!"#$ %&'()' " * " +,

"$ %&'()' " * " +, *,-*./+/0 1,*"23*,*

" $%& ' ( ' & ) *+* +, -.. / 0. 1,$ $ 1 ' - 2 3. & ' * 2 +. % %%

$, 4.5 $ 1. %,, 6 1 362' $ ' ) ) 1 )7 8359 5 &5 172 $ :. ;' < ( - %. /.& 4.5% / '' 2" 4,= 1)>?@>

" " $ $ % $

' (() ' ( ) ' $ * $ + $,(- (. $ *) ' / 0 ( 1 * ( * ) ( * * -* $ ( 1 $ 2$+ ( ' 1 ' ( ( ' $( ( 3 $ (' ) &

" $ % " & ' ( $ $ ) '* +, " -. & / ( & $ 0. " & ( +$ +$, + + ' + +

* ++ 1*, +" " - " + &$ & 0. && $ % ( *' (+ * ) ' 2 (& ' (( 0, $ + 0 ' 3 $ " - $ & $ ( $ ( 4 5 $ ( $( $ - $ & 0. & " &. ( ' )6. 7 1 (

$ " % & ' " %% ( ) * $ +,&-. $' / 01 % " 0 00 ( (. 2 (% 3 2 % 45 11 % &. +,&- 0 " %0

" $ % & '( )* '(*, (+, -. (* (+ % / -. 0% 1 2 ) )" (3)4, / / )56 / )5&

" $ % & " ' ( " " &

)** +,-, -./0 12 0/3 4 5 1)*)3 6 7 8 1% 0//3 9 1%00:8):.3 & " ;,-, - %100:8):.367 /)* 14)*)8 003 0<* 6 7 1' 0<* )***3 1 4" 0</3 + = 10.<8 ):>3 6 ; 47+ 15 2 00/?)**3 +1 = 0/08)*<3@ " "; )

A " 1+ 0/:8 >3 B 1C 0D.3 2 E 1)**<8)D3 6 9 7 12 E )**8 0D)3 6 7 2 10/D8)DD3 1C )**08:0:3 $ 1C0D.?50<:? = 00*? ( 00:? @00.3 1= 0/D? = 0/0? 00? ( 00:3 1F)**<8D)3 1% = )**.8)<3 >

@ - E & 1F 00)8 D.03 & 5 " & 12 0/.8/..3 " = 10.<8 0)3 /DG = 100/8 >*D3 ( C 1)*8 *.3 9 5 @ + @ ( = 10/08 )*/3 E & & 1F 00)8D/)3E :

1=)**.3 1 = 0.<8 <)?@ 0/8 )/? 5 0/<?)**8)3 6 7 1C 0<<3 5 10/<8 )/3 6 " 7 1@; F )*)8 )03 1= 00.8 >*>?=)**.8)*/3 - & 1$ + 0.<?@ 0//3 " " 1@ 0//?@ E9 0//3 & 8,-, - " H C H & " ; D

- & 1= 0/08)*.3%,-, - & - 15 0<*)D*)D<? 5 0<:)):)).? = 0.>.? = 0/D? = 0/08 )*/? ')*3( 1 0/>? 2 0/<?(% 00*? F 00)3 " 12 0/.3-150<:? @ 008):)D?F00)?2 E )**? 2 )**/? = )**08 )))3 5& 1= 0.0? = 0/0?= 00*?+00<3 1' 0.8)::?' 0.?@ 0.:? = 0.<3 1)**/8 )*>3-13 " = = 1)**D38,-, & & <

" -, -," - 15 0<:? F 00)8:D3 ; ; 1@0.<3-9 1C 0D.8 ::3 1 0/08 <*3 - $ -,-, - $I J 1)**/8 D3 " " "( 100.3 5;E 5.

,-, - @ ; 1$ 0.:? ' ( 00*? = =)**D?K +9)**D?)**<? C)**/?)**/?2)**/?4L @)**/3 1)**/3 " - ; ; - 1' 0<<? 2 E 0<.8)<? = @ 00D8:0:? % =)**.8)D/3 ; ; 4 C10D.80/003-9 1 = 0.<8)::3 = 10.<3 9 - " 1= 00.8 0D3 ; 8 10/0?=00.? /

)**<)**/? ')*3? " 1)**D83 8 " ( 10/08 <**3 " ; & @ 10.:8)*.3 ; 1E 0D03 K C % 10/08 )*3 " 86 7 $ 10.8:/.3864 5 @ 56+ & 1 = 0.<8)<03 - " ( ' - 1 = 0.<8):D? )**/8 D3 0

- 1 K +9 )**D8.:3 1)**<3 1' ( 00*8 )D? ' )***8 D)D3 ' (100*3 '1)***3 8 ; 1)**<8 ><3 9 ; @ ; 1)**<8><3 A ; ; ; 1 = 0.<8):.3 ( 1F)**<8 D>3 - @ 1)**<3 *

4 " - $ 1 = 0/08 )*<3 % 100.8 0/*3 86 6 8 6 7 H H = 10.<3 ; 6 7 6 71)D.3 8 & ' = 100.3 M 1)**>?)**>?)**.8 00*3 " = 10.<3 E ) ) 83@ 9?)3%? >3(?:3

- & ; = 10/08)>>3 ; 9' =100D3 & > = 100.3 % = 1)**.3 " : ; &- " 9 - " ( ; 1C )**/8D/:?()**/3 K 1 0..? )**>8:.03 - > $N N : 5 2?1@ +3 2 1@+3@?@ C 1@+3 2 ( ( )

- - ; K 1 0..00*? 00D3K 9 1E 0</8 DD*3 @ " 1 2 0/? 00*? 00)3 >

1C00<3 " 100)8 :**3 % ; " ; " " 1C 00<8 >:.3 " " ; " @ 9 ( &8 C " H H H 5),-, - " " :

6 7 6" " 7,"- " " " " & & 1C9 F 0/)3 5 > 8 1C0D.34 & 1= 0//3 1F 0/D? ' = 00>3 1' 00*3 5& 10.8<D?2 00D?()**:3 " & + D

>5: 1= 00 0003 @ 1 = 0.<8)D.3 " 1C )**<? ( )**.3 & 15 0<:? F 00)3 " $ 2 10D:8 )D03 6' 2 & O?E &7M1)**>?)**>3 D* 4 1M )**>? M )**.8 00*3 5& & " " & 9 & - " $ <

" - " ( & ; - ; " + @ @ 5 +@@ +@ 1+@@3 )**) + + 5 +@@ E : )**/ & & + & & & & 8 6 -- - -A * * H7.

1@'(((3 1@)**:3 &% "& " % & * 6" 7 * 6" 7 8' ' 5 5 5; E C + %%'%2$ E E@@@@ @; $ A :/G %./.G5 ;)< 5 )D.<@ & 5 ) & 5 + @ @ $ + @ @ E D )** +@@ C < /)0 <**>G & D** D** M )*.)G <0G (M)*) &.D> /

5 > + @ @ E D )** +@@ @;P1KQ3 E 1@;)**.3 8' ' 5 5 5; E C + % % $ $ @ @ @ @; @ A = :.G /:G ' ;*/>5>*>% 0

E 20/DRC R 1> 3 % 2 ; +$ B8E E E 00DK5 %8A( '@0<<R ; 58E' 'RM)/1>38D>D>* '@0.R2E KR 5@ :1)38D..D '@ E0.R R( M @ '@)***(;+ 2/<*0/*5 85 A '@ (00* 5 +8@+ +//D0/D5 85 A 'C0<*)***+ +" 8 A '(=00*R E ER@A '(= M=00>R @+" ER ( ( 5 )*

