Supporting Information

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1 Supporting Information Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2014 Bis- and Tris(pyrazolyl)borate/methane-Stabilized P III -Centered Cations Lianghu Gu, Gopinadhanpillai Gopakumar, Pauline Gualco, Walter Thiel, and Manuel Alcarazo* [a] chem_ _sm_miscellaneous_information.pdf

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3 Table of Contents Experimental Procedures Characterization of new compounds NMR spectra X-ray structure analyses Computational methods S2 S3 S8 S31 S36 S1

4 Experimental procedures: General: All reactions were carried out in flame-dried glassware under Ar. All solvents were purified by distillation over the appropiate drying agents and were transferred under Ar. IR: Nicolet FT-7199 spectrometer, wavenumbers in cm 1. MS (EI): Finnigan MAT 8200 (70 ev), ESIMS: Finnigan MAT 95, accurate mass determinations: Bruker APEX III FT-MS (7 T magnet). NMR: Spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV 600, AV 400 or DPX 300; 1 H and 13 C chemical shifts (δ) are given in ppm relative to TMS, coupling constants (J) in Hz. The solvent signals were used as references and the chemical shifts converted to the TMS scale. Column chromatography was performed on Merck 60 silica gel (40-63 μm). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed using Merck silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates, and visualized by UV. All commercially available compounds (ABCR, Acros, Aldrich, Fischer) were used as received except TMSOTf that was distilled prior to use and then kept in Young type vessel. K[H 2 B(Pz) 2 ] (1) 1, [H 2 C(Pz) 2 ] (8) 2, bisoxazoline (13) 3, K[HB(3,5-Me 2 Pz) 3 ] (15) 4, K[B(Pz) 4 ] (16) 5, [HC(3,5-Me 2 Pz) 3 ] (17) 6 were prepared according to literature procedures. Compound 5 PCl 3 (0.16 ml, 1.8 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.65 ml, 3.6 mmol) were added at 78 C to a solution of K[BH 2 (Pz) 2 ] (1) (0.334 g, 1.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Then the solvents were filtered off and the yellow solid was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). The crude product thus obtained was extracted with CH 3 CN (2 x 5 ml) at 0 C and the combined solvents removed in vacuum to afford 5 a white solid (157 mg, 24 %). mp: 95 C (dec) 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 300 MHz): δ = 8.60 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.42 (s, 2H), 6.86 (m, 2H), ppm (br s, 2H). 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 100 MHz): δ = 146.9, (d, J C P = 30.8 Hz), (q, J C F = Hz), ppm (d, J C P = 6.0 Hz). 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 121 MHz): δ = 85.7 ppm. 11 B NMR (CD 3 CN, 128 MHz,): δ = 8.1 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 442, 516, 575, 633, 779, 913, 1024, 1060, 1084, 1162, 1225, 1419, 2456, 3112, 3139 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 7 H 8 BClF 3 N 4 O 3 PS: calcd. C 23.20%, H 2.22%, N 15.46%; found: C 23.14%, H 2.56%, N 16.02%. 1 Abernethy, R. J.; Hill, A. F.; Smith, M. K.; Willis, A. C. Organometallics 2009, 28, Machura, B.; Penczek, R.; Kruszynski, R.; Kłak, J; Mroziński, J.; Kusz, J. Polyhedron 2007, 26, Zhou J.; Tang Y. Chem. Comm. 2004, Malbosc, F.; Chauby, V.; Serra-Le Berre, C.; Etienne, M.; Daran, J. C.; Kalck, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2001, Lee, E.; Kamlet, A. S.; Powers, D. C.; Neumann, C. N.; Boursalian, G. B.; Furuya, T.; Choi, D. C.; Hooker, J. M.; Ritter, T. Science 2011, 334, Neves, P.; Gago, S.; Balula, S. S.; Lopes, A. D.; Valente, A. A.; Cunha-Silva, L.; Almeida Paz, F. A.; Pillinger, M.; Rocha, J.; Silva, C. M.; Gonçalves, I. S. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, S2

