1. ÅéóáãùãéêÜ Óôïé åßá...1

Ðßíáêáò Ðåñéå ïìýíùí Ðñïëåãüìåíá.....................................................xiii 1. ÅéóáãùãéêÜ Óôïé åßá................................1 1.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ.......................................................3 1.2 ÂáóéêÝò éäýåò....................................................5 1.3 Áëãüñéèìïé êáé ëïãéóìéêü..........................................13 1.4 ÄåäïìÝíá, ðëçñïöïñßåò, êþäéêåò...................................16 1.5 Ôï Äõáäéêü óýóôçìá áñßèìçóçò....................................17 1.5.1 ÐáñáóôÜóåéò äõáäéêþí øçößùí óôïí õðïëïãéóôþ..................19 1.6 ØçöéáêÜ äåäïìýíá, áíáëïãéêü äåäïìýíá.............................21 1.7 ÓõíäÝóåéò õðïëïãéóôþí...........................................26 1.8 Åðßðåäá áöáßñåóçò êáé äéåðáöýò...................................27 1.9 Ðñùôüêïëëá êáé ôõðïðïéþóåéò.....................................29 1.10 Ïé ÔÐÅ........................................................31 1.10.1 Óýãêëéóç ôå íïëïãéþí........................................31 1.10.2 Ãéáôß êáé ðüôå ñçóéìïðïéïýìå óõóôþìáôá ÔÐÅ....................32 1.11 Ôï ðñïóùðéêü ôçò ðëçñïöïñéêþò..................................33 2. ÉóôïñéêÜ Óôïé åßá..................................37 2.1 Ïé ðñþôåò ðñïóðüèåéåò.........................................39 2.2 Çëåêôñïìç áíéêýò äéáôüîåéò.......................................45 2.3 Çëåêôñïíéêïß õðïëïãéóôýò ìå ëõ íßåò................................46 2.4 Ïé âüóåéò ãéá ôéò óýã ñïíåò ÔÐÅ....................................50 2.5 Ç áíüðôõîç ôùí ðñïóùðéêþí õðïëïãéóôþí..........................61 2.6 ÐïëõìÝóá êáé www..............................................66 2.7 Áíáóêüðçóç....................................................70 3. ÊåíôñéêÝò Óõíéóôþóåò Õëéêïý........................73 3.1 Êýñéá ìýñç ðñïóùðéêïý õðïëïãéóôþ................................75 3.1.1 ÊåíôñéêÞ ìïíüäá.............................................75 3.1.2 Ïèüíç......................................................78 3.1.3 Ðëçêôñïëüãéï................................................78 3.1.4 Ðïíôßêé.....................................................79 3.2 ÊåíôñéêÝò óõíéóôþóåò õëéêïý......................................79 3.3 Ç êýñéá ìíþìç..................................................80 3.3.1 ÏñãÜíùóç êýñéáò ìíþìçò......................................81 3.3.2 Åßäç êýñéáò ìíþìçò...........................................83 3.3.3 ùñçôéêüôçôá...............................................86 3.3.4 Õëïðïßçóç ìíçìþí...........................................87

iv ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÉÓ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÅÓ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÐÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÙÍ 3.3.5 Åðéêïéíùíßá ìíþìçò ìå ÊÌÅ....................................89 3.4 Ç êåíôñéêþ ìïíüäá åðåîåñãáóßáò...................................90 3.4.1 ÂáóéêÞ ïñãüíùóç ôïõ êåíôñéêïý åðåîåñãáóôþ.....................90 3.4.2 Ç âáóéêþ ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôþ............................92 3.4.3 ÅíôïëÝò, áíüêëçóç êáé åêôýëåóç.................................94 3.4.4 ÂáóéêÞ áñ éôåêôïíéêþ - ëïãéêþ äïìþ.............................100 3.4.5 Ôá ýôçôá ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôþ êáé ôï ñïëüé.........................105 3.4.6 Ôå íéêýò âåëôßùóçò åðéäüóåùí.................................105 3.4.7 Åýñïò êáôá ùñçôþí ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôþ..........................112 3.4.8 Õëïðïßçóç åðåîåñãáóôþí.....................................113 3.4.9 ÅîÝëéîç êáé ñþóç ìéêñïåðåîåñãáóôþí..........................114 3.5 Óýíäåóç åðåîåñãáóôþ ìå ëïéðýò ìïíüäåò............................116 3.5.1 Éåñáñ ßá áñôçñéþí óôïõò ðñïóùðéêïýò õðïëïãéóôýò..............120 3.6 ÏëïêëçñùìÝíá åëýã ïõ (chip sets).................................123 3.7 ÌåôáöïñÝò äåäïìýíùí, ðñùôüêïëëá, äéåðáöýò......................125 