Accumulation of Soil Arsenic by Panax notoginseng and Its Associated Health Risk

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol 32 No 3 Mar Panax notoginseng Burk F H Chen 6 9 ~ mg kg % 2 mg kg % 81% 14% 57% 44% 100 mg kg - 1 ADI > > > > FAO / WHO ADI 12 83% 45 87% X53 A Accumulation of Soil Arsenic by Panax notoginseng and Its Associated Health Risk YAN Xiu-lan 1 LIAO Xiao-yong 1 YU Bing-bing 1 ZHANG Wen-bin 2 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 2 Wenshan Sanqi Research Institute Wenshan China Abstract Panax notoginseng is a valued traditional Chinese medical herb In this study the arsenic As contamination of soil in P notoginseng plantation area in Wenshan Yunnan China was investigated the absorption and accumulation of soil As by the P notoginseng was revealed and the associated health risk was evaluated The results revealed that the soil As concentrations ranged between mg kg - 1 Arsenic concentrations in 48% of the total soil samples were > 40 mg kg - 1 The As concentrations in 24% of main root samples 81% of fibrous root samples 14% of stem samples 57% of leaf samples and 44% of flower / fruit samples were greater than the regulation concentration of 2 0 mg kg - 1 Arsenic accumulation in the main root increased with the soil As concentration at soil As concentrations < 100 mg kg - 1 but sharply decreased with the soil As concentration at soil As concentrations > 100 mg kg - 1 With increasing soil As concentration the total biomass of P notoginseng and the main root biomass decreased Calculating with the As concentration in different parts of Sanqi P notoginseng plants percent of the average ingestion rates of As with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO showed fibrous root > leave > flower / fruit > main root > stem Based on the As concentration in the main root the daily As intake accounted for a mean fraction of % maximum % of the acceptable daily intake specified by FAO / WHO and the ratio increased with the increasing of soil As concentration Arsenic contamination of soil and P notoginseng at the plantation area of Wenshan should not be neglected and effective strategies should be adopt to reduce As accumulation in the plant and human health risk Key words Panax notoginseng arsenic soil accumulation health risk Panax notoginseng Burk F H Chen ~ yanxl@ igsnrr ac cn

Wen-bin 2 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China 2 Wenshan Sanqi Research Institute Wenshan 663000 China Abstract Panax

2 ~ WM mg kg % % 2 0 mg kg % good agriculture practice GAP 2 0 mg kg Fig 1 Sampling sites in Sanqi plantation area in Wenshan County Yunnan Province USEPA 3050B 11 HNO 3 - HClO AFS-9130 As GBW ± 6 mg kg - 1 GBW ± 0 15 mg kg ~ 15 0 ~ 20 cm GPS for Windows Microsoft Excel 2003 SPSS = / min h FAO / WHO allowable daily intake ADI 128 μg d kg g 1 2 μg d - 1 =

AFS-9130 As 1 1 21 2 15 GBW 07404 58 ± 6 mg kg - 1 GBW 4 07603 1 25 ± 0 15 mg kg - 1 10 ~ 15 0 ~ 20 cm GPS 1 3 1 12 0 for Windows

3 μg g - 1 g d ADI 1 ADI % = μg d - 1 / ADI μg d As 2 1 GB mg kg As 1 As 3 ph mg kg - 1 As 15 48% 7 6 Table 1 1 Descriptive statistics of As concentrations of soils and Sanqi plants in Wenshan County As As / mg kg - 1 / mg kg b a b a ab > 1 0 mg kg - 1 / % > 2 0 mg kg - 1 / % ph < p < 0 05 GB mg kg mg kg a 1 0 mg kg % 86% 76% 44% mg kg % 57% 44% > > > > %

657 2 528 0 627 65 59 1 643 b 5 751 a 0 931 b 4 626 a 2 959 ab 64 99 1 568 7 465 0 885 6 152 4 203 1 76 1 774 3 135 2 060 2 651 1 879 2 68 2 452 11 176 3 894 7 830 3 893 > 1 0 mg kg - 1 / % 52 86

4 / p < 0 05 Fig2 2 As concentrations of different part of different year-old Sanqi plants / / / / 4 4 / > / > / > / As 67% / < 1 / > 1 Table 2 2 As bioconcentration factor and ratio of different parts of 2-year-old Sanqi plants / / / / / / / / > > 100 mg kg - 1 > > > 2 16 / 1 1 / Fig 3 Ratio of As accumulation of different part and the whole plant of 2-year-old Sanqi plants < 100 mg kg - 1 < 100 mg kg - 1 > > > 3

0 55 0 12 0 41 0 230 3 42 10 44 8 25 0 042 0 14 0 025 0 11 0 098 0 79 2 63 2 84 0 045 0 16 0 032 0 13 0 098 0 89 3 33 3 75 0 025 0 12 0 026 0 11 0 089 0 80 3 15 2 31 > >

5 mg kg % < 100 mg kg ~ 100 mg kg % > 100 mg kg - 1 5% 100 mg kg % 5% < 20 mg kg % > 100 mg kg - 1 5% 7 14 ~ 25 mg kg ~ 124 mg kg mg kg ~ 19 ADI > > > > 4 Fig 4 Correlations between soil As concentrations and the biomass of the whole plants or main root of 2-year-old Sanqi plants Fig 5 Correlations between As concentrations of soil and main root of 2-year-old Sanqi plants 2 4 ADI ~ μg d μg d - 1 7

soil As concentrations and the biomass of the whole plants or main root of 2-year-old Sanqi plants 2 3 2 5 5 Fig 5 Correlations

6 FAO / WHO 2 ADI Fig 6 Percent of the average ingestion rates of As from different part of Sanqi with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO FAO / WHO ADI 45 87% 12 83% J mg kg % 8 J 7 Fig 7 3 FAO / WHO ADI Percent of the average ingestion rates of As from Sanqi with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO 1 > > > > 1 Phytologist ADI 1 M J J J J J As Hg J GAP J USEPA Acid digestion of sediments sludge and soils EPA 3050B EB / OL http / / www epa gov / SW-846 / pdfs /3050b pdf GB / T S 13 J J J Berry W L Plant and factors influencing the use of plant analysis as a tool for biogeochemical prospecting A In Carlise D Berry W L Kaplan I R et al Eds Mineral Exploration Biogeological Systems and Organic matter M Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N J Miteva E Accumulation and effect of arsenic on tomatoes J Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Meharg A A Hartley-Whitaker J Arsenic uptake and metabolism in arsenic resistant and nonresistant plant species J New J J

2004 21 5 27-31 5 2006 28 12 1796-1798 2 2003 36-38 J 28 8 645-647 7 J 2003 32-34 56 As Hg 1995 2 8 54-57 9 100 J 2001 18 2 43-44 10 GAP J 2004 23 1 168-170 11 USEPA Acid digestion of sediments

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