5 Compound 6 PhPCl 2 (1.5 ml, 10.7 mmol) and TMSOTf (1.9 ml, 10.7 mmol) were added at 78 C to a suspension of K[H 2 B(Pz) 2 ] (1) (2.0 g, 10.7 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Then the solvents were filtered off, and the white solid thus obtained washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). The crude product was then extracted with CH 3 CN (2 x 5 ml) at 0 C and the combined solvents removed in vacuum to afford 6 as white solid (2.5 g, 57%). Colourless crystals suitable for X ray crystallography were obtained from a CH 3 CN/Et 2 O solution at 30 C. mp: 101 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 8.62 (dd, J = 3.3 Hz, J H P = 3.9 Hz, 2H), 8.29 (s, 2H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.09 (m, 2H), 6.88 (dd, J = 2.4 Hz, J H P =5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (br, J H B = 138 Hz) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = 145.8, (d, J C P = 26,7 Hz), 133.3, (d, J C P = 17.4 Hz), (d, J C P = 19.4 Hz), (d, J C P = 5.6 Hz), (q, J C F = Hz), ppm (d, J C P = 5.2 Hz). 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = 87.1 ppm. 11 B NMR (CD 3 CN, 128 MHz): δ = 7.1 (t, J B H = 105 Hz) ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 416, 443, 465, 517, 633, 690, 746, 780, 950, 983,1027, 1061, 1092,1139, 1252, 1388, 1419, 2461, 3020, 3138 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 13 H 13 BF 3 N 4 O 3 PS: calcd. C 38.64%, H 3.24%, N 13.86%; found: C 38.80, H 3.92, N Compound 7 CyPCl 2 (0.21 ml, 1.3 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.24 ml; 1.3 mmol,) were added at 78 C to a suspension of K[H 2 B(Pz) 2 ] (1) (250 mg, 1.3 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Then the solvents were filtered off and the white solid obtained washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). Then the crude product was extracted with CH 3 CN (2 x 5 ml) at 0 C and the organic solvents removed in vacuum to afford 7 as a white solid (302 mg, 55 %). mp: 113 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 8.42 (dd, J = 3.3 Hz, J H P = 3.3 Hz, 2H), 8.32 (s, 2H), 6.32 (dd, J = 2.7 Hz, J H P = 4.6, Hz, 2H), 4.01 (br, J H B = 128 Hz), 3.16 (m, 2H), 1.79 (m, 3H), 1.35 (m, 7H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = 145.5, (d, J C P = 25.3 Hz), (q, J C F = Hz), (d, J C P = 5.4 Hz), 39.5 (d, J C P = 20.5 Hz), 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 25.6, 25.5 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = ppm. 11 B NMR (CD 3 CN, 128 MHz): δ = 8.1 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 697, 792, 875, 1027, 1073, 1137, 1222, 1263, 1414, 2425, 2490, 2859, 2928, 3105, 3137 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 13 H 19 BF 3 N 4 O 3 PS: calcd. C 38.07%, H 4.67%, N 13.66%; found: C 38.03%, H 4.23%, N 13.22%. S3

