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29 1 Vol. 29 No. 1 2 0 0 5 1 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Jan. 2 0 0 5 1 2 1 (11 518055 ; 21 518083 ;) : 30 - ( 56d) 1 % 2 % 4 % 5 (39154 44122g) (SGRdr) (Rl) : SGRdr = - 118799 + 110795Rl - 010832Rl 2 (r = 01906 n = 25 P < 0101) ; 2 % 36131 % 21147 % 28110 % ; 4 % ; ( P < 0101) 55183 % 44150 % 55183 % ; 19181 % 65187 % 9144 % 36131 % 8124 % 29156 % ( mol/ g d) ( G2N) ( mol/ g d) (NH 3 2N) ( mol/ g d) (U2N) (PL) ( % d - 1 ) : G2N = 316592 + 4911775PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018716) NH 3 2N = - 111239 + 2915939PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018964) U2N = 417831 + 1915836PL (n = 20 r 2 = 016574) ( P < 0101) :100C = 6184F + 2164U + 72112R + 17176G. : ; ; :S9651117 ;Q5951483 :A :100023207 (2005) 0120043207 ( Pelodiscus sinensis) ; 1 111 3715L (50cm 25cm 30cm) 12h [1 11 ] [7 8 ] 2 30 WMZK201 [2 ] [5 ] (150cm 65cm 45cm) [3 ] 112 ( 3) [10 11 ] 1 2 / d (30 ) ; 1 :2003209201 ; :2003212223 : (39430150) ; (00009824) : (1964 ) : e2mail :leisijia @yahoo. con leisijia @szpt. oa. net

44 29 2d 1 5mg/ L ph 717 810 114 SGR = 100 % (LnSt2 015 % Cr 2 O 3 (Dr) ( P) ( E) ; S 0 ( ) ( ) (kj/ g) ;t 46106 % 4195 % 15153kJ/ g K( %) = 100 % / 113 30 C = F + U + R + G : C 1 % 2 % 4 % 5 ( ) ; F 5 1 ( ) ;U ( ) ; R 2d ( 01001g) 5 ; G ( ) ( ) (C) = 1cm ( ; ( F) = [ (1002D) 1 111 ) 10 :00 C / 100 ] D 17 :00 2h C ; :U = 24183 + 23103 24183 (kj/ g) 23103 (kj/ g) ; ( G) = [ - 56d 2d ] ; :R = C - F - U - G; A = C - F - U ; ( (A %) = 100 % (A/ C) Cr 2 O 3 2 3 % ) (D %) (D %) = - [1 ] XRY21 1 - Cr 2O 3 / Cr 2 O 3 / = 6125 100 % SPSS ( ) ( ) 2 ( 211 ) 1 1 ( ) Tab11 Effect of ration level on apparent digestibility in juvenile P. sinensis LnS 0 ) / t :St (W) Item (mean S. E. ) ( %) 1 2 4 114 10-15 Ration level ( %) ( %) 66172 2196 72156 4131 73155 1160 65168 2135 011091 Apparent digestibility( %) ( %) 80183 1173 b 80140 0185 b 83109 2114 b 71174 2176 b 010073 Apparent digestibility of protein( %) : Duncan ; 0105 Letters after each val2 ue in the same row indicate results of Duncanπs multiple comparisons. Same superscript letters indicate no significant difference ( P > 0105) between ration levels (same as below).

