Προδιαγραφές Προιόντος

Σχετικά έγγραφα
Προϊόν: Μηχανή Εκτόξευσης Μπαλών Τένις

Σχεδιασµός & Ανάπτυξη Προϊόντος

Προϊόν: Μηχανή Εκτόξευσης Μπαλών Τένις

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (Large Can Type)

Surface Mount Multilayer Chip Capacitors for Commodity Solutions

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

Thin Film Chip Resistors

DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A 2DOF SYSTEM. by Zoran VARGA, Ms.C.E.

πόρτες κατοικιών residential doors

Long 3000 hour life at 105 C with high ripple current capability 2 and 3 pin versions available Can vent construction

NTC Thermistor:TSM type

QUICKTRONIC PROFESSIONAL QTP5

Heat exchanger. Type WT. For the reheating of airflows in rectangular ducting PD WT 1. 03/2017 DE/en

+85 C Snap-Mount Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors. High Voltage Lead free Leads Rugged Design. -40 C to +85 C

MSN DESK TOP ENCLOSURE WITH STAND / CARRYING HANDLE

ENGINE 10/15/2008 MODEL DB30. Qty Shipped per order. Item No. Qty. MSRP Dealer Cost. Part No. UPC Number Description Baja Description

NTC Thermistor:TTC3 Series

CSK series. Current Sensing Chip Resistor. Features. Applications. Construction FAITHFUL LINK

XT140 (XB-33) HANDLE BAR ASSY.

C4C-C4H-C4G-C4M MKP Series AXIAL CAPACITORS PCB APPLICATIONS

DC040B Series Salient Characteristics

Bulletin 1489 UL489 Circuit Breakers

DATA SHEET Surface mount NTC thermistors. BCcomponents

Data sheet Thick Film Chip Resistor 5% - RS Series 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206

ΓΕΝΙΚΟ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΙΕΥΘΥΝΣΗ ΣΥΜΒΑΣΕΩΝ TMHMA ΣΥΜΒΑΣΕΩΝ ΑΜΥΝΤΙΚΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ 21 Ιουλ.17 ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ

Rating to Unit ma ma mw W C C. Unit Forward voltage Zener voltage. Condition

DLG Series. Lowara SPECIFICATIONS APPLICATIONS ACCESSORIES MATERIALS. General Catalogue

GAUGE BLOCKS. Grade 0 Tolerance for the variation in length. Limit deviation of length. ± 0.25μm. 0.14μm ±0.80μm. ± 1.90μm. ± 0.40μm. ± 1.

DC SERVO MOTORS Previous N23XX Series. EC057C Series Salient Characteristics

FP series Anti-Bend (Soft termination) capacitor series

Suitable for DC-DC Converters, Voltage Regulators, Decoupling Applications for Computer Motherboards, etc. Performance Characteristics

MS SERIES MS DESK TOP ENCLOSURE APPLICATION EXAMPLE FEATURE. Measuring instruments. Power supply equipments

CSR series. Thick Film Chip Resistor Current Sensing Type FEATURE PART NUMBERING SYSTEM ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Chilisin Electronics Singapore Pte Ltd

± 20% (rated cap. [µf] ) 1000 Leakage Current: For capacitance values > 33000µF, add the value of:

π H-4709 BIG JOE ELECTRIC PALLET TRUCK uline.com STEERING ARM

DC054B Series Salient Characteristics

Current Sensing Chip Resistor SMDL Series Size: 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206/1010/2010/2512/1225/3720/7520. official distributor of

HΛΕΚΤΡΙΚΟΣ ΙΑ ΡΟΜΟΣ UPOWER 202

Current Sense Metal Strip Resistors (CSMS Series)

4. Construction. 5. Dimensions Unit mm

Metal Oxide Leaded Film Resistor

Monolithic Crystal Filters (M.C.F.)

NMBTC.COM /

NTC Thermistor:SCK Series

Lowara SPECIFICATIONS

Metal Oxide Leaded Film Resistor

1 Alumina Substrate 4 Edge Electrode (NiCr) 7 Resistor Layer (NiCr) 2 Bottom Electrode (Ag) 5 Barrier Layer (Ni) 8 Overcoat (Epoxy)

GF GF 3 1,2) KP PP KP Photo 1 GF PP GF PP 3) KP ULultra-light 2.KP 2.1KP KP Fig. 1 PET GF PP 4) 2.2KP KP GF 2 3 KP Olefin film Stampable sheet

UDZ Swirl diffuser. Product facts. Quick-selection. Swirl diffuser UDZ. Product code example:

SHRINK TUNNEL. uline.com TUNNEL ASSEMBLY

GEEPLUS VM1614. Force (N) vs Displacement (mm) Peak. Max 'ON' time. Force. Model No. VM

C121. External Dimensions (L W) (mm) 0603 [0201] [0402] [0603] [0805]

ΑΝΕΞΑΡΤΗΤΟΣ ΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΤΗΣ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑΣ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ Α.Ε. ιεύθυνση Συντήρησης Συστήµατος Μεταφοράς

LR Series Metal Alloy Low-Resistance Resistor

Multilayer Chip Inductor

+85 C Screw Terminal Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors. For filtering applications. Capacitance change Dissipation factor Leakage current

KYOWA PRODUCT CATALOGUE

Thin Film Chip Resistors

ΙΑΤΡΙΚΟΣ ΕΞΟΠΛΙΣΜΟΣ ΑΝΑΛΩΣΙΜΑ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΤΙΚΟΙ ΦΑΚΟΙ & ΦΩΤΙΣΜΟΣ

Thin Film Chip Resistors

π H-4710 ELECTRIC PALLET TRUCK LB uline.com

HIS series. Signal Inductor Multilayer Ceramic Type FEATURE PART NUMBERING SYSTEM DIMENSIONS HIS R12 (1) (2) (3) (4)

π H-2302 ELECTRIC PALLET TRUCK uline.com FORK FRAME

COMPOSITE INSULATOR. ANSI Standard Type COMPOSITE LONGE ROD SUSPENSION INSULATOR. PDI 16mm Diameter Rod Deadend Insulators

Fixed Inductors / AL TYPE

Gearmotor Data. SERIES GM9000: We have the GM9434H187-R1

Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors

Daewoo Technopark A-403, Dodang-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-city, Gyeonggido, Korea LM-80 Test Report

Multilayer Chip Inductor / CL TYPE

Small and powerful energy saver gives high quality light, with compact design

ΣΤΕΓΑΣΤΡΑ ΕΞΩΠΟΡΤΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΘΥΡΟΥ SHELTERS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS

Small and powerful energy saver gives high quality light, with compact design

P 990 / 991 / 1990 / 1991

Unshielded Power Inductor / PI Series

Ceramic PTC Thermistor Overload Protection

Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors

ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ Δ. ΡΟΓΚΑΚΟΣ ΙΑΤΡΙΚΑ ΜΗΧΑΝΗΜΑΤΑ ΦΙΛΤΡΑ ΝΕΡΟΥ CONSUMER ELECTRONICS OPTICUM DVB-T

ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΚΑΒΑΛΑΣ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ. Η ταχύτητα και τα ίχνη αυτοκινήτου κατά την οριακή πλαγιολίσθηση

THICK FILM CHIP RESISTOR" CAL-CHIP ELECTRONICS INC."

Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) Data Sheet

TRAILMASTER BLAZER150X PARTS MANUAL (ENGINE/TRANSMISSION NOT INCLUDED) VERSION:1.0

Melf Carbon Film Resistor MMC Series

Η επαγγελματική απάντηση εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας στο φωτισμό

Thin Film Precision Chip Resistor (AR Series)

WLCW1005 SMD Wire Wound Ceramic Chip Inductors

P.R.O. Tri Sprint Suit

ΠΟΡΤΕΣ ΑΝΑΚΑΙΝΙΣΗΣ DOORS FOR MODERNIZATION

Aquinas College. Edexcel Mathematical formulae and statistics tables DO NOT WRITE ON THIS BOOKLET

SMD - Resistors. TThin Film Precision Chip Resistor - SMDT Series. Product : Size: 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206/1210/2010/2512. official distributor of

BALL VALVE NP - LEVE 754. Range of application: Temperature range: Perform standard: Order information: Paint: Soft seal Ball valve.

Η επαγγελματική απάντηση εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας στο φωτισμό

ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΟΣ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ CYPRUS COMPUTER SOCIETY 21 ος ΠΑΓΚΥΠΡΙΟΣ ΜΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ Δεύτερος Γύρος - 30 Μαρτίου 2011

- 1 - (FRAME PARTS ONLY)

XZ250R (XB-37) ( Ex.6.7)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

NTC Thermistor:SCK Series

LR(-A) Series Metal Alloy Low-Resistance Resistor

ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΕΣΩΤΕΡΙΚΗΣ ΓΩΝΙΑΣ INTERNAL CORNER SIZES

PARKS BOOK. This parts book is in EPA-conditions. Version 08-July. Talk the QLINK Model Code to the dealer, when you order any parts.