6 Compound 10 PhPCl 2 (1.8 ml, 13.5 mmol) and TMSOTf (4.9 ml, 27.0 mmol) were added at 78 C to a solution of [H 2 C(Pz) 2 ] (8) (2.0 g, 13.5 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) and the mixture allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Then the solvents were filtered off and the white solid thus obtained washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). The crude product was dissolved in CH 3 CN (5 ml), precipitated with Et 2 O (15 ml) and dried in vacuum to afford 10 as a white solid (2.83 g, 38%). Colourless crystals suitable for X ray crystallography were obtained from a CH 3 CN/Et 2 O solution at 30 C. mp: 86 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 8.98 (dd, J = 2.5 Hz, J H P = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 8.75 (s, 2H), 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 5.87 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 1H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 19.4 Hz), 145.1, 134.7, (d, J C P = 18.7 Hz), (d, J C P = 5.5 Hz), (d, J C P = 24.3 Hz), (q, J C F = Hz), (d, J C P = 2.2 Hz), 63.3 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = 85.8 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 675, 838, 894, 1029, 1162, 1220, 1241, 1377, 1563, 1580, 2827, 3136 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 15 H 13 F 6 N 4 O 6 PS 2 : calcd. C 32.50%, H 2.36%, N 10.11%; found: C 32.11%, H 2.76%, N 10.60%. Compound 11 CyPCl 2 (0.26 ml, 1.7 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.61 ml, 3.4 mmol) were added at 78 C to a suspension of [H 2 C(Pz) 2 ] (8) (250 mg, 1.7 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml) and the mixture allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. The solvents were then evaporated in vacuum, the residue dissolved in CH 3 CN (2 ml) and Et 2 O (10 ml) was added to precipitate the product. White solid (433 mg, 46%). mp: 93 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 8.80 (s, 2H), 8.76 (s, 2H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.54 (m, 4H), 1.34 (m, 3H), ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 20.9 Hz), (d, J C P = 2.8 Hz), (q, J C F = Hz), (d, J C P = 5.4 Hz), 63.4, 40.5 (d, J C P = 26.9 Hz), 25.6, 25.5, 25.4, 25.3, 25.2 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 573, 609, 759, 1023, 1159, 1246, 1567, 2744, 2853, 3039, 3121 cm -1. Compound 12 (Et 2 N)PCl 2 (0.29 ml, 2.0 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.73 ml, 4.0 mmol) were added at 78 C to a solution of [H 2 C(Pz) 2 ] (8) (296 mg, 2.0 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (4 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. The solvents were then filtered off and the white solid thus obtained washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). S4

7 Crude 12 was then dissolved in CH 3 CN and precipitated with Et 2 O (362 mg, 33%). Colourless crystals suitable for X ray crystallography were obtained from CH 3 CN/Et 2 O solution at 30 C. mp: 103 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 8.69 (s, 2H), 8.61 (s, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J = 2.88 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, Hz, 1H), 3.38 (m, 4H), 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 75 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 9.0 Hz), 142.1, 111.7, 63.2, 43.9, 43.7, 13.8, 13.7 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 515, 574, 632, 759, 1023, 1100, 1158, 1347, 1391, 1445, 1522, 1567, 2854, 2997, 3120 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 13 H 18 F 6 N 5 O 6 PS 2 : calcd. C 28.42%, H 3.40%, N 12.75%; found: C 28.23%, H 3.28%, N 12.75%. Compound 14 PhPCl 2 (0.75 ml, 5.4 mmol) and TMSOTf (2.0 ml, 10.8 mmol) were added at 78 C to a suspension of bisoxazoline 13 (1.28 g, 5.4 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 ml) and the mixture allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Filtration of the solvent afforded a white solid that was subsequently washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 10 ml). Crude 14 was then dissolved in CH 3 CN at 0 C and precipitated with Et 2 O. White solid (1.55 g, 45%). mp: C. 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 300 MHz): δ = (m, 2H), (m, 1H), (m, 2H), (m, 4H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 6H), 1.08 (s, 6H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 75 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 6.9 Hz ), 138.1, (d, J C P = 33.9 Hz), (d, J C P = 11.1 Hz), (d, J C P = 29.2 Hz), 86.3, 75.6 (d, 12.9), 41.9 (d, J = 1.1 Hz), 29.6, 26.5 (d, J = 2.1 Hz), 25.6 (d, J = 10.0 Hz), 22.7 (d, J = 1.9 Hz) ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 162 MHz): δ = 88.8 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = ppm. IR ~ = 435, 493, 516, 573, 634, 693, 739, 934, 1026, 1149, 1245, 1329, 1382, 1495, 1599, 1656, 2941 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 21 H 27 F 6 N 2 O 8 PS 2 : calcd. C 39.13%, H 4.22%, N 4.35%; found: C 38.83%, H 4.22%, N 4.35%. Compound 18 mp: 118 C (dec). PCl 3 (0.56 ml, 6.4 mmol) and TMSOTf (2.3 ml, 12.8 mmol) were added at 78 C to a suspension of K[HB(3,5-Me 2 Pz) 3 ] (15) (2.05 g, 6.1 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Filtration of the solid afforded a white solid that was subsequently washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). The crude product was extracted with CH 3 CN (2 x 10 ml) the solvent evaporated in vacuum to afford 18 as a white solid (1.134 g, 24%). Colourless crystals suitable for X ray crystallography were obtained from CH 3 CN/Et 2 O solution at 30 C. S5