5 +54+( C +@0<*K$B84 55)*)R@ 2NE C 824 5 E 4 5R 1 3 5+0<:R$'@( R C C $B8 5+ E0/<E 5 (8' A 5 E( 52 00/R% 8 " RM*138>>D/ CE)**<R@ ; 8 ;RM M@.8)) CEM00<R5;4CR 5$M85 CEM)**/RQ Q @R5@ :1.38/000)* CEM)*R2OE 5" K 5R5;5" 5 EMC 5M " 8 " A C + '(M' @ )**/RK @ 85 55R+@ E ):1D38D/>D00 )

CSC2 40<<2 &9-82 + ( C94 M F0/)E' @2 8 C0D.+C$ B85 CM$M= 2@ )**0 RA E8 K R'>1:38:/DD* +M( (M0/:@ K 5 85 A +% (2900< R( 2E 2K '+R'M@ :.1380>) @)**>RK @ R" C @2 E M" 8" A @CE= 4(20/>R "8 RM+"@ 01:38>/:** (( K00)+ 5 8E+ @ @455 85 A J)**<R' @ '8 @2E 4 ))

+R@E).1:38>D0 >./ J)**<+& CT+ +%J5 28 5U@ J)**<R2 8% @4 +"RV@ )D1)38D>.> J)**/R; 5;P2E R:1)38/0)*0 J (')*R4 ;R5+ 08:DO<. C C= 0/0R2E @R582 @ 4 C (=M M4C '84 % C C= 00*R2E @R582 @ 4 C (=M M4C '84 % %(00:RE 2RE(8 E K5 C $$B85A % M00.R 8CR EQD*1:380>:0<: % 50//R8 2 5R'M @/1>38)/.>*) )>

%E =)**.RK5 5RC K 5 E %M E( MW " 8" A (M (5( 00: 58A ( (0.R@ 8"R@ E ><1:38<D*<<* MC0/0RK 8 R+M E.8D00<) E 0..@E85 K @ 48 A E 00*5 8A E C= 0.<R 2E C 4(R ' ' 5 C2 M4X@ MMM2$ @C% ')**.R$ ( A 4 5 +"HR @ '>>80/0**. ):

MMM%4= M @)**>R+"EYA ( @5 8E % MR MMM%4= M @)**>R5( @5 R ')01>38>>0>.D = @00*R2E R5 @ )>8)*)>/ = C0.0R ;R8( @' (= '8@ = C0.>RC' @ 25;K8 @A@ E%0</N<0R+5E 4'C A( = =0/DR 0/*+8 @(RM:.1>38/)//D> = 9Z00DRK 8 R+ ME)/8<>0> = 9Z00.R K 52E @85 @ R@E/1)380 ))D = 9Z00/R+ 58 52 @ 2E @ 4+RM E*1:38)0)>< )D

= 9Z @=)**DRK 5R+K M& " 8" A = 9Z +@ 00DR5 RK M4KC +@ " 8" A =()**.R( 8 RQ.1)38)*:))* =()**0R+ K 8K @ @5"R 5@ +@ C = " 8" A =M00RE@ 5 5 C (@R 5 D8)>)>< =M000R@ERE D*8D>.D<. =M0//RE @ +8@ 5 + K 'RM @ DD1)380<)* 2E)**/R; R+@ ).1:38</.<0/ 2M0/2 E 8 5 8A 2E E C E )**R C 5 C ( RM@:D1:380D 0. )<

2E E C E )**<KC 8 C +5 $ B85 A 2@( @E0<. 858 2@(2; ' M 2;0D:R K 8 'R @ % 2 ;(8 4 2@(0/('8M A 2 ( E0/<R@ R @E/*1)38D*DD)* 2 ((E@ @'00DR EK85 C 5 +R@ E/01)38>*0>)< 2E50/.R( @R M@>1:38/D</00 ()**.R2E R" ' EMC C= " 8" A (E 00.R @+5+R5 @ >*1>38)))D: (%=( $00*R " 9 R@5 /1380>* ).

(((% (2 )**: R% ' 85& ( R@ $ (+ 5 4+@ (@ A ()**/R 2E @ K 'R<< 5( @ $5 M+ 0.<R 8 R @>0138/ $$ = 0.:R('@ E 85 @RM ><1>38D:*D/. $I MJ)**/2 E %$B85 A @200E K5 5 5 8 A5 5)**R2E @4 +84E $E R '%A4( = $$0.RE8+ @ @E5R5 M E(0</REK ERQ>)1:38D:.DD0 E0D0R R + ' M' % )/

@%0.:R2C( K 5R5@.1)380> )*/ @4+0//R @HRK E8@(+ E 8@E @4+ 0//KE8 @(+ E 8@E @4+ = E90//R4 HRK E8@(+ E 4+@ 8 @E @%0.< 8 5 85 A @;+ 5F)*)R$E + Q84 ( 2 E HR@@E @ @0/Q @8+"Q4 5"$B8 @;@)**.RK8 &R( 2+@ @ EM5EE; %+ 2 8@ @ (E ' + 00E 58+" 5 85 A )0

M @00.RR +ME>)8<DO/: K +95@ 9' )**D R2E 5R +K8 M&" 8" A KCM4 (%0/0RK R+ ME.8.>: 4"5 0</ $B8 X4 4L' @)**/R( 5@ +R +@ ).1380>* 4M)*)R5 2E R+M@ D1)380.)0 FM 20/DR( 5RM5E)8>:>D) FM @ 00)R@ @E8 QE RM@ ><1>38D.0<< FME00)$ ( 5 85 A F+;)**<R4-2 4-E HQ @ 5" ( 2R' )/8D.> >*

" $ %% % % & '" ( () * +& & ' ', -, -. / 0." " 0 ' / *+&& 1 2 33,(%-4 5" 4 67),-"%'89:;": <<

" $% " & '( )& '(* (+, -". ) $(/,00(1. $00$2 3$4 % '" /,00(1. $00(& $005 )& '(6 4 00$ +" $ 2 " 7 8$ % $% 9 $ : 6 $ 00 ; " < " 4='$,9 > 4 /00>$% 7 *7 $

,/?): @A ( = 00 " " ", $ = " 3 $ %& 75. > " $) 00' 6 $ 2 7 " ) 00'>$2 $ 2 7 ) & '( + '$ % ;<"" ;< $%" 7 ) $$

6 " 9 $2 " $: " $ 2 ". " " $ B $ 2. " 4 " 4 4" 6 1 4 9 7 $ +" & 00> 0 3 9 /4 * 00 $C 9 9 $2 $ %9 ". D '$ B " " "> B>B F>% H>K I>I L> - BEFGHIGJ

% "FEFE$$$EFHEHE$$$EH" $$ + 0 $ 2 $ ) " 4 '' 3$4 $ ''>5' $ % 9. 3$) $ 2 ) $$ B B B C ". 4 B.''>$4 '' ; < 4 ''> $ ) $

$2 $ " $ 2 ; < 0 33 " " '$% $: "$2 " $% 3. 4 B. '' ; 3 <$ 2 ;3< 3 3 $4 5

9 ;3 < ;3 < $B. 3 3 $% 3 " + $* 93 + $," $ 2 " $ 2" " M 3 M + $ % & 2 ) N : ' / ''$ 2 $2" " 4 4B-"00'M044- $ 2 9 9 $ % 9 9 > ) 4=,2,, 4 $00- " $$ 44B->4 4B-00'$ $0$ N 4 4 4 " N O : 44$

9 $ / 3 9 3 $ /9 0 ;3 < 0 ;3 <" $ 2 9 9. 3 ") "K "N"N 4 $/ 9 0,4 0$ ' ( 2,/?):@A( = 00$) ) $-$ % ( 6 ; < " 9 " 3 9 "H "F '

