/1,**1 99, -. /,,, - - -. / 3, / 3 1,* Non-volcanic Hot Springs from Deep Wells in the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts Tetsuo MIYAZAKI,TomoSHIBATA,, Fujio AKITA,, Tetsuya TAKAHASHI,, Naoki AOYANAGI -, Kenji NAKAYAMA -, Eiji UCHINO -, Kiyoshi HASHIZUME. and Yasuo KANROJI / Emeritus Professor of Nagoya University,, Geological Survey of Hokkaido, - Hokkaido Institute of Public Health,. Mie Prefectural Science and Technology Promotion Center, / Hot Spring Research Center Abstract There are,/0 non-volcanic hot springs from deep wells ranging from * to,,*** m depth in the five areas of the Kanto, Osaka, Ishikari, and Nobi Plains, and the Ise-Shima- Suzuka Districts. The anions in the hot springs consist mainly of two anions of HCO - and Cl ions in various ratios, while the val of SO. ions that are one of the main anions in volcanic hot springs are less than of total anions. When the concentration of total solutes in the hot springs is low, HCO - ions are main anions, whereas Cl ions are main anions at high concentration of total solutes. The distribution maps of Cl ions in the hot springs deeper than * m under the five areas were made. The origin of Cl ions was discussed by the B/Cl mol ratios in the hot springs. Since B/Cl ratios in the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains and Nobi Plains are less than *.*, Cl ions were ascribed probably to fossil sea water. The concentrations of Cl,Na,Ca and Mg increase with the increase of the total solutes. The concentration of HCO -, however, does not increase and becomes constant with the increase of the total solutes at their high concentration region. The suppression of the increase of HCO - concentration was explained theoretically by the equilibrium reactions of Ca HCO - CaCO - (solid)h.
100 Key words : Deep well, Hot spring, Non-volcanic hot spring, Origin of Cl ions, Fossil sea water, Saturation of CaCO - / *,,*** m,/0 HCO - CO - Cl SO., val BCl. BCl * * Cl,Na,Ca Mg HCO - HCO - Ca HCO - CaCO - solidh : Cl CaCO - 30-,0** m * m,**.,**/,**.,**/,**/ /,/0 / / ** m 31- / -.,**/ -, * m /
/1,**1 101 Fig. Hot springs from deep wells and geologic map in the Kanto Plains. The Kanto Plains are located around Tokyo in Honshu of Japan. The number corresponds to a site of hot spring in Table. The val ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are classified by the following three cases. : larger than,/-, : /-,/-, : less than /-. : area where the ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are larger than,/-, : Quaternary and Neogene (*,. Ma), : Paleogene and Mesozoic (,.,** Ma), : sea and lake. Cl - : - : -- : - : Cl - : *,. Ma :,.,** Ma :, - Cl,Na,Ca,Mg HCO - HCO - Ca CaCO - CaCO - HCO - 31
10 Fig., Hot springs from deep wells and geologic map in the Osaka Plains. The Osaka Plains are located around Osaka in Honshu of Japan. The number corresponds to a site of hot spring in Table,. The val ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are classified by the following three cases. : larger than,/-, : /-,/-, : less than /-. : area where the ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are larger than,/-, : Quaternary and Neogene (*,. Ma), : Paleogene and Mesozoic (,.,** Ma), : sea.,, Cl - : - : -- : - : Cl - : *,. Ma :,.,** Ma :.,**/.*3*.** *.333*.*..**1 *.*..***.*./.*/*.*0,.*. site number.. Na,Ca,K,Mg. *.330*.** *.33*.**3 *.33*.**/ *.3/*.*-- 3./33. - Cl,HCO -,CO -
/1,**1 103 Fig. - Hot springs from deep wells and geologic map in the Ishikari Plains. The Ishikari Plains are located around Sapporo in Hokkaido of Japan. The number corresponds to a site of hot spring in Table -. The val ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are classified by the following three cases. : larger than,/-, : /-,/-, : less than /-. : area where the ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are larger than,/-, : Quaternary and Neogene (*,. Ma), : sea and lake. - - Cl - : - : -- : - : Cl - : *,. Ma :. *.33*.*,* *.30*.*-3 *.3*.*- *.30*.*.1 30.3.3 - - - HCO - CO - Cl / /
104 Fig.. Hot springs from deep wells and geologic map in the Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts. The Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts are the east side of the Kii Peninsula, which is located between Nagoya and Osaka in Honshu of Japan. The number corresponds to a site of hot spring in Table.. The val ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are classified by the following three cases. : larger than,/-, : /-,/-, : less than /-. : area where the ratios of Cl ions in hot springs are larger than,/-, : Quaternary and Neogene (*,. Ma), : Paleogene and Mesozoic (,.,** Ma), : sea... Cl - : - : -- : - : Cl - : *,. Ma :,.,** Ma : / / HCO - CO - Cl 3 SO../ 33 SO.