8 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 300 MHz): δ = 6.44 (d, J H P =4.4, Hz, 3H), 4.79 (br, J H B = 162 Hz), 2.70 (s, 9H), 2.57 (s, 9H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = 158.3, (d, J C P = 19.3 Hz), (d, J C F = Hz), (q, J C P = 2.2 Hz), 13.1 (d, J C P = 8.8 Hz), 12.8 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 121 MHz): δ = 7.3 ppm. 11 B NMR (CD 3 CN, 128 MHz): δ = 9.9 (d, J B H = 129 Hz) ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 516, 573, 605, 633, 691, 756, 789, 906, 1023, 1099, 1160, 1223, 1435, 1522, 2700, 3040, 3142 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 17 H 22 BF 6 N 6 O 6 PS 2 : calcd. C 32.60%, H 3.54%, N 13.42%; found: C 32.14%, H 3.78%, N 13.34%. Compound 19 PCl 3 (0.16 ml, 1.8 mmol) and TMSOTf (0.65 ml, 3.6 mmol) were added at 78 C to a solution of K[B(Pz) 4 ] (16) (572 mg, 1.8 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. After filtration of the supernatant the white solid obtained was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml) and extracted with CH 3 CN (2 x 10 ml). Evaporation of the solvent in vacuum afforded 19 as a white solid (588 mg, 43%). Colourless crystals suitable for X ray crystallography were obtained from a CH 3 CN/Et 2 O solution at 5 C. mp: 122 C (dec). 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 300 MHz): δ = 8.86 (s, 3H), 8.61 (s, 3H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 6.85 (d, J H-P = 2.6, 3H), 6.82 (s, 1H). 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 75 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 19.3 Hz), 145.5, 136.3, (q, J C F = Hz), 110.8, (d, J C P = 3.2 Hz) ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 121 MHz): δ = 0.4 ppm. 11 B NMR (CD 3 CN, 128 MHz): δ = 1.3 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.3 ppm. IR ~ = 567, 594, 766, 864, 1065, 1109, 1157, 1243, 1392, 1157, 2659, 3133 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 14 H 12 BF 6 N 8 O 6 PS 2 : calcd. C 27.65%, H 1.99%, N 18.42%; found: C 27.96%, H 1.67%, N 18.14%. Compound 20 PCl 3 (0.23 ml, 2.6 mmol) and TMSOTf (1.4 ml, 7.9 mmol) were added at 78 C to a solution of [HC(3,5-Me 2 Pz) 3 ] (17) (790 mg, 2.6 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml) and the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. Filtration of the solvents afforded a white solid that was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 5 ml). Crude 20 was then dissolved in CH 3 CN (5 ml) and precipitated with Et 2 O (15 ml) to afford a white solid (608 mg, 29%). mp: 102 C (dec). S6

9 1 H NMR (CD 3 CN, 400 MHz): δ = 9.60 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, J H P =4.8 Hz, 3H), 2.89 (s, 9H), 2.88 (s, 9H) ppm. 13 C NMR (CD 3 CN, 101 MHz): δ = (d, J C P = 15.2 Hz), 158.5, (q, J C F = Hz), 112.6, 70.8 (d, J C P = 3.6 Hz), 15.1 (d, J C P = 5.4 Hz), 13.6 ppm. 31 P NMR (CD 3 CN, 121 MHz): δ = 9.9 ppm. 19 F NMR (CD 3 CN, 282 MHz): δ = 79.2 ppm. IR ~ = 447, 515, 573, 631, 707, 760, 844, 944, 1022, 1078, 1160, 1207, 1417, 1584, 2709, 2940, 3135 cm -1. Elemental analysis for C 19 H 22 F 9 N 6 O 9 PS 3 : calcd. C %, H 2.86%, N %; found: C 29.52%, H 3.02%, N 10.50%. S7