Transcript:

Προδιαγραφές Προιόντος

ιαδικασία Ανάπτυξης Ιδέας Εντολή Αποστολής Αναγνώριση Αναγκών πελάτη Επιθυµητές Προδιαγραφές ηµιουργία Ιδέας Προιόντος Επιλογή Ιδεών Προιόντων οκιµή Ιδέας Προιόντος Ορισµός Τελικών Προδιαγραφών Σχεδίαση Επόµενων Σταδίων Σχέδιο Ανάπτυξης Εκτέλεση Οικονοµικής Ανάλυσης οκιµή Ανταγωνιστικών Προιόντων ηµιουργία και οκιµή Μοντέλων και Πρωτοτύπων Επιθυµητές Προδιαγραφές Βασίζονται σε ανάγκες πελάτη και δοκιµή Τελικές Προδιαγραφές Βασίζονται σε επιλεγµένες ιδέες, βιωσιµότητα, µοντέλα, δοκιµές και συµβιβασµούς

ιαδικασία Προδιαγραφών Προιόντων Ορισµός επιθυµητών προδιαγραφών Βασίζονται σε επιθυµίες πελάτη και δοκιµή ανταγωνισµού Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για κάθε ανάγκη Ορισµός ιδανικών και αποδεκτών τιµών Επεξεργασία Προδιαγραφών Βασίζεται σε επιλεγµένες ιδέες και µελέτη σκοπιµότητας Τεχνικό µοντέλο Συµβιβασµοί είναι σηµαντικοί Ανάκληση στα αποτελέσµατα και στη διαδικασία Κρίσιµη για συνεχή βελτίωση

Παράδειγµα Προδιαγραφών για Προιόν: Mountain Bike Suspension Fork

Έναρξη: Απαιτήσεις πελάτη # NEED Imp 1 The suspension reduces vibration to the hands. 3 2 The suspension allows easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 2 3 The suspension enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 5 4 The suspension allows sensitivity adjustment. 3 5 The suspension preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 4 6 The suspension remains rigid during hard cornering. 4 7 The suspension is lightweight. 4 8 The suspension provides stiff mounting points for the brakes. 2 9 The suspension fits a wide variety of bikes, wheels, and tires. 5 10 The suspension is easy to install. 1 11 The suspension works with fenders. 1 12 The suspension instills pride. 5 13 The suspension is affordable for an amateur enthusiast. 5 14 The suspension is not contaminated by water. 5 15 The suspension is not contaminated by grunge. 5 16 The suspension can be easily accessed for maintenance. 3 17 The suspension allows easy replacement of worn parts. 1 18 The suspension can be maintained with readily available tools. 3 19 The suspension lasts a long time. 5 20 The suspension is safe in a crash. 5

ηµιουργία Μέτρων και Μονάδων Metric # Need #s Metric Imp Units 1 1,3 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz 3 db 2 2,6 Spring pre-load 3 N 3 1,3 Maximum value from the Monster 5 g 4 1,3 Minimum descent time on test track 5 s 5 4 Damping coefficient adjustment range 3 N-s/m 6 5 Maximum travel (26in wheel) 3 mm 7 5 Rake offset 3 mm 8 6 Lateral stiffness at the tip 3 kn/m 9 7 Total mass 4 kg 10 8 Lateral stiffness at brake pivots 2 kn/m 11 9 Headset sizes 5 in 12 9 Steertube length 5 mm 13 9 Wheel sizes 5 list 14 9 Maximum tire width 5 in 15 10 Time to assemble to frame 1 s 16 11 Fender compatibility 1 list 17 12 Instills pride 5 subj 18 13 Unit manufacturing cost 5 US$ 19 14 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry 5 s 20 15 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination 5 k-cycles 21 16,17 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance 3 s 22 17,18 Special tools required for maintenance 3 list 23 19 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts 5 hours 24 19 Monster cycles to failure 5 cycles 25 20 Japan Industrial Standards test 5 binary 26 20 Bending strength (frontal loading) 5 MN

Σύνδεση Μέτρων µε τις Ανάγκες Need 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Metric Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz Spring pre-load Maximum value from the Monster Minimum descent time on test track Damping coefficient adjustment range Maximum travel (26in wheel) Rake offset Lateral stiffness at the tip Total mass Lateral stiffness at brake pivots Headset sizes Steertube length Wheel sizes Maximum tire width Time to assemble to frame Fender compatibility Instills pride Unit manufacturing cost Time in spray chamber w/o water entry Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance Special tools required for maintenance UV test duration to degrade rubber parts Monster cycles to failure Japan Industrial Standards test Bending strength (frontal loading) 1 reduces vibration to the hands. 2 allows easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 3 enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 4 allows sensitivity adjustment. 5 preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 6 remains rigid during hard cornering. 7 is lightweight. 8 provides stiff mounting points for the brakes. 9 fits a wide variety of bikes, wheels, and tires. 10 is easy to install. 11 works with fenders. 12 instills pride. 13 is affordable for an amateur enthusiast. 14 is not contaminated by water. 15 is not contaminated by grunge. 16 can be easily accessed for maintenance. 17 allows easy replacement of worn parts. 18 can be maintained with readily available tools. 19 lasts a long time. 20 is safe in a crash.