$% 0" $ 2 9 $:,4 0 9 0 44" 3 9 ( 9>H EH " F EF $ : " 3 3 M 3 $2" 9 3 " 3 3 8>H E"F E0$ 2 3 9 $," > 3 3$ ', 7, '(,, (, $ 2 " > " " $? $, " 9 $ λ Eλ. PEλ λ Eλ. PEλ λ Eλ. PEλ λ>k ".>

2 9 $ 2 9 9 + '(, ( 4='$ F EF. PEF F EF. PEF F EF. PEF FE% ".> 2 + 0 9 $ %. $ ' ) 3 K%4BK'$ @A4A 00 %@B11$00' 4 "4100$ 4 $ 9 ) 9 ff $ 2 3,% 3 3 (*?,%$2 $ $ ffi 9 $$% $ ' ) % 9 " " " 23 λ λ 39$+ $ -0

$* 44 9 > 2 > 1 "Q "+ -N $ 2 ff >N "* " K " R "* "N ") "4 $ 2 8 2 $$ & * = ) ) /= 2N N 4 4 8 6/ - * =??8B? / - / K * * B B 4 4 4 R - N= 3 6/$ -

'% & % "9 $ 2" " " $ 2 $2 "";< " ; < I 00> -$ 2" 7 ff $ 6 4 00" $2 $ 2 9 9 > " $%& & 2 > : " :" N "- $ + $ 6 9 " @B S$ $2 > -

BE $- G $05 TI $0- $0 $' -$ 2". + " $ K ". + $ ) " "@B /") )$2 + " / 3/. $/. /" ) ) ". $, " ) @B 3 /") )> BE $ G $05 T I $0- $0 '$ 5$ : > BE $ G $' T I $- $0 $ -$- 2 $) $ " $% /") ) -

= "= "? "?"?8B "" "/= " /" K " N" *" *" B " B " 4 "4 "4 "4"4 8"2N" R 6/ $ $ -. % ' +, / 0., 0$ 0$ $' $' $ -$ 5$0 $ '$ $ 0$ /" ) " ) $ 0$0 $ $ $' $0 5$ $5 '$ 0$ $- 0$' 0$5 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$- 0$5 0$' $ ' $ --

/ &1 / 9 U 2 $: 2 $ " $4 $: ) $:$ : 3" 7 2 $$ 2*7 $ 47 $$2 " 7 $ : $2" 7 $ 2 $- $ 6 S$? " ) )$ +" *7 $ 47 $$C" 7 8 $ -

& $$ 2 2 &$ ( = -$ 0 0 -$ -$50V = -$ ' 5 -$' $'V? $5 0 $ -$55V? $0 $0' 5$-V?8B $- $' $55V $ $ $'V / -$00 -$ $5V $ 5 - $ -$V ) $ - $- $'V ) -$ -$' $V /= $0 $0- $0V / $ $ $'V K $ $5' 5$V N $ $ -$0V N $ 0 $5 $0V * $ 5 5 $5 5$'0V * -$' 5 ' -$' $-V B $ - $5 $V B $ $- 5$55V 4 -$ - - -$ -$V 4 -$5 -$5 $V 4 -$- -$ $V 4 $ - 5 $ $0V 4 8 -$ -$ $-V R $5 ' ' $5 -$V 6/ -$'5 -$'5 '$-V *7 >$ 47 >$ -5

% & 1$ $$ &$ 2 2 = ' $ $0- ' $' $0- $0 = $ $05 $ $05 $0? - $ $0' $0 $0' $? ' $- $0 ' $' $0 $0?8 B 5 $ $0-5 $5' $0- $0 $5 $0 $5 $0- $0- / $ $0 - $0' $05 $0 - $ $0 $ $0 $0 ) $5 $0- $ $0 $ ) $ $0 $- $0- $ / 5 $ $0 $ $0 $0' /= $ $0-5 $ $0 $0 / 0 $-' $0 $- $0 $0 K $05 $0 $0 $0 $0 N $- $0- $-5 $0- $0 N - $55 $0 - $5 $0 $0- * $0 $05 $0 $05 $00 * 5 $ $0 $ $05 $00 B $ $0' $0 $0' $0 B $- $0 5 $ $0 $0 4 $- $05 0 $- $0 $0 4 $0 $0 $0 $0 $00 4 0 $ $0 0 $5 $0 $0 4 $ $0 $' $0 $05 4 8 $ $0 $5 $0- $0 R $- $0 - $ $05 $0 6 / $ $0- $ $0- $0 *7 >$' 47 >$' -

0 & % % 9 7 $2 ;<; < 3 $ 2"% 3 M $% " $ 1 $% /") ). $ I 6 /$ 3 9 ) )$) $2" 3 /" ) ). $ % " $ +" 3 $/ " $ +" > 3 -'

-$V" $55V?8B -$V R $% " 6 > $0V / = '$-V 6/$ R $ 2" $ +" " 7 $/ " $% " 8 " /" ) ) $ 2" $'M$05 8 8 $ -

= "@$00$W?9 9 $W%??4," $@$:$+")$@$B$1.*$*$,$ + >@6 $."6$@$D$'$B= 4% $K>: *$ ":$$: 2$N C>+? $ "B, I$00$W? * KB * I N'$W%,, 4 B"$/K",4 =? X$K>R.:$ ) ","2, +1$$?>B 4 : 4 6? $? >? R *$ ) ":X$00'$W** 8? 8YKB I $W** ->'0$ )" +$& $'$W2KB 4$W%? * : >:K 4* I 26 "$,$&@ @$6$$ = >6/$ /"?$2$$''$W2 >K $W= @* 4 '>'0$ 0

/"B @XBZ,$00W2: * >:? : 1 = )4? $W%* "* " 4"$*$N B /$= ",>@ + R *$ + ", @$,?$,$-$% 2*? $:: >R, *$ +"@$K$",:@$@$",B$'$W6 >: Y $W24* >0$ + "@$'$W1 > $W@ * B>5$ %"B$'$WN* 1?> BK&"4"= @8 $W? * 4 ->-'$ %"B+$& $5$W* % "% *KB 6,* $W%* % ="$%="%? ) $K@6 [4$ @A"&4A $00$WK%4BK'$$W K "%K>4 4% "%$ @A"&/$$W2 9 $W% 2 9 "$&:$= 4@$K$N *>4$ & "+$":1"@ K$="%=, $,$005$, * *%%$ * "" / "R " I?000$I3>I3R *$

& "&$'$W% '0 >% 4,$W@* ->'''$ &", $00$W, > $W* I Q >0-0$, "/$@$'$W% $W % @ B>-$, "6$B$$, $$WI $W * >'$, "6 $$W, " " $W* '>O-$,":$6 4 $0$W,,2,, $W% "$:$1,6$4 $:>N +$ * "4K$$2B 1$? * *?? >2 R? *$ 4 "6$$%$N$/$00$W 9 9 $W4B,>-$ 4 "6$$"6$1%$N$/$00-$ W 9 $W%, 2 4Q "$@,$B 4*", *$?"@ 2$ K" 8, "@, "4 + >6 $

4 "6 $''$W+ U$W% 1 B) >4, : B"$6 $4 $:> 4 B) $ 4 "6 $$'' $1 B) >: 4, : B$ :>4 B) $ 4 "6 $"=*"&,+4 $ ''$W? UW %1 B) >4, : B"$6 $ 4 $:>4 B) $ 4 "6 $&B.$''$W6 UW%1 B) >4, : B"$6 $4 $:> 4 B) $ 4 "6 ": 46 1$ 00$W2 9 UW49, >:, @5->5'$ 4"@= +=$'$W: $W@?B>'0$ 1."?"+4 2.= $00$ WKB I *? $W%2 1>: "$@92$I3>I3 R *$ 11"6 "6 4 : 4$ 00'$W@ 9 $0$- $W