10 NMR spectra 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 300 MHz) 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 75 MHz) S8

11 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) 11 B NMR (CD 3CN, 128 MHz) S9

12 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 400 MHz) S10

13 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) S11

14 11 B NMR (CD 3CN, 128 MHz) 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) S12

15 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 400 MHz) 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) S13

16 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) 11 B NMR (CD 3CN, 128 MHz) S14

17 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 400 MHz) S15

18 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) S16

19 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 400 MHz) S17

20 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) S18

21 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 300 MHz) S19

22 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 75 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 121 MHz) S20

23 11 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 300 MHz) S21

24 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) S22

25 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 400 MHz) 13 C S23

26 NMR (CD 3CN, 101 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 162 MHz) S24

27 11 B NMR (CD 3CN, 128 MHz) 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) S25

28 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 300 MHz) 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 75 MHz) S26

29 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 121 MHz) 11 B NMR (CD 3CN, 96 MHz) S27

30 11 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) 1 H NMR (CD 3CN, 300 MHz) S28

31 13 C NMR (CD 3CN, 100 MHz) 31 P NMR (CD 3CN, 121 MHz) S29

32 19 F NMR (CD 3CN, 282 MHz) S30

33 X-ray Structures Compound 6 C9 C10 C2 C1 C8 N1 C7 P1 C11 C12 O1 F3 N3 C4 F2 C3 N2 S1 C13 O2 B1 N4 F1 C6 C5 O3 Empirical formula C 13 H 13 B F 3 N 4 O 3 P S Color colourless Formula weight g mol -1 Temperature 100 K Wavelength Å Crystal system ORTHORHOMBIC Space group Pna2 1, (no. 33) Unit cell dimensions a = (2) Å α= 90. b = (10) Å β= 90. c = (8) Å γ = 90. Volume (3) Å 3 Z 4 Density (calculated) Mg m -3 Absorption coefficient mm -1 F(000) 824 e Crystal size 0.48 x 0.07 x 0.05 mm 3 q range for data collection 2.01 to Index ranges -27 h 27, -13 k 13, -11 l 11 Reflections collected Independent reflections 4204 [R int = ] Reflections with I>2s(I) 4118 Completeness to q = % Absorption correction Gaussian Max. and min. transmission 0.98 and 0.91 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 4204 / 1 / 243 Goodness-of-fit on F Final R indices [I>2s(I)] R 1 = wr 2 = R indices (all data) R 1 = wr 2 = Absolute structure parameter -0.03(5) Largest diff. peak and hole 0.3 and -0.2 e Å -3 S31

34 Compound 10 O2 O3 F4 F5 F6 F3 S1 C15 C14 O1 F2 C6 C7 O4 S2 F1 O5 O6 C5 N4 C1 C12 C13 C8 N3 N1 C2 C11 C10 C9 P1 N2 C4 C3 Empirical formula C 15 H 13 F 6 N 4 O 6 P S 2 Color colourless Formula weight g mol -1 Temperature 100 K Wavelength Å Crystal system TRICLINIC Space group P 1, (no. 2) Unit cell dimensions a = (11) Å α= (3). b = (12) Å β= (3). c = (2) Å γ = (2). Volume (3) Å 3 Z 2 Density (calculated) Mg m -3 Absorption coefficient mm -1 F(000) 560 e Crystal size 0.11 x 0.07 x 0.03 mm 3 q range for data collection 2.34 to Index ranges -13 h 13, -14 k 14, -19 l 19 Reflections collected Independent reflections 6834 [R int = ] Reflections with I>2s(I) 5721 Completeness to q = % Absorption correction Gaussian Max. and min. transmission 0.99and 0.95 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 6834 / 0 / 307 Goodness-of-fit on F Final R indices [I>2s(I)] R 1 = wr 2 = R indices (all data) R 1 = wr 2 = Largest diff. peak and hole 1.2 and -0.6 e Å -3 S32