/1,**1 105 Site number a, -. / 0 1 3 *, -. / 0 1 3,*,,,,-,.,/,0,1,,3 -* - -, -- -. -/ -0-1 - -3.*..,.-.../.0.1..3 /* / /, /- Depth (m),/*,*, */* -,/,***.3/ ** /*- - 0** -/* 0** 1**,***,-,-., -.* -*.,***.** Table Hot springs deeper than * m under the Kanto Plains * m Temp. () -.41.41-14* -04/..40 -,14- /14-, -,4, -,04 - -/4,.04*,. -4-.,4-34..,4*,340,,43 --4. -34-4* -34, --..*4,*4* -14,./4-.. -140.-4*,4- -34* -04* -/4/,,04,.41 -,4* -,34/,/4*,34.,/40,/4 ph Cations (mg/l ) Anions (mg/l ) HBO, Na Ca K Mg Cl HCO - CO - (mg/l ) 4,/ 4 / 14/. * 14,, 143/ 14// 140 141 4, 4/0 4-41* 141 1400 4* 141 14-3 41 14-3 4 34 4-143/ 4,, 14/. 4 14-140 41/ 4*1 4*- 14-14/ 140-4*1 140, 14/ 14/* 14,3 14-/ 14-/ 14/1 14/- 140 14/, 14-* 41, 3 4-- -* //0,,**./ 1* 1/*.. 0., -.* /341 041,3,*.* - 3,* /3**,.3- /*.** 0.34 11.* 10** 1**./ 1.// -,, 1.13 1*-4. 11* *1* -.*,,14, 13-4-.0* -*-/,,. -,-/ 01 1/* 1/, *0** * *,*1* 3/ 111*,,**,,/ 1** 03 3, /,0 /4,.3-41 0* --* 14.-34- /-4-,4/ /4 334/ -04. 0-0 3 1343 1,041 4-0,4* -/ -4,,4. *4 0-4- 04..,/4. 01,4-,3,4-.41 /14-0*4*,/.4/ 104, 1140-1,4.,-,,,.,-* /**,1 -,* --041 104-.4. //40.4- -14,, 0,4, /43 040.*4. *4* /-41 0.40 /4,, -/4-4 /0,/40 343.,34-14* 114/ -4, -43.4-04, 34,1,4 -/40 1-.-.43 / /4/ 04*.43 *14/,/34/,.4* -040 -**,.**.3.-0../ -*3 -.41.*.0,-1,,1.4, -, /*4-0 14 43,4-,,* /4 *4,,43 / 4 343 1, 4* 4* 034,114-. 14/ 4* 43,4* 14, /34,,40. /343,/,4-.01.0/.- -0-,/4* -/ -/0 - /4.4,.-* 03-4-.,* *,,3* /0** 003. *.*.-/* 10- //4/.3,,,3 /3**,1.-*,-.- // //,1,*,-** *-/ /4/ 014* -*14 3 -.** -43,1/* 1.1* -03 0.4. *-0 0.** -1-*.,*,0.4..-*. 30- **.3**.**.1** 0/*.1/*,*1* 3/* -0* /0,0* 34* 01 -*,34* * -.4,-4 014.41,* -30 -/04-,/34- *,04, 1* 1 /,4/ /1040 -/4,-41 -.,3-.04. * -/,4 0. /-/41,--4 11,1.40,0341,-/* -// -.41 --/40.1 1-043 -1..1 0-4. 0*-4/ --1,.. *3,,0 0/4-1 1 0*,*1 1* -4,40 34* /40.4/ -4,,.,14 0,,4/ 43 /1143 1,4 34,4-4- 114-134- 4 140.4. -4, -. 140 34 14/.43 43 1-4-, /.4. 34,.4, -4-4- -/4- Remarks b a. Sites of hot springs are shown in Fig.. :quoted from the paper of Seki et al. (,**.). : measured by Hot Spring Research Center. b-- : measured by Nagano Pharmaceutical Association. a. :,**. : b-- : b--
