narkopolitikis saxelmzrvanelo

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1 narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi narkopolitikis Sesaxeb obieqturi da Ria dialogis xelsewyobis globaluri qseli narkopolitikis saxelmzrvanelo gamocema 1, 2010 wlis marti

2 narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumis narkopolitikis saxelmzrvanelo sarcevi Sesavali...ii madlobas vuxdit... iii teqstsi gamoyenebu... iv Tavi 1 - ZiriTadi principebi struqturizebuli midgoma strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvisadmi ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantia prioriteti unda mieniwos narkotikebis ukanono brunvit gamowveuli zianis Semcirebas socialurad daucveli jgufebis integraciis xelsewyoba Ria da konstruqciuli urtiertobebis damyareba samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan...13 Tavi 2 - sisxlis samartlis normebi kanonmdeblobis reforma narkotikebis sferosi efeqturi samartaldamcavi zomebi dapatimrebis masstabis Semcireba sisxlis samartlisa da arsrulebis sistemis efeqturi strategiebi Tavi 3 - jandacvisa da socialuri politikis programebi narkotikebis moxmarebis prevencia wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba zianis Semcireba...77 i

3 Sesavali narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) warmoadgens arasamtavrobo organizaciebisa da profesiuli sazogadoebis globalur qsels, romlebic specializdeba kontrolirebadi narkotikuli sasualebebis warmoebasa da gamoyenebastan dakavsirebul sakitxebze. Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT narkopolitikis efeqturobis, mimartulebisa da arsis Sesaxeb obieqturi da Ria dialogis warmartvas erovnul da saertasoriso doneze da dasabutebuli politikis SemuSavebas, romlebic efeqturia narkotikis moxmarebit gamowveuli zianis Semcirebis mimartulebit. Cven periodulad vamusavebt brifingis dokumentebs, vavrcelebt Cveni wevri saxelmwifoebis angarisebs narkotikul nivtierebebtan dakavsirebuli konkretuli sakitxebis Sesaxeb da vuwevt saeqsperto momsaxureobas politikosebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs mteli msoflios masstabit. narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumis wevrebs aqvt didi gamocdileba narkotikuli nivtierebis problemebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis analizis dargsi da mat didi wvlili SeaqvT erovnuli da saertasoriso politikis Sesaxeb dialogis warmartvis saqmesi. narkopolitikis winamdebare saxelmzrvanelo (mititeba) Seiqmna 2009 wels Cveni eqspertebis qseltan ertoblivi kvlevisa da konsultaciis safuzvelze. am dokumentis mizania Cveni regionaluri da erovnuli partniorebi uzrunvelyos resursebit, romlebic aucilebelia matsave regionebsi erovnuli narkopolitikisa da programebis gadasaxedad da TanamSromlobis dasamyareblad politikis SemuSavebaze pasuxismgebel pirebtan narkopolitikisa da programis gaumjobesebis miznit. mititebis ganaxleba moxdeba yovelwliurad globalur doneze arsebuli gamocdilebisa da mecnieruli faqtebis cvlilebebis kvaldakval. garda amisa, dokumentsi arwerilia narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumis mier 2010 wlis manzilze gaweuli sakonsultacio samusaoebi. wevrebisa da eqspertebis globaluri qselis daxmarebit narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi politikis SemuSavebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs stavazobs specialistis konsultaciis gawevas da mati qveynistvis Sesaferisi samoqmedo gegmebisa da strategiebis mxardaweras. arnisnuli SeiZleba, ganxorcieldes werilobiti masalis safuzvelze, faqtebis prezentaciit, Sexvedrebis organizebit marali Tanamdebobis pirebtan, gacnobiti turebis organizebita da konsultantebis daxmarebit. zemot mititebuli momsaxureobit dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi daukavsirdit q-n ana fordams (el-fosta: ii

4 madlobas vuxdit: avtorebs: amira armenta (transnacionaluri instituti) (Transnational Institute) ros beli (axali zelandiis narkologiis fondi) (New Zealand Drug Foundation) erik karlini (mowveuli konsultanti) naiam istvudi, relizi («Release») en fordami, narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) Jeneviev harisi, relizi («Release») hiugo laqi (gaertianebuli samefos jandacvis samsaxuri) (UK National Health Service) anderson morelis de kastro e silva (viva rio) (Viva Rio) mari nujie, narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) roqsan sosie, zianis Semcirebis ganvitarebis saertasoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme) aleqs stivensi, kentis universiteti (University of Kent) maik treisi, narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) koleta iangersi, latinuri amerikis sakitxebis vasingtonis ganyofileba (Washington Office on Latin America) winamdebare mititebis Sedgenis procesis monawileebi da recenzentebi: adriana beltrani, latinuri amerikis sakitxebis vasingtonis ganyofileba (Washington Office on Latin America) david bevli-teilori, leqtori, svansis universiteti (Swansea University) alan kleri, zianis Semcirebis koalicia (Harm Reduction Coalition) ricard elioti, kanadis aiv/sidsis sakanonmdeblo qseli (Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network) qristofer halami, narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) ernesten jensema, transnacionaluri instituti (Transnational Institute) keti ledeburi, andebis sainformacio qseli (Andean Information Network) mari nujie, narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) ricard pirshauzi heidi rosovski, CRECE roqsan sosie, zianis Semcirebis ganvitarebis saertasoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme) nikola singltoni, gaertianebuli samefos narkotpolitikis komisia (UK Drug Policy Commission) rikardo soberoni (Centro de Investigación Drogas y Derechos Humanos, Peru) aleqs stivensi, kentis universiteti (University of Kent) daniel vulfi, zianis Semcirebis ganvitarebis saertasoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme) uoren iangi, axali zelandiis sakanonmdeblo komisia (New Zealand Law Commission) Targmani: Tea dolize iii

5 breviaturas y siglas AIDS ART EMCDDA HIV IDPC IDU IHRA NGO NSP OST TB UN UNAIDS UNODC WHO SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi antiretrovirusuli mkurnaloba evropis narkotikebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis monitoringis evropuli centri (European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction) adamianis imunodeficitis virusi narkopolitikis saertasoriso konsorciumi (International Drug Policy Consortium) narkotikis ineqciuri momxmareblebi zianis Semcirebis saertasoriso asociacia (International Harm Reduction Association) arasamtavrobo organizaciebi nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebi opioid-canacvlebiti Terapia tuberkulozi gaertianebuli erebis organizacia aiv/sidsi-s gaertianebuli erebis organizacis ertiani programa gaeros narkotikebis da danasaulis ofisi msoflio jandacvis organizacia iv

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7 Tavi 1 ZiriTadi princi pebi