35 Compound 12 O4 S2 O6 C2 C3 N2 C1 N1 C11 C8 C9 C10 N5 F4 C13 F5 F6 O5 C4 N3 N4 C5 P1 C7 C6 O1 O3 S1 F2 C12 F1 F3 O2 Empirical formula C 13 H 18 F 6 N 5 O 6 P S 2 Color colourless Formula weight g mol -1 Temperature 100 K Wavelength Å Crystal system MONOCLINIC Space group p 2 1/n, (no. 14) Unit cell dimensions a = (3) Å α= 90. b = (3) Å β= (4). c = (3) Å γ = 90. Volume (9) Å 3 Z 4 Density (calculated) Mg m -3 Absorption coefficient mm-1 F(000) 1120 e Crystal size 0.31 x 0.27 x 0.20 mm 3 q range for data collection 1.80 to Index ranges -18 h 18, -18 k 18, -20 l 20 Reflections collected Independent reflections 6998 [Rint = ] Reflections with I>2s(I) 5519 Completeness to q = % Absorption correction Gaussian Max. and min. transmission and Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 6998 / 0 / 300 Goodness-of-fit on F Final R indices [I>2s(I)] R1 = wr2 = R indices (all data) R1 = wr2 = 0.09 Largest diff. peak and hole and e Å -3 S33

36 Compound 18 C4 C1 C2 C5 O4 O6 N1 N2 C3 Si2 C17 F5 C15 C13 C12 N5 C11 B1 C14 N6 N3 C10 P1 N4 C6 C8 C7 C9 O5 O1 F4 F6 F2 O3 C16 N99 Si1 C99 O2 F3 F1 C98 Empirical formula C 18 H B F 6 N 6.50 O 6 P S 2 Color colourless Formula weight g mol -1 Temperature 100 K Wavelength Å Crystal system MONOCLINIC Space group P2 1/n, (no. 14) Unit cell dimensions a = (16) Å α= 90. b = (13) Å β= (2). c = (3) Å γ = 90. Volume (6) Å 3 Z 4 Density (calculated) Mg m -3 Absorption coefficient mm -1 F(000) 1324 e Crystal size 0.33 x 0.26 x 0.16 mm 3 q range for data collection 1.89 to Index ranges -21 h 21, -17 k 17, -35 l 35 Reflections collected Independent reflections [R int = ] Reflections with I>2s(I) Completeness to q = % Absorption correction Gaussian Max. and min. transmission 0.95 and 0.78 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters / 0 / 390 Goodness-of-fit on F Final R indices [I>2s(I)] R 1 = wr 2 = R indices (all data) R 1 = wr 2 = Largest diff. peak and hole 2.0 and -0.6 e Å -3 S34

37 Compound 19 N9 C99 O6 F4 F5 O5 C14 O4 S2 C8 C9 C12 F6 C7 N8 N5 N6 P1 C11 C10 C1 N7 N1 B1 N3 C2 N2 C3 C98 O2 S1 O3 F1 C13 N4 C6 C4 C5 O1 F3 F2 Empirical formula C 16 H 15 B F 6 N 9 O 6 P S 2 Color colourless Formula weight g mol -1 Temperature 100 K Wavelength Å Crystal system TRICLINIC Space group P 1, (no. 2) Unit cell dimensions a = (15) Å α= (15). b = (9) Å β= (2). c = (9) Å γ = (2). Volume 1290(2) Å 3 Z 2 Density (calculated) Mg m -3 Absorption coefficient mm -1 F(000) 656 e Crystal size 0.58 x 0.34 x 0.12 mm 3 q range for data collection 4.28 to Index ranges -13 h 13, -13 k 13, -13 l 13 Reflections collected Independent reflections 4161 [R int = ] Reflections with I>2s(I) 4028 Completeness to q = % Absorption correction Gaussian Max. and min. transmission 0.68 and 0.17 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 4161 / 0 / 371 Goodness-of-fit on F Final R indices [I>2s(I)] R 1 = wr 2 = R indices (all data) R 1 = wr 2 = Largest diff. peak and hole and e Å -3 S35