106 Site number b, -. / 0 1 3 *, -. / 0 1 3,*,,,,-,.,/,0,1,,3 -* - -, -- -. -/ -0-1 - -3.*..,.-.../.0.1..3 /* / Depth (m) **/ **/,1-.**,*0 *- **- *1/,1 **,..*0 **- *3*,*/ /* Table, Temp. () -.,4-.,,341,14, -14/ -.4- - -34-14/,.4-1. - /-41-141.140.4, -34,.04 /.4/ -14.4..40.04. /-43.041. /-4.. /*4..-43..4/.4/./4.4, /,4/.1 /./40..,4, -/,343,4- -041 -* -.*4. -.40-14 Hot springs deeper than * m under the Osaka Plains a, * m a ph Cations (mg/l ) Anions (mg/l ) HBO, (mg/l ) Na Ca K Mg Cl HCO - CO - 14*/ 34, 140 14, 040 041, 04/ 14-0. 14-/ 1410 40 14* 4, 14*3 4 140 14, 4, 14, 1 14, 4, 14 4*0 14 4, 4 14 140 14/ 1 14// 04 4 / 14/ 04-14/, 4, 4, 14/ 04 14* 4 143/,*04,,4, --04 3/ -/3,*/* *.-,13 *330 1*/4 1/4,./40 0/340 1,4, 0*. 104/,-/* - 3/40 1* 0-41 -,,1. ** 0-0. 04* 43 -.-* 034 -*, 1-4 014, /.1 0/43 00 0,/0 1/ /* -,4,,/0 1134.,3* -/** -//4. 034*.0 3,4-0/..1-3-,41. 34. 4* 1/ 3-4, /./41,340 034-0*/ *4 //4* /-04..4 -,.4/./14 /4-34, -4* 1,41 4 -, -1/4/.-43 1 /4.,4/ 0*0,4* *3.14* /114 1,43 -.-*.,./,,-4* *-,.4*,/3 -,- /4, 04. -14-,4-4 / -4/,4-4 /.4-.04 /04. 0.4,4, /41 4,4 04/ 4 014,40-4/,4. 41 4 0-41,/4.4-4-,41 034,,4.4 141-4,.14, 4*,,4* 1-,41,4 /341 1-4 0-4,-4 0-4* -*4* -4, 04, -4-,43 /4, -4 0/4.,4.,4..43 314 -/ 114-14/ 1,.4, /.43,4. *4.,.,41 04. -4/,340 -.4/ *.40 0,4* -040-4-,- 3.40,,4 04 /,14, 0041-4 /.04 -.,*,4.4/.4-.4. 4 04,*/43,/4,.40..-, /0-3-3*,**/.3/ 3,,0 */ 141 0*34/ 3*/ 04 1-- *4 /*., /4*, -1.*,4* -*...*-,0,0 31*1 -,4, 14 0011 1.,-,043 0.4/ -*1.,1* 0* 3-1*..* -1. -/41 0. -0-,/1** --,4 04* /.4/ 04*,/-. 1--4 0.4* --14,,314, 0.,4.34. 1 -.0 /0-4, 0,14- - /1/4..14.034 /41.,/40.04.,*,,140 -/ -/,41,--4 3/04 1/41,104.,0 0*4 0*,3/4-,3,43,,.4/,41.,4 00,40,*34,.4/,14,-41,,3,4 -*,4/ -/4,,14/.-14/ 3*041 0/41 104/ 1140./34/,.4, 0-04.,00,,.1, a. quoted from the report of Oyama et al. (333). b. Sites of hot springs are shown in Fig.,. a. 333 b., /41 0.4,.34 *4 /40,4-4* 4 4,4. *4. 4,4, -43 *4. 34*,4..4-,,43 --4-. 1*,4,43,,.*.4,. 1 *4*3 /4 0 *4. 4* 0..41 004* -,4, *04/ 040,4,..4-41.,4,4- / 4* -*,41 /.4 *4. *4./40-4-,- -34* 1
/1,**1 107 Table - Hot springs deeper than * m under the Ishikari Plains - * m Site number a Depth (m) Temp. () ph Cations (mg/l ) Anions (mg/l ) Na Ca K Mg Cl HCO - CO - HBO, (mg/l ) Remarks b, -. / 0 1 3 *, -. / 0 1 3,*,,,,-,.,/,0,1,,3 -* - -, -- -. -/ -0-1 - -3.* ** **, **, **-,*- *, *, /* /* *30 -*- /* 0* //.,*** **..40.43 - - -41 - -04. -,41 --4* -,04/,,4/ -4-040 -.4, -,,4 --43,,4- -4 -/4../4.-4-,14/ -.4, -,/4.4-14 /40,4-.,41..4/,14* -34..04,,043 34 14-14, 141. 14/ / 4, 14/3 14-1401 14* 140. 140-14/ 141 140 14-14- 40, 14 14-. 