Πεδίο εθαπμογήρ: 1) Πλούζιο μεη/μα 2) Μαλακό μεη/μα 3) Μη ςποκείμενο ζε αςηανάθλεξη 4) Πάσορ απεπιόπιζηο Υωπίρ λιθογόμωζη ενηόρ ηων ξςλοηύπων Με λιθογόμωζη TUC Slide 1 of 102
Με διαγώνια δοκάπια για καλύηεπη ανηίζηαζη ζηιρ πιέζειρ TUC Slide 2 of 102
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Έσει γίνει ο θάλαμορ και ζηο ηέλορ πληπούηαι με λιθογόμωζη από κάποιο κεκλιμένο ή λούκι άνωθεν TUC Slide 15 of 102
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Μη-μησανοποιημένη TUC Slide 22 of 102
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(1) (8) (14) TUC Slide 29 of 102
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«Δοκοί προπορείας» The forepoling scheme in Toulon is : Forepoles 18 m long, every 9 meters ( there is always 2 layers of forepoles superposed above the excavation Fiber nails 9 m long, installed every 4,5 meters Excavation by 1,5 m steps TUC Slide 42 of 102
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Longwall Mining Longwall MiningSource: U.S. Dept. of Energy Longwall mining is used most efficiently in uniform coal seams of medium height (42 to 60 inches). As in the room and-pillar method, longwall mining starts with sets of entries cut into the panel areas. The difference in the technique lies in the distance between these sets of entries and the method used to extract intervening coal. Longwall blocks range from 300 to 600 feet wide and are sometimes a mile long. The longwall machine laterally shears or plows coal from the entire face, transports the fallen coal by an advancing conveyor to a secondary haulage conveyor, reverses direction at the end of a cut, and supports the roof in the area of the face by a self-advancing system of hydraulic jacks. Over 80% of the entire coal face can be removed with this method. The roof is allowed to cave behind the advancing work areas; the roof is occasionally blasted to ensure a controlled cave-in rate and to reduce overburden pressure on the coalbed being mined. The shortwall method of mining coal is best described as a method similar to longwall mining with two exceptions. The blocks of panels are smaller, usually ranging from 100 to 150 feet wide and 300 feet long and the coal is cut with a continuous miner and is loaded into shuttle cars. TUC Slide 47 of 102
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Room-and-Pillar Mining Room-and-Pillar MineSource: Kentucky Office of Mine Safety and Licensing Room-and-pillar mining has been used in the United States longer than any other underground method. Mining is accomplished by driving entries off the panel entries. As mining advances, rooms are excavated in the coal seam; the strata above the seam are supported by pillars of coal left in place. After a block panel or section has been mined, part of the coal in the pillars can be recovered as a retreat is made toward a main entry. Since about 1950, continuous mining using electric-powered machines to bore, dig, or rip the coal from the working face has largely replaced conventional mining, which involved undercutting, drilling, placing explosives, and blasting to extract the coal. Coal is either loaded directly into shuttle cars by the machine or in a separate operation. So-called continuous mining is interrupted by stops to support the roof, await shuttle cars, advance power and water supplies, and service the equipment. TUC Slide 49 of 102
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1. Yπολογιζμόρ γεωλογικών αποθεμάηων 2. Τπολογιζμόρ μεηαλλεςηικών αποθεμάηων 3. Ρςθμόρ παπαγωγήρ 4. Μέθοδορ εκμεηάλλεςζηρ 5. Επγα πποζπέλαζηρ/ Πποπαπακεςήρ κ.λπ. TUC Slide 59 of 102
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Where Does the Coal Go After It Is Mined? Coal TrainSource: Energy Information Administration After coal is removed, it typically goes on a conveyor belt to a preparation plant that is located at the mining site. The plant cleans and processes coal to remove dirt, rock, ash, sulfur, and other unwanted materials, increasing the heating value of the coal. The coal may also be sorted by quality and size. Once the coal is processed it is shipped to wherever it is needed, typically by rail, but also by truck or barge or even a coal-slurry pipeline. Transportation methods depend on the distance to be traveled and access to existing transportation systems. http://teeic.anl.gov/er/coal/restech/tech/index.cfm TUC Slide 61 of 102