 4 Zn(OH) 2 + K 2 SO 4 NaOH + NH 4 Br NH 3 + NaBr + H 2 O 1 2 3 4 AgNO 3 + NaCl NaNO 3 + AgCl CaCl 2 + Na 2 CO 3 2 NaCl + CaCO 3 4..
19 57 2 HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O 2 HNO 3 + Ca(OH) 2 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 + 2 H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + 2 KOH K 2 SO 4 + 2 H 2 O 2 SO 3 + 2 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O [ H 2 SO 4 ] N 2 O 5 + 2 KOH 2 KNO 3 + H 2 O [ HNO 3 ] 2 CaO + 2 HCl CaCl 2 + H 2 O K 2 O + H 2 SO 4 K 2 SO 4 + H 2 O SO 3 + Na 2 O Na 2 SO 4 P 2 O 5 + 3 BaO Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 3 4 + ): 3 3 4 3 3 + H 2 SO 4 4 ) 2 SO 4 3 2 2 NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 45.. 2 NaOH + CuSO 4 Cu(OH) 2 + Na 2 SO 4 1. B. Fe + S FeS 2.. Fe + CuSO 4 FeSO 4 + Cu. H 2 O H 2 + ½ O 2 46. 47. m A = m m A = m B = m m A + m B = m 48.
20 57 49. ) HClO 4 + Ba(OH) 2 ) Cr(OH) 3 + H 2 CO 3 ) HIO 3 + Ca(OH) 2 ) H 3 PO 4 + NaOH ) HClO 2 + Al(OH) 3 ) HCN + Sn(OH) 2 ) HClO + Mg(OH) 2 ) H 2 S + Pb(OH) 2 n 2 3 ) Cu(OH) 2 + HCl Zn 2 2 ) HBr + Fe(OH) 3 ) H 2 SO 4 + HgOH ) HI + AgOH ) H 2 SO 3 + KOH ) HF + Fe(OH) 2 50. 51. 1) CaF 2 + H 2 SO 4 6) Fe(CN) 3 + H 2 SO 4 2) AlCl 3 + HNO 3 7) CaCO 3 + HBr 3) NaBr + H 3 PO 4 8) MgSO 3 + H 3 PO 4 4) MgI 2 + HClO 4 9) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + NaOH 5) K 2 S + HCl 52. 1) CuSO 4 + NaOH 15) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 S 2) Fe(NO 3 ) 2 + Ca(OH) 2 16) FeCl 2 + BaS
21 57 3) Al(OH) 3 + KOH 17) HgBr 2 + CuS 4) MgBr 2 + Ba(OH) 2 18) Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + MgS 5) ZnCl 2 + NH 3 + H 2 O 19) CuNO 3 + (NH 4 ) 2 S 6) Ca(OH) 2 + Na 2 CO 3 20) CaI 2 + H 2 SO 4 7) MgCl 2 + K 2 CO 3 21) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + CuSO 4 8) Al(NO 3 ) 3 + (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 22) Ba(OH) 2 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 9) Fe(CN) 2 + Na 2 CO 3 23) Ag 2 SO 4 + NaCl 10) MnCl 2 + H 3 PO 4 24) AgNO 3 + HBr 11) AgNO 3 + (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 25) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + HCl 12) CuSO 4 + K 3 PO 4 26) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + AlBr 3 13) BaBr 2 + Na 3 PO 4 27) HgNO 3 + HCl 14) MnSO 4 + Na 2 S 28) HgNO 3 + CaBr 2 53. 54. ) Cl 2 + NaBr B) Br 2 + CaI 2 ) I 2 + KF ) Cl 2 + H 2 S E) F 2 + AlCl 3 ) S+ BaBr 2 Z 55. 