3.7.1 Ôýðïé êáé ôá ýôçôåò ìåôáöïñüò äåäïìýíùí......................127 3.8 Åðéäüóåéò.....................................................131 3.9 Êáôçãïñßåò êáé õëïðïéþóåéò õðïëïãéóôþí...........................135 3.9.1 ÌéêñïåëåãêôÝò êáé åíóùìáôùìýíïé õðïëïãéóôýò...................135 3.9.2 Ðñïóùðéêïß õðïëïãéóôýò.....................................136 3.9.3 Ìç áíýò åîõðçñåôçôþí......................................139 4. ÐåñéöåñåéáêÝò ÌíÞìåò............................147 4.1 ÐåñéöåñåéáêÝò ìïíüäåò áðïèþêåõóçò..............................149 4.2 Ï óêëçñüò äßóêïò...............................................150 4.2.1 ÖõóéêÞ äïìþ - ôå íïëïãßåò äßóêùí..............................150 4.2.2 Áñ Þ ëåéôïõñãßáò............................................154 4.2.3 ÐñïóðÝëáóç äåäïìýíùí óôï äßóêï.............................156 4.2.4 Ôå íïëïãßåò äéåðáöþí äßóêùí.................................158 4.2.5 Óýóôçìá äéåõèýíóåùí........................................158 4.2.6 ìåóç ðñïóðýëáóç ìíþìçò (DMA)..............................160 4.2.6 Ðñïåôïéìáóßá ãéá ñþóç......................................161 4.2.7 Óõóôïé ßåò äßóêùí (RAID)......................................164 4.3 ÌïíÜäåò áðïóðþìåíïõ ìýóïõ....................................167 4.4 Öïñçôïß ìáãíçôéêïß äßóêïé........................................167 4.4.1 Åýêáìðôïé äßóêïé............................................168 4.4.2 Öïñçôïß äßóêïé..............................................168 4.5 Ôáéíßåò........................................................169 4.5.1 Ôáéíßåò DAT.................................................169 4.5.2 Ôáéíßåò DLT.................................................169 4.5.3 Ôáéíßåò LTO.................................................170 4.5.4 ÂéâëéïèÞêåò ôáéíéþí..........................................170 4.6 Ïðôéêïß äßóêïé..................................................171 4.6.1 Óõìðáãåßò äßóêïé (CDs).......................................171 4.6.2 CD Þ ïõ...................................................174 4.6.3 CD - ROM..................................................174

ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ v 4.6.4 ÅããñÜøéìï CD (CD-R).........................................176 4.6.5 Âßíôåï CD (VCD).............................................176 4.6.6 Äßóêïé DVD.................................................177 4.6.7 Äßóêïé Blu ray...............................................179 4.7 ÌíÞìåò flash...................................................179 4.8 Ðåñß ùñçôéêïôþôùí............................................180 4.9 ñþóéìá óôïé åßá ãéá ôéò ìíþìåò...................................182 4.9.1 ÅîÝëéîç øçöéáêþí ìíçìþí....................................182 4.9.2 Ðñïóäïêþìåíïò ñüíïò æùþò ìýóùí øçöéáêþò áðïèþêåõóçò.......183 4.9.3 Éåñáñ éêþ êáôüôáîç øçöéáêþí ìíçìþí..........................184 5. ÌïíÜäåò Åéóüäïõ - Åîüäïõ.........................187 5.1 Åßóïäïò êáé Ýîïäïò äåäïìýíùí....................................189 5.2 ÌïíÜäåò åéóüäïõ...............................................191 5.2.1 Ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï............................................191 5.2.2 Ôï ðïíôßêé..................................................195 5.2.3 ØçöéáêÞ öùôïãñáöéêþ ìç áíþ................................200 5.2.4 ÓáñùôÝò...................................................200 5.2.5 Ïðôéêïß áíáãíþóôåò.........................................204 5.2.6 Ìáãíçôéêïß áíáãíþóôåò......................................207 5.2.7 ÊÜñôåò....................................................207 5.2.8 Ñáäéïóõ íéêþ áíáãíþñéóç.....................................213 5.2.9 ëëåò ìïíüäåò åéóüäïõ.......................................216 5.3 ÌïíÜäåò åîüäïõ................................................219 5.3.1 Ïèüíåò....................................................219 5.3.2 Ïèüíåò êáèïäéêïý óùëþíá (CRT)...............................220 5.3.3 Ïèüíåò õãñþí êñõóôüëëùí (LCD)..............................223 5.3.4 Ó çìáôéóìüò åéêüíáò óôçí ïèüíç...............................228 5.3.5 Óýíäåóç - ãåíéêüò åéñéóìüò ïèïíþí............................234 5.3.6 ÅêôõðùôÝò.................................................234 5.3.7 ÅêôõðùôÝò Laser.............................................235 5.3.8 ÅêôõðùôÝò áêßäùí...........................................238 5.3.9 ÅêôõðùôÝò Ýã õóçò ìåëüíçò..................................239 5.3.10 Óýíäåóç êáé âáóéêüò åéñéóìüò åêôõðùôþí......................240 5.3.11 Ó åäéïãñüöïé ãñáößäáò......................................241 5.4 ÌïíÜäåò åéóüäïõ - åîüäïõ.......................................242 5.4.1 ÔåñìáôéêÜ..................................................242 5.4.2 ÄéáðïäéáìïñöùôÝò..........................................243 5.4.3 ÊÜñôåò Þ ïõ................................................245 5.4.4 Ïèüíåò åðáöþò.............................................247 5.5 Óýíäåóç ðåñéöåñåéáêþí.........................................248 5.5.1 ÄéåðáöÝò åéäéêþò ñþóçò.....................................251 5.5.2 ÄéåðáöÝò ðïëëáðëþò ñþóçò..................................253 5.6 Ôá ýôçôåò ôå íïëïãéþí Å/Å.......................................262 5.7 íôáîç ðåñéöåñåéáêþí óôïí õðïëïãéóôþ............................264

vi ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÉÓ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÅÓ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÐÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÙÍ 6. ÄåäïìÝíá.......................................269 6.1 ÂáóéêÜ óôïé åßá................................................271 6.1.1 ÐçãÝò äåäïìýíùí...........................................273 6.1.2 ÂáóéêÜ äïìéêü óôïé åßá.......................................274 6.2 ÐáñÜóôáóç áñéèìþí óôïõò Ç/Õ...................................278 6.2.1 ÐáñÜóôáóç áêåñáßùí........................................278 6.2.2 ÐáñÜóôáóç óôáèåñþò õðïäéáóôïëþò............................280 6.2.3 ÐáñÜóôáóç êéíçôþò õðïäéáóôïëþò..............................281 6.2.4 Êùäéêïðïßçóç BCD..........................................285 6.3 ÐáñÜóôáóç áñáêôþñùí.........................................286 6.3.1 Êùäéêïðïßçóç ASCII..........................................289 6.3.2 ÔõðïðïéÞóåéò ìå âüóç ôïí ASCII................................292 6.3.3 Unicode...................................................294 6.3.4 ÊùäéêïðïéÞóåéò áñáêôþñùí óôçí ðñüîç........................297 6.4. Êùäéêïðïßçóç ãéá ìåôüäïóç êáé áðïèþêåõóç.......................301 6.4.1 Áíß íåõóç óöáëìüôùí.......................................303 6.5 ÄïìÝò äåäïìýíùí...............................................306 6.6 Áñ åßá äåäïìýíùí..............................................308 6.6.1 Áñ åßá äïìçìýíùí äåäïìýíùí.................................310 6.6.2 Áñ åßá êåéìýíïõ.............................................318 6.6.3 Áñ åßá ãñáöéêþí............................................321 6.6.4 Áñ åßá ðåñéãñáöþò óåëßäáò...................................325 6.6.5 Áñ åßá Þ ïõ................................................325 6.6.6 Áñ åßá âéíôåï...............................................326 6.6.7 Óõìðßåóç áñ åßùí...........................................327 6.6.8 ÖõóéêÞ áðïèþêåõóç áñ åßùí..................................328 6.6.9 Ëïãéêüò åéñéóìüò áñ åßùí....................................329 6.7 ÂÜóåéò äåäïìýíùí..............................................329 6.7.1 ÂáóéêÝò óõíéóôþóåò âüóåùí äåäïìýíùí.........................334 6.7.2 Ôýðïé âüóåùí äåäïìýíùí.....................................337 6.8 ÐïéïôéêÜ áñáêôçñéóôéêü äåäïìýíùí...............................337 7. Ëïãéóìéêü.......................................345 7.1 ÂáóéêÜ óôïé åßá................................................347 7.2 Áëãüñéèìïé êáé ðñïãñüììáôá.....................................348 7.2.1 Ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...................................350 7.2.2 ÌåôÜöñáóç ãëùóóþí