6 "6 6 4 $00$W2B =%% YKB I $W% B?4,6 *$ 6":$"DK =$D $00$W >: 2%,44$W* :" B >5$ -

3 " 3 4 BE BG CH CY CZ DK 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 EAST EE ES FI FR GB GR HR LV NL NO PL Percent PT RO RU SE SI SK 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 UA WEST 0 5 10 0 5 10 Placement on left right scale Graphs by cntries

" " $ "" % & & ' ( )*+*)*+), " -" " ". ("$& %/(& 01'2 3 '

" $$ %&' " " ($ (" $ ) " $"* % ++, - & $ " $ *& $ $ " " $. $" $/$ * %0 ' "1 $ " 2 " "$0 $ $ " $ $ " "3 %4) 3 54++%4$$$ " 6$ 4++7% $$$ 8$ 0 $9 $ $ " $$ $ : ); : $ )< )2 = > $ $ $ $?"% 90 $$ $% $ $ " $ $ @ A 7% B>4 & $ $$ ( " $ $- $ $ $ $- $ $$ " $

"" $" *' $ $", A $4++% 2 -%B & 0 $" " " $ $ $*; C 4++B% & 0 $ " $-D ($ *2 $$ $ $$ 0 $ 6$ 4++7% 4 @ " $$ " ' $ " " 0 " $ $ @%; 0 "0 ' A B4 " $ "=? 4+4 E " 0 'A BB A B> $ A B A B7 5 ': $$ 7 $0 % 4 B 0" $ ; 4++ 8 @ $ ': $ 7%4>); 4++%4@ $ ' : $7%4>>); : $%4++)2 " ): %BB@ $ " % 0" $ " 0

0$ ; : $ ) 2 " 8 " " F$2$F$ $ $ " 0 "$ 0 $ "$ 8"4+%4 = $ " " ;$4++B%> ' 0 @ $ ( " ' $ " 4++%>)= 4++G " "" $ " 2 $' $ " $ $" " " H 7>) 648 " ; $ $ " 9 " 0 " G " " $ 0 " " 0 ' $ 0 $ " 7+

$ 0 0 ;-$ : $ I0$ - 0 $ 0 < 4++ $ - 0$ $ $ =3 0,3"4+ - 0 < $ " $ $ 0$, $ 0 " $ " " $ " $ " " $" @ $ $ 0 $ " @ " 0 $ $ " $ " @ 1 $ " 0 J 8 " 8- = $ @ H3$4++7 $ 0 " < " 7

$ $ " : @ $ $ $ 6 ), : B " $,+ H1 $ @ $ " " 0 @ $ " $" ; -$ $ " $ $ 0 $ @ 0 0 $@ " $ H1 $$ $ @ " - " 2 $ ) :$ 4) < ) A $ ) 3 5 4++@$ 0 " $ "$ $ " $$E $ 0 " $ " 2 " - $ " ' $" 0 3(7 0 - " " " 74

" $$" "$$" " $$ @ - 0 1 " " $" 2%7)3)=4++> 0 0$ $ $ 0 $" $ - " " 0 $ " @ $ " 0 " $ 8 $ " $ 0 $ $ $ " $$8" " $ $ @ " 0 $ ' " 0 " $ $ $ @ A A < H$ E $" " $ @ $$9" $" 4++ $ $? 4+ $=? 4+4< " $ $ @ "$ 1 8 :A@ 7B

" $ B -B 8 1 $ A= " 0 $ =- $ $ $3'A53?K AK"$ 4++ ;$ $ "$ " $ ", $ " - " A A >@ 0 $A $- " $ $$ " @ $ " 01 5 = A1 - $ 5=A " $$ 1 $ " % @ " $ $ $ 1 $ A 4++@?5 GG4++ " " A A G G 4++ @ = -=' $ - - $ <H $" ='@ "$ "$A 4++%@ ; B'$ " 0"0 "D $ "?5 7>

" " $%& ' ('%)*& +''%,*& - '- <$H <H =. E$ ' / @ % @ " " 0 " $ 2 $ 24 1 " " $ $%= $ 0 = 4 $0 =B " '$ $"$ 2- " 0 " $ $ $A 47E " @ = A= "1 = 4 B " -=4 " D=B$"D $ " "8" 9 $ 8 - " 0 0$ " $ @ = 4 D = B " D $ "" 7

" 8 $ $ $"$ $ @ " $ $ $ 8 " 1 %&% & ' ( )4BE > * &( +,) $ $ 4$B> @ $ 0 " $ $1 " $ $ E @ 0 $" ' 0 $ "1 %- (.../0 0 1 1, 8$ - "%A 0 $ '- 9 A 0 0 $ $ " $ $1 " $$ $ -B4 77

@ A 0$ '- 9 A $ 0 ; 4++7 2 $ "D "D $ - $ 1 ;$$ $ - $ 1 " $ $ $ $ $ : 4++% 44> @ " - "D "D $@ " ( " - " $$ $ @ E " G2 4++>) E 4++7 2 " 1 - " @ " $ $ @ " - " " 0" $ " $ $ ;" $ $ $ F $ F $; B4 $ " 7

""1 "" Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 Not important at all Not important Neither nor Important Very important Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 Not important at all Not important Neither nor Important Very important Allow many/few immigrants from poorer countries outside Europe Government should reduce differences in income levels_ importance '$1 '$$ 8 F $ F $ F $ $ $ F1 $ F $ $@"B $ $, $ $$ $1 0 @0 $ " $ $ 1 $$$ $$ $ $ @ "$ $$ " 0 ; BB ' " $$ $ ) " $ 1 $ 0 7

/ -" " "" " "" " 0 0 >7 30 0$ >+ 4+ '$1 " 4B '$$ 4B 1 " 4 2 $ 44 B+ BBB 4 < 44 L" 47B7BM E $" " 4BM 0 0 B 30 0$ 7> B>4 '$1 B4+ " 4> '$$ 4 1 " 77 2 $ 7 >4B >44 4 < 44 74 L" 7 477M E $" " BM 7

+" Both important Only income important Percent + 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Only immigration important None important 0 5 10 0 5 10 Self-placement on the left-right scale Graphs by importance of income equality and immigration ' $1 $ " $" $@ $$$ $H $$ $ " $1 @ " $ $ 1 $$ $ $$ $ $ E ; $D $ $$ - BB 5 " $1 $ 2 " $ $$ ; B> $ $ 1 $ $

A0'AH - B4 2 Both important Only income important Percent 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 Only immigration important None important 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 Education level (EISCED) Graphs by importance of income equality and immigration 5 $" $1 $ $ $ 1 $ @ $$ $ -B>; $D 1 9 $ $1 $ C " $ $ - " " "9 " "

3 "" ; $ $ $ $ " 1 " " " " "@ " $ $ A C4++%B8$ $ " $ $ " $ -$@ -$ $ ;' A 0 $ '- 9 A 'A'0 $1 " 4++ ; "1 $A N < AN<A 4+AN< ( < " $0 $ " - $ >+++ $ $ $ = = $ =@== - $ 1 A 4+ 9 1 " % O01 4 P- 2 1 & " @1 " @"B4 4

/ 4 4-2 2 30 0 $ + AN< B 7 +> AN< ( '$$ + < +4 + + +4 AN<=@== '$1 +> $ +4> + +4B + 2$ 'A' ++ 4++%B4 ++ + +7 +> 2 $ +4 4++%B4 +7 +> + ; " $ + AN< +44 +4 ++ +4 Q" ( + AN< + + +7 +> + 4++%B4 +>4 +B> +>+ +B < ' +7 AN< +> +7 + +> L" ++ 4++%B4 +++ +++ +++ +++ 3 @"BB $ @ " " $" " D 5=A R+ $ B0 R+ $ "D@ $ " - 4>?5 $ =4@$"D; = B $ " " $ " 1 $ $@ =B" B

