146 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /0 No. -.0 /. (**3) 28 MRI * ** * ** Examination of the Tissue Water in Cucumber Fruit by Small Dedicated Magnetic Resonance Imaging with a -T Permanent Magnet Mika Koizumi Shigehiro Naito Hiromi Kano* and Tomoyuki Haishi** National Food Research Institute Tsukuba Ibaraki -*/ 20. * Oak-Hill Georgic Patch-Work Laboratory. - * Miyamoto Funabashi Chiba 1- ***- ** MRTechnology Inc. Tsukuba Ibaraki -*/ 2/1- The morphology and physical state of tissue water of cucumber fruit were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared using a -Tesla (T) permanent magnet that was devised for food research and a 1-T high-resolution magnet. Then the distribution and mobility of water were analyzed between tissues by the relaxation time-weighted imaging methods. Sarcocarp placentas seeds and vascular bundles of the fruits in di# erent physiological conditions were distinguishable by -T small MRI while clear morphology was observed by 1-T high-resolution MRI. However while low mobility of water in the tissues of low water content such as the placentas was not detected due to the fast T decay of the signals in the high magnetic field of 1 -T MRI it was detected by -T MRI which had slower T decay of the signals. Moreover the T signal recovery was faster in the -T MRI than in the 1-T MRI. These results indicate that the small -T MRI is suitable for analyzing the physical conditions of water in respect to the detection of the low mobility of water and also for obtaining a strong T contrast of morphology despite the lower quality of the images compared to the high-resolution images. The -T small MRI is therefore an e# ective method for studying the properties of food materials with a wide range in the amount and mobility of water. (Received Aug. **2 ; Accepted Dec. 0 **2) Keywords : -T small magnetic resonance imaging T -weighted images T -weighted images cucumber fruit 1-T highresolution magnetic resonance imaging : T T T 1T Magnetic resonance imaging MRI : MRI MRI MRI / MRI Tesla T -*/ 20. MRI * 1- ***-. - * ** -*/ 2/1- - m Corresponding author mkoizumi@a# rc.go.jp
29 : MRI 147 MRI -* mm 1 T MRI * mm MRI / T MRI -. m 1T.** kgm MRI /0 m T MRI -0. mm 1 T MRI *. mm ** V / A T MRI 01. 1 Fig. T MRI NMR MRI SE repetition time : TR echo time : TE MRI TR T MRI.1. T T T TE T T 3 T T MRI TR / s - s s s *2. s */. s 2 1 T MRI T MRI *-. s *. s TE 1 ms.* ms 2* ms * T MRI ms 0* ms T T TE 1 ms SE 1T MRI TE 0 ms TR / s s /. s s */. s *-. s *. s *. s T T TR / s TE Cucumis sativus * ms * ms ** ms * mm - cm gradient echo : GE three-dimensional : -D GE SE T* T* T MRI TR - MRI *./ s TE. 2 ms 2 2 2 T MRI 1T. FOV -* mm MRI Bruker DRX-** - -. m 1T MRI MRI H T TR *. s TE / ms /0 2 2.. 0 MHz 1T -** MHz T MRI /0 /0 /0 2 mm FOV -* mm -* mm radio frequency RF - 1 m 1 TMRI mm MRI / mm RF. MRI Image J JAVA ver --. ; http: //rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ T T two- Scion Image NIH Image Windows dimensional : D spin echo : SE ; http://www.scioncorp.com NMRv b SE 2 2 T field of view : FOV T MRI T TR
148 /0 - **3-30 T T ImageJ T TE MIP maximum intensity projection : ImageJ T MRI Fig. TR s TE.* ms -0. mm 2. mm TR s TE.* ms 2* ms. Fig. TR / s *.- s TE 1 ms* ms T MRI Fig. The diagram (A) and the D image (B) showing the tissues of a cucumber fruit A D image (B) was measured by the spin-echo method with TR of s TE of.* ms and accumulated transient acquisitions by a -T small MRI. Scale bar is / mm. Symbol E indicates epidermis ; P placenta ; S seed ; and SC sarcocarp. Symbols VR VEX VEN and VFA indicate vascular bundles of receptacle exocarp endo- carp and fruit axis respectively. Fig. The e# ects of TR and TE on the image contrast measured by the -T small MRI The column indicates the change in image contrast by changing of TR and the row that by changing of TE. The measurements were carried out by the D spin-echo method with -0. mm slice thickness and. accumulated transient acquisitions. P VR VEX VEN and VFA are the same as Fig.. Scale bar is * mm.