8 ZiriTadi princi pebi msoflios umetes qveyanasi ganxorcielda gaertianebuli erebis mier 1961 wels mirebuli narkopolitikis konvenciebi, Sesabamisi aqcentit kanonebsa da izulebis zomebze, romelta saboloo mizanic akrzaluli narkotikuli nivtierebebis miwodebis armofxvraa. Tumca, am ukanasknel periodsi mravali politikosi izulebuli gaxda, gadaesinja adrindeli midgoma am strategiuli mimartulebebisadmi, rac gamowveuli iyo Semdegi mizezebit: SeuZlebeli armocnda akrzaluli narkotikebis bazris saerto masstabis Semcireba; askarad gamoikveta is negatiuri Sedegebi, romlebic mohyva narkotikebis kontrolis arsebuli sistemis ganxorcielebas (magalitad, organizebuli danasaulis masstabebis zrda); narkotikebis moxmarebit gamowveuli jandacvis problemebis gamwvavebis gamo aucilebeli gaxda narkotikebis momxmareblebis kriminalizaciisa da marginalizaciis Sedegebze dafiqreba; gaerom SeSfoTeba gamotqva adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darrvevis gamo, rasac adgili aqvs narkotikebis brunvis kontrolis processi. mocemul konteqstsi qveynis mtavrobebma unda gadaxedon narkopolitikis erovnul kanonebs, strategiebsa da programebs, rata moxdes arsebuli resursebis rac SeiZleba, efeqturad gamoyeneba da mirweul iqnas narkopolitikis ZiriTadi mizani - mosaxleobis maqsimaluri usafrtxoebis uzrunvelyofa da misi jandacvisa da socialuri ganvitarebistvis uketesi pirobebis Seqmna. dres saxezea uamravi faqti da msofliom sakmarisi gamocdileba daagrova narkotikebtan brzolis erovnuli strategiebis SesamuSaveblad da yvelaze efeqturi programebis SesarCevad. winamdebare mititeba SemuSavda swored am codnasa da gamocdilebaze dayrdnobit da igi politikosebs gauwevs racionalur konsultacias efeqturi narkopolitikisa da programebis SemuSavebis metodebis Sesaxeb matsave qveynebsi arsebuli problemebis specifikis gatvaliswinebit. 1

9 efeqturi narkopolitikis ZiriTadi princi pebi Cveni rekomendaciaa, erovnuli narkostrategiebi yoveltvis efuznebodes xut ZiriTad princips: 1) narkopolitika unda efuznebodes prioritebebisa da Tanamedrove monacemebis struqturizebul da obieqtur Sefasebas; 2) nebismieri qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes adamianis uflebebis saertasoriso kanonmdeblobis dacvit; 3) narkopolitikis mizani unda iyos mavne Sedegebis Semcireba da ara narkotikis moxmarebisa da narkotikis bazris masstabis Semcireba; 4) politika da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi mimartuli unda iyos marginalizebuli jgufebis socialuri integraciisken; 5) strategiebis ganxilvisa da ganxorcielebis processi qveynis mtavrobam gulaxdili da konstruqciuli urtiertoba unda daamyaros samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan. xutive principi ganxilulia winamdebare mititebis TavebSi. 2

10 1.1. struqturizebuli midgoma strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvisadmi 1961 wlidan moyolebuli gaeros narkotikebis konvenciis safuzvelze umetesi qveynis narkopolitika dgeboda iseti kanonebis mirebit, romlebic aregulirebda narkotikebis warmoebis masstabs. sxvadasxva qveyanasi narkotikuli sasualebebis warmoebis masstabebsa da Taviseburebebze, miwodebasa da moxmarebaze moqmedi mizezebisa da garemoebebis araertgvarovnebis gatvaliswinebit, nateli gaxda, rom aucilebelia yovelmxrivi, kompleqsuri nacionaluri strategiebis SemuSaveba. garda amisa, nateli gaxda, rom narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli kanonebis SemuSaveba da dacva warmoadgens saxelmwifos saqmianobis mravali mimartulebidan mxolod ert-ert mimartulebas strategiuli miznebis mirwevis gzaze. saqmianobis mimartulebebi socialuri da jandacvis politikis sferosi ukve karga xania, ideologiuri debatebis sagania da warmoadgens rtul politikur da di plomatiur problemas. narkotikebtan brzolis politikisa da mat Soris, narkopolitikis ganxorcielebis strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvis processi gansakutrebit mnisvnelovania mtavrobis mxridan struqturizebul midgomis gamoyeneba. narkotikebis Sesaxeb mxolod arsebuli kanonebis realizeba da gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjva xisti Tu moqnili politikis prizmasi sakmarisi ar aris. idealur SemTxvevaSi efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis mirebis procesi narkopolitikis dargsi erovnul doneze unda Seicavdes Semdeg normatiul elementebs: marali donis miznebis gansazrvra. es miznebi unda dadgindes narkotikebis ukanono brunvisa da moxmarebis uaryofiti Sedegebis Sefasebis Sedegebis gatvaliswinebit, romlebic (uaryofiti Sedegebi) did zians ayenebs sazogadoebas. sxvadasxva sazogadoebebsa da saertod, sazogadoebas SeuZlia, aqtiuri monawileoba miiron mattvis yvelaze mnisvnelovani, narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli sakitxebis gadawrasi. magalitad, konkretuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im qveynistvis prioritetuli SeiZleba iyos organizebuli danasaulisa da Zaladobis Semcireba, narkotikis moxmarebit gamowveuli, narkotikis momxmareblis ojaxis wevrebisadmi miyenebuli zianis Semcireba, aivinfeqciisa da sxva daavadebebis gavrcelebis Semcireba. savaraudod, dasaxuli iqneba ramdenime mizani, romlebic itvaliswinebs narkotikebis ukanono brunvis masstabis Semcirebas da aseti brunvis uaryofiti Sedegebis Serbilebas. rogorc qvemot vnaxavt, operatiuli miznebi, rogoricaa narkotikuli sasualebebis winaswar dadgenili moculobit amoreba da damnasaveebis winaswar gansazrvruli raodenobit dakaveba, ar aris efeqturi nacionaluri strategiis macvenebeli. 3

11 im moqmedebebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romlebic unda ganaxorcielos mtavrobam miznebis misarwevad. mtels msofliosi izrdeba informaciis moculoba, romelic exmareba politikosebs, SearCion saqmianobis yvelaze efeqturi mimartuleba da ganaxorcielon Sesabamisi programebi. ase magalitad, xelt gvaqvs faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba amcirebs qucis danasaulebata ricxvs, an zianis Semcirebis programebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad mcirdeba aiv-infeqciebit avadoba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom moqmedebis speqtri da masstabi damokidebuli iqneba arsebul resursebze. Tumca, investiciebi narkotikebtan brzolis efeqturi strategiebisa da programebis ganxorcielebis miznit udavod mogvcems saxsrebis dazogvis sasualebas jandacvis sferosi xarjebis Semcirebis, socialuri problemebis gadawrisa da danasaulis Semcirebis xarjze (wamaldamokidebulebis programebi rogorc wesi, ufro iafi jdeba, vidre danasaulze reagirebis zomebi, romlebsac mkurnalobis programebi sruliad mizanmimartulad ar itvaliswinebs). narkotikebtan dakavsirebul sakitxebze pasuxismgebeli departamentebisa da saagentoebis monawileoba da mattan TanamSromloba. narkotikebis problema, romelsac awydeba sazogadoeba, SeuZlebelia gadaiwras mxolod saxelmwifo departamentis an saagentos mier. kompleqsuri da integrirebuli strategiis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia mravali sxvadasxva samtavrobo uwyebis moqmedebis koordinacia, mat Soris jandacvis, samartlis, ganatlebis, saertasoriso urtiertobebisa da socialuri musaobis departamentebisa. programebis warmatebit ganxorcieleba unda moxdes am departamentebis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis mier munici palur organoebtan, religiuri konfesiebis warmomadgenlebtan da sazogadoebrivi gaertianebebis organoebtan ertad mat Soris, im sazogadoebebebtan ertad, romlebic warmoadgenen mowyvlad jgufebs (magalitad, adamianebi, romlebic moixmaren narkotikul sasualebas an romlebic zrdian mcenares, romelic Seicavs narkotikul sasualebas). rekomendebulia koordinaciis efeqturi meqanizmebis Seqmna adgilobriv da erovnul doneze, romlebic uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva organizaciebis monawilebas strategiis ganxorcielebis saqmesi da izleva arsebuli resursebis efeturad gamoyenebis sasualebas. strategiis efeqturobis Sefasebis miznit aucilebelia angarisgebis stabiluri meqanizmis Seqmna. mtavrobis mier konkretuli saqmianobis mxardasawerad gamoyofili resursebis moculoba. narkotikebis ukanono brunvastan brzolis erovnuli strategiebi didad gansxvavdeba ertmanetisgan resursebis ganawilebis mixedvit. zogierti qveyana (pirvel rigsi, ass) yovelwliurad miliardobit dolars xarjavs narkotikebtan brzolis erovnuli strategiebis farglebsi dagegmili RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaze masin, rodesac sxva qveynebi gamohyofen xolme sruliad umnisvnelo saxsrebs narkotikebis problemebis mosagvareblad. xarji SeiZleba, Sediodes jandacvis an sasamartlo da samartaldamcavi zomebis saerto biujetsi. aset SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili 4