õøçëïý åðéðýäïõ........................352 7.3 ÌïíôÝëá áíüðôõîçò ëïãéóìéêïý...................................357 7.3.1 ÄéáäéêáóéáêÞ ðñïóýããéóç (procedural)...........................360 7.3.2 ÄçëùôéêÞ ðñïóýããéóç........................................362 7.3.3 ÓõíáñôçóéáêÞ ðñïóýããéóç....................................363 7.3.4 ÁíôéêåéìåíïóôñåöÞò ðñïóýããéóç................................364 7.3.5 ÓõìâáíôÞëáôïò ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò..............................365 7.4 ÐáñáäïóéáêÜ óôïé åßá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...........................368 7.5 ÁíÜðôõîç ðñïãñáììüôùí........................................377 7.5.1 Ó åäßáóç...................................................377 7.5.2 Êùäéêïðïßçóç..............................................380

ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ vii 7.5.3 ëåã ïò êáé áðïóöáëìüôùóç.................................383 7.5.4 Ôåêìçñßùóç êáé óõíôþñçóç ðñïãñáììüôùí......................385 7.5.5 ÁðïèåôÞñéá ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá...................................385 7.5.6 UML......................................................388 7.6 ÓõíçèéóìÝíåò êáôçãïñßåò åöáñìïãþí...............................390 7.6.1 ÅðéóôçìïíéêÝò êáé ôå íéêýò åöáñìïãýò...........................390 7.6.2 ÅöáñìïãÝò äéá åßñéóçò äåäïìýíùí..............................391 7.6.3 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò ìå óåíáñéïãëþóóåò..........................394 7.6.4 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò åðßêôçóçò äåäïìýíùí êáé åëýã ïõ...............396 7.6.5 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò ãéá äßêôõá - Äéáäßêôõï.........................397 7.7 ÖÜóåéò áíüðôõîçò óõóôçìüôùí...................................406 7.7.1 ÁíÜëõóç...................................................407 7.7.2 Êáèïñéóìüò áðáéôþóåùí......................................408 7.7.3 Ó åäßáóç óõóôþìáôïò........................................408 7.4.4 Õëïðïßçóç êáé Ýëåã ïò.......................................408 7.4.5 Áîéïëüãçóç óõóôþìáôïò, âåëôéþóåéò óõíôþñçóç..................408 7.8 äåéåò ñþóåéò.................................................409 7.9 ÅðéëïãÞ ëïãéóìéêïý..............................................411 8. ËåéôïõñãéêÜ ÓõóôÞìáôá...........................415 8.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ.....................................................417 8.2 ÂáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ëåéôïõñãéêþí óõóôçìüôùí..........................419 8.3 Ìç áíéóìïß ëåéôïõñãéêþí óõóôçìüôùí.............................425 8.4 ÔõðéêÝò õðçñåóßåò Ë.Ó...........................................429 8.4.1 ÐåñéâÜëëïí (åñãáóßáò) ôïõ ñþóôç..............................429 8.4.2 ÐåñéâÜëëïí åêôýëåóçò ðñïãñáììüôùí..........................429 8.4.3 Äéá åßñéóç åðåîåñãáóôþ......................................429 8.4.4 Äéá åßñéóç ìíþìçò...........................................430 8.4.5 Äéá åßñéóç ðåñéöåñåéáêþí ìïíüäùí............................431 8.4.6 Äéá åßñéóç áñ åßùí..........................................432 8.4.7 ÁóöÜëåéá êáé ðñïóôáóßá......................................435 8.4.8 ÕðïóôçñéêôéêÝò õðçñåóßåò êáé ðñïãñüììáôá......................436 8.5 ÃåíéêÞ äïìþ Ë.Ó.................................................436 8.6 ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ëåéôïõñãéêþí ÓõóôçìÜôùí.............................438 8.7 Öüñôùìá Ëåéôïõñãéêïý ÓõóôÞìáôïò................................440 8.8 ÅéêïíéêÝò ìç áíýò...............................................441 8.9 ÐåñéâÜëëïíôá ñþóôç............................................443 8.9.1 ÃñáììÞò ÅíôïëÞò.............................................443 8.9.2 ÌÝóù ìåíïý åðéëïãþí........................................444 8.9.3 ÃñáöéêÜ ðåñéâüëëïíôá ñþóôç.................................444 9. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôéò Åðéêïéíùíßåò ÄåäïìÝíùí..............449 9.1 ÂáóéêÝò áñ Ýò.................................................451