1) K + FeCl 2 8) Na + AlBr 3 2) Ba + Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 9) Al + SnI 2 3) Mn + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 10) Fe + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 4) Hg + PtCl 2 11) Cu + AuCl 3 5) Ca + AgNO 3 12) Pb + HgF 2 6) Zn + NiCl 2 13) Mg + CuSO 4 7) Ag + Na 3 PO 4 14) Sn + Ag 2 SO 4
22 57 56. 1) K + HIO 4 8) Al + HI 2) Ba + HNO 2 9) Mn + H 2 CO 3 3) Cu + HCl 10) Zn + HCN 4) Na + HBr 11) Fe + HF 5) Ca + HClO 12) Ag + HBr 6) Mg + HCN 13) Cr + H 2 S 7) Hg + H 2 SO 4 14) Sn + H 3 PO 4 4 1 / 12 12 C 1 / 12 12 C (A r 1 / 12 12 C. A r 1 12 m 12 m r r : 35 Cl 37 Cl 35 Cl 37 Cl r 75 25 A 35 37 35,5 rcl 100 100 r
23 57 (M r 1 / 12 12 C. M r 1 12 m 12 m r r : 1 r r z z r M z A r 2 rh = M raz ra rh2 2 A 2 1 2 r 2 r = Mr 2 A 2 14 28 N2 r. N 2 r r x y r M x A y A r MxAy r M r A r HCl Mr 1 Ar 1 Ar 1 1 1 35,5 36,5. HCl H Cl r Ca(OH) 2 Mr 1 A (1 1 ) 2 1 40 (1 16 1 1)2 74 Ca( OH ) 2 r A Ca r A O r. H mole mol. mole 12 C. 12 C 23 Avogadro. Avogadro 6,023 10 23 mole 23 mole 23 23 23 12 C 12 C 12 C x; g r m 1 1 12 A X r X A r 12 (1) X X rx X rx X 1 m A m C 12 m A m 12 N m A NA 12 C 12 x = 12 N A g rh
24 57 Ar X N g AB A X r g (2) N A r r r r V m Avogadro stp L ml V m 22,4 22400 mol mol r n V (atm), : V = n R T (1) C R L atm J R R 0,082 8,314. mol K mol K atm V L n mol
25 57 C) m m PV nrt (1) PV RT (2) PM r RT PM r p RT (3) M V r P1 V T 1 1 P2 V2 T 2 (4) m ( g) V ( L) N ( ) n ( mol) g L Mr Vm NA mol mol mol 1. 2 stp, 3 4 2. MBNO 2 r r = 46. 2 mol NO 2 stp) x 1 ; mol 2 13,8 g 0,3 mol x 2 ; x 1 =0,3 mol x 2 = 6,72 L mol NO 2 =6,02 10 23 2 x 3 ; x 3 = 1,806 10 23 2 2 x 4 ; x 5 ; Mr 3 A 1 4 98 HPO 3 4 r A H r A P r O 3 4 x x 4 x 5 x 6 3 4 2. 2 2 2 2 ; 2 2 ; P; 2 2 r 2 2 =28. 2 : V=4 22,4=89,6 L, O 2 : V=1 22,4=22,4 L 2 : m=4 28=112 g, O 2 : m=1 32=32 g. 2 2 x = 100%
26 57 x; g N 2 y; g O 2 y = 28,57% 2 2 x =77,77% x; g N 2 y; g O 2 y = 22,22% x; g x =7,2 g 11,2 / 22,4 =0,5. 3. r 5,6 / 28 =0,2 mol. L atm 0,2mol 0,082 (273 227) K P V=n R T V= mol K =16,4 L. 380mmHg mmhg 760 atm 5,6 g / 4,48 L = 1,25 g/l. 380mmHg g 28 mmhg 760 mol P M r = R T p= atm =0,341 g/l. L atm 0,082 (273 227) K mol K 570mmHg 4,1L mmhg 760 P V=n R T n= atm =0,075 mol.. L atm 0,082 (273 227) K mol K 4. atm; 2 r =32, 2 r 2 2. n =0,5 mol. 2 : m = 0,2 32=6,4 g, V=0,2 22,4=4,48 L 2 : m = 0,3 28 = 8,4 g, V = 0,3 22,4 = 6,72 L.