1 : 45 ( P > 0105) G2N NH 3 2N U2N ( P < 0101) ( mol/ g d) ( mol/ g d) ( mol/ g d) PL ( % / d) 4 % 2 212 ( P < 0101) : G2N = 316592 + 4911775PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018716) NH 3 2N = - 111239 + 2915939PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018964) U2N = 417831 + 1915836PL (n = 20 r 2 = 016574) 55183 % 1 % 44150 % 55109 % 2 ( ) Tab12 Effect of ration level on nitrogen excretion rate in juvenile P. sinensis ( %) Ration level ( %) 0 1 2 4 ( mol/ g d) 18181 1120 a 21121 0130 a 30193 1143 b 46148 3146 c 65187 2132 d 619 10-8 General2N excretion rate ( mol/ g d) 10157 1116 a 9144 0118 a 15129 0119 b 24164 1104 c 36131 1119 d 2125 10-15 Ammonia2N excretion rate ( mol/ g d) 8124 0175 a 11177 0112 b 15164 0132 c 21183 0169 d 29156 0192 e 2117 10-15 Urea2N excretion rate (J/ g d) 15185 0135 a 20125 0113 b 28107 0126 c 40156 0188 d 56117 1111 c 517 10-8 General2N excretion(j/ g d) / ( %) 55183 4105 c 44150 0135 ab 49141 2127 bc 52199 2172 bc 55109 0118 c 010008 Ammonia/ General2N( %) 213 018314 n = 25) SGRw = - 013836 + 019501Ln ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = 3 4 017993 n = 25) SGRdr = - 112695 + 018416 ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = ( P < 0105) 3 017631 n = 25) SGRdr = - 118779 + 110795Rl - 010832Rl 2 ( r 2 Duncan = 019064 n = 25) 4 % SGRdr = - 018484 + 113218Ln ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = ( P > 0187932 n = 25) 0105) 4 % SGRp = - 01747 + 919524 ( Rl + 1 ) ( r 2 = (SGR) 018123 n = 25) (Rl) SGRp = - 119143 + 111460Rl - 010943Rl 2 (r 2 = : SGRw = - 112428 + 015015 ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = 019122 n = 25) SGRp = - 11194 + 01805Ln ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = 017552 n = 25) 018684 n = 25) SGRw = - 110473 + 017134Rl - 010512Rl 2 (r 2 = SGRe = - 117503 + 110533 ( Rl + 1 ) ( r 2 =

46 29 017383 n = 25) SGRe = - 215872 + 114014Rl - 011105Rl 2 (r 2 = 018844 n = 25) SGRe = - 112484 + 116732Ln ( Rl + 1) ( r 2 = 018675 n = 25) 3 ( ) Tab13 Effect of ration level on specific growth rate in juvenile P. sinensis Ration level Starvation 1 % 2 % 4 % Number 5 5 5 5 5 W 0 (g) W t (g) SGRw SGRdr SGRp SGRe 39197 4143 40145 2196 39154 4119 44122 2105 42196 7116 019301 33198 3178 a 48130 3184 a 63143 7183 ab 98111 8179 b 101179 28181 b 010081-0129 0102 a 0126 0102 b 0193 0101 c 1138 0116 cd 1141 0119 d 010001-0180 0104 a 0125 0106 b 1100 0107 c 1152 0115 d 1162 0121 d 010001-1115 0105 a 0108 0106 b 0188 0109 c 1130 0125 cd 1159 0119 d 010001-1125 0113 a 0119 0184 b 1138 0109 c 1146 0127 c 1189 0121 c 010001 : SGR SGRw SGRdr SGRp SGRe SGR is specific growth rate. The specific growth rate of wet matter dry matter protein and energy are expressed as SGRw SGRd SGRp and SGRe respectively. 4 ( ) Tab14 Effect of ration level on conversion efficiencies in juvenile P. sinensis Designed ration 1 % 2 % 4 % ( %) 1164 0102 b 2154 0108 c 4119 0124 d 5196 0118 e 010001 Real ration( %) FCE FCEw 16124 3171 a 36131 3103 b 29153 5163 b 25182 3118 ab 010235 ( %) FCEdr 1115 0187 a 11151 1107 b 17140 1186 c 21173 3118 c 2192 10-6 FCEp FCEe 5140 2112 a 21147 2143 b 20185 3173 b 15150 2185 ab 010161 4189 6145 a 28110 5180 c 16105 7119 b 17176 6108 b 6183 10-4 : K Kw Kdr Kp Ke FCE is food conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency of wet matter dry matter protein and energy are expressed as FCEw FCEd FCEp and FCEe respectively. 214 ( P < 0101) 5 ( P < 0101) (Maintenance ration) ( P > 0105) ; 1 % 2184 % 4108 % ; 2 % 1 % 1167 % ( ) 2107 % ( ) 2100 %( ) 2124 %( ) 2 % ( P > 0105) Duncan Duncan 4 % 4 % 4 % ( P > 0105) ;1 % ( P < 0105) ( P > 4 % ; 1 % 2 % 4 % 0105) ;2 % 1