οκιµή Ανταγωνιστών µε τις Ανάγκες Πελάτη # NEED Imp 1 The suspension reduces vibration to the hands. 3 2 The suspension allows easy traversal of slow, difficult terrain. 2 3 The suspension enables high speed descents on bumpy trails. 5 4 The suspension allows sensitivity adjustment. 3 5 The suspension preserves the steering characteristics of the bike. 4 6 The suspension remains rigid during hard cornering. 4 7 The suspension is lightweight. 4 8 The suspension provides stiff mounting points for the brakes. 2 9 The suspension fits a wide variety of bikes, wheels, and tires. 5 10 The suspension is easy to install. 1 11 The suspension works with fenders. 1 12 The suspension instills pride. 5 13 The suspension is affordable for an amateur enthusiast. 5 14 The suspension is not contaminated by water. 5 15 The suspension is not contaminated by grunge. 5 16 The suspension can be easily accessed for maintenance. 3 17 The suspension allows easy replacement of worn parts. 1 18 The suspension can be maintained with readily available tools. 3 19 The suspension lasts a long time. 5 20 The suspension is safe in a crash. 5 ST Tritrack Maniray 2 Rox Tahx Quadra Rox Tahx Ti 21 Tonka Pro Gunhill Head Shox

οκιµή στα µέτρα Metric # Need #s Metric Imp Units 1 1,3 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz 3 db 8 15 10 15 9 13 2 2,6 Spring pre-load 3 N 550 760 500 710 480 680 3 1,3 Maximum value from the Monster 5 g 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.4 4 1,3 Minimum descent time on test track 5 s 13 11.3 12.6 11.2 13.2 11 5 4 Damping coefficient adjustment range 3 N-s/m 0 0 0 200 0 0 6 5 Maximum travel (26in wheel) 3 mm 28 48 43 46 33 38 7 5 Rake offset 3 mm 41.5 39 38 38 43.2 39 8 6 Lateral stiffness at the tip 3 kn/m 59 110 85 85 65 130 9 7 Total mass 4 kg 1.409 1.385 1.409 1.364 1.222 1.1 10 8 Lateral stiffness at brake pivots 2 kn/m 295 550 425 425 325 650 11 9 Headset sizes 5 in 12 9 Steertube length 5 mm ST Tritrack 1.000 1.125 150 180 210 230 255 Maniray 2 1.000 1.125 1.250 140 165 190 215 Rox Tahx Quadra 1.000 1.125 150 170 190 210 Rox Tahx Ti 21 1.000 1.125 1.250 150 170 190 210 230 Tonka Pro Gunhill Head Shox 1.000 1.125 NA 150 190 210 220 NA 13 9 Wheel sizes 5 list 26in 26in 26in 26in 700C 26in 26in 14 9 Maximum tire width 5 in 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5 15 10 Time to assemble to frame 1 s 35 35 45 45 35 85 16 11 Fender compatibility 1 list Zefal none none none none all 17 12 Instills pride 5 subj 1 4 3 5 3 5 18 13 Unit manufacturing cost 5 US$ 65 105 85 115 80 100 19 14 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry 5 s 1300 2900 >3600 >3600 2300 >3600 20 15 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination 5 k-cycles 15 19 15 25 18 35 21 16,17 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance 3 s 160 245 215 245 200 425 22 17,18 Special tools required for maintenance 3 list hex hex hex hex long hex hex, pin wrnch 23 19 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts 5 hours 400+ 250 400+ 400+ 400+ 250 24 19 Monster cycles to failure 5 cycles 500k+ 500k+ 500k+ 480k 500k+ 330k 25 20 Japan Industrial Standards test 5 binary pass pass pass pass pass pass 26 20 Bending strength (frontal loading) 5 MN 55 89 75 75 62 102