27 57 L atm 0,5mol 0,082 (273 47) K ) P V = n R T V= mol K =1,6 L. 8,2atm m 14,8g g p= 9,25. V 1,6 L L m m 14,8g p = V 0,8L V p g 18,5 L atm. 5. 2 3 H 8 CO 2 CO 2 r C 3 H 8 : M r CO 2 C 3 H 8 n V=2 22,4=11,2 L. =1 atm CO 2 =0,25 atm C 3 H 8 P nc 3H 8 P n 0,5mol 0,25atm n C H 0, 125mol CO 3 8 2 : n=0,5 0,125 = 0,375 mol, 1atm m = 0,375 44=16,5 g C 3 H 8 : m = 0,125 44=5,5 g. n ( mol) C mol n ( mol) C V ( L) V ( L) L mol / L : 1. n 0,01 mol mol C 0,1 0,5 M. V 100 L L 1000
28 57 2. n 0,1 mol mol HCl C 0,5 0,5. V 200 L L 1000 V 1 C 1 V 2 C 2 mol mol = n n C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 V 1, V 2,, V C 1, C 2,, C n n 1, n 2,, n V = V 1 + V 2 + + V i n = n 1 + n 2 + + n i C V = C 1 V 1 + C 2 V 2 + + C i V i V = V n = n + n m = m + m C V = C V + n V = V V n = n m = m m C V = C V 1. mol H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4
29 57 V 1 L C 1 M C 1 mol V 1 L n; V n = C V C ( ml) 1000 100 0,5 n 0,05 mol 1000 V 1 ml C 1 M C 1 V 1 ml n; mol 2. NaCl 11,7 g NaCl; 1,17 NaCl =0,02 mol 58,5 NaCl x; x 3. NaOH 20% w / w m m r NaOH V. V NaOH NaOH 100 20 ml NaOH mol 0, 5mol NaOH 1,2 40 ml NaOH x; x = 6 mol 4. NaOH 12% w / v 500 ml. NaOH 12% w / v 20 ml. NaOH 100 ml :. NaOH NaOH x 1 ; g x 1 = 2,4 g NaOH 2,4 NaOH 0,06mol NaOH 40 x 2 = 0,6 mol NaOH x 2 ; g 5. HCl 20% w / w HCl 9% w / v 200 ml. HCl 300 ml. HCl 500 ml. HCl 20% w / w + 9% w / v 1,1 g/ml ; M m V = 1,1 200 = 220 g HCl HCl HCl x 1 ; x 1 = 44 g
30 57 HCl HCl x 2 ; g x 2 = 27 g HCl 71 1,945 mol HCl 36,5 : Cl HCl x 3 = 3,89 mol HCl x 3 ; mol 6. 2 SO 4 V 1 L H 2 SO 4 V 2 H 2 SO 4 V 1 + V 2 = 0,6 (1). C V = C 1 V 1 + C 2 V 2 V 1 L + 2 M V 2 L 0,5 V 1 + 2 V 2 = 0,6 (2) V 1 V 2 = 0,2 L. H 2 SO 4 1,5M 0,4L C V = C V V = 0,3L 2M 7. 1 2 3 1. 2. 3. 5,6 0,25mol HCl r n= 0,25mol C = 0,5M. 22,4 0,5L 1 C V =C V V = 0,5M 0,1 L 0,25L V=0,25 0,1=0,15 L. 0,2L 2 C V =C 1 V 1 + C 2 V 2, 0,5M 0,1 L 1M 0,4L V =100 + 400=500 ml=0,5 L C = 0,9M. 0,5L n=c V=0,5 0,3=0,15 mol HCl. 3 n=c V=0,9 0,3=0,27 mol HCl. HCl 0,15=0,12 m=0,12 36,5=4,38 g.
