ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΠΟΔΙΣΤΡΙΑΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΓΕΩΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ & ΚΛΙΜΑΤΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ Τ.Ε.Ι. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ Τ.Ε. Π.Μ.Σ. Σύγχρονες Τεχνολογίες Έργων Διαχ/σης Περιβάλλοντος ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ και ΚΛΙΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΛΛΑΓΗ Kλιματική Αλλαγή: Μύθος ή πραγματικότητα Παναγιώτης Νάστος Καθηγητής Κλιματολογίας, Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών Λάρισα, 14/4/2016
Κυριότεροι παράγοντες που καθορίζουν το κλίμα της γης Ηλιακή δραστηριότητα Αστρονομικοί παράγοντες Ηφαιστειακή δραστηριότητα Συγκεντρώσεις αερίων θερμοκηπίου Κατανομή ξηράς θάλασσας Παγοκάλυψη Μηχανισμοί ανάδρασης
Μεταβολές της εισερχόμενης ακτινοβολίας στη γη σε σχέση με την ηλιακή δραστηριότητα
Τροχιακές Μεταβολές της Γης Θεωρία Milankovitch
Τροχιακή μεταβολή της γης Εκκεντρότητα
Τροχιακή μεταβολή της γης Λοξότητα
Τροχιακή μεταβολή της γης Μετάπτωση
Ο κύκλος του θαλασσινού νερού στον Παγκόσμιο Ωκεανό
Linear trends of annual surface temperature since 1901
Change in annual temperature resulting from a combination of greenhouse warming and an artificially imposed collapse of the thermohaline circulation. The map shows differences in temperatures simulated for the 2050s and those that occurred prior to industrilaisation Figure courtesy of Michael Vellinga, UK MetOffice, published in Wood, Vellinga and Thorpe (2003)
Η ηφαιστειακή δραστηριότητα
Οι κλιματικές μεταβολές από το παρελθόν μέχρι σήμερα 22000-14000 χρόνια πριν από σήμερα: Πλειστοκαινική παγετώδης περίοδος. Δημιουργήθηκαν τρία παγοκαλλύματα: το Σκανδιναβικό στη Β Ευρώπη, του Λαυρεντίου στη Β-ΒΑ Αμερική και της Κορδιλλιέρας στη Β-ΒΔ Αμερική. 14000-7000 χρόνια πριν από σήμερα: Μεταπαγετικό κλιματικό βέλτιστο. Θερμή περίοδος, κατά την οποία η θερινές θερμοκρασίες Ανταρκτικής και Ευρώπης ήσαν 2-3 ο C μεγαλύτερες από τις σημερινές. Λυώνουν βαθμιαία τα τρία παγοκαλλύματα αλλά σημειώνονται ενδιάμεσα μικρά παγετικά συμβάντα, με περιοδικότητα 2500 χρόνων. 7000 χρόνια πριν από σήμερα: Νέα ψυχρή περίοδος γνωστή ως Εποχή του Σιδήρου. Κορύφωση μεταξύ 2900-2300 χρόνων πριν από σήμερα. 1000-1200 μ.χ.: Δεύτερο Βέλτιστο. Θερμή περίοδος κατά την οποία η Κεντρική Ευρώπη εμφανίζει θερμοκρασίες μεγαλύτερες κατά 1 ο C από ότι σήμερα, άλλες περιοχές όπως η Κίνα είναι ψυχρότερες. 1430-1850 μ.χ.: Μικρή Παγετώδης Περίοδος (Little Ice Age). Το Αρκτικό παγοκάλλυμα εξαπλώνεται καιδημιουργεί προβλήματα στη Γροιλανδία, την Ισλανδία και την Σκανδιναβία.
Η κλιματική αλλαγή τον 20 ο αιώνα Ο εικοστός αιώνας που πέρασε χαρακτηρίστηκε από έντονη μεταβολή του κλίματος, όπως αυτή φαίνεται κυρίως στην αύξηση της παγκόσμιας θερμοκρασίας και στην εμφάνιση ακραίων καιρικών φαινομένων (κυκλώνες, καταιγίδες, μεγάλες περίοδοι ξηρασίας κ.λ.π.). Ο άνθρωπος νοιώθει αδύναμος να αμυνθεί σε αυτό το ξέσπασμα της φύσης, για το οποίο ευθύνονται οι αλόγιστες δραστηριότητές του με σκοπό την υπέρμετρη εκμετάλλευση όλων των φυσικών πόρων για την οικονομική ανάπτυξη των κοινωνιών. Τα αποτελέσματα της κλιματικής αλλαγής είναι ορατά σε όλα τα μήκη και πλάτη της Γης, με οικονομικές συνέπειες καθώς και απώλειες ανθρώπινων ζωών. Στη Σύμβαση-Πλαίσιο των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τις Κλιματικές Μεταβολές (UNFCC), η Κλιματική Αλλαγή ορίζεται ειδικότερα ως η μεταβολή στο κλίμα που οφείλεται άμεσα ή έμμεσα σε ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες, διακρίνοντας τον όρο από την κλιματική μεταβλητότητα που έχει φυσικά αίτια, όπως είναι οι μεταβολές στην ηλιακή ακτινοβολία, οι κύκλοι του Milankovitch και οι εκρήξεις των ηφαιστείων.
