Cycle of Interplate Earthquake Along the Sagami Trough, Deduced from Tectonic Geomorphology

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Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo Vol. 12,**- pp.,./,/. * Cycle of Interplate Earthquake Along the Sagami Trough, Deduced from Tectonic Geomorphology Masanobu Shishikura* Active Fault Research Center, GSJ/AIST Abstract A tectonic geomorphological study is one of the best methods of evaluating the timing and the crustal deformation of pre-historic earthquake. To reveal the cycle of interplate earthquakes along the Sagami Trough, I investigatedthe emergedshoreline topography andthe fossilizedsessile assemblages in the Miura Peninsula andthe Boso Peninsula. The distribution pattern of coseismic vertical displacement during the +1*- Genroku Kanto Earthquake inferredfrom the height distribution of the paleo-shoreline suggests that the fault source model consists of a dual fault system of the Fault A andb. Fault A is also the source of the +3,- Taisho Kanto Earthquake. The geometry and ages of the emerged shoreline topography divided into several levels indicate that the characteristic earthquake generatedfrom Fault A has occurredabout every.** years. One of several events, it is accompaniedwith a slip of Fault B, which has a recurrence interval of,***,1** years. Key words: tectonic geomorphology, paleo-shoreline, recurrence interval, Sagami Trough, Kanto Earthquake + +** +* / +3,- M +* - ++. +331;,**- +3.. +3.0 1.3 +1*- M 2., Fig. + +3,0; Sugimura and Naruse +3/. +3//,,*,** -** +311 GPS,**.** +332 +32/ 2** +333 /** 0** * e-mail: m.shishikura@aist.go.jp -*/ 2/01 + + + 1 245

Fig. +. Epicenters of the Kanto Earthquakes along the Sagami Trough. Locations of the epicenters are basedon Utsu (+333). Contour interval of bathymetric chart is +** m., +3,- wave-cut bench +3,/ +3,0 Miyabe +3-+, m Fig.,, m Pomatoleios Kraussii +321 - +1*- +311 246

!G¹TQºB».fw GH v 0 Fig.,. Coseismic vertical displacement during the +3,Taisho Kanto Earthquake, based on a re-leveling of benchmarks. Contours are in meters. Compiled from Geophigical Survey Institute (+3,0) and Miyabe (+3-+). -ῌ+!"#$%&'()*+,, -./0 1234 56 7, 89 : 6 7,,.*;,.0 m < =Fig. -> 5 +.*;+.0 m 6 7?@ABCDEFGHI JAB7 < 6 7 4K L M EFGH E A N OPQ4 NB=R ST +322> ATA U VW, X +.C YW AT B AMS UZ [\ B ] 03*;1/* yr BP N^ U, Q4B =_`ῌab,**+ a> KB AD +3,- c AB OPQ4 56!"#$%&'( ) C +. Fig. -. Two levels of fossilized sessile assemblages (Pomatoleios Kraussii) in Jogashima, the Miura Peninsula. M.S.L. : mean sea level. Scale bar is graduated in +* cm. U[d 9 e(fgf U Ghi[j -.*/ mm ῌ ua N 34 N =Ozawa et al., +331> M ῌCD GH 7%& kr l[ mab ] krn+/3o,+ B =_`,**-> 4 p AB 6!"#$%&'() qd AD+00-;+21, ri,csn, < B 4,,* *.1 m u, '!"#$%&'( ), *.2 m 1234B=Fig. -> TQ M E AD+00- tu v/'w[ja N xy FGHI ( +./ m 34 CDEFGH < z{iutu CGH S}74 X~ I S}% < B s 34 N OPQ4, [ ^ G 7 [ AB ] N 47 +.*; ^ H [7-GH AD+1*- M EFGHt +./ m CDEFGH %& ) BQ N AB, 6 #$%&'(),,*QT B =_`ῌab,**+ a> ST M EFGHI JAB N J+ªῌ7, «, A p!"#$%&'() NP -, -./0!"#$%&'() TQ56, Jv/'w,S}% < B [j 6 [ia NB M EFGHI 4tu CDEFGH?K,,*!AB t: ±TQ M EFGH CDEF GH S}% G²![ B. Q4 GH! [ Bwf 0![j -ῌ, "# v' f v $! $ /³ µst =+31.>,.* ~ d 8 56 «=CD/' [ X> -N 4,M ¼ 247 ¼

+** m +31. Fig.. +333 +31. +311,***,./1 mm Ozawa et al., +331 Fig. / 0 m + m - - Manshinha and Smylie +31+ Ando +31. Fault A Fig 0 -* 0.1 m Fault B,* +, m Matsuda et al. +312 Fig. /. Coseismic vertical displacement during the +1*- Genroku Kanto Earthquake,deduced from height distribution of paleoshoreline. Contours are in meters. Fig... Two levels of emerged wave-cut benches in Kenbutsu,the Boso Peninsula. 248

Fig. 0. Fault source model of the +1*- Genroku Kanto Earthquake. Contours are theoretical vertical displacements in meter. 1*. -* m Imamura +3,2 +3,3. + +32, - 0,*** yr BP.,0** yr BP -,+** yr BP 1,*** cal yr BP /,-** cal yr BP -,0** cal yr BP + +./ m,**+ b., +31.,. Fig. 1; Sugimura and Naruse, +3/.; Yonekura +31/; +312; +32* 249