12 xarjebis gamoyenebit narkotikebtan brzolis strategiis miznebis mirweva sakmaod rtulia. unda arinisnos, rom politikur morvaweeebs unda hqondet narkopolitikisa da Sesabamisi programebis ganxorcielebaze (mag., usafrtxoebis, profilaqtikuri da mkurnalobis zomebis ganxorcielebaze) gaweuli realuri, aqtiuri danaxarjis Sefasebisa da Tanxebis ekonomiis dadgenis sasualeba reaqtiuli danaxarjebis SemTxvevaSi (mag., narkotikebis moxmarebit gamowveuli iseti problemebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa danasauli, ekomikuri dacema an daavadebebi). Casatarebeli samusaos moculobisa da strategiis ganxorcielebis vadebis zustad gansazrvra da efeqturobis Sefaseba. Tu moqmedebis mizans warmoadgens arsebuli narkopolitikis mirwevebisa da warumateblobebis magalitze gamocdilebis mireba, masin aucilebelia narkotikebis ukanono brunvastan brzolis strategiebisa da RonisZiebebis Seswavlis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba. es procesi gulisxmobs konkretuli miznebisa da vadebis dadgenasa da dadgenil vadebsi obieqturi, struqturizebuli Sefasebis Casatareblad mzadyofnas ian wlebsi mravalma qveyanam SeimuSava narkotikebtan brzolis kompleqsuri erovnuli strategiebi, romelta Sevsebac da ganaxlebac amjamad mimdinareobs. Tumca, unda arinisnos, rom isviati gamonaklisis garda (magalitad, portugaliasi, ungretsa da avstraliasi), strategiebis gadaxedvis procesi arc Tu sistematuri da obieqturi iyo, ramac SemdgomSic arafeqturi moqmedebebi gamoiwvia. garda amisa, arnisnuli xarvezis Sedegad am qveynebs axali da potenciurad ufro efeqturi midgomebis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobac moespo. radgan verc ertma qveyanam ver SesZlo narkotikebis ukanono brunvastan dakavsirebuli problemebis bolomde gadawra, politikosebi valdebuli arian, sistematurad saxavdnen axal miznebs da stavazobdnen axal gadawyvetilebebs sazogadoebas, romlebic damyarebuli iqneba faqtiur monacemebsa da arsebul gamocdilebaze. swored aseti midgomaa swori da ara sxvadasxva ideologiebsa da politikur ritorikas amofareba. 5

13 1.2. ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantia narkotikuli sasualebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis Tanaxmad, narkotikebze kontrolis sistemis mtavari amocana mdgomareobs kacobriobis janmrtelobisa da ketildreobis uzrunvelyofasi. organoebs, romlebic akontroleben narkotikul sasualebebas, aseve ekisrebat kompleqsuri valdebuleba gaeros 1945 wlis konvenciis 55-e da 56-e muxlebis safuzvelze, romlebic itvaliswineben adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sayoveltao pativiscemasa da dacvas. adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi momdinareobs adamianis pirovnebis Rirsebisa da Rirebulebis ariarebidan. adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi aris universaluri, urtiertdamokidebuli, urtiertdakavsirebuli da ganuyofeli maxasiateblebi, rac nisnavs imas, rom mati CamorTmeva adamianistvis im sababit, rom adamiani moixmars narkotikul nivtierebas an aiv-inficirebulia dausvebelia. amis Sesaxeb ertmnisvnelovnad ganacxada gaeros adamianta uflebebis umarlesma komisarma b-nma navanethem pileim: dausvebelia pirebs, romlebic narkotiks moixmaren, CamoerTvaT risame ufleba. adamianis uflebebi ara mxolod konkretuli principebis Sesaxeb gaketebuli gancxadebaa. yvela saxelmwifo, saertasoriso samartlis normebis Tanaxmad, valdebulia, pativi sces da daicvas adamianis uflebebi. es nisnavs imas, rom arc ert saxelmwifos ar aqvs sakutari moqalaqeebisa da mat Soris narkotikis momxmareblisa da im pirebis uflebebis darrvevis ufleba, romlebic zrdian narkotikuli nivtierebis Semcvel mcenares. saxelmwifo valdebulia, ar dausvas sakutari moqalaqeebis uflebebis Selaxva (darrveva) mesame mxarisa da mat Soris, samartaldamcavi organoebis mier. es aseve nisnavs imas, rom saxelmwifom unda miiros Sesabamisi zomebi kanonmdeblobastan, konstituciur debulebebtan, biujettan da sxv. dakavsirebit, romelta mizanic moqalaqeta uflebebis upirobo dacva iqneba. anadrom groverma, gaeros specialurma momxsenebelma yoveli adamianis jandacvis umarlesi standartebis uzrunvelyofis uflebis sakitxebtan dakavsirebit SeSfoTeba gamotqva narkopolitikis Tanamedrove metodebtan dakavsirebit. samwuxarod, ukanasknel periodsi narkopolitikis egidit sul ufro gaxsirda adamianis uflebebis darrvevis faqtebi. ufro metic, adamianis uflebebis sferosi raime winsvlas mocemuli politika arc arasdros itvaliswinebda. adamianis uflebebis darrvevis yvelaze gavrcelebuli magalitebia: sicocxlis uflebis darrveva, mat Soris sikvdilit dasja da sasamartlos gverdis avlit sasjelis gamotana narkotiktan dakavsirebuli danasaulis gamo; 6