viii ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÉÓ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÅÓ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÐÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÙÍ 9.1.1 Ôñüðïé ìåôüäïóçò...........................................452 9.1.2 ÊáíÜëéá åðéêïéíùíßáò.........................................455 9.1.3 Ôá ýôçôá ìåôüäïóçò êáé åýñïò æþíçò...........................456 9.1.4 Êáôåýèõíóç ìåôüäïóçò.......................................459 9.2 ÖõóéêÜ ìýóá ìåôüäïóçò.........................................460 9.3 Ôýðïé óõíäýóåùí...............................................465 9.4 ÓÞìáôá ìåôüäïóçò äåäïìýíùí....................................467 9.4.1 ÌåôÜäïóç øçöéáêþí äåäïìýíùí ìå øçöéáêü óþìá................467 9.4.2 ÌåôÜäïóç áíáëïãéêþí äåäïìýíùí ìå øçöéáêü óþìá...............469 9.4.3 ÌåôÜäïóç áíáëïãéêþí äåäïìýíùí ìå áíáëïãéêü óþìá..............470 9.4.4 ÌåôÜäïóç øçöéáêþí äåäïìýíùí ìå áíáëïãéêü óþìá...............471 9.5 Ðïëýðëåîç....................................................472 10. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôá Äßêôõá.............................477 10.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôá äßêôõá õðïëïãéóôþí................................479 10.1.1 ÔáîéíïìÞóåéò äéêôýùí.......................................481 10.1.2 Õðçñåóßåò äéêôýïõ..........................................488 10.2 Ðñùôüêïëëá êáé ôï ìïíôýëï OSI..................................492 10.2.1 Ôï ìïíôýëï OSI.............................................493 10.3 Ôï ìïíôýëï TCP/IP..............................................497 10.3.1 Åðßðåäï åöáñìïãþò.........................................499 10.3.2 Åðßðåäï ÌåôáöïñÜò: Ôï ðñùôüêïëëï TCP.......................500 10.3.3 Åðßðåäï Äéêôýïõ: Ôï ðñùôüêïëëï IP............................502 10.3.4 Åðßðåäï ðñüóâáóçò óôï äßêôõï...............................506 10.3.5 Äéáêßíçóç äåäïìýíùí óôï TCP/IP..............................510 10.4 Äéá åßñéóç ëáèþí êáé Ýëåã ïò ñïþò...............................516 10.5 ÔïðéêÜ äßêôõá.................................................517 10.5.1 ÌÝóá ìåôüäïóçò...........................................518 10.5.2 ÓõíÞèåéò ôïðïëïãßåò ôïðéêþí äéêôýùí..........................520 10.5.3 Õëéêü ôïðéêþí äéêôýùí......................................521 10.5.4 Ôå íïëïãßá Ethernet - óýíäåóç óå ôïðéêü äßêôõï..................527 10.5.5 Áóýñìáôá ôïðéêü äßêôõá.....................................533 10.5.6 ÏéêéáêÜ äßêôõá.............................................537 10.5.7 ÅöáñìïãÝò ôïðéêþí äéêôýùí.................................537 10.6 Äßêôõá åõñåßáò ðåñéï Þò........................................538 10.6.1 Ôïðïëïãßåò äéêôýùí åõñåßáò ðåñéï Þò..........................539 10.6.2 Õëéêü äéêôýùí åõñåßáò ðåñéï Þò...............................539 10.6.3 ÌÝóá êáé õðçñåóßåò óýíäåóçò................................539 10.7 Ïñãáíéóìïß ôõðïðïéþóåùí......................................546 11. Ôï Äéáäßêôõï: ÕðïäïìÝò.............................549 11.1 ÅéóáãùãéêÜ óôïé åßá............................................551

ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ ix 11.2 ÖõóéêÞ äïìþ..................................................552 11.3 ËïãéêÞ äïìþ..................................................555 11.4 Õðçñåóßåò õðïäïìþò Äéáäéêôýïõ..................................562 11.4.1 Õðçñåóßåò ïíïìüôùí ôïìýùí (DNS)............................562 11.4.2 Åíäïäßêôõá, åîùäßêôõá......................................568 11.4.3 ÌåôÜöñáóç äéåõèýíóåùí....................................569 11.4.4 DHCP....................................................570 11.4.5 Áðáéôïýìåíåò ñõèìßóåéò ãéá õðçñåóßåò Äéáäéêôýïõ................570 11.4.6 Õðçñåóßåò ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíçò Äéá åßñéóçò........................571 12. Ôï Äéáäßêôõï: ÅöáñìïãÝò..........................575 