14,3 4,0 4 4-* 41. 1403 4-1 1430 41/ 4,, 41 143* 4, 141 340 4,*1-1 101.-/ *1. 1/*1 /, 1,4,....-00,. -*-.,3 *14.,0 //0 /0., 010-,* *-3- /*, 0/ 3// 1,1 /3-3 3/4-34*,/04 3. /00 -* //4, -*- 3140 30 -.,* -*1 /,,, *3,,0141,,0 -, 04/ 3141 3-4/ *.4/ 343.-4,,-/43 1/40,,4/,...4,/.04/,*043 --,43 3*14/ 1*,,1,4 34* 0/43 / 1,4,14 *./4- *4 -.4, 1.4- /* 1.41 - -34.4* 014, /,4 34,,. 1.4-.4, 04. 314/ /14 *,4- *-41 104,. */4.4,,.4/ 1/4/.340-3,4 //4-,34. -/-4.,0140 34,.4* 14-43,4. 1/41.40 343-4- 41 /4- -4/ 1,-4* 043 040 4- --/4,0-1/4, 3143,,.4,43-0,- 3.4/ *1 --04..34,,.04.34. -,*141-334/ --04 34- /4 034*,04.,4 * -4*,-4 * 41 * -41-43 34.4-1-1 -*1/0 1-3 013.,/3,- /.40 -*,* 1,.1.00 /,3, 1/03.* *00,/*, 33/* /,-,*31* 13,*. *..300 *303 /* 3*.31 4* 04. /.. */ /-141 /40,*.0-43 3-* 0*0*,*0 3/1-,,-34-,*0,, 01 /-,3-4/.34 --4, 13*,.4, -*14 -*/4-1.43,0,4-,34 -/-4.,. -.,4 -,,.3 /* *3 30 *14 /04/ 3*/,*43 0043./.43 30,-*, *4, 1.4,,-4-,*14 -./4.04/ -.4*,./4 -, 4* /4, -4. 14,4..4, -41 *4. -4, -*4, -/4. -//4.,040-34,/4.04, 0,40 /,,4-34.,4, /-4.,,43.14/,*4,-4 /140 04,.4..4..4 -/0,43 14 /4,,/4-,40 341 -/40 341 14/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, a. Sites of hot springs are shown in Fig. -. :quoted from the paper of Shibata et al. (,**.). :quoted from the paper of Uchino et al. (,**/). a. - :,**. :,**/
108 Site number b, -. / 0 1 3 *, -. / 0 1 3,*,,,,-,.,/,0,1,,3 -* - -, -- -. -/ -0-1 - -3.*..,.-.../.0.1..3 /* / /, /- Table. Depth (m).**,*/.**.** 1**.3 ** *.,/ 3*1,*** ** 1* ** Hot springs deeper than * m under the IseoShimaoSuzuka districts a. Temp. (),043.04/..4,./4..04 /*4-34.,43./4/.4,.04. -. -34/. / - -.*..4/ -/41 -,41 -/4- /, -/40,3,4/,34/ -41,34. -4/,/4,,34/,40,,4 -,40. -04.,141-4 34. - -.4,,14-. -41.,4. -.,-4- * m a ph Cations (mg/l ) Anions (mg/l ) HBO, (mg/l ) Na Ca K Mg Cl HCO - CO - 41 4/ 40 4/ 43 40 4/ 4/ 40 4 40 140 4, 4 4-4- 1 34, 4 4, 34 34-340 40 34 40 4/ 4/ 341 4 43 04 4 3 34-4 14 4 143 14 41 4-4,*4 043 0/4 /4. -/40 0-4 0/ 34/ /4 / /-,343 1 -,34/ -1* -1- -0 134,3,1 -.43 314, 0-4 04- *14.34/,//40 /,1043,0,*-4 */ -. /-4/.3.0,* /*.40,/.,, -/34,,.4- /40 -,.4-14/ 3-43 1.4,,-4-3*3,31 0.* -0. /41 /4.4, /4,.40-4/.40.4 /40,,4, 0,4.,4-14 -4, /.4-4-,40 /43,4, *4-4, /4-.4, /43,4 /43 1-4, /41,4 /4/ 043.034, /,.4/.314/ 040 3141-43 140 41 41 4 4 43 41,4 /43,4-,4-4/ 43 14/ 41,4, 4 /4, -41,4- -4/ /40 43 4-4-,41-4 1 43 14, 141 04-4/,4,/4, 04-43,4 41,41 *4,43 043.4/,41 /,/4-4,,4/,34, 0*4 *34, -*4 34/ 34/ 04-04,,.4/ -/4,.40 /41,- - 3,.0*,,3-1-4-.14-0* -,43,,14, -/14 --, -4,,4/ / - -/4/,,4,0143 31 3.4 3,340 01.