14 wamebisgan, sastiki da araadamianuri mopyrobis akrzalvis uflebis darrveva narkotikis momxmareblebis usafuzvlo dakavebisa da im Seuracxyofis gamo, rasac adgili aqvs wamaldamokidebulebis izulebiti mkurnalobis sxvadasxva dawesebulebasi; dausvebelia adamianebs, romlebic iyeneben narkotikebs, CamoerTvaT romelime ufleba. navanethem pilei, gaeros adamianta uflebebis umarlesi komisari monobisgan Tavisuflebis uflebis darrveva wamaldamokidebulebis izulebiti mkurnalobis zogierti centri dremde iyenebs pacientebis izulebit musaobas; janmrtelobis uflebis darrveva, romelic ukavsirdeba ZiriTad medikamentur sasualebebze da aiv-infeqciis SemTxvevaSi prevenciul zomebze, mkurnalobaze, zrunvasa da mxardaweraze xelmisawvdomlobis SezRudvas; socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis darrveva, rasac adgili aqvs narkotikuli nivtierebis Semcevli mcenareebis amozirkvis kampaniebis dros; diskriminaciis akrzalvis uflebis darrveva, mat Soris narkotikebze kontrolis sferosi arsebuli kanonebis diskriminaciuli gamoyeneba, kerzod, etnikur umciresobebtan, qalebtan da mkvidr mosaxleobastan mimartebasi. dres adamianis uflebebis aseti darrvevebi sazogadoebis sul ufro met yuradrebas ipyrobs. saxelmwifos mxridan valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmesi sul ufro aqtiur rols asruleben adamianis uflebebis damcveli arasamtavrobo organizaciebi. adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakitxs sul ufro meti yuradreba etmoba gaeros narkotikebis kontrolis organoebis mxridan. gaeros narkotikebisa da danasaulis ofisis armasrulebelma direqtorma maria kostas mier bolo periodsi gaketebuli ert-erti gancxadeba asetia: musaobisas Cven pirvel rigsi vxelmzrvanelobt gaertianebuli erebis wesdebit da wesdebis yvela xelmomwer qveyanas arebuli aqvs valdebuleba, daicvas adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi da aseve, daicvas adamianis uflebebis sayoveltao deklaracia.... Cven gansakutrebul yuradrebas vutmobt jandacvis sakitxebs narkotikebze kontrolis zomebis ganxorcielebisas. narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli konvenciebis debulebebi unda ganxorcieldes adamianis uflebebis dacvit. aqamde am aspeqts musaobis processi nakleb yuradrebas vutmobdit da es midgoma cxadia, unda SevcvaloT. gaeros specialuri momxsenebeli wamebis sakitxebtan dakavsirebit, profesori novaki da gaeros adamianis uflebebis umarlesi komisari nevanethem pilei sazogadoebas mouwodeben, rom narkopolitika efuznebodes midgomebs, romlebic itvaliswinebs adamianis uflebebis upirobo dacvas. askaraa, rom qveynis mtavrobebi da samartaldamcavi organoebi narkotikebze kontrolis erovnuli politikisa da programebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis processi ar utmobdnen sakmaris yuradrebas adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. aseti msoflmxedveloba unda Seicvalos, romlis 7

15 farglebsic kanonmdebloba adamianis uflebebis mimartulebit ariarebuli iqneba im erovnuli samartlebrivi sistemis ert-ert elementad, romlis farglebsic xorcieldeba narkopolitika. axali narkopolitikis amocanebsi unda Sediodes: janmrtelobis dacva, romelic itvaliswinebs wvdomis gaumjobesebas medikamentebze, zianis Semcirebis, prevenciuli, mkurnalobis, zrunvisa da mxardaweris programebis xelsewyobas; mxardawera alternatiuli ganvitarebisa da siraribis dazlevis mimartulebit, ganatlebis mirebis SesaZleblobebi da dasaqmebis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxv. sakitxebis gadawra; adamianis usafrtxoeba, ra miznitac jandacvis organoebis yuradreba mimartuli unda iyos im pirebisken, romlebic itvlebian narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli seriozuli problemebis sataved da ara narkotikebis dabali donis gamsareblebisken, romlebic safrtxes ar warmoadgenen, aseve narkotikis momxmareblebisa da soflis macxovreblebisken prioriteti unda mieniwos narkotikebis ukanono brunvit gamowveuli zianis Semcirebas XX saukunesi msoflio qveynebis Zalisxmeva narkotikebze kontrolis sferosi mimartuli iyo narkotikebit vawrobis masstabis Semcirebisken da pirvel rigsi sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gamoyenebit. itvleboda, rom arnisnuli zomebis gamoyenebit Semcirdeboda narkotikebis moxmarebit gamowveuli ziani, Tumca, es zomebi garkveulwilad warumatebeli armocnda. Tumca, Teoriulad narkovawrobis masstabis Semcirebam SeiZleba, gamoiwvios zianis Semcireba, magram praqtikasi xsirad sawinaarmdego xdeba. magalitad, narkotikebis gamsareblebis mikvlevis Tundac warmatebul operacias SeiZleba, Sedegad mohyves Zaladobis politika, romlis amocanasac uaryofiti Sedegebis Semcireba warmoadgens, ufro efeqturia, vidre politika, romlis mizanic narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmnaa. gazliereba narkogamsareblebis konkurent jgufebs Soris, romlebic cdiloben daikavon gamotavisuflebuli teritoria, xolo ama Tu im narkotikuli nivtierebis gavrcelebis akrzalvis zomebis Sedegad narkotikis momxmareblebma SeiZleba, sxva iseti nivtierebebis gamoyeneba daiwyon, romlebic kidev ufro sasisia adamianis janmrtelobistvis. 8

16 garda amisa, dres arsebuli politika xsirad damatebiti zianis momtania. kanonebi, romlebic itvaliswinebs sisxlis samartlis pasuxismgeblobas narkotikebis moxmarebisa da saineqcio mowyobilobis Senaxvis gamo, stimuls azlevs samartaldamcav organoebs, Causafrdnen, daakavon da daapatimron narkotikis momxmareblebi nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis punqtebis siaxloves, ritac ar azleven mat prevenciuli zomebit sargeblobis sasualebas. garda amisa, xsir SemTxvevaSi wamaldamokidebulebi Tavs ikaveben wamaldamokidebulebis programasi monawileobisgan, radgan SiSoben, ar iqnan registrirebuli wamaldamokidebulebis saxelmwifo saregistracio siebsi, rasac SeiZleba, samusao adgilis dakargva, martvis mowmobis CamorTmeva da msoblis uflebebis CamorTmevac ki mohyves Sedegad. aseti politika aseve, xels uwyobs narkotikebis moxmarebastan dakavsirebuli sarisko qcevis ganvitarebas, ris Sedegadac vrceldeba sxvadasxva Tanmdevi daavadebebi. arnisnuli SeuZlebelia uaryofitad ar aisaxos zogadad sazogadoebis janmrtelobaze, jandacvis mdgomareobaze (daavadebebis prevenciisa da mkurnalobis sferoze mzardi datvirtvis gamo) da qveynis biujetze. grzelvadiani miznebis mirweva - narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmna an narkotikebis ukanono bazrebis likvidacia ar SeiZleba, mivicniot mdgrad da efeqtur politikad. arsebuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom iseti politika da programebi, romlebic mimartulia konkretuli problemebis gadawrisken, ufro qmeditia, vidre bazridan ama Tu im preparatebis amorebis mcdeloba an narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmna. zianis Semcirebis mizania narkotikebis moxmarebisa da ukanono moxmarebis masstabis Semcireba. zianis Semcirebis principi xsirad gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sferosi, magalitad, iseti programebis Catarebisas, rogoricaa Spricebisa da nemsebis gacvla, wamaldamokidebulebis prevencia da mkurnaloba, socialuri mxardaweris gaweva. magram amas garda zianis Semcireba gulisxmobs mavne Sedegebis Semcirebis zomebis mimartulebit musaobas yoveli konkretuli adamianis, sazogadoebebebisa da zogadad, mosaxleobis sasargeblod. amitom zianis Semcireba xsirad gvesaxeba, rogorc pragmatuli da efeqturi midgoma, romelic mimartulia qveynis mosaxleobisa janmrtelobis mdgomareobisa da ketildreobis gaumjobesebisken da adamianis uflebebis dacvisken. unda arinisnos, rom zianis Semcirebis momxreebi narkotikebis bazrisa da narkotikebis moxmarebis masstabis saerto Semcirebas narkopolitikis ertadert da mit umetes, mtavar miznad ar miicneven (damatebiti informacia mocemul sakitxze ix. nawilsi 3.3). gacilebit didi wvlili kacobriobis janmrtelobisa da ketildreobis mdgomareobasi Seaqvs iseti politikisa da programebis SemuSavebas, romlebic mimartulia daavadebebis gavrcelebis, danasaulis Semcirebisken da narkotikis momxmareblebis sazogadoebrivsasargeblo saqmianobasi CarTvisken. qveynis mtavrobebma moqmedeba unda daiwyon narkotikebis ukanono brunvis Sefasebidan, rasac (narkotikebis ukanono brunvas) faqtiurad, yvelaze didi ziani moaqvs sazogadoebistvis. am SemTxvevaSi isini uket iqnebian momzadebuli mocemuli problemebis gadasawrelad sawiro strategiebis SemuSavebisa da realizaciisatvis. zianis Semcirebis saerto koncefcia unda CaiTvalis ert-ert mmartvel principad narkopolitikisa da programebis SemuSavebisas. 9