31 57. H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 + 2 H 2 O 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol H 2 SO 4 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 2 mol 1. NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NaOH C NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 r (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 M (14 4 1) 2 32 4 16 132 ( ) r NH4 2SO4 P V 3 2,05 P V n R T n 0, 25mol R T 0,082 300 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 + 2 NH 3 + 2 H 2 O 1 mol 2 mol x; mol 0,25 mol x = 0,125 mol NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 : m n M r m nm r 0,125 132 16,5g 2. Ba(OH) 2 HCl 18,25% w / w g / ml ; HCl: m m V 1,1 60 66mL V HCl HCl HCl x; g HCl x = 12,045 g HCl M r HCl = 36,5 g / mol
32 57 m 12, 045 n n 0,33mol M r 36,5 Ba(OH) 2 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O 1 mol 2 mol x; mol 0,33 mol x = 0,165 mol Ba(OH) 2 Ba(OH) 2 0,33 mol Ba(OH) 2 x Ba(OH) 2 Ba(OH) 2 x = 500 ml 3. 4 ) 3 4 NaOH H 2 SO 4 4 ) 3 4 : M r( NH4) 3PO4 (14 4 1) 3 31 4 16 149 m 14,9 n 0,1mol M r 149 (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 + 3 NaOH Na 3 PO 4 + 3 NH 3 + 3 H 2 O 1 mol 3 mol 0,1 mol x; mol x = 0,3 mol 3 2 NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 2 mol 1 mol 0,3 mol x; mol x = 0,15 mol H 2 SO 4 M 2 1 32 4 16 98 r H2SO4 m n m nmb 0,15 98 14, 7g M r. 4. 3 4 Ca(OH) 2 M r 3 1 31 4 16 98 M 40 (16 1) 2 74 HPO 3 4 rca( OH ) 2 m 0,98 m 1,48 nhpo 0,01 n 3 4 Ca( OH ) M r 98 2 0,02 M r 74 2 H 3 PO 4 + 3 Ca(OH) 2 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6 H 2 O (1)
33 57 3 4 : 3 mol Ca(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 3 4. 2 mol H 3 PO 4 1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 0,01 mol H 3 PO 4 x; mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 x = 0,005 mol M 3 40 (31 4 16) 2 310 rca3( PO4) 2 m n m nm r 0, 005 310 1,55g M r Ca(OH) 2 5. 4,17 NaCl NaI AgNO 3 mol NaCl mol NaI. M 23 35,5 58,5 M 23 127 150 r NaCl r NaI m mnacl mnai nnacl Mr nnai M NaCl r NaI 58,5 150 4,17(1) NaCl + AgNO 3 NaNO 3 + AgCl 1 mol 1 mol mol x; mol x = mol Nal + AgNO 3 NaNO 3 + Agl 1 mol 1 mol mol y; mol y = mol M 108 35,5 143,5 M 108 127 235 r AgCl r AgI m magcl magi nagcl Mr nagi Mr 143,5 235 7,57 (2) AgCl AgI mnacl nm r 0, 02 58,5 1,17g mnai nm r 0,02 150 3g w / w. 6. stp HCl. Fe Fe Fe x Fe x Fe
34 57 m 5,6 n 0,1mol M r 56 Fe + 2 HCl FeCl 2 + H 2 1 mol 1 mol 0,1 mol x ; x =0,1 mol V n V nv m 0,1 22,4 2,24L V m 1. 3 stp 2. 3 4 H 10 stp; 3. 2 A ] 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 2 H 6 ); 8. 3 9. 2 10. 2 4 11. 2 20,16 L 12. 3 3 4 ; 2 3 4 ; 4,48 L ] 13. 3 2 stp. 14. 3 H 4 4 10
35 57 15. 2 3. r 16. r 3 r 3 6 ] 17. r 3 r 18. 19. 2 20. r r 21. mm Hg; 22. r stp 23. 2 2 2 24. A ] 25. 2 26. 2 27. 2 28. 2 H 6 29. 2 3 30. 31. 2
36 57 32. HCI, 33. 2 2 2 2 2 ; 34. 2 3 35. 2 2 36. r g/l; 37. 1 38. 2 2 39. r r r = 42 ] 40. r : M r. 41. - 40% w/w 42. - 40% w/w ] 43. 3 2 SO 4 44. 2
37 57 45. 2 g 4,6 g 46. r r = 34. 25% v/v, 60% 40% w/w ] 47. 4 50% w/w ] 48. r r = 20. 40% w/w 2O% w/w ] 49. 2 2 4 50. 51. 2 4 w / w 52. 2 SO 4 w / v w / w 53. 3 4 54. 2 55. 4 56. 57. 4 4 60 g 215 g ] 58. 3 3 1340 g ] 59. 60. 3 4 61.
38 57 18 M ] 62. w/w w/v ] 63. 2 CO 3 64. 4 65. 3 ) 2 66. 2 SO 4 [ 67. 2 68. r 69. 5% w/v ] 70. 71. 72. 3 3 2,21% w/v ] 73. r = 125. 74. 3 r = 200. 75.
