Average Bond Lengths bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm)

Transcript

1 Average Bond Lengths bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) C H 109 N H 101 O H 96 H H 74.1 C C 154 N N 145 O O 148 H F 92 C=C 134 N=N 125 O=O 121 H Cl 127 C C 120. N N 110. O F 133 H Br 141 C N 147 N O 140. O Cl 142 H I 161 C=N 129 N=O 121 O Br 158 C N 116 N F 141 O S 157 F F 142 C O 143 N Cl 175 O=S 149 Cl Cl 199 C=O 120. N Br 184 O P 163 Br Br 228 C O 113 O=P 151 I I 267 C F 135 C Cl 177 C Br 194 C I 214 C Si 185 C P 184 C S 182 C=S 160. bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) bond r bond (pm) Si H 148 P H 144 S H 134 Si Si 233 P P 221 S S 205 Si O 163 P F 151 S=S 149 Si F 160. P Cl 201 S F 164 Si Cl 202 P Br 237 S Cl 207 Si Br 215 S Br 232

2 Average Bond Enthalpies bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) C H 413 N H 391 O H 467 H H 432 C C 347 N N 163 O O 146 H F 565 C=C 614 N=N 418 O=O 495 H Cl 427 C C 839 N N 941 O F 185 H Br 363 C N 305 N O 201 O Cl 203 H I 295 C=N 613 N=O 607 O Br 156 C N 891 N F 272 O S 364 F F 154 C O 358 N Cl 200. O=S 522 Cl Cl 239 C=O 743 N Br 243 O P 335 Br Br 193 C O 1072 O=P 544 I I 149 C F 485 C Cl 339 C Br 276 C I 238 C Si 318 C P 264 C S 259 C=S 573 bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) bond ΔH bond (kj/mol) Si H 393 P H 322 S H 347 Si Si 340. P P 201 S S 266 Si O 452 P F 490. S=S 425 Si F 565 P Cl 326 S F 327 Si Cl 381 P Br 264 S Cl 253 Si Br 310. S Br 218

3 Properties of Water properties of water at SATP Value Unit dielectric constant diffusion coefficient m 2 /s dipole moment 1.82 D molar heat capacity 75.3 J/K/mol molar heat of fusion 6.01 kj/mol molar heat of vaporization kj/mol viscosity N s/m 2 properties of liquid water K w ρ (g/cm 3 ) P vap (kpa) C p (J/g K) 0 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C properties of ice ρ (g/cm 3 ) ΔH fus (J/g) C p (J/g K) 0 C properties of steam ρ (g/cm 3 ) ΔH vap (kj/g) C p (J/g K) 100 C

4 Properties of Other Substances (condensed phase) substance (TSS) ρ (g/cm 3 ) C p (J/g K) substance (TSS) ρ (g/cm 3 ) C p (J/g K) Ag Rb Al Re As Rh Au Ru B S Ba Sb Be Sc Ca Se Cd Si Co Sn Cr Sr Cs Ta Cu Te Fe Ti Ga U Ge V Hg W In Zn Ir Zr K Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni Os P Pb Pd Pt

5 Properties of Other Substances (gas phase) substance (TSS) ρ (kg/m 3 ) C p (J/g K) k H (mol/l atm) % (v/v) of dry air air N O Ar CO Ne He CH Kr H Xe B 2 H CF CHF CH 2 F CH 3 Br CH 3 Cl CH 3 F CO C 2 H C 2 H C 2 H C 3 H C 3 H C 3 H Cl F H 2 S NO NO N 2 O O SO

6 Acid Dissociation Constants name formula K a1 K a2 K a3 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid HC 3 H 5 O ,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid acetoxybenzoic acid HC 9 H 7 O chlorobenzoic acid hydroxyethanoic acid HC 2 H 3 O hydroxypropanoic acid HC 3 H 5 O oxopropanoic acid HC 3 H 3 O propenoic acid HC 3 H 3 O ,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid chlorobenzoic acid chlorobenzoic acid acetic acid HCH 3 CO acetic acid HC 2 H 3 O acetylsalicylic acid HC 9 H 7 O acrylic acid HC 3 H 3 O adipic acid H 2 C 6 H 8 O ammonia NH aniline C 6 H 5 NH arsenic acid H 3 AsO arsenous acid H 3 AsO ascorbic acid H 2 C 6 H 6 O barbituric acid HC 4 H 3 N 2 O benzoic acid HC 7 H 5 O boric acid H 3 BO bromoacetic acid HC 2 H 2 BrO butanedioic acid H 2 C 4 H 4 O butanoic acid HC 4 H 7 O butyric acid HC 4 H 7 O caproic acid HC 6 H 11 O carbonic acid H 2 CO chloroacetic acid HC 2 H 2 ClO chloroacetic acid HC 2 H 2 O 2 Cl chromic acid H 2 CrO