/ 5 6 2 1 7 +P 4P 1 8 4P 0BP $$ 7 P 4>P $$ 8 7P 04P " S 4 774 7 B7 7 7 > 0 ++ ++ ++ 5=A + +> +>." "' %9& C C 4 4 > C B > > C > B 4?5 $ " - " 4 B 8 $ " $$ $1 4 $ $$ B@"B> $ $ 0 " " >

/ 5 6" ' : 2 0 ; " 0 < " 1 " 0 < "" " $7 1 +P > >P >> $8 +BP 1 7 0. " $$ 7 +7P 4P B> 7B $$ 8 P 47 " S 4 4>4 7 7 0 BB 4 > 5=A +4 ++ +7 ++ 5 4 >4 B+ > +. 4B7 B + 44 %="& B7BM 4BM 77M M P @ -% @ $ $ $$ $ $ @ $$ $ $ E$$ 9 " 0 " $ 8 $

" $ @ D 0 $2 $ 24< $ " 0 '$ 1 0 0$ $ $ $ $ $$ % 4% > @ $ $$ $ ; $ 0 0$ $ $ 4 $ $ 1 $ 7; " $ $ 1 > $$ B>2 "D " 8 - " 0 $$@ 2B "D = 0 $ $$9 2> " D ; $$ $ B 0 $1 B; $ 0 $ $$ @ " $1 4 0 $" $$2 $ D 2>" $$ 0 " "D ; B - " 0 7

3 "$ ' 2$, $ 9 $1 $ 9 $$ $ E $ ; $ " - " " @ A 0$ '- 9 A 'A' 0 $ $ 1 $ 48"'A'$ $ 2 $ $ 1 " $$ >@ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $

$1 " $$ @ $ $$ $ @ "D " $ $1 " $$ 4 >; $1 " $ $ $$ $ $ $; $ $ $ $ " "$ $$ $ 4B@$ $ $$ $ ; $ " ( $$ @ $ " $ $$ @ " " $ $1 $ $ 0 0$ @" B - "

/3 2$> 6" ' : 0 ; " 0 < " 1 " 0 < "" " 0. " 'A' 7 04P 04+ 0>P 0B 0+ 0+> 0+ 0+7 '$ 7 ; " 7 $ Q" ( 7 7 < ' 7 'A' 7 '$ 7 7P >B 0+ 04 +> 47P B ; " $ 7 0+B 0+4 04P 0>B + + BP > Q" ( 7 0 0$ $1 7 < ' 7 7 13 'A' 7 '$ 7 43 51 ; " 7 $ Q" ( 7 + +B 4 P B +7 7 4 13 $3 3 6 $7 5$ < ' 7 7 P )?5 $$

9 + ' " 0 % 9 " 0 0 $ 8" "$ " D 8-0 $ " " $ '$ $ " $ 0 )$ $ $ " $ $ 9 $ - 8 $ E 4+4 " 0 ' $ $ @ $ " @0 $ % " $ " - C 4++B% ' $ 0 0$ $ " <4++'" $D $ $ ; 4)C =4++)G D 4++2$ $ $ $ $1 5$ 4++7% >>@ & $ *%$ $ 5 )A $ 9 $ $

$ 0 " " " $ 2-0 " " " - 0 $"$ 0 $ " - "" $ $ $ = " " - $ $ $0 @ 0 $"

? "5"< 3 T = @T'@2"A < C3 ( EL% 5$2 ; 4++= % " $ $2"E?%8, C" < A $4++T@'$30 5 9 E$ T' $ C@ @,=:+T '$5 05'$ T9 AQ,=:?: BT '$A - 05 '$ T'= < = H,:A 1 " EL%?8 A H@$=CH3$4++7TH A H = J<' < < $ T$? < A +4%>7>0> H< 7>T@E, A$ = < " T'' EL%;<,= $?, <A$ 4++TG A '$$ %H0 H H$ T A 5 4>%B0 $ @$E L%2H 4

;$A4++BTG 'A < T'9-2"< < 9A3 2 5"? 9-%9-Q < ; =@$= 2G4 H%5 A A 8H H$" %H$" Q < ; U4++7T, A ','%@A 305 9 8 T ' < A 5 4>%B0B ; U4++T<< ( H (V35 9 T<< >4%04+ ; 2: $T@305 A$T'H < %3 A < 9 @8 $ =:??8, %8C C("$2,C<=C?@ $4T A' A 0$ '- 9 A TA A 54%07 CC 4++BTH$ %C 0 0 $ E T? < 5>4%04 C 5?U5$W=4++T@ < %H$ G, ; A H T'< < $ A <E $ 5 C, $=%? 2 Q < B

2 =?= H= >' @< H "%Q = < 2 -A $T $ $ < %H H < 5T? < 5B%70+7 2< =TA < 0 %0-$ T$ A 5 B7>%7+077+ 2 "?TG 0 %$ T? < 5%074 '52: $7T< ' ' <305 $ $8=< " T'< ',', 'H ; 3?8 XA?"8 $CT' ' ' T$? < A B%0 4+?K:AK"$4++T3'A53T 3 '3%%A A' ' :$ < A $@4? $ Q %2, H$" % H$" Q < ::AH 5C4++ T $ '$'1 T Q < 4 : :T' + %' A =T? < >B%40B >

: 9"DYTG 0 %$ T? < 54%7B0B : 9"DYT@< G 0" H$305 A0$%H$ A T' < A 5 4%0 44 :?T@5 '$ A %A < << H G, T? < A <4%704+ 3 5 5 <54++T H 2 < = T$? < A >>%0 3(< ;,5,2(C 7 @V %$ $ $ EL%H $" Q < 3 0,= A= H3"4+T < G%<$ E T< 5N 7>4%4B0B+ 3= =5A"A, T@ 5 G%H$ '$ $ H T@$ < A 5 4%B+0B47 == ;= C = 34++> TC,$" %@H1 = $ < T'A < " 9 E = $ H8 $A < =A $ < < Q <

= @$4++T'305 A0<$< ' G, T'77 H= < A E 24++7T< $ " $ E% $ $" T'<A< H 4Z4>? 4++73 Q : $ < A$ 3@5 GH$$ < < H$ H %@ Q H < <H 4++T305 A0<$ 8 %85E05' T' <, C Q8= 5 T2 $ T$? < A B4B%B0 5$= 4++7T< TA 4%>70> A 8A8=GG4++T@ A 1 = = JTA 1 = % =? 7>%704 A 8 $'$ EC4++ X N A 52"%?8 XA A 8 $ 9" = 5 6 3 3 D'$ C@$C 4+ T; " D?5BAA ' T'5HA=8 <4> A 8 $2A>H = E- $5$$%A $ 5; 7

A C 7< $%$ H$" %H$" Q < A $< =5,< @ 5 H %- < < H$" %H$" Q < G DH2$A$ @D, 4++ T305 9 <H T'@ G%$ $ $?1 @$9-%9- Q < GG8 $8 $A "A4++ T? $5 A 1 = B+>"T G2 = 2E = H4++>T= ETA E$< 8"8 "4+T@ $ $1 0 TA 5 =%0+ 6? 3T= '$ H T? H $54%B>0B4 6?54@E 9 =9 H$" %H$" Q < 6$ ("4++7T8385 JN0 $A ' H- ' = ' 3"T<, 4%0B

@ $ @ 2--A" @ < H$ A A $D $ " 0 A A " 5; E89D>0+0++B@D : Q @" A@ :@ "1 0$ " A A 5 9"4++5 " "" $ " 7 @ $" 4 7++BM ; $ $ $ AA5 AA 5 % A A 4+4% AA0 4++ $ 5 4+, A A E A A A ; "1 ++ ++ $ $00 $ @4M7M