Απόδοση Οριακών και Ιδανικών Τιµών Metric Units 1 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz db >10 >15 2 Spring pre-load N 480-800 650-700 3 Maximum value from the Monster g <3.5 <3.2 4 Minimum descent time on test track s <13.0 <11.0 5 Damping coefficient adjustment range N-s/m 0 >200 6 Maximum travel (26in wheel) mm 33-50 45 7 Rake offset mm 37-45 38 8 Lateral stiffness at the tip kn/m >65 >130 9 Total mass kg <1.4 <1.1 10 Lateral stiffness at brake pivots kn/m >325 >650 1.000 1.000 1.125 11 Headset sizes in 1.125 1.250 12 Steertube length mm Marginal Value 150 170 190 210 Ideal Value 150 170 190 210 230 26in 700c 13 Wheel sizes list 26in 14 Maximum tire width in >1.5 >1.75 15 Time to assemble to frame s <60 <35 16 Fender compatibility list none all 17 Instills pride subj >3 >5 18 Unit manufacturing cost US$ <85 <65 19 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry s >2300 >3600 20 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination k-cycles >15 >35 21 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance s <300 <160 22 Special tools required for maintenance list hex hex 23 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts hours >250 >450 24 Monster cycles to failure cycles >300k >500k 25 Japan Industrial Standards test binary pass pass 26 Bending strength (frontal loading) MN >70 >100

ιαδικασία Ανάπτυξης Ιδεών Εντολή Αποστολής Αναγνώριση Αναγκών πελάτη Επιθυµητές Προδιαγραφές ηµιουργία Ιδέας Προιόντος Επιλογή Ιδεών Προιόντων οκιµή Ιδέας Προιόντος Ορισµός Τελικών Προδιαγραφών Σχεδίαση Επόµενων Σταδίων Σχέδιο Ανάπτυξης Εκτέλεση Οικονοµικής Ανάλυσης οκιµή Ανταγωνιστικών Προιόντων ηµιουργία και οκιµή Μοντέλων και Πρωτοτύπων Επιθυµητές Προδιαγραφές Βασίζονται σε ανάγκες πελάτη και δοκιµή Τελικές Προδιαγραφές Βασίζονται σε επιλεγµένες ιδέες, βιωσιµότητα, µοντέλα, δοκιµές και συµβιβασµούς

Άσκηση Απεικόνισης Αλλαγών Crunch KitKat Nestlé Crunch Ευκαιρία? Hershey s w/ Almonds Hershey s Milk Chocolate Σοκολάτα

Συµβιβασµός σε προδιαγραφές 120 Προσέγγιση Κόστους Παραγωγής ($) 110 100 90 80 70 60 Ιδανικές τιµές Maniray 2 Rox Tahx Ti 21 Οριακές τιµές Gunhill Head Shox. ST Tritrack Καµπύλες συµβιβασµού για τρεις ιδέες Rox Tahx Quadra Tonka Pro 50 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 Επίδοση στη Score δοκιµή on Monster του Monster (Gs) (Gs)

Καθορισµός τελικών προδιαγραφών METRIC Units Value 1 Attenuation from dropout to handlebar at 10hz db >12 2 Spring pre-load N 650 3 Maximum value from the Monster g <3.4 4 Minimum descent time on test track s <11.5 5 Damping coefficient adjustment range N-s/m >100 6 Maximum travel (26in wheel) mm 43 7 Rake offset mm 38 8 Lateral stiffness at the tip kn/m >75 9 Total mass kg <1.4 10 Lateral stiffness at brake pivots kn/m >425 1.000 11 Headset sizes in 1.125 12 Steertube length mm 150 170 190 210 230 13 Wheel sizes list 26in 14 Maximum tire width in >1.75 15 Time to assemble to frame s <45 16 Fender compatibility list Zefal 17 Instills pride subj >4 18 Unit manufacturing cost US$ <80 19 Time in spray chamber w/o water entry s >3600 20 Cycles in mud chamber w/o contamination k-cycles >25 21 Time to disassemble/assemble for maintenance s <200 22 Special tools required for maintenance list hex 23 UV test duration to degrade rubber parts hours >450 24 Monster cycles to failure cycles >500k 25 Japan Industrial Standards test binary pass 26 Bending strength (frontal loading) MN >100

Ανάπτυξη Συνάρτησης Ποιότητας (Σπίτι Ποιότητας) τεχνικές σχέσεις σχετική σπουδαιότητα µηχανικά µέτρα απαιτήσεις πελάτη Σχέση µεταξύ Αναγκών πελάτη και Μηχανικών Μέτρων οκιµή ανταγ. Στα µέτρα Επιθυµητές και τελικές προδιαγραφές