K - fg % ;+333< -!]^QK hia'1jk!"#$ %& $'&( Yῌ : 1,+/* cal yr BP Y :.,3/* cal yr BP Y )*+,-!./01 23&'14 5 6 7 :,,3/* cal yr BP 8ῌ9: ;+320< ($'& )*+ mnop(,,***e,,1** ] =>?@ A& B%"CD -!,E- C I014 $'& C l-1 ;Fig. 1<4 01 -! qr&'#4 s t JK)*+ u"!( WXv# F GH#$ (JKLMN!" s s w xyz{ * 1r]^}` ~0"$ #$ %& JK)*+,OPQRCA"STG./ %& $' G5 ]^( G -14 01 23&'!"# ;Fig. 2<4 UV % ;+32*< -ῐ, G 01 ( )*+ WX01. %&YῌE ;Fig. /< Z[ \ +.C ]^_` ab"! YῌE W *+,O* JKW *+ ;Fig.,< P # JK ST01* ;./]^ 5'c'Y ῌ : 0,+/* yr BP Y : <.,-** yr BP Y :,,2/* yr BP G 0 JKGST01* ; V< - u * de014 5 6 G l JKGST01* ;x < Fig. 1. Paleo-shorelines on Nishikawana, the southernmost part of the Boso Peninsula. Aerial photo contributed by Chiba Historical Material Research Foundation. Fig. 2. Schematic geomorphic profiles of Holocene lowlands in the Boso Peninsula. G : emerged area during the Genroku-type event. T : emerged area during repeated Taisho-type events. Modified from Shishikura and Miyauchi (,**+). 250

+**,** m +* Fig. 2 +.. m +*. Fig. 2 Fig. 3 / +* BR-I X BR-X BR-I IX BR-X +* ++,**+ Fig. +* +. C 0,2-* 0,1,* cal yrs BP /,-** /,*0* cal yrs BP - - -,-** -,+** cal yrs BP,,-+*,,,-* cal yrs BP Fig. 3. Seismotectonics model in each area around the Sagami Trough. G: Timing of the Genroku-type Earthquake. d: relative vertical displacement. t: time. 251

Fig. +*. Schematic cross-section of geology and geomorphology in the Iwai Lowland. + : terrestrial deposit,, : aeolian deposit, - : beach ridge deposit,. : backshore deposit, / : foreshore deposit, 0 : shoreface deposit, 1 : marine clay, 2 : bedrock, 3 : location of radiocarbon sample (number means cal yrs BP), +* : location of archaeological site. Modified from Shishikura et al. (,**+). + +,-** cal yrs BP 3** cal yrs BP +, m 0 Fault A Fig. 3 +,,***,,1** Fault B Fault A Fig. 3 Fig. ++ -,*** +,-** cal yr BP, m +33* /,*** -,*** cal yr BP.** +,-** cal yr BP.** +/./ m +.. m 0,2**, - m Endo et al. +32, +,./ +-./ m,./1 mm 0,2** +1./ m 252

Fig. ++. Timing and relative coseismic uplift of repeated Kanto Earthquakes. Open rectangle enclosed with dotted line means +. C age samples were not obtained.,*,+ m + +.. m +. +/ 0,2** - +1 +2 0,2** -2*.** +,-** cal yr BP 212 3** cal yr BP +,/1 +,3- +. C +,3- +33+ 212 +322 1 Fault A Fault B, Fault A + Fault B.** Fault A + 1 m +1./ mm +332 -* mm Fault B,,-** + +, m /., mm Ando, M., +31., Seismo-tectonics of the +3,- Kanto earthquake, Jour. Phys. Earth,,,,,0-,11. Endo, K., K. Sekimoto and T. Takano, +32,, Holocene stratigraphy and paleo-environments in the Kanto Plain, in relation to the Jomon Transgression, Proc. Inst. Natural Sciences, Nihon Univ.,,+, -1 /.. +333-2.+ /2. 253

Imamura, A., +3,2, On the seismic activity of Kwanto district, Jour. Astronomy Geophysics, /, +,1 +-/. +311 +1*-, -* -03-1.. +33+ +,3- +33+,,/+,/+. +320 /3 +2-0. +321,0.1 /1. +32, /..+.3 +333-2 /,/ /-+. Mansinha, L. and D. Smylie, +31+, The displacement fields of inclined faults, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 0+, +.-- +..*. +32/ 1.1,.11. +31. +1*- : +1/ +3, Matsuda, T., Y. Ota, M. Ando and N. Yonekura, +312, Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 23, +0+* +0+2. +322 1,***, 0-, +./ +2,. Miyabe, N., +3-+, On the verticalearth movements in Kwanto districts, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 3, +,+. +32* /-,3... +322,1 -+ -2. +33*,3 -+.2. Ozawa, S., M. Hashimoto and T. Tada, +331, Verticalcrustal movements in the coastalareas of Japan estimated from tidal observations, Bull. Geogr. Surv. Inst.,.-, +,+. +3,0 + 0/ 02. +332 GPS 1-,1/,3*. +331,1, +333-2 +1,2.,*** +1*- +0 ++- +,,.,**- +. C -- 30 31.,**+.*,-/,.,.,**+, /- -/1-1,.,**+ a +1*- +1 -, -2.,**+ b -+,2,3. Sugimura, A. and Y. Naruse, +3/., Changes in sea level, seismic upheavals, and terraces in the southern Kanto region, Japan ( ), Jap. Jour. Geol. Geogr.,,., +*+ ++-.,**- 0*/ +311 0, 3 +333 210 +3,/ +** ++ /. +312 /+ -.3-0.. Yonekura, N., +31/, Quaternary tectonic movements in the outer area of Southwest Japan with specialreference to seismic crustal deformations, Bull. Dept. of Geogr. Univ. of Tokyo, 1, +3 1+. +3,3 / ++3 +,0. Received June,1,,**- Accepted September +1,,**- 254