*.- /,4 4,041 *4-3/4,,. 1/4, 3/4-1- -1 *..,4/,4 /.4.,-,-, -341.40 -,143-04, -/4,34,/4, -0/ /,4. -3/4. -1/4- /,141 143 /01* -*-4- -*,1*3.04.. / 34.,4, 0 /343 1343,/4, 14,4, 00.4/ 00/4-,343 *04,,,04. /*,4.0/4. 0,.4.,-4/ - -040 0340 / -1*4. -/40 -,,4/ /34, 3,14/,0 3,41./,4 /43 /4. 1 14/ 343 34-041 14-,4-.4 *,1.4/ /41 /4. 4,41,34.343,. /43,40,.43-4- *14 43,,,4-. 43.4,.,04. a. Contents of hot springs were measured by Mie Prefectural Science and Technology Promotion Center. b. Sites of hot springs are shown in Fig... a. b..,40,40-4 41 *4,4 /41 /4 4,04. /43,41,-043,-41.34 343 04-,41 -*4. -4,. 1-43 0/ 143 034 * / / 14, 0 14-0340 - *4. -4 /14 14 -
/1,**1 109 SO. 33 -,,.* mvall / Log Cation, mvall 0 Log Cation, mvall.* Log Cation, mvall./ Log Cation, mvall.*./ / HCO - CO - ph ph 13 HCO - / HCO - CO - mvall 1 HCO - Log Cation, mvall Log Cation, mvall.,/ Fig. / Relation of val ratio of (HCO - CO - ) ions to val ratio of Cl ions in hot springs in the five areas (the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts). / / HCO - CO - Cl Fig. 0 Val ratios of (HCO - CO - ) ions and Cl ions against concentration (mval/l) of total cations in hot springs in the five areas (the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts). Concentration of total cations is expressed by a logarithmic scale. : (HCO - CO - ) ions, :Cl ions. 0 / HCO - CO - Cl mvall : HCO - CO - :Cl
110 Fig. 1 Concentration (mval/l) of (HCO - CO - ) ions and Cl ions against concentration (mval/l) of total cations in hot springs in the five areas (the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts). : (HCO - CO - ), :Cl, : concentration of HCO - calculated by a model of the equilibrium reaction of CaCO -. 1 / HCO - CO - Cl mvall mvall : HCO - CO - :Cl : CaCO - HCO - HCO - Cl Log Cation, mvall./ Log Cl, mvall Log Cation, mvall Cl Cl HCO - Log Cation, mvall.,/ HCO - -. - -- Cl - -- -. Cl - Cl HCO - HCO - -,**/ - * m,** m Cl,** mgl 3* Kumagaya * km * km -,** m