38 Computational Methods Geometry optimizations were carried out using BP86 7,8 functional in combination with def2-qzvpp basis sets. 9, 10 The resolution-of-identity (RI) approximation 11, 12, 13 was applied in conjunction with the appropriate auxiliary basis sets to speed up the calculations. Empirical Grimme-type dispersion corrections were also incorporated during this step using the latest parametrization (DFT-D3). 14 All relevant stationary points were characterized as minima by evaluating the harmonic vibrational frequencies at the same level (RI-BP86/def2-QZVPP+D3) that had been applied for geometry optimization. All geometry optimizations were carried out using the TURBOMOLE (version 6.4) suite of programs. 15,16 To gain insight into the electronic structure of the complexes, a Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis was performed using NBO version as implemented in Gaussian 09 program package Becke, A. D. Phys. Rev. A. 1988, 38, Perdew, J. P. Phys. Rev. B. 1986, 33, Weigend, F.; Ahlrichs, R. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, Weigend, F. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, Eichkorn, K.; Treutler, O.; Öhm, H.; Häser, M.; Ahlrichs, R. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 242, Eichkorn, K.; Weigend, F.; Treutler, O.; Ahlrichs, R. Theor. Chem. Acc. 1997, 97, Weigend, F. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2002, 4, Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, Ahlrichs, R.; Bär, M.; Häser, M.; Horn, H.; Kölmel, C. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1989, 162, TURBOMOLE V , a development of University of Karlsruhe and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, , TURBOMOLE GmbH, since 2007; available from 17 (a) NBO Version 3.1, Glendening, E. D.; Reed, A. E.; Carpenter, J. E.; Weinhold. F.; (b) Foster, J. P.; Weinhold, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, ; (c) Reed, A. E.; Weinhold, F. J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, ; (d) Reed, A. E.; Weinstock, R. B.; Weinhold, F. J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, ; (e) Reed, A. E.; Weinhold, F. J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, ; (f) Carpenter, J. E.; Weinhold, F. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem), 1988, 46, ; (g) Reed, A. E.; Curtiss, L. A.; Weinhold, F. Chem. Rev., 1988, 88, Gaussian 09, Revision D.01, Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Caricato, M.; Li, X.; Hratchian, H. P.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Bloino, J.; Zheng, G.; Sonnenberg, J. L.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Vreven, T.; Montgomery, J. A., Jr.; Peralta, J. E.; Ogliaro, F.; Bearpark, M.; Heyd, J. J.; Brothers, E.; Kudin, K. N.; Staroverov, V. N.; Kobayashi, R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari, K.; Rendell, A.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.; Rega, N.; Millam, N. J.; Klene, M.; Knox, J. E.; Cross, J. B.; Bakken, V.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Martin, R. L.; Morokuma, K.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Farkas, Ö.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cioslowski, J.; Fox, D. J. Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, S36

39 TABLES Table S1. NBO charges and Wiberg bond indices for different molecules calculated at the BP86/ G** level. Compound NBO charge Selected Wiberg bond indices in a.u. (Wi) on P atom P1-N3/N6 P1-N4/N7 P1-N5 P1-C1/C S37

40 CARTESIAN COORDINATES OF OPTIMIZED GEOMETRIES (RI-BP86/def2-QZVPP + D3, Å) 18 p n n n n n n c c h c c h h h c h h h c c h c c h h h c h h h c c h c c h h h c h h h S38

41 b h p n n n n n n c c h c c h h h c h h h c c h c c h h h c h h h c c h c c h h h c h h h c h S39

42 10 p n n n n c h h c h c h c h c h c h c h c c h c h c h c h c h n c c c n c n c c c n p S40

43 n c c c c h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h p n n n n c h c h c h c h c h c h c c h c h c h S41

44 c h c h b h h S42