39 57 76. r = 50. 77. 78. 2 2 10 2 79. 2 2 2,54 g ] 80. 4,48 L ] 81. 2 CO 3 10,6% 2 4 39,2% 2 4 82. 3 4 2 83. 3 4 3 4. 84. 2 4 Ca(OH) 2 ; 85. 3 86. 3 ) 2 2 CO 3 ; 87. 4 ) 2 CO 3 4 ) 2 4 2,64 g ]
40 57 1. CH 4(g) + 2 O 2(g) CO 2(g) + 2 H 2 O (g) CaCO 3(s) CaO (s) + CO 2(g) + 2... kj/mol kcal/mol. kj 1 kcal = 4,184 kj 3. C 2(g) C 2(g) 393,5 kj/mol C + O 2(g) CO 2(g) 395,5 kj/mol 2(g) 2(g) 2 (g) 242 kj/mol H 2(g) + ½ O 2(g) H 2 O (l) 286 kj/mol C (s) + O 2(g) CO 2(g) 394 kj/mol kj. kj. (, )
41 57 ( 0. 4. 0 H f 0 H d. 0 H n + 13,7 kcal/mol. 0 H C 0 H 0 0 0 H H f H f 0 H 0 H H 0 0 0 0 f f f f 5. Q. Q = (C + m c (1), Q kj, C K, m c. 6. Lavoisier Laplace: To. H H
42 57 Lavoisier Laplace. mol Hess. Hess CO CO 2. C (s) + ½ O 2(g) CO (g) + H 1 CO (g) + ½ O 2(g) CO 2(g) + H 2 C (s) + O 2(g) CO 2(g) H 1 2 1 2 : 1. 2 2 2 (l) 69 kcal (18 C) H 2 + ½ O 2 H 2 O (g) 58 kcal (18 C) 2. 3. 4. 3 57,1 kj/mol kj/mol 10,5 kj/mol 60 kj/mol 5. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2 ) KOH + HNO 3 KNO 3 + H 2 O, ) 2 NaOH + H 2 SO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + 2 H 2 O.
43 57 6. 7. 8. H 2 + Cl 2 2 HCl 22 kcal/mol H 2 + Cl 2 2 HCl 44 kcal 9. 2 CO 2-2 94 kcal 2 2-94 kcal. 10. < 0 = -. 11. 0 2 + 1 / 2 2 2 2 12. 2 (g) + 1 / 2 2 (g) 2 (l) 0 = - 2 2-286 kj/mol. H 13. (s) 2 O ( l ) K + (aq) + Cl - (aq). 14. 2 2 3 0 = - 3. 22kcal/mol. -11kcal/mol. 44kcal/mol. -22kcal. 15. 16. 2 : 17. 3
44 57. 1 / 2 H 2 + 1 / 2 N 2 + 3 / 2 O 2 HNO 3. H + N + 3O HNO 3 1 / 2 N 2 O 5 + 1 / 2 H 2 O HNO 3 18. - - 4 + (aq) - (aq) H 2 O (l) f0 0 0 0 = f - f 0 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O (l) 1 2 3 1 2 + 3. 2g CH 4 4. Hess). 1. Hess
45 57 A B. 1 2 2 1 Kc r stp. 1. 0 2 S (g) + SO 2 (g) 3S (s) + 2H 2 O (l) : f0 (H 2 S (g)) = -20,6kJ/mol, f0 (SO 2 (g) ) = -296,9kJ/mol f0 (H 2 O (l) ) = -286kJ/mol. 2. f0 (CH 4 (g) ) = -76kJ/mol f0 (CO 2 (g) ) = -394kJ/mol f0 (H 2 O (l) ) = -286kJ/mol f0 (N 2 H 4 (g) ) = +50kJ/mol 4 (g) 2 H 4 (g). 3. 4 2 2 O (g) 95
46 57 4 [ 19 kcal/ mol ] 4. 2 : 2 : 94 kcal/mol. [ 96 kcal ] 2. 5. C 2 H 6 3 H 8 530 6. 2 H 6 2 H 2 C kcal C kcal CH 380, 300 2 6 CH 2 2 mol mol. 7. 2 H 2 SO 4 n = 13,8 kcal/mol. 8. 4 (g) 2 (g) 0 0 f0 (CH 4 (g) ) = -76kJ/mol, f0 (CO 2 (g) ) = -394kJ/mol f0 (H 2 O (l) ) = - 0 C: 12, H: 1, O: 16. 9. c0 (C (s)) = -394kJ/mol, c0 (C 2 H 6 (g) ) = -1650kJ/mol, c0 (CH 4 (g) ) = - f0 (H 2 O (l) ) = - f0 (C 2 H 6 (g) 4 (g) 2 H 6 (g) 10. 4 2 4 2 4 0 C 11. 0 2 2 2 H 2 3-286kJ/mol, -395kJ/mol, - -487kJ C 2 H 2 + H 2 O CH 3 CHO -139kJ 3 3 CHO + 1 / 2 O 2 CH 3 COOH. 12. - 2 4 2 0 0 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O (l)