12.1 Õðçñåóßåò Çëåêôñïíéêïý Ôá õäñïìåßïõ............................577 12.1.1 ÄïìÞ & ëåéôïõñãßá..........................................577 12.2 Õðçñåóßåò ðáãêüóìéïõ éóôïý (www)...............................585 12.2.1 ÂáóéêÜ óôïé åßá............................................585 12.2.2 Ìç áíýò áíáæþôçóçò.......................................592 12.2.3 ÂáóéêÝò éäýåò Ðáãêüóìéïõ Éóôïý áðü ôçí åîýëéîþ ôïõ..............593 12.3 Õðçñåóßåò ìåôáöïñüò áñ åßùí...................................598 12.3.1 Ðñùôüêïëëï ìåôáöïñüò áñ åßùí - FTP.........................598 12.3.2 Ôå íïëïãßåò äéáäéêôõáêþí öáêýëùí / äßóêùí (cloud space)..........600 12.3.3 Ðñùôüêïëëá Peer-to-Peer (P2P)................................600 12.4 Õðçñåóßåò ôåêìçñßùóçò óôïí éóôü.................................601 12.4.1 wikis - Wikipedia............................................602 12.4.2 ÏìÜäåò óõæþôçóçò - forums..................................602 12.4.3 Éóôïëüãéá (blogs)............................................603 12.4.4 YouTube..................................................604 12.5 Õðçñåóßåò åðéêïéíùíßáò êáé êïéíùíéêþò äéêôýùóçò...................604 12.5.1 Facebook..................................................605 12.5.2 Lineked-In.................................................605 12.5.3 Twitter....................................................605 12.6 ÃåùãñáöéêÝò õðçñåóßåò.........................................606 13. ÃñáöéêÜ ìå ôïí ÕðïëïãéóôÞ........................609 13.1 ÂáóéêÝò ðñïóåããßóåéò ãñáöéêþí..................................611 13.1.1 ÄéáíõóìáôéêÜ ãñáöéêü......................................612 13.1.2 ØçöéäïðëÝãìá êáé ãñáöéêü øçöéäïðëýãìáôïò...................613 13.2 Ôï ñþìá óôïõò õðïëïãéóôýò....................................621 13.2.1 Ôï ìïíýëï RGB.............................................623 13.2.2 Ôá óõóôþìáôá YUV/YCbCr....................................624 13.2.3 Ôï ìïíôýëï CMYK...........................................625 13.2.4 Ðñüôõðï CIE..............................................626 13.2.5 ÌïíôÝëá áíôßëçøçò.........................................628 13.3 Äçìéïõñãßá ãñáöéêþí óôïí Ç/Õ...................................628

x ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÉÓ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÅÓ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÐÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÙÍ 13.4 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò Ãñáöéêþí.....................................628 13.4.1 ÂáóéêÜ äïìéêü óôïé åßá......................................629 13.4.2 ÃñáöéêÜ äýï äéáóôüóåùí....................................630 13.4.3 ÃñáöéêÜ óôéò ôñåéò äéáóôüóåéò.................................631 13.5 Äçìéïõñãßá ãñáöéêþí ìå åñãáëåßá................................634 13.5.1 Åñãáëåßá äéáíõóìáôéêþí ãñáöéêþí............................635 13.5.2 Åñãáëåßá ãñáöéêþí øçöéäïðëýãìáôïò..........................636 13.5.3 Åñãáëåßá ôñéóäéüóôáôùí ãñáöéêþí............................638 13.6 Áñ åßá, äéáíïìþ, áíáðáñáãùãþ..................................639 14. ÌÝóá êáé ÐïëõìÝóá óôïí Ç/Õ.......................645 14.1 ÌÝóá ðáñüóôáóçò ðëçñïöïñßáò óôïí Ç/Õ.........................647 14.2 Êåßìåíï......................................................647 14.3 ÃñáöéêÜ êáé åéêüíá.............................................648 14.4 ¹ ïò........................................................649 14.4.1 ÐçãÝò Þ ïõ - øçöéïðïßçóç...................................650 14.4.2 ÂáóéêÝò ðáñüìåôñïé øçöéáêïý Þ ïõ...........................651 14.4.3 Åðåîåñãáóßá Þ ïõ áðü ôïí Ç/Õ...............................654 14.4.4 Óõìðßåóç Þ ïõ.............................................655 14.4.5 Áñ åßá, äéáíïìþ, áíáðáñáãùãþ...............................657 14.5 Êéíïýìåíï ó Ýäéï..............................................660 14.6 Âßíôåï.......................................................660 14.6.1 Ôï ößëì...................................................661 