7 Acid Dissociation Constants name formula K a1 K a2 K a3 cinnamic acid HC 8 H 7 O citric acid H 3 C 6 H 5 O cyanoacetic acid HC 3 H 2 NO dichloroacetic acid HC 2 HCl 2 O ethanedioic acid H 2 C 2 O ethanoic acid HC 2 H 3 O ethanol HC 2 H 5 O fluoroacetic acid HC 2 H 2 FO formic acid HCHO fumaric acid gallic acid glutaric acid H 2 C 5 H 6 O glyceric acid HC 3 H 5 O glycolic acid HC 2 H 3 O hexanedioic acid H 2 C 6 H 8 O hexanoic acid HC 6 H 11 O hydrazine N 2 H hydrazoic acid HN hydroazoic acid HN hydrocyanic acid HCN hydrofluoric acid HF hydrogen peroxide H 2 O hydrogen selenide H 2 Se hydrogen sulfide H 2 S hydroxyacetic acid HC 2 H 3 O hydroxybutanedioic acid H 2 C 4 H 4 O hydroxylamine HONH iodoacetic acid HC 2 H 2 IO isophthalic acid lactic acid HC 3 H 5 O m-toluic acid maleic acid malic acid H 2 C 4 H 4 O

8 Acid Dissociation Constants name formula K a1 K a2 K a3 malonic acid H 2 C 3 H 2 O mandelic acid HC 8 H 7 O methanoic acid HCHO methanol HCH 3 O nitroacetic acid HC 2 H 2 NO o-toluic acid oxalic acid H 2 C 2 O oxaloacetic acid H 2 C 4 H 2 O oxobutanedioic acid H 2 C 4 H 2 O p-toluic acid pentandedioic acid H 2 C 5 H 6 O pentanoic acid HC 5 H 9 O phenol HC 6 H 5 O phenylamine C 6 H 5 NH phloroglucinic acid phosphoric acid H 3 PO phosphorous acid H 3 PO phthalic acid propanedioic acid H 2 C 3 H 2 O propanoic acid HC 3 H 5 O propionic acid HC 3 H 5 O pyruvic acid HC 3 H 3 O succinic acid H 2 C 4 H 4 O tartaric acid H 2 C 4 H 4 O terephthalic acid thioacetic acid HC 2 H 3 OS trichloroacetic acid HC 2 Cl 3 O trifluoroacetic acid HC 2 F 3 O uric acid HC 5 H 3 N 4 O valeric acid HC 5 H 9 O

9 Acid Dissociation Constants name formula K a1 K a2 K a3 bromic acid HBrO bromous acid HBrO chloric acid HClO chlorous acid HClO cyanic acid HCNO germanic acid H 2 GeO hydriodic acid HI hydrobromic acid HBr hydrochloric acid HCl hydroiodic acid HI hypobromous acid HBrO hypochlorous acid HClO hypoiodous acid HIO iodic acid HIO iodous acid HIO methanesulfonic acid HCH 3 SO nitric acid HNO nitrous acid HNO p-toluenesulfonic acid HCH 3 C 6 H 4 SO perchloric acid HClO selenic acid H 2 SeO selenous acid H 2 SeO sulfuric acid H 2 SO sulfurous acid H 2 SO thiocyanic acid HSCN triflic acid HCF 3 SO trifluoromethanesulfonic acid HCF 3 SO

10 Acid Dissociation Constants name formula K a1 K a2 K a3 aluminum(iii) ion Al barium ion Ba beryllium ion Be calcium ion Ca chromium(iii) ion Cr cobalt(ii) ion Co iron(ii) ion Fe iron(iii) ion Fe lithium ion Li magnesium ion Mg nickel(ii) ion Ni potassium ion K sodium ion Na strontium ion Sr zinc(ii) ion Zn