47 57 g -1 K -1 CH 4 2. ( C C ).., CH 2 C x H y R H C v H 2v+2 v 1
48 57 C C C v H 2v v 2 C C C v H 2v 2 v 2 R C v H 2v+1 OH v 1 C O C R O R C v H 2v+2 O v 2 C K H 2k+1 O C 2 +1 k, 1 CH O R CH O C v H 2v+1 CH O v 0 C 2 1 R CO R C 2 3 C v H 2v+1 CO C H 2 +1 v, 1 R COOH C v H 2v+1 COOH v 0 C 2 2 1 R X C v H 2v+1 X v 1 MgX R MgX C v H 2v+1 MgX v 1 Grignard) C O R COO R C v H 2v+1 COO C H 2 +1 v 0, 1 O C k H 2k O 2 k 2 2 R NH 2 C v H 2v+1 NH 2 v 1 C N R CN C v H 2v+1 CN v 0 R v H 2v+1.. 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3 x H y
49 57 CHO CO COOH v H 2v+1. v=1 CH 3 v=2 CH 3 CH 2 2 H 5 v=3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 3 H 7 CH 3 CH IUPAC: (1 - CH 3 v=4 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 4 H 9 : CH 3 CH CH 2 : IUPAC: (2 ) CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH :. IUPAC: (1 ) CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 C :. IUPAC: (1,1 ) CH 3 1. 2. -COOH - - -CN - - -CHO - - -CO- - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
50 57 (2 1 CH 2 = 2 CH 3 CH 4 2 C 5 CH 1 4 H 1 C 2 C 3 CH= 4 CH 5 CH 3 1 3 v H 2v+1 OCH 3,,,, NO 2. normal..
51 57 O O OR). HCOOH CH 3 COOH CH 3 CH 2 COOH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH n
52 57, C v H 2v 2 C v H 2v+2 O C v H 2v O C v H 2v O 2 1. 2. 3. 1.
53 57 2. C v H 2v C v H 2v+1 O C v H 2v O 3. 4. C 5 H 8, C 4 H 10 O, C 5 H 10 O, C 4 H 8 O 2 5. C 2 H 4, C 3 H 6, C 4 H 10, C 3 H 4, C 2 H 2, C 6 H 6 6. C 7. 2,2,6 2,3 8. 1 3 1 9. 1 1 10. : CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3, CH 3 CH 2 COOH, CH 3 OH, HCHO, CH 3 C C CH 3, CH 2 =CH CH=O, CH 3 CH(CH 3 ) C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 3, CH 3 CH(C 2 H 5 ) CH(CH 3 ) CH(CH 3 ) CH 3.
54 57
55 57 16.
56 57 17. 18. 19. C 4 H 10, C 5 H 12, C 4 H 8, C 5 H 10, C 4 H 6, C 5 H 8, C 4 H 9 Br, C 5 H 11 I, C 4 H 10 O, C 5 H 11 OH, C 4 H 8 O, C 5 H 10 O, C 4 H 8 O 2, C 5 H 10 O 2. 1. r = 58. 2. r = 64,5. 3. r = 60.
57 57 4. r = 44. 5. r = 72 6.