14.6.2 Ôçëåüñáóç................................................661 14.6.3 ëëåò åöáñìïãýò âßíôåï.....................................665 14.6.4 ÕðïëïãéóôÞò êáé âßíôåï......................................666 14.6.5 ÂáóéêÝò ðáñüìåôñïé øçöéáêïý âßíôåï..........................667 14.6.6 Óõìðßåóç âßíôåï............................................667 14.6.7 ÊùäéêïáðïêùäéêïðïéçôÝò....................................668 14.6.8 ÐåñéÝêôåò.................................................671 14.6.9 ÐçãÝò êáé åðåîåñãáóßá âßíôåï................................672 14.6.10 Áñ åßá, äéáíïìþ, áíáðáñáãùãþ..............................674 14.7 Ôå íïëïãßåò ñïþò..............................................676 14.8 ÐïëõìÝóá....................................................678 15. ÅöáñìïãÝò ôùí ÔÐÅ óôéò Åðé åéñþóåéò...............685 15.1 ÃåíéêÜ.......................................................687 15.2 ÓõóôÞìáôá åðåîåñãáóßáò óõíáëëáãþí............................689 15.3 ÓõóôÞìáôá äéá åßñéóçò åðé åéñçóéáêþí ðüñùí......................692 15.4 Äéá åßñéóç ðåëáôåéáêþí ó Ýóåùí.................................694 15.5 Äéá åßñéóç åöïäéáóôéêþò áëõóßäáò................................696 15.6 Çëåêôñïíéêü åìðüñéï...........................................696 15.7 ÕðïóôÞñéîç óôç äéïßêçóç........................................698 15.8 ÅöáñìïãÝò áíü ôýðï åðé åßñçóçò................................700 15.8.1 ÅöáñìïãÝò óôç ëéáíéêþ êáé ôá óçìåßá ðþëçóçò..................700 15.8.2 ÔÐÅ óå åðé åéñþóåéò ðáñï Þò õðçñåóéþí.......................702 15.8.3 ÅöáñìïãÝò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí óôç äéáêõâýñíçóç.................702

ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ xi 15.8.4 ÅöáñìïãÝò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí óôçí õãåßá........................704 15.8 5 Åðé åéñþóåéò ðáñáãùãþò....................................704 15.9 ÓçìáíôéêÝò õðïóôçñéêôéêýò ôå íïëïãßåò............................705 15.9.1 Ôï Äéáäßêôõï óôéò åðé åéñþóåéò................................705 15.9.2 ÔÞñçóç áñ åßùí êáé áõôïìáôéóìüò ãñáöåßïõ....................706 15.9.3 Ôå íïëïãßåò Áõôüìáôçò áíáãíþñéóçò óôïé åßùí..................707 15.9.4 Ôå íïëïãßåò ñáâäùôïý êþäéêá................................707 15.9.5 Ñáäéïóõ íéêþ áíáãíþñéóç....................................714 15.9.6 ëëåò ôå íïëïãßåò áõôüìáôçò áíáãíþñéóçò.....................716 15.9.7 ÇëåêôñïíéêÞ áíôáëëáãþ äåäïìýíùí............................716 16. ëëåò ÓçìáíôéêÝò ÅöáñìïãÝò.......................719 16.1 ÅöáñìïãÝò áõôïìáôéóìïý ãñáöåßïõ...............................721 16.1.1 ÐáêÝôá âüóåùí äåäïìýíùí..................................721 16.1.2 Åðåîåñãáóßá êåéìýíïõ.......................................721 16.1.3 ÐáêÝôá åðéôñáðýæéáò ôõðïãñáößáò............................722 16.1.4 ÐáêÝôá öýëëùí õðïëïãéóìþí................................723 16.1.5 ÐáêÝôá ðáñïõóéüóåùí......................................724 16.1.6 ÐáêÝôá äéá åßñéóçò Ýñãïõ....................................724 16.1.7 Çëåêôñïíéêü çìåñïëüãéï.....................................724 16.1.8 Óïõßôåò åöáñìïãþí.........................................725 16.1.9 ÇëåêôñïíéêÞ äéá åßñéóç åããñüöùí.............................725 16.2 Åðéóôçìïíéêïôå íéêýò åöáñìïãýò.................................727 16.3 ÌåôñÞóåéò êáé Ýëåã ïò ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôþ..........................732 16.3.1 Åðßêôçóç äåäïìýíùí........................................733 16.3.2 ëåã ïò..................................................734 16.4 ÅöáñìïãÝò óôçí ðáñáãùãéêþ äéáäéêáóßá...........................736 16.4.1 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò áðáéôþóåùí õëéêþí.........................737 16.4.2 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò ðáñáãùãéêþí ðüñùí........................738 16.4.3 Ó åäßáóç ìå âïþèåéá õðïëïãéóôþ..............................738 16.4.4 ÊáôáóêåõÞ õðïâïçèïýìåíç áðü õðïëïãéóôþ....................740 