11 name formula K b name formula K b 2,3-dimethylpyridine pyrazole ,4-dimethylpyridine pyridazine ,5-dimethylpyridine pyridine C 5 H 5 N ,6-dimethylpyridine pyrimidine chloropyridine pyrrolidine C 4 H 8 NH ,4-dimethylpyridine sec-butylamine ,5-dimethylpyridine strychnine C 21 H 22 N 2 O chloropyridine tert-butylamine chloropyridine triethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N ammonia NH trimethylamine (CH 3 ) 3 N aniline C 6 H 5 NH codeine C 18 H 21 NH barium hydroxide Ba(OH) decylamine (C 10 H 21 )NH calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) diethylamine (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH lithium hydroxide LiOH diisopropylamine (C 3 H 7 ) 2 NH magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) dimethylamine (CH 3 ) 2 NH nickel(ii) hydroxide Ni(OH) ethanolamine HOC 2 H 4 NH potassium hydroxide KOH ethylamine (C 2 H 5 )NH sodium hydroxide NaOH heptylamine (C 7 H 15 )NH strontium hydroxide Sr(OH) hexylamine (C 6 H 13 )NH hydrazine H 2 NNH hydroxylamine HONH imidazole isopropylamine methylamine (CH 3 )NH morphine C 17 H 19 NO morpholine n-butylamine (C 4 H 9 )NH nonylamine (C 9 H 19 )NH octylamine (C 8 H 17 )NH pentylamine (C 5 H 11 )NH piperidine C 5 H 10 NH propylamine (C 3 H 7 )NH Base Dissociation Constants

12 Solubility-Product Constants name formula K sp name formula K sp aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) copper(ii) sulfide CuS aluminum phosphate AlPO iron(ii) carbonate FeCO barium carbonate BaCO iron(ii) hydroxide Fe(OH) barium chromate BaCrO iron(iii) hydroxide Fe(OH) barium fluoride BaF lead(ii) bromide PbBr barium hydroxide Ba(OH) lead(ii) carbonate PbCO barium sulfate BaSO lead(ii) chloride PbCl barium sulfite BaSO lead(ii) chromate PbCrO beryllium hydroxide Be(OH) lead(ii) fluoride PbF cadmium carbonate CdCO lead(ii) hydroxide Pb(OH) cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH) lead(ii) iodide PbI cadmium phosphate Cd 3 (PO 4 ) lead(ii) sulfate PbSO cadmium sulfide CdS lead(ii) sulfide PbS calcium carbonate CaCO magnesium carbonate MgCO calcium fluoride CaF magnesium fluoride MgF calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) calcium phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) magnesium phosphate Mg 3 (PO 4 ) calcium sulfate CaSO manganese(ii) carbonate MnCO calcium sulfite CaSO manganese(ii) hydroxide Mn(OH) chromium(ii) hydroxide Cr(OH) manganese(ii) sulfide MnS chromium(iii) hydroxide Cr(OH) mercury(i) bromide Hg 2 Br cobalt(ii) carbonate CoCO mercury(i) carbonate Hg 2 CO cobalt(ii) hydroxide Co(OH) mercury(i) chloride Hg 2 Cl cobalt(ii) phosphate Co 3 (PO 4 ) mercury(i) fluoride Hg 2 F cobalt(ii) sulfide CoS mercury(i) iodide Hg 2 I cobalt(iii) hydroxide Co(OH) mercury(ii) sulfide HgS copper(i) bromide CuBr nickel(ii) carbonate NiCO copper(i) chloride CuCl nickel(ii) hydroxide Ni(OH) copper(i) cyanide CuCN nickel(ii) sulfide NiS copper(i) iodide CuI silver bromate AgBrO copper(ii) carbonate CuCO silver bromide AgBr copper(ii) hydroxide Cu(OH) silver carbonate Ag 2 CO copper(ii) phosphate Cu 3 (PO 4 ) silver chloride AgCl

13 name formula K sp silver chromate Ag 2 CrO silver cyanide AgCN silver iodide AgI silver phosphate Ag 3 PO silver sulfate Ag 2 SO silver sulfide Ag 2 S silver sulfite Ag 2 SO tin(ii) hydroxide Sn(OH) tin(ii) sulfide SnS zinc carbonate ZnCO zinc hydroxide Zn(OH) zinc sulfide ZnS Solubility-Product Constants