/1,**1 111 Table / B/Cl mol ratios in NaCl hot springs from deep wells / BCl Kanto Plains Osaka Plains Ishikari Plains Nobi Plains Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts Number a, -,0,* 0 B/Cl ratios *4**-3*4**0 *4**.*4**0 *4**,.*4**, *4***4**, *4*/*4*, a. Number of hot springs, where the val ratios of Cl ions are larger than,/-. a. Cl - -. BCl B Cl EllisMahon, 311 ; 33, ; 330 BCl *. *.*.* *.* BCl *.***1 / BCl Cl - BCl BCl. *.* BCl *.* *.*, 333 - BCl *.*/*.*, *.* ** m * m,**/. BCl -, / Na Ca Mg *.* mvall Log Ion, mvall, Na NaHCO - NaCl Ca Log Cation, mvall.,/ HCO - Mg Na Ca / ph 3 NaHCO - NaCl
11 ph Ca, Log Cation, mvall.,/ HCO - Fig. Concentration (mval/l) ofna,ca, and Mg ions against concentration (mval/l) of total cations in hot springs in the five areas (the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise- Shima-Suzuka Districts). :Na, :Ca, : Mg. / Na Ca Mg mvall mvall :Na : Ca : Mg. -- 1 HCO - CO - Log Cation, mvall.,/ Ca HCO - CaCO -solidh K KaH aca ahco - CaCO - a CaCO - a acg C moll g g Barrow,,**- Log g*./*3zi, *., I z i i I I*./cizi, i c i i a H aca ahco - * ; Fig. 3 Dependence of ph on concentration (mval/l) of total cations in hot springs in the five areas (the 3/ ; 33- Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi ; 330 Plains, and Ise-Shima-Suzuka Districts). ; 3/ 3 / ph ; mvall,** m Log Cation, mvall.,/ Log K,.-
/1,**1 113 *.. DG,.-*-RTLog K DG Gibbs R T Gibbs Weast, 3/ DG./. kj mol Log K,.*, Log K,.-,.* Log K,.- HCO - Log CHCO -.0,pHLog C Ca Log gca Log ghco - C mvall Fig. * Ratio of activities [a (H )/a(ca )a(hco - )] against concentration (mval/l) of total cations in hot springs from deep wells and well water from shallow wells in the five areas (the Kanto Plains, Osaka Plains, Ishikari Plains, Nobi Plains, and Ise-Shima- Log C Ca ph Log Cation, mval Suzuka Districts). : hot springs, : well water in the Kanto Plains, : well water in the Osaka Plains, : well water in the Ishikari Plains, : well water in the Nobi Plains, : well water in the Ise-Shima- Suzuka Districts. * / ah aca ahco - mvall : : : : : : l 3 HCO - 1 HCO - HCO - Barrow, G.M.,**- : 0./.,0,**/ : / -. Ellis, A. J. and Mahon, W.A. J. (311) : Chemistry and Geothermal System, Academic Press,
114 New York, -3,. 330 :, 3. 3* : -.--.1. 31 : - 13.,**. : /1 No-. 3/ : 3, -1. 33- :..3,**/ : //,. 330 :.1-1.,. 333 : 30/ 31- :,/ //0,.,**. : /.,..,**. : 1/,1-.,**/ : 10 13,. 33 :./1 0 --. 33- : /-0 333 :,,3 3/ :.3,**/ : - Weast, R.C. Ed. (3/) : CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D-/*-D-3-, CRC Press, Florida, USA. 33 : 3 //01,**0 3 1 /3