17 1.4. socialurad daucveli jgufebis integraciis xelsewyoba narkotikebis moxmarebis gavrcelebis xasiati sxvadasxva socialur jgufebsi gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedvit. Tu zog qveyanasi narkotikebis moxmarebis masstabi met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli socialur klasebs, xalxebsa da kulturebs Soris, sxva qveynebsi igi koncentrirebulia calkeul raionebsa da sazogadoebebebsi. miuxedavad amisa, erti tendencia narkotikebis moxmarebastan dakavsirebit ucvlelia wamaldamokidebulebis yvelaze marali macveneblebi damaxasiatebelia socialurad naklebad dacul jgufebistvis. da es arc aris gasakviri mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom cxovrebis mzime pirobebi, travmatuli situaciebi da emociuri problemebi warmoadgens wamaldamokidebulebis ganvitarebis ZiriTad faqtorebs. mzime socialur pirobebsi macxovrebeli adamianebi mudam iqnebian metad mowyvladi narkotikebis regularuli moxmarebisadmi da mati moxmarebit gamowveuli uaryofiti Sedegebisadmi. socialur sakitxebze pasuxismgebeli departamentebisa da samtavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad mimartulia mosaxleobis Raribi da socialurad daucveli fenebis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisken da am jgufebis warmomadgenlebis integrirebaze socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebasi. Tumca, narkotikebis kontrolis sferosi erovnuli politikis mravali aspeqti narkotikis momxmareblebze axdens iset gavlenas, romelic swored rom mosalodneli Sedegis sawinaarmdegoa, kerzod: narkotikebisadmi uaryofiti damokidebuleba iwvevs adamianebis, adamianta jgufebisa da rig SemTxvevebSi, mteli sazogadoebebis stigmatizacias da zrudavs mat SesaZleblobas, monawileoba miiron sazogadoebis socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebasi; programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic emsaxureba narkotikebis moxmarebis faqtebis gamovlenasa da dasjas, xsirad mosdevs narkotikis momxmareblis garicxva saswavlo dawesebulebidan da datxovna samusaodan, rac kidev ufro amwvavebs arsebul problemebs; narkotikis moxmarebis arkvetis miznit iseti zomebis gatareba, rogoricaa dakaveba da sajarimo sanqciebis daweseba, nakleb efeqturia. rogorc wesi, arnisnuli zomebis gamoyenebis Sedegad narkotikis momxmarebels espoba sazogadoebis mxridan SesaZlo pozitiuri zemoqmedebis mirebis SesaZlebloba da izrdeba misi janmrtelobisa da danasaulebriv dajgufebebsi moxvedris riski; 10

18 samartaldamcavi da sxva zomebi, romlebic aizuleben wamaldamokidebul pirebs, daemalon saxelmwifos, artulebs jandacvis sistemis specialistebis wvdomas aset pirebze da amcirebs socialuri programebis gamoyenebis sasualebas aseti pirebis sasargeblod. Tu qveynis mtavrobas surs, efeqturad imoqmedos moqalaqeta Soris narkotikebis moxmarebis problemis gadawris mimartulebit, man unda ganaxorcielos iseti politika da programebi, romlebic ar dausveben calkeuli pirebisa da yvelaze metad mowyvladi jgufebis socialur marginalizaciasa da stigmatizacias. socialuri marginalizacia SeiZleba, minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, Tu Seicvleba saxelmwifos mxridan narkotikebis moxmarebis nebismieri formis Sefaseba, rogorc sisxlis samartlis danasaulisa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis dapatimrebisa da mkacrad dasjis fartod gavrcelebuli praqtika. msoflio qveynebi sul ufro xsirad ariareben, rom damsjel RonisZiebebs moaqvt gacilebit didi ziani, vidre sargebeli. gaeros generalurma mdivanma Sids-Tan brzolis saertasoriso dres (2009 w.) warmotqmul sityvasi ganacxada: movuwodeb yvela qveyanas damsjeli zomebis, politikasa da metodebis gauqmebisken. es xels gvislis aiv/ Sids-Tan brzolis saqmesi... SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes aiv/sids-tan brzolis iseti metodebis gamoyeneba, romlebic efuzneba mtkicebulebebs da ara ideologiebs da im adamianebtan dakavsireba, romlebic yvelaze metad sawiroeben aseti zomebis ganxorcielebas da romlebic yvelaze metad arian dazaralebuli. martlac, dres mravali qveyana narkotikis moxmarebistvis dawesebuli mkacri sadamsjelo zomebidan reformebze da mat Soris, depenalizaciaze (narkotikebtan dakavsirebul samartaldarrvevebze dawesebuli sadamsjelo zomebis Serbileba) an dekriminalizaciaze (im kanonebis gauqmeba, romelta Tanaxmadac narkotikebis moxmareba sisxlis samartlis danasaulad itvleba an saqmis administraciul da samedicino samsaxurebisadmi gadacema) gadadis, risi mizanic narkotikebis momxmareblebis socialuri izolaciis Semcirebaa. dekriminalizacia depenalizaciastan SedarebiT didi upiratesobit sargeblobs, radgan igi xels uwyobs socialur reintegracias. tradiciuli narkopolitikis idea mdgomareobs imasi, rom gansja, ostrakizmi da mkacri sasjeli SeiZleba, mravali potenciuri momxareblistvis gamafrtxilebeli zoma armocndes. narkotikebis bazari Semcirdeba da sabolood, gaqreba; magram realurad armocnda, rom es zomebi ar moqmedebs wamaldamokidebulebis masstabze mosaxleobis garkveul jgufebsi masin, rodesac narkotikebze xelmisavwdomloba, mati fasebi, mzardi siraribe da utanasworoba, aseve mzime socialuri pirobebi mnisvnelovan gavlenas axdens saerto mdgomareobaze. socialuri integraciis principi SeiZleba, ganvixilot or doneze: narkopolitika da ufro Ria socialuri da ekonomikuri politika. 11