31 : MRI 149 Fig. - The e# ects of TR and TE on the image contrast measured by a 1-T high-resolution MRI A and B indicate T -weighted images with TE of 0 ms and C and D T -weighted images with TR of / s. A and C are the images indicating the signal decrease by shortening TR or by elongating TE. B and D are the images adjusted brightness and contrast suitable for the individual images. Scale bar is / mm. TR / s TE 1 ms Fig. / Fig. TE 2* ms * ms TR s P TR T SC E VEX TR TE S 1T MRI TE 1 ms TR s */. s *-. s TR Fig. -A B T Fig. -C D T A B C D TE T 2* ms * ms TR / s s A C TR TE VR VEN VFA TR TE T T Fig. - B D Fig. T TR TE T MRI
150 /0 - **3-32 Fig.. Comparison of the images measured by the - D gradient-echo method using the -T small MRI (A-C) with those using the 1-T high-resolution MRI (D-F) A and D are slice images selected from the - D image data. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images using. slices (B) and 2 slices (E) are presented. C and F show the MIP images using whole slices of -D image data. Measurements were carried out with TR of */. s and TE of 2. ms for the -T small MRI (A-C) and with TR of *. s and TE of / ms for the 1 -T high-resolution MRI (D-F). E P VR VEX and VFA are the same as Fig.. Scale bar is / mm. *. mm MRI -0. TE * ms T TE Fig. - B D Fig. Fig. Fig. - T MRI TR T T 1T MRI T MRI TE 1ms TE T TR - -D MIP Fig. TE 1ms 1T MRI Fig. -B TR T Fig.. A-C T MRI TR */. s TE 2. ms MRI Fig.. D-F 1 T MRI TR *. TR s TE / ms GE -D 3* MRI TE 0ms T Fig. - Fig.. A D -D B MRI TE.* ms Fig. TE D T MRI Fig..* ms MRI. A E VEX TE 0 ms MRI VFA TE.* ms T T P 1T Fig. - D MRI TE * ms MRI T Fig.. D Fig.. B E TE. Fig.. B TE /* ms 2 Fig.. E MIP VEX T VR Fig.. C F -D MIP
33 : MRI 151 Fig. / Vasculature in a cucumber fruit observed by an optical microscope (A and B) and measured by the relaxation time-weighted images (C and D) Transverse sections of sarcocarp at vascular bundles of exocarp (A) and receptacle (B). The upper sides face to epidermis. The symbol v indicates phloem and x xylem. Scale bars are */. mm. A T -weighted image (C) was measured with TR of *./ s and TE of 1 ms and a T -weighted image (D) with TR of / s and TE of * ms by the -T small MRI. VEX indicates a vascular bundle of exocarp and VR that of receptacle. Scale bar is / mm. T MRI MIP Fig.. C / D TR / s TE * ms T 1T T VEX MRI Fig.. F T T MRI T 1T MRI T *. T MRI TE Fig. Fig. - T T Fig. ; TR / s TE * ms TR T T Fig. ; TR */. s T TE 1 ms Fig. 0A B T Fig. / A VEX Fig. / B Fig. 0C D VR T T x T T MRI 1T v MRI Fig. 0A Fig. / B T 1T MRI -*.* ms T MRI 1* 2* ms ** ms Fig. / B Fig. / C T MRI Fig. 0C TR */. s TE 1ms T Fig. D T T
152 /0 - **3-34 Fig. 0 Comparison of the T and T value images and their histograms measured by the -T small MRI and the 1-T high-resolution MRI A and B are T value images and their histograms and C and D T value images and their histograms. The values were calculated using the relaxation time-weighted images measured by the -T small MRI in Fig. (A and C) and by the 1-T high-resolution MRI in Fig. - (B and D). Scale bars are / mm. T Fig. -C D T MRI 3 Fig. Fig. -B D T T MRI Fig. 0A 1T MRI Fig. 0B T * T MRI Fig. 1T MRI Fig. -B T 1T MRI TE Fig. -C TE 0ms T Fig. - A T MRI T Fig. T MRI Fig. 0C 1T MRI Fig. 0D T T MRI TE Fig. -C MRI TE ms FLASH fast low angle shot. / - SPI single point map- ping imaging 0 Heracleum mantegazzianeum 1 MRI T -3 2 T MRI 1T MRI -* Fig. Fig. - T T Fig. / T MRI T MRI 1T MRI T MRI T T Fig. 0 T Fig. T MRI 1T MRI Fig. Fig. - 1T MRI T
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