Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα: Εξίσωση Κίνησης, Διατύπωση του Προβλήματος και Μέθοδοι Επίλυσης. Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου

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Transcript:

Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα: Εξίσωση Κίνησης, Διατύπωση του Προβλήματος και Μέθοδοι Επίλυσης

VISCOUSLY DAMPED 1-DOF SYSTEM Μονοβάθμια Συστήματα με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση Equation of Motion (Εξίσωση Κίνησης): Complete Solution: Πλήρης λύση where: homogeneous or complementary solution Γενική λύση ή λύση ομογενούς εξισώσεως particular solution Μερική ή ειδική λύση REFERENCE: BOYCE, W.E. and R.C. Di PRIMA (1970). Introduction to Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση Equation of Motion: 0 Initial Conditions: 0, 0 Possible solution is of the form: [ 0for non-trivial solution, i.e., for non-zero motion.] Substituting in the equation of motion: 0 0 0 where: General solution of homogeneous equation: or cos sin

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTE: Recall Euler s formula: cos sin cos Introducing the initial conditions: 2 sin 2 cos sin sin where: & tan Clearly, an oscillatory/harmonic response with: Period sec Ιδιοπερίοδος συστήματος rad Natural (circular) frequency sec Κυκλική ιδιοσυχνότητα συστήματος Natural (cyclic) frequency Ιδιοσυχνότητα συστήματος Hz= cycles sec

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTE: Let: where: sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos sin & tan Alternatively: where: sin cos sin cos sin sin cos cos cos & tan

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση χωρίς Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Phase Plane Diagram (or Poincaré Phase Plane) Displacement: sin Velocity: cos cos [Notice that has dimensions of displacement.] Potential Energy: Δυναμική Ενέργεια sin Kinetic Energy: Κινητική Ενέργεια cos cos Evidently: No energy is dissipated in a system undergoing free vibrations. Circles in a phase plane diagram thus represent constant-energy states.

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση Equation of Motion: 0 Initial Conditions: 0, 0 Possible solution is of the form:, 0 Substituting in the equation of motion: 0 2 2 2 2

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Critically Damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση ίση της κρισίμου When the discriminant Δ is zero: διακρίνουσα Then Δ0 2 2 Συντελεστής κρίσιμης απόσβεσης, (The characteristic equation has a double root) διπλή ρίζα General solution: Introducing the Initial Conditions: The above solution represents non-oscillatory motion. NOTE: Mechanical Systems for which it is required that the system return to a zerodisplacement position in the least amount of time are designed to have critical damping (e.g., recoiling gun, weighing scale).

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Definition of Damping Ratio: Λόγος απόσβεσης 2 Then: Therefore:, 1 For the critically damped case: 1 Περίπτωση κρίσιμης απόσβεσης

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Over-damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση μεγαλυτέρα της κρισίμου 1 Clearly: 1 Let: 1 Then: Introducing the Initial Conditions, we obtain: 2 2 Alternatively, the response may be expressed as: cosh sinh NOTE: Recall the definition of hyperbolic functions in terms of the exponential function: sinh 2 cosh 2

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Over-damped Σύστημα με απόσβεση μεγαλυτέρα της κρισίμου Critically Damped Σύστημα με απόσβεση ίση της κρισίμου NOTE: Certain recoil mechanisms (e.g., an automatic door closer) are designed to have over-damping.

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) Under-damped System: Σύστημα με απόσβεση μικροτέρα της κρισίμου 1 Roots of the characteristic equation: 1 Κυκλική συχνότητα αποσβενυομένης ταλάντωσης Definition of Damped Circular Frequency: 1 The general solution may be written as: or cos sin Introducing the Initial Conditions, we obtain: or cos sin where tan sin The above expression represents decaying oscillatory motion. NOTE: For (i.e., ) the solution reduces to undamped free vibrations.

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) NOTES: The curves & envelope the displacement-time relationship and touch the latter at those points where sin 1. These points, however, do not represent maxima of. The actual maxima lie just a bit to the left of the points. The times at which maxima occur are obtained by setting 0, which gives: tan 1 or sin 1 Phase-plane Diagram: How to select the direction of the oblique axis : Velocity: sin cos cos sin Let ; then: cos tan sin iff tan

VISCOUSLY DAMPED FREE VIBRATION (cont d) Ελεύθερη Ταλάντωση με Ιξώδη Απόσβεση (συνέχεια) σπείρα Exponential (or Equiangular) Spiral Equation of Exponential Spiral: The shape of the spiral depends on only. For a given value of a spiral has to be drawn only once. Using the drawing as a template, the spiral can be transferred to the phase-plane diagram by selecting the required value of on the spiral. Let be the angle that is formed by the polar radius of a point on the spiral with the tangent to the spiral at that point. The distinctive feature of the curve is that the angle is constant because: tan 1 NOTE: This is why the exponential spiral is called sometimes equiangular spiral.