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

< ' "J >0 2 J J +E 2 4N BG +

@ @ ' "1 "" Both important Only income important Percent 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 Only immigration important None important 0 6 Agree strongly Agree Neither agree nor disagreedisagree Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree Neither agree nor disagreedisagree Disagree strongly 0 6 Government should reduce differences in income levels Graphs by importance of income equality and immigration Both important Only income important Percent 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 Only immigration important None important 0 5 Allow many to come and live hereallow some Allow a few Allow none Allow many to come and live hereallow some Allow a few Allow none 0 5 Allow many/few immigrants from poorer countries outside Europe Graphs by importance of income equality and immigration

@ B ' Percent 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Both important Only income important Only immigration important None important 1900 1950 20001900 1950 2000 Year of birth Graphs by importance of income equality and immigration 4

" " " " " " $ " " " " " "% " $ " " $ " $ &$ ' '" ()*+,+ " & " - &

" $%& ' $()& * $+&, - $&. $) " /++ %/01 2 * $3(& * $3& 42 $$&, -$1 5-22 $)& 6 - /++$ & 7 52 /++(& 6 * /++)1, 8 9 9 9 : 9 5 2 ; ' /++%&- /++)1< 2 = = /++0&/++) +1 2 ; 2 2 < ; >

; 2 ;, 8 ; ; <, 9 $( $$+1 ; 2 9 " $%&? $/ (1 8 2, ; 2 2 9 > @ A @ A 9..B(/+$+ (

9 98 ; >. 0/ 01.9 8. 0(1. 0%1 9. 0)1 <. 03019. 0$+0$$1-9 *$)%19 /++31 C $1 /1 01, 9 C /+$$ /1 @ A 9 $1 9 * $)% /(1& /1 9 * $)% /&*$3 /+)&,$3&* $) 0& /++3 (1& 01 2 * $3&, $31 D 8 9 * $)%1 %

-2 9 *$)% /()18 @ A/()1 E $( /(1 @FE > G & B > A9 *$)% /(3/(1 @> > > C 5 A 8 > 1 $)% /(31 9 * > B 2 2 <; <$1 < @2 A ' /++3 (3&-/++31, B2$%31 9 9 )

B2 $%31 ; 5 5 2 5 - ; B2$%3 ((+1< 5 ' /++3 (31 2, 2 *2$$$1 - @ 5 AB2 $)01 * */++(1 F 9 9 * $)% /()1 6 7C5/++$&<C5/++(1. 1 9 $))1 * $(19 ' /+$$ $+(1 C./+$+14 3

2 ; ' /++%&-/++)1 2 " $%&? $/1 "> 9 ; - ; 2 9 9 * $)%1 ; > 2/+$+1 6 ( % > > > ; - < $(+ $)%1 @ 2 2 A 2 $%(1 8 ; F (+= = /++0 1 G & ; && & 1

; 1 5 1 ; 1 C > = /++0 & = /++) +1 "> > ; ; > 5 > 9 ; $ 2 " 9 ;, ; ; ; ; 9 ; $++

9 5 1 > 2 ;,9 ; ; $ %& 4 2 ; ' < /+$$ 01 ; 2 2 ; 8 = /++0 0%1 /++)1 C 2 C 6 ; > C - C >, "8 B, 4. C ; 2 HI J /++3 ($1, -22 $+$

$)1 $ ;. 8 H < $)& F - $+& * * /++(& 7 52 /++(&' /++3& /++3& E /++3&CK. /++31< F $%%& E B22 $%) /%& *.$( &6 */++) /(31 * */++(1. 2 > > ;.$0&E /++/1 2 2 @ A ; " $%&? $/ (1 8 9 ; 8-9; $ H "8B,4.2$/ $ $+/

1 ' % ( 8 9 9 2 2 " $%+ /(+/(%&" $% ////)& * $)0 )& * $3(& F /+$$1-2 > 2 9 $) /0)/%%& H /++ $$/$$0&HIJ/++3 )1 2 2 $30& E, $3%& -6 4$+&?$/1 2 ; E2 $3)1 "$%&. $$ //(&?$/&EB2/++$& E /++3& * /++ ///1 B $(1 9 ; ) < 2 9 *$)%1 9 * $)% /&*$3 /+)&,$3&* $)1& $+0

9 *$)% /(1 < 2 B $(1 >. $) /+)1 7 ' 6 $3 /+1 @ AL 4 H$)$ 3)1 @C " 2." 4 @ L > 9 * $)% /%1, 2 ; ; < 9 4 F /++%1 9 F - $+& F /+++ /$(1 4 8 8 8 /++% 0%$1 $+

* + H <$)3 6 $331 < $3/+ 6 $ /)& C /+$/ $1 6 */++)&=/+$+1 E $3$1 9 9 2....1 B ( /+$+ F F " " "8 B '2 6 6, 9 H H 4 4.2... 8. : *, -,./ ; E M ; 1 9 9 ; 9 2 8 9 ' 48 ; 49 ' /++31 / 49 5 = RΣ7. QP45 4 5ON(1 } $+(

" " "$% & 48 ; + $+ ; " - 45 "-41 +%3 4 %%3. 8 <; </1 9 + $ + 4 $. 8 9 /++) $3(1 5. 8S 47T1 2 @, A& > @, 2 >, > A B @,2 UA< % $ 2/20 2 2( 2% 2 1 2. 8/++)1 ' 8 9."'.9."'..' B /+$+ /$ <; $ 1 9 /++%1 @ A 8 9. 9; L. 68 $/1 > $+%

=82'$(1.. @8 A @ A $ " 0 E >, B./ 9 2@ A@ A : + $+ U + $+, 2 >,> +H 2 $H 2 /< 2 0. 2 E2 (72, +H 2 $H 2 /< 2 0. 2 E2 (72 $.9."'9 /.9."'99 0.9."'999.9."'999 (.9."'97 %.9."'7$ F< ).9."'7/ VM-< < U $H /E 0L < (L2 %- 2 $+)

. $+3 ) 9. 9; 9.968 $/1$%2 2 +5 < U9D. U +H $D :.. 2, > ; L ; 9 9 ; 9. - 9 ($(W 1 > )%W 1 / 9 8 9 8 L / L+W /)3 >

8, -, " -$1 0$1 EB 5 MX +5 YX $5 > 5 YX /5 5 YX 0 5 YX." 5 YX ( B 5 YX % : 5 YZ 5 > ( )" 1 * " 1 9 ; ; 8 X +5 M[ ++ Y[ $ 4 8 5 1Y +5 0/1, 8 9 8 - / ; 8 8-0 > " 4 8 X $5 M\ $+ Y\ $$ 4 8 5 1Y $5 001 X /5 M\ /+ Y\ /$ 4 8 5 1Y /5 01 ( )" 1 ( " ( "1 ; & )" " " ; F > 0$1 $+

EB 5 M[ ++ Y[ $5 4 8 5 1Y 0(1 Y\ $+ > 5 1Y\ $$ 4 8 5 Q> 5 1 Y\ /+ 5 1Y\ /$ 4 8 5 Q 5 1 YX 0 5 YX. 5 YX ( B 5 YX % : 5 Y +5 Y $5 > 5 1Y /5 5 1YZ 5 C+ )) &, ) > 8 >8&, 8 > &2, ) 8 > 8, 8 ( ( - (. ( /& " ", ), )& )" &* " 1 / -+1 $ -$1 / -/1-01 <;<0< B E2 <9" 9/9 74"1 ; ; L 74".5 F2 $&,; /++/1 < 74" > ; $$+

74" B /+$$ //$1 B F2 /++/ $$(/1 B /+$$ //$1 74" 5 9 9 ; [ ++ 1 -+1> ($) (/+ ] +5 / 1 ] Z5 / 1 ; 74"1 9 ^M] +5 / N] +5 / Y ] Z5 / 1 9 /0W 0W ; ( 6 (), <;</1, > 9.9 ; 8 < > $$$