1 : 47 4 % ( P > 0105) ; 100C = 6184F + 2164U + 72176R + 17176G 1 % 2 % : 100A = 19162G+ 80138R 5 ( ) Tab15 Effect of ration level on energy budget in juvenile P. sinensis Ration level 1 % 2 % 4 % (J/ d g) 119160 30136 a 185184 5166 a 291128 7176 b 411122 5137 c 2167 10-12 Energy intake F/ C 4181 0147 ab 5100 0160 ab 4120 0129 a 6184 1128 b 2193 10-6 U/ C 4108 0101 d 3136 0114 c 2184 0103 b 2164 01001 a 2159 10-9 G/ C 4189 6145 a 28110 5180 c 16105 7119 b 17176 6108 b 6183 10-4 R/ C 86122 6107 c 63154 5129 a 76191 6150 b 72112 6194 b 3134 10-4 91111 0165 ab 91164 0183 ab 92196 2102 b 90152 2109 a 011147 Assimilated efficiency A The ratio to assimilated energy G/ A 5137 7103 a 30166 6114 c 17127 7151 b 19162 6175 b 010004 R/ A 94163 7103 c 69134 6114 a 82171 7152 b 80138 6175 b 010004 : A = C2F2U ( %) = 100 A/ C. Assimilated energy(a) = C2F2U Assimilated efficiency( %) = 100 A/ C. 3 311 [3 6 7 ] ; - - ( P < 0101) :SGR = a + bln(rl + c) [12 13 ] - 2 % - - - - ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) ( Acipenser ( 10 16 ) 6719 % [1 12 ] transmontanus) - Malloy [18 ] ( Paralichthysdentatus) (10 ) 2 % (

48 29 43 %) 10 % 25 % : 21173 % 15150 % 17176 % 312 31 ( 94147 98111g) 1132 % ;. 25 35 32149 % 52141 % 31 30 2154 % 185184 (kj/ kg d) : 100C = 5100F + 3136U + 63154R + 28110G 1 1 1 16 :00 22 :00 6h 48h 48h 2 2h ; 30 [3 ] 6 % 31 (1132 %) ; F/ C 2 Brett : :100C = 27 (F + U) + 44R + 29G :100C = 42 (F + U) + 37R + 20G [ 1 ] Cui YB. Bioenergetics of fish :Theory and methods. [J ]. Acta Hydro2 biologica Sinica 1989 13 (4) :369 383 [.. 1989 13 (4) :369 383 ] [ 2 ] Niu C J. Zhang T J Sun R Y. Energetic metabolism of juvenile soft2 shelled turtle( Trionyx sinensis) (I) respiratory in water and the rela2 tionship with temperature and body weight[j ]. Journal of Beijing nor2 mal university. 1994 30 (4) :536 539[. ( I). 1994 30(4) :536 539 ] [ 3 ] Tan H X Shi Z F Zhu XB. Energy budget and utilization efficiency of juvenile Trionyx sinensis [J ]. Journal of Fisheries of China. 23 ( sup2 pl. ) :1999 57 63[.. 1999 23 ( ) :57 63 ] [ 4 ] Xian W W Zhu X H. Effect of ration size on the growth and energy budget of the Mullet liza Haematocheila ( T. et S) [J ]. Oceanologia et limnologia Sinia. 2001 32(6) :612 620[.. 2001 32 (6) :612 620 ] [ 5 ] Zhang T J Niu C J Sun R Y. Preliminary study of respiation metabolism in the soft2shelled turtle( Trionyx sinensis) [J ]. Zoological Research. 1996 17(2) :147 151[... 1996 17 (2) :147 151 ] [ 6 ] Zhou X Q Niu C J Li Q F. Effect of light intensity on daily food con2 sumption and specific growth rate of the jubenile soft2shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis [J ]. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 1998 44 (2) :157 161 [.. 1998 44 (2) :157 161 ] [ 7 ] Zhou X Q Niu C J Li Q F. The effects of light intensity on energy conversion of the juvenile soft2shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis[j ]. Jour2 nal of Beijing Normal University. 1998 34(2) :248 251[.. 1998 34(2) :248 251 ] [ 8 ] Zhou X Q Niu C J Li Q F. Effect of photoperiod on food consump2 tion growth and energy conversion of juvenile soft2shelled turtle Tri2 onyx sinensis. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 1999 19 (3) :383 387 [.. 1999 19 (3) :383 387 ] [ 9 ] Zhu X M Xie Sh Q Cui YB. Effect of ration level on growth and en2 ergy budget of the Gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio[j ]. Oceanolo2 gia et limnologia Sinia. 2000 31 (5) :471 479 [.. 2000 31 (5) :471 479 ] [ 10 ] Du W GJi X Xu W Q. Dynamics of material and energy during incu2 bation in the soft2shelled turtle( Pelodiscus sinensis) [J ]. Acta Zoologi2 ca Sinica. 2001 47 (4) :371 375[.. 2001 47 (4) : 371 375 ] [11 ] Du W GJi X. Influence of incubation on temperature on embryonic