Could the warming be natural?
The period 2001-2010 (0.490 C above the 1961-90 average) was 0.216 C warmer than the 1991-2000 decade (0.274 C above the 1961-90 average). 2015 is clearly the warmed year (0.745 C) with 2014 (0.567 C) second, slightly warmer than 2010 (0.559 C), 2005 (0.544 C) and 1998 (0.536 C). The coldest year of the 21st century (2008 with a value of 0.395 C) was warmer than all years in the 20th century with the exception of 1998. The average of the first five years of the present decade (2011-2015) is 0.051 C warmer than the average for 2001-2010.
Map of the observed surface temperature change from 1901 to 2012 derived from temperature trends determined by linear regression from one dataset (orange line in panel a). Trends have been calculated where data availability permits a robust estimate (i.e., only for grid boxes with greater than 70% complete records and more than 20% data availability in the first and last 10% of the time period). Other areas are white. Grid boxes where the trend is significant at the 10% level are indicated by a + sign.
Maps of observed precipitation change from 1901 to 2010 and from 1951 to 2010
Multiple observed indicators of a changing global climate: (a) Extent of Northern Hemisphere March-April (spring) average snow cover; (b) extent of Arctic July-August-September (summer) average sea ice; (c) change in global mean upper ocean (0 700 m) heat content aligned to 2006 2010, and relative to the mean of all datasets for 1970; (d) global mean sea level relative to the 1900 1905 mean of the longest running dataset, and with all datasets aligned to have the same value in 1993, the first year of satellite altimetry data. All time-series (coloured lines indicating different data sets) show annual values, and where assessed, uncertainties are indicated by coloured shading.
Multiple observed indicators of a changing global carbon cycle: (a) atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Mauna Loa (19 32 N, 155 34 W red) and South Pole (89 59 S, 24 48 W black) since 1958; (b) partial pressure of dissolved CO2 at the ocean surface (blue curves) and in situ ph (green curves), a measure of the acidity of ocean water. Measurements are from three stations from the Atlantic (29 10 N, 15 30 W dark blue/dark green; 31 40 N, 64 10 W blue/green) and the Pacific Oceans (22 45 N, 158 00 W light blue/light green).
Radiative forcing (RF) estimates in 2011 relative to 1750 and aggregated uncertainties for the main drivers of climate change. Values are global average radiative forcing, partitioned according to the emitted compounds or processes that result in a combination of drivers. RF is the change in energy flux caused by a driver, and is calculated at the tropopause or at the top of the atmosphere. Volcanic forcing is not included as its episodic nature makes is difficult to compare to other forcing mechanisms. Total anthropogenic radiative forcing is provided for three different years relative to 1750.
Φυσικές καταστροφές σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα EASAC, 2013
Οι ανθρωπογενείς εκπομπές αερίων ευθύνονται κατά 90% για την κλιματική αλλαγή (IPCC, 2007)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its most recent report (AR5) in 2013 stated: 'Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased Human influence on the climate system is clear. This is evident from the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing, observed warming, and understanding of the climate system Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes. This evidence for human influence has grown since AR4. It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century
Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) Four RCPs were selected and defined by their total radiative forcing (cumulative measure of human emissions of GHGs from all sources expressed in Watts per square meter) pathway and level by 2100. The RCPs were chosen to represent a broad range of climate outcomes, based on a literature review, and are neither forecasts nor policy recommendations. Figure: Radiative Forcing of the Representative Concentration Pathways. From van Vuuren et al (2011) The Representative Concentration Pathways: An Overview. Climatic Change, 109 (1-2), 5-31. The light grey area captures 98% of the range in previous IAM scenarios, and dark grey represents 90% of the range.