14 Ion Formation Constants name formula K f diamminesilver(i) + Ag(NH 3 ) dicyanoargentate(i) Ag(CN) dicyanocuprate(i) Cu(CN) dithiosulfateargentate(i) 3 Ag(S 2 O 3 ) hexaamminenickel(ii) 2+ Ni(NH 3 ) hexacyanoferrate(ii) 4 Fe(CN) hexacyanoferrate(iii) 3 Fe(CN) tetraamminecopper(ii) 2+ Cu(NH 3 ) tetraamminenickel(ii) 2+ Ni(NH 3 ) tetraamminezinc(ii) 2+ Zn(NH 3 ) tetracyanocuprate(i) 3 Cu(CN) tetracyanocuprate(ii) 2 Cu(CN) tetracyanonickelate(ii) 2 Ni(CN) tetracyanozincate(ii) 2 Zn(CN) tetrahydroxoaluminate(iii) Al(OH) tetrahydroxoberrylate(ii) 2 Be(OH) tetrahydroxochromate(iii) Cr(OH) tetrahydroxocuprate(ii) 2 Cu(OH) tetrahydroxoferrate(ii) 2 Fe(OH) tetrahydroxoferrate(iii) Fe(OH) tetrahydroxogallate(iii) Ga(OH) tetrahydroxonickel(ii) 2 Ni(OH) tetrahydroxozincate(ii) 2 Zn(OH) trihydroxoplumbate(ii) Pb(OH) trihydroxostannate(ii) Sn(OH)

15 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) (CH 3 ) 2 CO (CH 3 ) 2 O (CH 3 ) 2 SO (C 2 H 5 )O 2.20 (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O (C 6 H 5 ) 2 CO 8.58 (C 6 H 5 CH 2 ) 2 O 6.17 Ag AgBr AgCl AgNO Ag 2 S Al AlBr AlCl Al 2 O Ar Au B BBr BCl B 2 H B 2 O Ba BaBr BaCl BaO BaS BaSO Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data Be BeBr BeCl BeO Br

16 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) C CBrClF CBrF CBr 2 F CBr CClF CCl 2 F CCl 3 F CCl CF CHClF CHCl 2 F CHCl CHF CH 2 Cl CH 2 F CH 3 CN CH 3 COC 6 H CH 3 CONH CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H CH 3 Cl CH 3 F CH 3 I 4.31 CH 3 NO 4.25 CH 3 NO CH 3 OH CH CO COCl CO CS C 10 H 16 O 37.8 C 10 H C 12 H 11 N 8.38 Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data

17 Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) C 13 H 10 O 8.58 C 14 H 14 O 6.17 C 2 H C 2 H C 2 H 5 NO 3.92 C 2 H 5 OH C 2 H C 2 H 6 O C 2 H 6 SO C 3 H 6 O 1.80 C 3 H 7 CH C 3 H C 3 H 8 O C 4 H C 4 H 10 O 2.17 C 4 H 5 N 2.33 C 4 H 8 O C 4 H 9 OH 2.17 C 5 H C 5 H 5 N C 6 H 11 OH 42.2 C 6 H C 6 H C 6 H 4 (CH 3 ) C 6 H 5 CH C 6 H 5 CN 5.35 C 6 H 5 Cl 4.36 C 6 H 5 NH C 6 H 5 NO C 6 H 5 OH C 6 H C 7 H C 8 H C 8 H 17 OH 5.06

18 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) C 8 H 8 O 5.16 C 9 H 7 N 6.73 Ca CaBr CaCl CaO CaSO Cl Cr CrCl Cr 2 O Cs CsCl Cu CuCl CuCl CuO F Fe FeBr FeCl FeCl FeO FeS Fe 3 O Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data HBr HCHO HCN HCONH HC 2 H 3 O HCl HF HI HNO

19 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) H H 2 O H 2 O H 2 S H 2 Se H 3 PO H 3 PO He Hg HgBr HgCl I K KBr KCl KNO Kr Li LiBr LiCl Mg MgBr MgCl MgO MgSO Mn MnCl MnO NF NH NH 4 NO Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data NO N N 2 H

20 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) N 2 O N 2 O Na NaBr NaCl NaClO NaNO NaOH Na 2 O Na 2 S Na 2 SO Ne Ni NiCl O O P PCl PH P 2 O Pb PbBr PbCl PbS Rb Rn S SF SO SO Se Si SiCl SiO Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data

21 formula T m ( C) ΔH fus (kj/mol) E f (K kg/mol) T b ( C) ΔH vap (kj/mol) E b (K kg/mol) T c ( C) P c (atm) Sn SnCl Ti TiCl Xe XeF Zn ZnBr ZnO Phase Transition Thermodynamic Data