1 : 49 use of material and energy in the Chinese soft2shelled turtle( Pelodiscus. 2004 28 (3) : 269 sinensis) [J ]. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 2001 47 (5) :512 517 [ 274 ].. [13 ] Zhou Z GXie S Q Cui YB et al. Effects of feeding frequency on fish 2001 47(5) :512 517 ] growth and feed conversion efficiency :A review[j ]. Acta Hydrobiol. [12 ] Shao Q J Zhang L H Liu J X et al. Effect of dietary Vc supplementa2 Sinica 2002 26 ( ) :150 156[. tion on growth and tissue Vc content in Juvenile soft2shell turtle Tri2 onyx sinensis[j ]. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 2004 28 (3) :269 274[.. Vc 2002 26 ( ) :150 156 ] EFFECT OF RATION L EVEL ON GROWTH NITRO GENOUS EXCRETION AND ENERGY BUD GET IN JUVENILE SOFT2SHELLED TURTLE PELODISCUS SIN ENSIS LEI Si2Jia 1 YE Shi2Zhou 2 and HU Xian2Qin 1 (11 Department of Bioengineering Shenzhen Polytechnic. Shenzhen 518055; 21 Shenzhen Ocean World Ltd. Co. Shenzhen 518083) Abstract :The 562day growth trial was conducted at 30 to investigate the effect of ration level on growth nitrogenous excretion and energy budget in juvenile soft2shelled turtle( Pelodiscus sinensis).juvenile turtles(28166 53137g) were fed commercial diet ( Shenzhen Xinguang Feed company) at five different levels ranging from starvation to ad libitum twice daily. The results showed that specific growth rate( SGR) of wet weight ( SGRw) dry matter( SGRdr) protein( SGRp) and energy( SGRe) was affected signifi2 cantly( P < 0101) by ration level. Regression analysis showed that the SGR increased quadraticly with increasing ration. The rela2 tionship between specific growth rate and ration level( Rl) could be expressed as the equation bellow : SGRw = - 110473 + 017134R - 010512Rl 2 (r 2 = 018314 n = 25 P < 0101) SGRdr = - 118779 + 110795Rl - 010832Rl 2 (r 2 = 019064 n = 25 P < 0101) SGRp = - 119134 + 111460Rl - 010943Rl 2 (r 2 = 019122 n = 25 P < 0101) SGRe = - 215872 + 114014Rl + 011105Rl 2 (r 2 = 018844 n = 25 P < 0101) Feed efficiency in wet weight protein and energy was highest at 2 % ration which were 36131 % 21147 % and 28110 % respec2 tively. The effects of ration level on ammonia urea nitrogenous excretion and the proportion of ammonia excretion to total nitrogen excretion were significant ( P < 0101). The urea and total nitrogenous excretion rate increased with increasing ration and ranged 8124 29156( mol/ g d) and 18181 % 65187 % ( mol/ g d) from starvation to ad libitum respectively. Ammonia excretion rate and the proportion of ammonia excretion to total nitrogen excretion at starvation were higher than that of 1 % and ranged 9144 36131( mol/ g d) and 44150 % 55109 % respectively. Regression analysis showed that the relationship between nitro2 gen excretion( mol/ g d) and protein intake rate(pl) ( %body weight per day) could be expressed as : G2N = 316592 + 4911775PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018716) NH 3 2N = - 111239 + 2915939PL (n = 20 r 2 = 018964) U2N = 417831 + 1915836PL (n = 20 r 2 = 016574) where the G2N NH 3 2N and U2N indicate general nitrogen ammonia and urea excretion rate respectively. The proportions of energy intake allocated to various components of the energy budget were significantly affected by ration( P < 0101). The proportion of metabolic energy to food energy was highest at 1 % ration level which was 86122 % and lowest at 2 % which was 63154 %. the proportion of growth changes was highest at 2 % ration level which was 28110 %. The energy budget equation for the starvation group could be expressed as : 100C = 6184F + 2164U + 72112R + 17176G where C F. U R and G is The results showed that the nitrogenous excretion rate increased with increasing ration linearly while conversion efficiency of en2 ergy was highest at lower ration level(2 %). In conclusion the best ration level for juvenile soft2shelled turtle culture is 4 % be2 cause the turtle has higher specific growth rate conversion efficiency and relatively lower nitrogen excretion rate. Key words :Energy budget ; Growth ;Ration ;Juvenile Pelodiscus sinensis