Projected change in global mean surface air temperature and global mean sea level rise for the mid- and late 21st century relative to the reference period of 1986 2005.
Comparison of observed and simulated climate change based on three large-scale indicators in the atmosphere, the cryosphere and the ocean: change in continental land surface air temperatures (yellow panels), Arctic and Antarctic September sea ice extent (white panels), and upper ocean heat content in the major ocean basins (blue panels). Global average changes are also given. Anomalies are given relative to 1880 1919 for surface temperatures, 1960 1980 for ocean heat content and 1979 1999 for sea ice. All time-series are decadal averages, plotted at the centre of the decade.
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model simulated time series from 1950 to 2100 for change in global annual mean surface temperature relative to 1986 2005. Time series of projections and a measure of uncertainty (shading) are shown for scenarios RCP2.6 (blue) and RCP8.5 (red). Black (grey shading) is the modelled historical evolution using historical reconstructed forcings. The mean and associated uncertainties averaged over 2081 2100 are given for all RCP scenarios as colored vertical bars. The numbers of CMIP5 models used to calculate the multi-model mean is indicated.
CMIP5 multi-model simulated time series from 1950 to 2100 for Northern Hemisphere September sea ice extent (5-year running mean). Time series of projections and a measure of uncertainty (shading) are shown for scenarios RCP2.6 (blue) and RCP8.5 (red). Black (grey shading) is the modelled historical evolution using historical reconstructed forcings. The mean and associated uncertainties averaged over 2081 2100 are given for all RCP scenarios as colored vertical bars. The numbers of CMIP5 models used to calculate the multi-model mean is indicated. The projected mean and uncertainty (minimum-maximum range) of the subset of models that most closely reproduce the climatological mean state and 1979 to 2012 trend of the Arctic sea ice is given (number of models given in brackets). For completeness, the CMIP5 multi-model mean is also indicated with dotted lines. The dashed line represents nearly ice-free conditions (i.e., when sea ice extent is less than 106 km2 for at least five consecutive years).
CMIP5 multi-model simulated time series from 1950 to 2100 for global mean ocean surface ph. Time series of projections and a measure of uncertainty (shading) are shown for scenarios RCP2.6 (blue) and RCP8.5 (red). Black (grey shading) is the modelled historical evolution using historical reconstructed forcings. The mean and associated uncertainties averaged over 2081 2100 are given for all RCP scenarios as colored vertical bars. The numbers of CMIP5 models used to calculate the multi-model mean is indicated.
Maps of CMIP5 multi-model mean results for the scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 in 2081 2100 of (a) annual mean surface temperature change, (b) average percent change in annual mean precipitation. Changes are shown relative to 1986 2005. The number of CMIP5 models used to calculate the multi-model mean is indicated in the upper right corner of each panel. Hatching indicates regions where the multi-model mean is small compared to natural internal variability (i.e., less than one standard deviation of natural internal variability in 20-year means). Stippling indicates regions where the multi-model mean is large compared to natural internal variability (i.e., greater than two standard deviations of natural internal variability in 20-year means) and where at least 90% of models agree on the sign of change.
Projections of global mean sea level rise over the 21st century relative to 1986 2005 from the combination of the CMIP5 ensemble with process-based models, for RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The assessed likely range is shown as a shaded band. The assessed likely ranges for the mean over the period 2081 2100 for all RCP scenarios are given as coloured vertical bars, with the corresponding median value given as a horizontal line.
CMIP5 multi-model mean geographical changes (relative to a 1981 2000 reference period in common with CMIP3) under RCP8.5 and 20-year smoothed time series for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the (a, b) annual minimum of daily minimum temperature, (c, d) annual maximum of daily maximum temperature, (e, f) frost days (number of days below 0 C) and (g, h) tropical nights (number of days above 20 C). White areas over land indicate regions where the index is not valid. Shading in the time series represents the interquartile ensemble spread (25th and 75th quantiles). The box-and-whisker plots show the interquartile ensemble spread (box) and outliers (whiskers) for 11 CMIP3 model simulations of the SRES scenarios A2 (orange), A1B (cyan), and B1 (purple) globally averaged over the respective future time periods (2046 2065 and 2081 2100) as anomalies from the 1981 2000 reference period. Stippling indicates grid points with changes that are significant at the 5% level using a Wilcoxon signed-ranked test.
Multi-model CMIP5 average percentage change in seasonal mean precipitation relative to the reference period 1986 2005 averaged over the periods 2045 2065, 2081 2100 and 2181 2200 under the RCP8.5 forcing scenario.