19 narkopolitika. martlwesrigis uzrunvelyofisa da prevenciisa da mkurnalobis programebis strategiebi unda efuznebodes socialuri integraciis Semdeg principebs: kanonebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb da mati realizebis taqtika ar unda Seicavdes zomebs, romlebic gaazlierebs im adamianebis socialur mowyvladobas, romlebic moixmaren an zrdian narkotikul sasualebas. amis nacvlad aucilebelia yuradreba mieqces an aseti adamianebis reintegracias an alternatiuli ganvitarebis programebs. gaeros narkotikebis da danasaulis ofisis gancxadebit, wamaldamokidebul pirebs unda moveqcet, rogorc moqalaqeebs, romlebsac daxmareba swirdebat da ara rogorc damnasaveebs, romlebic sasjels imsaxureben. prevenciuli da saganmanatleblo programebi zedmiwevnit kargad unda iyos damusavebuli, rata Tavidan avicilot procesebi, romlebic xels uslis narkotikis momxmarebeli axalgazrdebis CarTvas zrdasrul socialur cxovrebasi (aseti procesebis ricxvsi Sedis skolidan garicxva, specializebuli momsaxureobis gawevaze uaris Tqma da sxva). wamaldamokidebulebis samkurnalo programebis mizans unda warmoadgendes narkotikebis momxmareblebistvis sazogadoebasi warmatebit integraciis sasualebis micema. im jgufebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yvelaze metad zaraldebian narkotikebtanbrzolis processi (narkotikis momxmareblebi da mwarmoeblebi), unda CaerTon narkopolitikisa da narkotikebtan brzolis programebis SemuSavebis processi. aseti midgoma mogvcems ufro dasabutebuli politikis SemuSavebis sasualebas da xels Seuwyobs mocemuli sazogadoebistvis arasasurveli negatiuri Sedegebis Tavidan acilebas. ufro Ria socialuri da ekonomikuri politika. narkotikebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb arsebuli saertasoriso monacemebis analizi da gamokvlevebi, romlebic Catarda mosaxleobis calkeul jgufebsi, cxadyofs, rom nebismier sazogadoebasi siraribe, utanasworoba da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisadmi kutvnileba ufro mnisvnelovan da xangrzliv zemoqmedebas axdens narkotikebis moxmarebis masstabsa da moxmarebit gamowveul problemebze, vidre erovnuli narkopolitika. yvelaze xsirad am mimartebit asaxeleben evropis qveynebs. magalitad, SvedeTsa da holandiasi narkotikebis moxmarebis done SedarebiT dabalia, Tumca mati narkopolitika sxva qveynebis narkopolitikisgan didad gansxvavebulia. amastan, orive qveyanasi sakmaod maralia cxovrebis done, adamianta uflebebi kargad aris daculi; orive qveyana xasiatdeba Zlieri sazogadoebebebita da orive matgansi xorcieldeba efeqturi socialuri programebi. Tu mtavrobis prioritetul amocanas warmoadgens narkotikadmokidebulebis saerto masstabis Semcireba, yuradreba unda gamaxvildes SedarebiT Ria socialuri politikis danergvaze da dausvebelia mkacri politikis gamoyeneba, rac kidev ufro gaarrmavebs wamaldamokidebuli pirebis socialur izolacias. mocemuli Temebi dawvrilebit aris ganxiluli nawilsi 3.1, romelic ezrvneba wamaldamokidebulebis prevencias da me-4 TavSi, romelic ezrvneba sazogadoebebebis ganvitarebas. 12

20 1.5. Ria da konstruqciuli urtiertobebis damyareba samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan xsiria SemTxveva, rodesac ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo politikosebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis motxovnilebebs ariqvamen rogorc problemas, romelic unda armoifxvras. amastan, narkotikebtan dakavsirebit politikosebistvis fasdaudebeli iqneboda narkotikebis bazrisa da sazogadoebebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb informaciis iseti wyaro, rogoricaa arasamtavrobo organizaciebi, momxmarebelta da narkotikebis mwarmoebelta sazogadoebebebi, magram im pirobit, rom SemuSavebuli iqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan urtiertpativiscemis dacvis konstruqciuli meqanizmebi. winamdebare mititebebis Tanaxmad, gansazrvreba samoqalaqo sazogadoeba moicavs ramdenime jgufs an sazogadoebebas, romlebic metad mowyvladi arian narkopolitikisadmi: narkotikis momxmareblebi, aiv-inficirebuli pirebi, pirebi, romeltac mohyavt sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi, romlebic ariarebulia ukanonod matsi narkotikuli nivtierebebis Semcvelobis gamo, mkvidri xalxebi da mati sazogadoebebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dawesebulebebsi Sedis arasamtavrobo organizaciebi, aseve qselebi da gaertianebebi, romelta amocanebs warmoadgens mocemuli jgufebis interesebis dacva, mattvis specializebuli momsaxureobis gaweva, pozitiuri cvlilebebis mxardawera im politikasi, romelic mat interesebs exeba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi da organizaciebi mtavar rols TamaSoben saxelmwifo politikis yvela sferosi da warmoadgenen monacemta, gamocdilebisa da codnis fasdaudebel wyaros. Sinaarsiani da konstruqciuli urtiertoba samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan efuzneba monawileobis, gamwvirvalobisa da angarisgebis principebs. aiv-infeqciis gavrcelebis sawinaarmdego mozraobis aqtivistebi epidemiis jer kidev adreul etapze ariarebdnen, rom efeqturi mkurnalobisas gadamwyveti mnisvneloba daavadebisadmi yvelaze mowyvladi adamianebis monawileobas eniweba. politika da programebi, romlebic mimartulia aiv-infeqciis prevenciisken an gavrcelebis tempebis Semcirebisken, yvelaze qmediti da mdgradia, rodesac musavdeba daavadebisadmi yvelaze mowyvlad adamianebtan da sazogadoebebebtan TanamSromlobis pirobebsi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi did rols TamaSoben narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli problemebis analizisa da programebisa da momsaxureobis ganxorcielebis mimartulebit. mat aqvt didi codna da gamocdileba am sakitxebsi, rac gansakutrebit aqtualuria mtavrobisa da saertasoriso saagentoebistvis. 13

21 unda variarot is dadebiti roli, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba TamaSobs efeqturi da moqmedi politikisa da programebis SemuSavebis saqmesi. unda Seiqmnas narkotikebis problemebis gadawris saqmesi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobistvis sawiro pirobebi. aucilebelia arinisnos is dadebiti roli, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba TamaSobs efeqturi da qmediti politikisa da programebis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis saqmesi. rekomendebulia Sesabamisi struqturisa da pirobebis Seqmna SedarebiT mowyvladi jgufebis warmomadgenlebtan pozitiuri da konstruqciuli urtiertobis dasamyareblad. gaeros narkotikebis da danasaulis ofisi ukve ariarebs narkopolitikis ganxilvis saqmesi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis didmnisvnelobasa da perspeqtiulobas. ZiriTadad es exeba sazogadoebebebs, romlebic yvelaze meti mowyvladobit gamoircevian narkopolitikisadmi. arasamtavrobo organizaciebis monawileobis struqturuli meqanizmi Seiqmna narkotikuli sasualebebis komisiis mier iniciativis 2008 wlis Semdeg (Beyond 2008) farglebsi. proeqtis xangrzlivoba 2 welia da mis farglebsi msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebis atasobit warmomadgeneli Seikriba, romlebmac imsjeles sxvadasxva qveyanasi narkotikebze kontrolis sistemaze zemoqmedebisa da komisiis mier ganxiluli rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, globaluri fondis xelmzrvanelobam sami adgili gamoyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciis warmomadgenlebistvis xmis sruli uflebit. globaluri fondis grantebis realizaciis koordinaciis meqanizmebi, romlebic qveyanasi iqna SemuSavebuli, daxmarebas uwevda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebs saxelmwifo struqturebtan partnioruli urtiertobebis damyarebasi, rata yvela dainteresebul mxares miero monawileoba gadawyvetilebis mirebis processi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan pozitiur, mdgrad da strategiul urtiertobas mravali upiratesoba aqvs, mat Soris politikuri mxardaweris gamyareba da Sesabamisi strategiebis uzrunvelyofa, ufro metad informaciuli politikis formireba, mxardaweris gazliereba strategiebis ganxorcielebis processi da qseluri gaertianebebis gazliereba sazogadoebrivi politikis sferosi konsensusisa da moqmedebebis organizaciis mirwevisa da aseve, monitoringisa da Sefasebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdis miznit. samoqalaqo sazogadoebastan pozitiuri, mdgradi da strategiuli urtiertobis ZiriTadi amocanebia: daxmarebis gaweva narkopolitikis SemuSavebis saqmesi arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedvit, mat Soris problemebis analizi da prioritetebis gansazrvra konsultaciebsa da praqtikul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobit; 14