"$%%% "&'%%% "&% "($%%% "$) "'%%% "* "* "*( "& "*$ "'' + "&%%% "$%%% "$%% "%%% "% "%%% " "( " "* " "*, " "*%% "$ "*%% "( "*'%% " "' " "& " "& -,* "'% "&%% "'% "&%% "'% "&%% " " " " " ". /,' "*(%%% "*%%% "*$%%% "*%%% "*(%%% "%%% "$ " "$ " "$ " +,& "%% "*(%%% "(%% "*$%%% "(%%% "*%%% "'' "$ "'' "$ "'* "$ 0123 "&$$%% "$ "*&%%% "'* "&' "(* "* "$'

0"% ") "&() "*% "'% "*' "*( " " 0"%+ "( "$ "'* " "$ " "$ " 2 '"&'%%% '"'%%% '"&%%% '"'$%%% *"(*%%% '"%%% *"(*&%%% '"%%% " "$* "$ "& "'' "*( " "$$ -"4 " 53 "%%% "*%%% "*%%% "**&%%% "(%%% "***%%% "'&%%% "%%% " "&& "$ "&$ "* " "& " -"4 ". 563 "$%%% "$%%% "(($%%% "(%%% "(((%%% "(%%% "((&%%% "'%%% "'' " "' " "' " "'& " -"4 " 53 "$%%% "$(%%% "* "' -"4 "+53 "**%%% "($%%% "* " 70 "8 "*8 "8 *"*8 "8 *"*8 9 (:$ (:$ &: &: &: &: &: &: ;/ </= > *:$&"$( *:$&"$( :$&"' :$&"' :$"( :$"( :&"*' :&"*'? &':($*" &(:$$"$& '':'"'( &:&"$ '':*"& &:&$"'$ '':**"& &:'(&"$ - > %%%@":%%@":%@"':)@" +> 70;> > > > ; : > "/": A

" $%&' ()'" *( +,,'" - "..),%$' *&$/ +,,' " 0$'1 2 3 " *, +,&'" - "4 " -,,, 5 " "./' (('" *.$/ 6,,' 74 *&, +,&'.' /'. 0'

- 0.'" - - 8 9 - - : ; - - *. +,,' "$ " -"$ - < - " *) 6'" - " *.()+,,' 9 = 9 > 3 $/$???.' &&/???).)' " /,)/'.&,?,' @???+,,,??+,,?+,,&A+, &

" <. " - )&B - -< -,, " - " *$&6' *. +,,' C %

Average Marginal Effects of ipeqopt with 95% CIs Average Marginal Effects of ipeqopt with 95% CIs Effects on Linear Prediction, Fixed Portion -.8 -.7 -.6 -.5 -.4 -.3 -.2 -.1 0 Effects on Linear Prediction, Fixed Portion -.8 -.7 -.6 -.5 -.4 -.3 -.2 -.1 0 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 Party Polarization 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 Party Polarization Average Marginal Effects of imptrad with 95% CIs Average Marginal Effects of imptrad with 95% CIs Effects on Linear Prediction, Fixed Portion -.1 0.1.2.3.4 -.2 -.2 -.1 0.1.2.3.4 Effects on Linear Prediction, Fixed Portion 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 Party Polarization 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 Party Polarization

" $ % & &$ ' " & & (( $ % $ )* +,,-. /+0 1 $ $ $ $ $& % )2+,,01 $

4 $ $ 1 $& % $ $ $ $ &$ & $ $ $ $ &$ $ " $ 3

$". $ 5 +,

1$647 "+,,/8& 8& 9:.1; < = $2 '.' > 4 1$$9?%6 %$=2@ AB<3/, BC%. 6$<3--8&' ;.'A 64 6 824 +)0.//, 6$<3D8@$A $& :8 ; 4 < E)+0./DD/ 6$<A4 3D84?&8 24 < 6 $<+,,,4 9@$-,3,;.; > 4 6 $<4 33,& $; 91.< 99$/3/;. ; > 4 ;$1$4 9;$79 =9<%3-,1 :B C%.7 ;$4 93-E8B6 < 4 8&&= $= 11BC%.?4 +

=$A+,,-8<.4 8 224 < D.++ =$A2;1+,8; $;$ ;.;<; F9 ; 8&; $;$; $A2 =;1'.'> 4 =$A2+,,8G G 4<8; 4 < E)D0.333+, =$A2+,8@HA ' $;$ : ; 8&; $;$ ; $A2=; 2 1'.'> 4 = $9$6$2%6 4 < +,,8:<&. 1;;; 89< A +E)/0.//33? %$<$=AI 7@38.% 829 < 4 3)E0.E,,? $1J+,,-86 < & 6%&. < 1@A ' 7 98& 4 < A +D)E0./3D? $1J+,,844 ; F@ A ' 844 E)+0.3+,3? $1J1 6 +,87 4 8; 94 3.E/H-D ++

?$= =I 338@ A <8&; 4 1.1 @ <4 ' 7= $I2 2 7=6.7K K$6K$4=K=2 33+ 81<& < 9 & ' <8< < A +)0./- K$33E8A @8&A.A %?4$:$; = $B4BC%.; > 4 K $$7 62A+,,+ 84 8 > < )E0.+++ K$;381 4. @ 4 ;86 24 < )0.+D,+ K$A I+,,D8:; 4 ; 8&=$& $ :?; A K$ 2A2L4'. '> 4 K$A 2JAM+,,8 14.1; 1 : 6?<9 ; 8&4 $4 $= <9$4B % = A K6 $=.2% > 4 $ 2 ;33E& 4 ; 11. > 4 +

$2+,,+8 8 $B2.9 $2=338:. 892 4 AD./33-+ $2A&33/89 & 4<4@ E+< 844 )0.D &$A3DD< A.; :4 <74 4.4 > 4 &$A33D ;$ $ E 4.4 > 4 &$A=I 3D-84 & $& 4@ A = 74 8& 4& 6$&6$& ;=? @27 N< 2 % $7I=33/ 8< 8& $2=9 < '.'> 4 2$2$2 @B $ $<= K $ 44 6 ' +,,D81 B> 1 7 4 ; & 9 584 < 4 6.33,,D +E

2$2$2%K$1 7I%?%2 <+,,89 4AO > < ; 1& & 4 1.AK28 4 6 +3)0.3 2$2$2%K$1 7I%?%2 <+,,84 ; < ; 84 6 +3)0.3D/ 2$7 +,,8 91 8& 4 < A )0.--3E I $=3D8= 4 6 <@; :.<><1?AK3-P-38& 9;4A7%4 6 $ = 4> I $I3/8& 3,9. & < 824 ED)0.+/ I$'"Q33/8: $.1 8924 A+.- 3 I$'"Q33D84 : ;@A <.1 ; <8& 4 < A )+0.3++/ I$'"Q<I +,,/8: ' 4; 8&9 :$2 '.' > 4 +/

I$'"Q9 <33/8; 4 8&&:$27: =9 <'.' > 4 I$ +,,389& :.: < 4<; 8& ; <9<$ = I '.'> 4 I %$21338A< ; ; =1 <81 ; 4/.++- I %$213338<A81A 4/,./D/-D @$A +,,8 89< +D)E0.-D-3 @$213@A. 4 4 $;.> 4 @$A A= 4A%+,,81 = ; 4 = % 81 24 < E/)E0.3/3D @ $+,,+8'@ 64 4 9 8&4 4$IA$B2.9 @ $<<A%%3-D4.;.?4 @ $<$4?@$16 2@ 3/E84:.1 1 4 6 8&% +-

< 4$K@.1 7 @$ A 3-814 < 4 & 4 81 4 < A,)+0./,//+, @% $A;3D8 4 < 8 1 24 < )E0./-33 $4+,,D8@A ' 8&' %4 6 $A2 == I '.' > 4 %% $A33D84 4 & < 9;98; 4 <,)0.+++/E K$IB4 33,8 "8< ; )0.3, $+,,8&$@A <4$ 4& : 6 8&-- 1; 4 < 1 B $BI 13DE86 <A.4 ;1 <824 -)0./E,/D BR$1 24 J +,,@A K4 BC%.; > 4 B $4 +,,E99.: A 4 6 ;.; > 4 +D