22 Standard State Thermodynamic Data formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) (NH 2 ) 2 CO(s) BaO(s) Ag(g) BaS(s) Ag(s) BaSO 4 (s) AgBr(s) Be(OH) 2 (s) AgBrO 3 (s) Be(g) AgCl(s) Be(s) AgClO 3 (s) BeBr 2 (s) AgI(s) BeCl 2 (s) AgNO 3 (s) BeO(s) Ag 2 O(s) BeS(s) Ag 2 S(s) Br(g) Al(g) BrF 3 (g) Al(s) BrF 3 (l) AlBr 3 (s) BrF 5 (g) AlCl 3 (s) BrF 5 (l) AlH 3 (s) Br 2 (g) Al 2 O 3 (s) Br 2 (l) Ar(g) C(diamond) Au(g) C(g) Au(s) C(graphite) B(g) C(s) B(s) CBr 4 (g) BBr 3 (l) CBr 4 (s) BCl 3 (l) CCl 4 (g) BH 3 (g) CCl 4 (l) BO 2 (g) CHCl 3 (g) B 2 H 6 (g) CHCl 3 (l) B 2 O 3 (s) CH 2 Cl 2 (g) Ba(g) CH 2 Cl 2 (l) Ba(s) CH 2 O(g) BaBr 2 (s) CH 2 O 2 (l) BaCO 3 (s) CH 3 CH(CH 3 )OH(l) BaCl 2 (s) CH 3 CHO(g)

23 Standard State Thermodynamic Data formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) CH 3 COCH 3 (l) C 6 H 5 COOH(s) CH 3 Cl(g) C 6 H 5 C 2 H 3 (l) CH 3 OH(g) C 6 H 5 C 2 H 5 (l) CH 3 OH(g) C 6 H 5 C 3 H 7 (l) CH 3 OH(l) C 6 H 5 Cl(l) CH 3 OH(l) C 6 H 5 F(l) CH 4 (g) C 6 H 5 I(l) CO(g) C 6 H 5 NH 2 (l) COBr 2 (g) C 6 H 5 NO 2 (l) COCl 2 (g) C 6 H 5 OH(s) CO 2 (g) C 6 H 6 (g) CS 2 (g) C 6 H 6 (l) CS 2 (l) C 7 H 16 (l) C 12 H 22 O 11 (s) 2220 C 7 H 8 (l) C 2 H 2 (g) C 8 H 18 (l) C 2 H 4 (g) Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (s) C 2 H 4 O(g) Ca(OH) 2 (s) C 2 H 5 OH(g) Ca(g) C 2 H 5 OH(l) Ca(s) C 2 H 6 (g) CaBr 2 (s) C 3 H 7 OH(l) CaCO 3 (s) C 3 H 8 (g) CaCl 2 (s) C 4 H 10 (g) CaF 2 (s) C 4 H 10 (l) CaI 2 (s) C 5 H 12 (l) CaO(s) C 5 H 5 N(l) CaSO 4 (s) C 6 H 12 (l) Cl(g) C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) ClNO(g) C 6 H 14 (l) ClNO 2 (g) C 6 H 5 Br(l) Cl 2 (g) C 6 H 5 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (l) Cr(g) C 6 H 5 CHO(l) Cr(s) C 6 H 5 CH 3 (l) CrCl 2 (s)

24 Standard State Thermodynamic Data formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) CrCl 3 (s) HC 2 H 3 O 2 (l) Cr 2 O 3 (s) HCl(g) Cs(g) HF(g) Cs(s) HI(g) CsBr(s) HNO 3 (g) CsCl(s) HNO 3 (l) CsF(s) H 2 (g) CsI(s) H 2 O(g) Cs 2 O(s) H 2 O(l) Cu(g) H 2 O 2 (g) Cu(s) H 2 O 2 (l) CuBr(s) H 2 S(g) CuCl(s) H 2 SO 4 (l) CuCl 2 (s) H 2 Se(g) CuO(s) H 3 PO 3 (s) CuS(s) H 3 PO 4 (l) Cu 2 O(s) He(g) F(g) Hg(g) F 2 (g) Hg(l) Fe(g) HgBr 2 (s) Fe(s) HgCl 2 (s) FeBr 2 (s) HgO(s) FeCl 2 (s) Hg 2 (g) FeCl 3 (s) Hg 2 Br 2 (s) FeO(s) Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) FeS(s) I(g) FeS 2 (s) I 2 (g) Fe 2 O 3 (s) I 2 (s) Fe 3 O 4 (s) K(g) H(g) K(s) HBr(g) KBr(s) HCN(g) KBrO 3 (s) HC 2 H 3 O 2 (g) KCl(s)