22 politikosebsa da samoqalaqo warmomadgenlebs Soris efeqturi urtiertobis damyarebis xelsewyoba. didi mnisvneloba aqvs adamianebisa da sazogadoebebebis monawileobas im zomebis dagegmvasi, romlebic usualo zemoqmedebas axdens matze; urtiertxelsayreli partnioruli urtiertobebis damyareba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebtan programebis ertoblivad Catarebisa da/an samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mier mati realizaciis saqmesi; samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis qselebis ganvitarebis mxardawera efeqturi politikis SemuSavebisa da programebis SemuSavebis saqmesi; samoqalaqo sazogadoebas mnisvnelovani roli akisria adgilze situaciis efeqturi monitoringisa da Sefasebisa da qveynis mtavrobis mier SemuSavebuli strategiebis ganxorcielebis saqmesi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleba, TanamSromlobdnen saxelmwifostan problemebis gamovlenisa da im zomebis analizis miznit, romlebic mimartulia am problemebis gadawrisken. garda amisa, qselur jgufebs SeuZliaT, moaxdinon sawiro resursebis mobilizeba samizne jgufebtan misawvdomlobis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebit. informaciisa da mosazrebebis konstruqciuli da partnioruli gacvlis miznit mtavrobasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs Soris unda arsebobdes komunikaciis gamwvirvale meqanizmebi. 15

23 16 Tavi 2 sisxlis samartlis normebi

24 2.1. kanonmdeblobis reforma narkotikebis sferosi mocemul TavSi gaecnobit: rit aris mocemuli Tema mnisvnelovani? gaeros konvencia narkotikebis Sesaxeb; gaertianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebebis sistema; narkotikebi da mati klasifikacia; kontroli narkotikul sasualebebze da sanqciebi; narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli danasaulis dasjis axali sistema; mxardamweri programebi jandacvisa da socialuri politikis sferosi; rekomendaciebi; ZiriTadi publikaciebi. mtavari gzavnili aqcentis gadatana narkotikebis momxmareblebis sisxlis samartlis pasuxismgelobisa da dasjis zomebis gamoyenebidan adamianis uflebebis dacvaze, sazogadoebrivi jandacvis gaumjobesebasa da socialurekonomikur ganvitarebaze aamarlebs socialuri politikisa da rit aris mocemuli Tema mnisvnelovani? XX saukunis dasawyissi narkotikebze kontrolis saertasoriso sistemis Seqmnis Semdeg kanonebi, romlebic itvaliswinebda mkacr sasjels garkveuli saxis fsiqoaqtiuri nivtierebebis warmoebaze, gavrcelebasa da moxmarebaze da mocemuli kanonebis arsrulebasi samartaldamcavi organoebis monawileoba warmoadgenda narkotikebis ukanono brunvisa da moxmarebis masstabis Semcirebis mtavar strategiebs. adre itvleboda, rom aseti politikis Sedegad Semcirdeboda narkotikebit gamowveuli samedicino da socialuri problemebi. Tanamedrove narkopolitika, romelic orientirdeba miwodebis Semcirebaze, ar axdens mnisvnelovan gavlenas globalur narkobazarze da rigi uaryofiti SedegebiT xasiatdeba. samartaldamcavi organoebis strategiebma da moqmedebam sxvadasxva qveynebsi yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli problemebis gadawyvetaze. 17

25 narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis upirvelesi danisnulebaa, wvlili Seitanos saerto erovnul strategiebsi, romlebic mimartulia danasaulis Semcirebisken, aivinfeqciisa da sisxlit gadamdebi sxva daavadebebis prevenciisken da mosaxleobis janmrtelobisa da qveynis ekonomikuri ganvitarebis gaumjobesebisken. mravali kvlevis Sedegi metyvelebs imaze, rom samartlebriv zomebze orientacias didi gavlena ar mouxdenia narkotikebis globaluri bazris masstabze da gamoiwvia rigi negatiuri Sedegebi. sul ufro meti qveyana ariarebs, rom narkotikebis kanonmdeblobas upirveles yovlisa, wvlili unda Sehqondes saerto erovnul strategiebsi, romlebic mimartulia danasaulis Semcirebis, aiv-infeqciis da sisxlit gadamdebi sxva daavadebebis prevenciisa da mosaxleobis janmrtelobis mdgomareobisa da qveynis ekonomikuri ganvitarebis gaumjobesebisken. gaeros konvencia narkotikebis Sesaxeb narkotikebis kontrolis globaluri sistema Sesdgeba sami konvenciisgan, romlebic avseben ertmanets da romlebic ratificirebulia gaeros umravles wevr-qveyanasi. am konvenciebit ganisazrvreba xelmomweri qveynebis valdebulebebi. yvelas rodi axsovs, rom am valdebulebebis mtavari mizani kacobriobis janmrtelobisa da ketildreobis dacvaa. praqtikulad konvenciebis xelmomwer qveynebs aqvt narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis Seqmnisa da am kanonebis dacvis uzrunvelyofis farto uflebamosileba. gaeros 1961 wlis konvencia narkotikuli sasualebebis Sesaxeb Seicavs narkotikuli nivtierebebis CamonaTvals da itvaliswinebs am nivtierebebze mkacri kontrolis dawesebas im mosazrebit, rom mati gamoyeneba gansakutrebit saxifatoa adamianis janmrtelobistvis da iwvevs damokidebulebas. garda amisa, mocemuli nivtierebebis Terapiuli moqmedeba sakmaod SezRudulia wlis konvenciis mtavar amocanas warmoadgens narkotikebtan brzola. konvencia usvebs mat gamoyenebas gamorceulad samedicino da samecniero miznebit. narkotikebis gamoyeneba sxva miznit konvenciis Tanaxmad, dausvebelia. garda amisa, konvencia qveynis mtavrobebs avaldebulebs, gansakutrebuli yuradreba dautmos mkurnalobis uzrunvelyofas, informirebulobas, gamojanmrtelebis gzaze damdgar pacientebze zrunvasa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis reabilitaciasa da socialur reintegracias (muxli 38). konvenciis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia momsaxureobis am saxeebis SeTavazeba, rogorc martlmsajulebisa da sasjelis alternatiuli zomisa (muxli 36, punqti 2). rigma organizaciebma, mat Soris jandacvis saertasoriso organizaciam da narkotikebis kontrolis saertasoriso komitetma araertgzis miutites konvenciis rigi debulebebis urtiertwinaarmdegobrivi xasiatis Sesaxeb: magalitad, siasi 1 Setanilia kanafi da kokis fotlebi (mocemuli sia itvaliswinebs umkacresi kontrolis zomebs, romlebic analogiuria heroinze kontrolis zomebisa). 18