4% $<@33A : ; 4 4 ; ;.> ; 4 4 $IBB 3D8A 1. 9 < <A;8 ; 2' A$<71<6%+,,+.1 +9 B4%$;1.< A$2I$24$< :?+,89 : 8&%1 1 $22I ABC%.A A%$ 3-8A: 4 ' A84 ' G +)E0./ED//3 A%$ 3DB C%.?4 A $43/38?% 8& 1 $96 % 126%K$&?4 < $K 3DE81@= : ; 8; 4 < D)+0.3+, <$<+,,D8:.$ 8& @ 9< <$A2$;A$A? K9@.<4 <$='338< 4.< 4 8&9 4 4$ +

<&72K =.=%> 4 < $4$A 164 9% 33A ;.9 4 4;.; > 4 < "$A6%333 '%$;1.< %$; +,,8&8 &:'F1 <4 % $$22$&@ 4 %9 <+,,D84 B: > @A 4 '.; B 9 9798 4 ' GD)+0.D/+, % $< <3-/8 8 )0.++D :9 "%$;$< "6 +,,/8@A ' 4; 8& 9:.1 $2 '.' > 4 :=$2741K338: $ 89 24 AD.DE :7 "$4 +,,4 : 1 & =.;B 3D33>.B 7$7 %+,8 8<A /)0., +3

7$7 %7 < +,,8A && F@A ' 8&A9;<7% 4/ 7S$6< +,,8 ; $4 <$& 9 89< +D)0.3, 7 $2+,+8; $ $ @A 892< /)+0.3D+3 *$2A33+B' ' ;.; > 4 * $9 +,,-87@7A 5 1G<& ; & & @8 4 6 +./D,

<. 0< " +0 K. 0 E0 $ % " 6 E3 3E / +EE 6 E3 3E / D ; ED +3 +/ 3D ; /E +/ +-++,+ ;A /, +EE 3, +- =% /+, +/ EEE +- 9 /E,+, -+3 E? /D +,, EE +,+? ED, ++3 /+- +D/ K E/E D -3, +-3 K6 /,D,3 /-3 -D K / +,+,,/ -/ /3D +3 3-3 & E3- D+ E+,-3 B / +,, ED +,E B /E3 + +-/ /, 4 /- ++ EE/,- 4 E3D +E - +E <% EDD +E EEE E3 < E/ +/,3E < E-E 3D 3D-, < //E ++3 E +/ < /+ +,, /EE --

" $%& % ' ()*+

' ( ' (,% %(* "-%.,% %(/+ "-%.$%/0+ "-%. /+ "-%./+ 1'2 3 3 3 3 3 45%. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 785%9&( :&;%< 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 =,2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 $5%(%<%% (>6(>6(>6>

"" $%" $ & '()*

& ' + + & ',$$') -$.,$$'/* -$.$""/0* -$. /* -$./* 1&2 3 3 3 3 3 45"$." 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 785$9%'" 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 :%;$< 6 =,2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5""$"'$<$"$" '>6'>6'>6+>

" $ % " &

( ) * + $ * " &, ( -.& /01'23 4 5 ", + + ) + " 6 + (6 4 + -$ 7 48''2 '

9 9 / ( - 2 ( 5 : " " ( & ( ; 4 + $ -"( 88/1 <002 & 1 8

6, -= (8''2 ( -> (( 8'?@ ) = ( 882 ( -) 88026 % ; & & <0

6< " -= ( 88 8882 $ - = 8A1/?2 -B /00A@ C /002" -68A<@>88/2 3 D -8?<1 /?82 E) D F @7 GH-/00@/002?0 ; 6 4 ( <

), ( -D( 8'2 ( * " * " ( ( * * * * ( </

" + : 5 ( -B 8?2 ) -6 8A<2 + 6 & C ( " %$$ ( 4 D + ( + " -/00A2 ( D ( 6 %$$ <

(& " " ( 6 < : " 4 ( 5, ; C ( -" = 8'81 /82 ( <<

-$ 802 " 4 -"( 88/@ : C/00@.% 4(/00?2=-/002 4 ( ( * 4 1 E G -'90?9/0/ 6 7 2 E G-90A9/0/B$I 2 E G-/'9089/008 6 $ 2 E " $ G-90?9/0%, $ 2E%& ' G -899/0 J = 2() *+, -.K -?90<9/00 D L "2 " 5 D-8'1?A2 (, 4 7 : ( 3 ( -$ 802 <?

C ( B -8?2 ( ( D ( +-/00?2 *4 + 8A0 * * ( " -B8'<@"( 88/@ == 88'2D ( -=M"88'@B/0002 : & ( @ ( ) 6 $ D* -8<'2 C $6-8A02 <A

& 4( " -6 D( 88'@,/002+ ( ( "? $ % <

N $ -> /00A1@C /001//0@; /0/182 C C ( & <'

& )C=880K+ 7 + 7 K5 $J )C=H+= (88K+ $ %+ 7 K C, + +C 6 6+, %6;%C B %$(8A0+.3N(1; 6, %8A<K3) $ C, K B B ++ 3N(1", 6 7C6D(88'K: 1+ ( KH, 0-21?' B7/00AK$ * 1, * KH H, $ 1// B7H8'<K6 C *, B + B KH, <A1/A</'< B7H/000K K, ;, 1, 6 + 7HBC,; 515J, B+8?+% B3 N(1&6 "( C(C( &.88/% 617% $ + <8

$ ;6 6 16 J, " +L/00AK) $ )( 1$ +D7 5 ;%K, $ 7 /-<21?8' "B &B= 8'8KD7 $K 6, + 1+D $, 5 ; B C=H H;B ) 1;: :7 HL7OC/00K+, 1+6 +. ) "$%6 K,, B $%,3 ( B 7 :) CB1H &( J, 7&B= 8AK,,D7 B ;C, K, ) ) 6 B " DH; P$ HHH(:+ ;=( "(H $/00K%,7QJ C $ 6 +, + 17 :HK, ) /8-21' 8 HHH(:+ ;=( "(H $/00K, 6 C $ 6 K, ) /8-218??0

=C&B= 88';;R1 ++)88<; 1 ;. =C /00KC 1 K, 5 S -/21/0<//0 = (H+88K7$ 6 6 B+ C $K + 6,?1//A = (H+888K$7K+7,?01??A = (H+8''K7+ $ % 1+$,,, 6 %. ) KH, $,??-/218A/0 =M$BB"88'K3 ;R &1+(*3*7 6 +* % ;K ; ;R1++)88< C=&B= ; 1 ;. DH+8'D7 1,, 61J, D*,%)7)&:8<',T 6 &.C(J C, 6 3N(16 J, D $C,"D*+&)H D *8?<K,. 1++, ) K &($, :D *C1+ ;?

D( 768'KC, $ K + H, $ -<21'?A'88 C,/00KD7 5 K 5 &(, ) 7HB &B = 515J,,6 /00KD7 $, ; %1;737 K, ) :J;C $ ; %=7 48''K;( UK. 7" 1$C% + 7; %$ +1 $ 7" $ : 80K6 K+, $ 7 A<100? H/00?%.+ $CB 515J,.% 4(6&$ 4) /00? KD7 5,6 K %.1+ H515 J,.& + /0K+ K%H, 7?-/21AA/0 ; H/0/K6 D7 K%H$?-/218/8 > ((H D8'?KC 6KH67/1<?/?/

>H788/35 C5 6 16 J, > % */00AK;D;7 U+S $ 6 C DK, ) /'1??