25 Standard State Thermodynamic Data formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) KClO 3 (s) NH 4 Cl(s) KClO 4 (s) NH 4 NO 3 (s) KF(s) NO(g) KI(s) NOCl(g) KMnO 4 (s) NO 2 (g) KNO 2 (s) N 2 (g) KNO 3 (s) N 2 H 4 (g) KOH(s) N 2 H 4 (g) KO 2 (s) N 2 H 4 (l) K 2 CO 3 (s) N 2 H 4 (l) 50.6 K 2 O 2 (s) N 2 O(g) Kr(g) N 2 O 3 (g) Li(g) N 2 O 4 (g) Li(s) N 2 O 4 (l) 19.5 LiBr(s) Na(g) LiCl(s) Na(s) LiF(s) NaBr(s) LiI(s) NaCl(s) LiOH(s) NaClO 3 (s) Li 2 O(s) NaClO 4 (s) Mg(g) NaF(s) Mg(s) NaHCO 3 (s) MgBr 2 (s) NaI(s) MgCO 3 (s) NaNO 2 (s) MgCl 2 (s) NaNO 3 (s) MgO(s) NaOH(s) Mn(g) NaO 2 (s) Mn(s) Na 2 CO 3 (s) MnCl 2 (s) Na 2 O(s) MnO(s) Na 2 O 2 (s) MnO 2 (s) Na 2 S(s) N(g) Na 2 SO 3 (s) NH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H(s) Na 2 SO 4 (s) NH 3 (g) Ne(g) 146.3

26 Standard State Thermodynamic Data formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) Ni(g) SF 6 (g) Ni(s) SO(g) NiCl 2 (s) SOCl 2 (g) O(g) SO 2 (g) O 2 (g) SO 2 Cl 2 (g) O 3 (g) SO 3 (g) P(g) Se(g) P(red) Se(s) P(s) Si(g) P(white) Si(s) PBr 3 (g) SiBr 4 (l) PBr 3 (l) SiC(s) PCl 3 (g) SiCl 4 (g) PCl 3 (l) SiCl 4 (l) PCl 5 (g) SiO 2 (s) PH 3 (g) Sn(g) POCl 3 (g) Sn(s) POCl 3 (l) SnCl 4 (l) P 4 (g) Ti(g) P 4 O 10 (s) Ti(s) Pb(g) TiCl 2 (s) Pb(s) TiCl 3 (s) PbBr 2 (s) TiCl 4 (g) PbCO 3 (s) TiCl 4 (l) PbCl 2 (s) TiO 2 (s) PbO(s) Xe(g) Rb(g) Zn(g) Rb(s) Zn(s) RbBr(s) ZnBr 2 (s) RbCl(s) ZnCO 3 (s) S(g) ZnCl 2 (s) S(monoclinic) ZnO(s) S(rhombic) ZnS(s) S(s) ZnSO 4 (s)

27 formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) ΔS ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) formula ΔH f ⁰ (kj/mol) S ⁰ (J/mol K) ΔG f ⁰ (kj/mol) Ag + (aq) HI(aq) Al 3+ (aq) HNO 3 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) H + (aq) Br (aq) H 2 CO 3 (aq) CN (aq) H 2 SO 4 (aq) CO 2 (aq) H 3 O + (aq) CO 2 3 (aq) H 3 PO 3 (aq) Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) H 3 PO 4 (aq) CaCl 2 (aq) Hg 2+ (aq) CaSO 4 (aq) Hg 2 2+ (aq) Ca 2+ (aq) I (aq) Cl (aq) KOH(aq) CrO 2 4 (aq) K + (aq) Cr 2 O 7 2 (aq) Li + (aq) Cu + (aq) Mg 2+ (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) NH 3 (aq) F (aq) NH 4 + (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) NaCl(aq) Fe 3+ (aq) NaOH(aq) HBr(aq) Na + (aq) HCN(aq) OH (aq) HCO 3 (aq) PO 3 4 (aq) HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) SO 2 4 (aq) HCl(aq) Zn 2+ (aq) HF(aq) Standard Aqueous Thermodynamic Data

28 Enthalpies of Solution formula ΔH sol (kj/mol) formula ΔH sol (kj/mol) formula ΔH sol (kj/mol) AgClO KMnO NaNO AgNO KNO NaOH AgNO KNO RbBr Ca(NO 3 ) KOH RbCl Ca(OH) LiBr RbClO CaCl LiCl RbClO CaF LiClO RbF CaSO LiF RbI CsBr LiI RbNO CsCl LiNO RbOH CsClO LiNO CsF LiOH CsI NH CsNO NH 4 Br CsOH NH 4 CN HBr NH 4 C 2 H 3 O HCO 2 H 0.86 NH 4 Cl HC 2 H 3 O NH 4 ClO HCl NH 4 I HClO NH 4 IO HF NH 4 NO HI NH 4 NO HIO NaBr 0.60 HNO NaCN KBr NaC 2 H 3 O KCN NaCl KC 2 H 3 O NaClO KCl NaClO KClO NaClO KClO NaF KF NaI 7.53 KI NaIO KIO NaNO