26 1971 wlis konvencia fsiqotropuli nivtierebebis Sesaxeb itvaliswinebs kontrolis TiTqmis ertnair rejims ukanasknel periodsi damusavebul fsiqotropul preparatebze, rogoricaa halucinogenebi da trankvilizatorebi da mat gamoyenebas usvebs gamorceulad samedicino da mecnieruli miznebit. mocemuli konvencia itvaliswinebs narkotikebis momxmarebelta gamovlenis, narkotikuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis, kadrebis momzadebisa da samecniero kvlevebis Catarebis valdebulebas (muxli 20). konvenciis Tanaxmad, qveynis mtavrobebi valdebuli arian, pirebi, romlebic borotad sargebloben fsiqotropuli nivtierebebit, uzrunvelyon mkurnalobis, movlis, reabilitaciisa da socialuri reintegraciis adekvaturi SesaZleblobebiT an SesTavazon yovelive CamoTvlili martlmsajulebisa da sasjelis alternatiuli zomis saxit (muxli 22, punqti 1b da muxli 20, punqti 1). konvencia aseve saubrobs narkotikebis ukanono brunvastan brzolis Sesaxeb saertasoriso TanamSromlobis gzit (muxli 21). dekriminalizacia im kanonebis gauqmeba, romlebic narkotikebis moxmarebas gansazrvraven, rogorc sisxlis samartlis danasauls, an mocemuli kanonebit gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gadatana administraciuli jarimebisa da samedicino daxmarebis prizmasi. depenalizacia narkotikebtan dakavsirebuli danasaulis gamo dawesebuli sanqciebis Serbileba. orive SemTxvevaSi narkotikebis moxmareba itvleba ukanonod wlis konvenciasi Sesulia debuleba TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb mis xelmomwer mxareebs Soris, risi mizanic narkotikebis ukanono brunvis problemis gadawraa. es debuleba konvenciasi Sevida transnacionalur organizebul danasaulebriv dajgufebebtan brzolis miznit, romlebic 1980-ian wlebsi sul ufro Zlierdebodnen da did gavlenas ixvewdnen. konvenciis xelmomweri mxareebi izulebuli iyvnen, mierot zomebi, rata sisxlis samartlis danasaulad eriarebinat (erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebebis gatvaliswinebit) nebismieri qmedeba, romelic 1961 da 1971 wlebis konvenciebit (muxli 3, punqtebi 1 da 21) gatvaliswinebuli nivtierebebis warmoebas, gayidvas, transportirebas, gavrcelebasa da SeZenas ukavsirdeboda wlis konvencia iwonebs iseti zomebis mirebas, romelta mizanic narkotikuli nivtierebebis Semcveli akrzaluli mcenareebis SeZena da gazrda piradi moxmarebis miznit sisxlis samartlis danasaulad CaiTvleba (muxli 3, punqti 2); magram muxlsi 3, punqti 4(d) natqvamia, rom akrzaluli narkotikuli nivtierebebis piradi moxmarebis miznit Senaxvis, SeZenisa da gazrdis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia, miiros zomebi mkurnalobis, arzrdis, mkurnalobissemdgomi dakvirvebis, reabilitaciisa da socialuri reintegraciis miznit, rogorc alternativis an gansjisa da dasjis sanqciebis damatebiti zomebisa. amgvarad, 1988 wlis konvenciis 19

27 muxli 3 (punqtebi 4b-g-d) nebas rtavs konvenciis xelmomwer qveynebs, monawileoba miiron narkotikebis piradi moxmarebistvis Senaxvis SemTxvevebis depenalizaciasi da garkveuli zomit, mat dekriminalizaciasic. narkotikis momxmarebelta uflebebis dacva nebismier vitarebasi aucilebelia igive zomit, ra zomitac xdeba nebismieri sxva moqalaqis uflebebis dacva. konvencia aseve, nebas rtavs saxelmwifoebs, miiron kanonebi, romlebic efuzneba samedicino momsaxureobisa da wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis gawevis, rogorc sisxlissamartlebrivi sasjelis alternatiuli zomis aucileblobas, razec ukve iyo saubaro wina or konvenciasi. da bolos, 1988 wlis konvenciasi xazgasmulia, Tu ramdenad mnisvnelovania samartaldarrvevebisa da mat Soris organizebul danasaulsi monawileobis, arasrulwlovnebisadmi danasaulisadmi midrekilebisa da Zaladobisa da iararis gamoyenebis gamo sanqciebis dadgenisas faqtobrivi mdgomareobebis gatvaliwineba (muxli 3, punqti 5). gaertianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebebis sistema adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi didad aqtualuria narkopolitikis konteqstsi. aucilebelia narkotikebis momxmarebelta iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva moqalaqis uflebebis dacva nebismier garemoebasi. uflebebsa da ZiriTad TavisuflebebSi Sedis: sicocxlis ufleba; adamianis ufleba, ar daeqvemdebaros wamebasa da sxva saxis araadamianur da sastik sasjels, mat Soris izulebasa da Rirsebis damamcirebel mopyrobas; Rirseuli cxovrebis ufleba; adamianis ufleba, ar daeqvemdebaros diskriminacias magalitad, jandacvis momsaxureobaze xelmisawvdomlobis an samsaxursi mowyobis TvalsazrisiT; janmrtelobis ufleba, romelsic Sedis wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobaze informirebuli Tanxmobis ufleba; Sesabamisi samartlebrivi procedurisa da Tanabarzomadi simzimis sasjelis mirebis ufleba. narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis SemuSavebisas politikosebi valdebuli arian, daicvan da pativi scen adamianis uflebebs. narkotikebis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonebis ganxilvisa da ganaxlebis processi gaeros konvenciebit gatvaliswinebul farglebsi qveynis mtavrobebs vurcevt, Seafason narkotikuli sasualebebi, 20

28 sanqciebi da sasjelis zomebi, romlebic gatvaliswinebulia narkotikebis ukanono brunvaze kontrolis sistemit narkotikebtan dakavsirebul sasjelebze da aseve, Seafason jandacvisa da socialur sferosi programebis mxardaweris SesaZleblobebi. es sakitxebi ufro dawvrilebit qvemot aris ganxiluli. samartlebrivi resursebi mimartuli unda iyos narkobazris yvelaze saziano da antisocialuri aspeqtebisken da imavdroulad, xels unda uwyobdes narkotikebis momxmareblebis socialur integracias. am amocanis gadawris miznit zogierti qveyana gadavida dekriminalizaciasa da depenalizaciaze. narkotikebi da mati klasifikacia narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebis umetesoba narkotikebis klasificirebas axdens im potenciuri safrtxis mixedvit, romelic mocemuli saxis narkotikis gamoyenebas mosdevs. narkotikuli sasualebebis klasifikacia aseve, gansazrvravs narkotikebis brunvastan dakavsirebuli sanqciebis simkacres. qveynis mtavrobistvis zogadad, Znelia mecnieruli midgomis gamoyeneba da narkotikebis klasifikaciit xelmzrvaneloba, radgan safrtxis xarisxze moqmedebs mudmivad cvalebadi rigi faqtorebi. Tumca, is principi, rom sxvadasxva nivtiereba sxvadasxva donis kontrols sawiroebs, SeiZleba, gamodges im pirobit, Tu mocemuli nivtierebis mikutvnebas ama Tu im siisadmi ar mivicnevt sanqciis ganmsazrvrel ertadert faqtorad. ganacenis gamotanisas sasamartlo organoebma mxedvelobasi unda miiron faqtorebis ertoblioba danasaulis specifikisa da samartaldamrrvevis pirovnebis gatvaliswinebit (magalitad, narkotikis raodenoba, misi miwodebis metodi, gansasjelis nasamartleoba warsulsi da mkurnalobis sawiroeba). narkotikuli nivtierebebis erovnuli klasifikaciis ganxilvisas aucilebelia Semdegi sakitxebis gadawyveta: darces Tu ara ZalaSi narkotikuli nivtierebebis arsebuli klasifikacia? iqneb, danasaulis simzimis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis mirebisas Rirdes am klasifikaciis nacvlad alternatiuli procesis gamoyeneba magalitad, iseti procesis, romelic itvaliswinebs damamzimebel da Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs? Tu ar arsebobs narkotikuli nivtierebebis moqmedi klasifikaciis Secvlis aucilebloba, unda gairkves, ramdenad efuzneba igi mecnierul monacemebs da ramdenad gasagebia igi sazogadoebistvis. romeli narkotikuli nivtierebebis brunvas unda aregulirebdes kanonmdebloba (gaeros konvenciebis Sesrulebis valdebulebis gatvaliswinebit) da ra saxit unda moxdes an nivtierebebis klasificireba? narkotikuli nivtierebis klasis dadgenisas arsebobs Tu ara misi xarisxis (sisuftave, moqmedebis Zala), raodenobisa da Savi bazris Rirebulebis gatvaliswinebis aucilebloba? 21