16.4.5 Áñéèìçôéêüò Ýëåã ïò âáóéóìýíïò óå õðïëïãéóôþ..................742 16.4.6 Âéïìç áíéêü ñïìðüô........................................743 16.4.7 ÅõÝëéêôá óõóôþìáôá ðáñáãùãþò..............................745 16.4.8 ëëïé ôýðïé áõôïìáôéóìïý...................................746 16.5 Åêðáßäåõóç, Ôçëåêðáßäåõóç.....................................747 16.6 ÃåùãñáöéêÝò ÅöáñìïãÝò - GIS....................................750 17. ÁóöÜëåéá Ðëçñïöïñéêþí ÓõóôçìÜôùí...............755 17.1 ÃåíéêÜ.......................................................757 17.2 ÂáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò................................................759 17.2.1 ÁãáèÜ....................................................760 17.2.2 Áäõíáìßåò.................................................760 17.2.3 ÁðåéëÝò...................................................762 17.2.3 Êßíçôñá...................................................766 17.3 ÌÝôñá ðñïóôáóßáò............................................769 17.3.1 Ôáõôïðïßçóç êáé åðáëþèåõóç ôáõôüôçôáò.......................769

xii ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÉÓ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÅÓ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÐÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÙÍ 17.3.2 Åîïõóéïäüôçóç.............................................770 17.3.3 ÐïëéôéêÝò áóöüëåéáò........................................774 17.3.4 Ó åäßáóç óõíéóôùóþí õëïðïßçóçò............................778 17.3.5 ñþóç áóöáëþí êáíáëéþí...................................783 17.3.6 ÐáñáãùãéêÞ ëåéôïõñãßá......................................783 17.4 Êñõðôïãñáößá................................................785 17.4.1 Áëãüñéèìïé óõììåôñéêþí êëåéäéþí..............................788 17.4.2 Áëãüñéèìïé äçìïóßùí êëåéäéþí................................790 17.4.3 ØçöéáêÝò õðïãñáöýò.......................................793 17.4.4 ÓõíáñôÞóåéò áýíïøçò ìçíõìüôùí.............................794 17.4.5 ñçóéìïðïéïýìåíïé ìç áíéóìïß................................797 17.4.6 Ðéóôïðïéïýóåò áñ Ýò êáé ðéóôïðïéçôéêü........................798 17.4.7 ÅðéãñáììéêÜ ðñùôüêïëëá êñõðôïãñáößáò......................802 17.4.8 ÁðïãñáììéêÜ ðñùôüêïëëá êñõðôïãñáößáò......................803 17.5 ÅöåäñéêÜ áíôßãñáöá...........................................805 17.6 Éïìïñöéêü ëïãéóìéêü............................................807 17.6.1 Ðñïóôáóßá áðü éïýò........................................807 17.6.2 ÓõíáöÞ ìå ôïõò éïýò ðñïãñüììáôá............................809 18. ÔÐÅ êáé Êïéíùíßá.................................813 18.1 Ëïõäßôåò, Ôå íüöéëïé êáé ÔÐÅ.....................................815 18.2 ÔÐÅ êáé êáèçìåñéíþ æùþ........................................816 18.3 ÇèéêÜ æçôþìáôá...............................................818 18.3.1 Çëåêôñïíéêü Ýãêëçìá........................................818 18.3.2 ÐñïóùðéêÜ äåäïìýíá.......................................820 18.3.3 ÐíåõìáôéêÞ éäéïêôçóßá ôçí åðï Þ ôùí ÔÐÅ......................824 18.4 ÔÐÅ & ðñïóùðéêþ æùþ.........................................826 18.5 ÔÐÅ êáé åíçìýñùóç............................................830 18.6 ÔÐÅ êáé åñãáóßá...............................................835 18.7 Áíôß åðéëüãïõ.................................................838 Ð1. Ç ÁñéèìçôéêÞ êáé ç ËïãéêÞ ôïõ ÕðïëïãéóôÞ............843 Ð1.1 ÓõóôÞìáôá Áñßèìçóçò..........................................843 Ð1.2 ÌåôáôñïðÝò âüóçò............................................847 Ð1.3 ÐñÜîåéò ìåôáîý äõáäéêþí áñéèìþí...............................850 Ð1.4 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ õðïëïãéóôþí........................................851 Ð1.5 ëãåâñá Boole êáé ëïãéêü êõêëþìáôá.............................859 Ð1.6 Ðýëåò êáé ëïãéêü êõêëþìáôá....................................864 Ð1.7 Õëïðïßçóç ðõëþí ìå transistors..................................870 ÅõñåôÞñéï...........................................875