29 Lattice Enthalpies formula ΔH latt (kj/mol) formula ΔH latt (kj/mol) formula ΔH latt (kj/mol) (NH 4 ) 2 SO FeCl NH 4 CN 691 AgBr 905 KBr 691 NH 4 HCO AgCl 918 KCN 686 NaBr 754 AgNO KC 2 H 3 O NaCN 759 Al(OH) KCl 720. NaC 2 H 3 O AlBr KF 829 NaCl 790. AlCl KH 713 NaF 930. AlF KHCO NaH 807 AlH KI 650. NaHCO AlI KNO NaI 705 AuBr 1059 KNO NaNO AuCl 1066 KN NaNO Ca(NO 3 ) KOH 796 NaN Ca(OH) K 2 CO NaOH 892 CaBr K 2 SO Na 2 CO CaCO LiBr 820. Na 2 SO CaCl LiCN 874 Ni(NO 3 ) CaF LiC 2 H 3 O Ni(OH) CaH LiCl 864 NiBr CaI LiF 1049 NiCl CaSO LiH 918 Pb(NO 3 ) Cr(OH) LiI 764 PbBr CrBr LiNO PbCO CrCl LiN PbCl Cu(NO 3 ) LiOH 1028 SnCl CuBr 978 Li 2 SO SnCl CuBr Mg(NO 3 ) TiBr CuCO Mg(OH) TiCl CuCl 996 MgBr Zn(NO 3 ) CuCl MgCO Zn(OH) Fe(OH) MgCl ZnBr FeBr MgF ZnCO FeBr MgH ZnCl FeCO MgI FeCl MnCO

30 Standard Electrode Potentials half-reaction E ⁰ (V) half-reaction E ⁰ (V) F 2 (g) + 2 e 2 F (aq) Hg 2+ (aq) + 2 e Hg(l) O 3 (g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e O 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) ClO (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e Cl (aq) + 2 OH (aq) Co 3+ (aq) + e Co 2+ (aq) Ag + (aq) + e Ag(s) H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e 2 H 2 O(l) Hg 2+ 2 (aq) + 2 e 2 Hg(l) Ce 4+ (aq) + e Ce 3+ (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + e Fe 2+ (aq) PbO 2 (s) + SO 2 4 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e PbSO 4 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l) NO(g) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e N 2 O(g) + 2 OH (aq) MnO 4 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 3 e MnO 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l) O 2 (g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e H 2 O 2 (aq) HClO(aq) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e Cl 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(l) ClO 3 (aq) + 3 H 2 O(l) + 6 e Cl (aq) + 6 OH (aq) NO(g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e N 2 O(g) + H 2 O(l) MnO 4 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) + 3 e MnO 2 (s) + 4 OH (aq) Mn 3+ (aq) + e Mn 2+ (aq) S 2 O 2 6 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e 2 H 2 SO 3 (aq) MnO 4 (aq) + 8 H + (aq) + 5 e Mn 2+ (aq) + 4 H 2 O(l) I 3 (aq) + 2 e 3 I (aq) Au 3+ (aq) + 3 e Au(s) I 2 (s) + 2 e 2 I (aq) HClO(aq) + H + (aq) + 2 e Cl (aq) + H 2 O(l) Cu + (aq) + e Cu(s) ClO 3 (aq) + 12 H + (aq) + 10 e Cl 2 (g) + 6 H 2 O(l) O 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(l) + 4 e 4 OH (aq) PbO 2 (s) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) Fe(CN) 6 3 (aq) + e Fe(CN) 6 4 (aq) Cl 2 (g) + 2 e 2 Cl (aq) ClO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e ClO 3 (aq) + 2 OH (aq) HCrO 4 (aq) + 7 H + (aq) + 3 e Cr 3+ (aq) + 4 H 2 O(l) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 e Cu(s) HNO 2 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e N 2 O(g) + 3 H 2 O(l) Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) + 2 e 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl (aq) Tl 3+ (aq) + 2 e Tl + (aq) PbO 2 (s) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e PbO(s) + 2 OH (aq) Cr 2 O 2 7 (aq) + 14 H + (aq) + 6 e 2 Cr 3+ (aq) + 7 H 2 O(l) AgCl(s) + e Ag(s) + Cl (aq) O 2 (g) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e 2 H 2 O(l) SO 4 2 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e H 2 SO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) MnO 2 (s) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e Mn 2+ (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) Cu 2+ (aq) + e Cu + (aq) ClO 3 (aq) + 3 H + (aq) + 2 e HClO 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) Sn 4+ (aq) + 2 e Sn 2+ (aq) ClO 4 (aq) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e ClO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) NO 2 (aq) + 3 H 2 O(l) + 4 e N 2 O(g) + 6 OH (aq) ClO 3 (aq) + 2 H + (aq) + e ClO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) S 4 O 6 2 (aq) + 2 e 2 S 2 O 3 2 (aq) Br 2 (aq) + 2 e 2 Br (aq) AgBr(s) + e Ag(s) + Br (aq) Br 2 (l) + 2 e 2 Br (aq) NO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e NO 2 (aq) + 2 OH (aq) N 2 O 4 (g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e 2 HNO 2 (aq) H + (aq) + 2 e H 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e 2 NO(g) + 2 H 2 O(l) HNO 2 (aq) + H + (aq) + e NO(g) + H 2 O(l) NO 3 (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 3 e NO(g) + 2 H 2 O(l) Hg 2+ (aq) + 2 e Hg 2+ 2 (aq) N 2 O 4 (g) + 2 e 2 NO 2 (aq)

31 Standard Electrode Potentials half-reaction E ⁰ (V) half-reaction E ⁰ (V) 2 H + (aq) + 2 e H 2 (g) Sr 2+ (aq) + 2 e Sr(s) Fe 3+ (aq) + 3 e Fe(s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 e Ba(s) Se(s) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e H 2 Se(g) K + (aq) + e K(s) SnO 2 (s) + 4 H + (aq) + 2 e Sn 2+ (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) Li + (aq) + e Li(s) SnO 2 (s) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e Sn(s) + 2 H 2 O(l) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 e Pb(s) Sn 2+ (aq) + 2 e Sn(s) O 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(l) + 2 e H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2 OH (aq) MoO 2 (s) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e Mo(s) + 2 H 2 O(l) CO 2 (g) + 2 H + (aq) + 2 e HCHO 2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 e Ni(s) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 e Co(s) Tl + (aq) + e Tl(s) In 3+ (aq) + 3 e In(s) PbSO 4 (s) + 2 e Pb(s) + SO 2 4 (aq) Cd 2+ (aq) + 2 e Cd(s) Cr 3+ (aq) + e Cr 2+ (aq) 0.41 Fe 2+ (aq) + 2 e Fe(s) NO 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + e NO(g) + 2 OH (aq) S(s) + 2 e S 2 (aq) SO 2 3 (aq) + 3 H 2 O(l) + 4 e S 2 O 2 3 (aq) + 6 OH (aq) Cr 3+ (aq) + 3 e Cr(s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 e Zn(s) H 2 O(l) + 2 e H 2 (g) + 2 OH (aq) Se(s) + 2 e Se 2 (aq) SO 2 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2 e SO 2 3 (aq) + 2 OH (aq) Mn 2+ (aq) + 2 e Mn(s) Ti 3+ (aq) + 3 e Ti(s) Zr 4+ (aq) + 4 e Zr(s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3 e Al(s) Be 2+ (aq) + 2 e Be(s) Sc 3+ (aq) + 3 e Sc(s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2 e Mg(s) Na + (aq) + e Na(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2 e Ca(s) 2.868

32 Category Ions Except In Combination With Soluble Cations Soluble Anions Usually Soluble Anions Usually Insoluble Anions Aqueous Solubility Rules Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs + none + NH 4 none NO 3, NO 2 none C 2 H 3 O 2 or CH 3 CO 2 none ClO 4, ClO 3 none HCO 3 none Cl, Br, I, CN Ag +, Hg 2+ 2, Pb 2+ SO 2 2 4, SO 3 Ag +, Hg 2+ 2, Pb 2+, Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+ PO 3 3 4, PO 3 Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs + +, NH 4 CO 2 3, S 2 Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs + +, NH 4 F Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, NH 4 + OH Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+ CrO 2 2 4, Cr 2 O 7 Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs + +, NH 4 Semi-Quantitative Categorization Soluble > 0.10 M Moderately Soluble M Insoluble or Slightly Soluble < 0.01 M