Sapienza Università di Roma Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia. Filologia Classica a.a. 2018/19

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1 Sapienza Università di Roma Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Filologia Classica a.a. 2018/19 GIANFRANCO AGOSTI La satira nella Seconda Sofistica: Luciano 1. Introduzione 1

2 Suda λ 683 Adler Λουκιανός, Σαμοσατεύς, ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς βλάσφημος ἢ δύσφημος, ἢ ἄθεος εἰπεῖν μᾶλλον, ὅτι ἐν τοῖς διαλόγοις αὐτοῦ γελοῖα εἶναι καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν θείων εἰρημένα παρατίθεται. γέγονε δὲ ἐπῖ τοῦ Καίσαρος Τραιανοῦ καὶ ἐπέκεινα. ἦν δὲ οὗτος τοπρὶν δικηγόρος [Bis accusatus; Apologia 15] ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τῆς Συρίας, δυσπραγήσας δ' ἐν τούτῳ ἐπὶ τὸ λογογραφεῖν ἐτράπη καὶ γέγραπται αὐτῷ ἄπειρα. τελευτῆσαι δὲ αὐτὸν λόγος ὑπὸ κυνῶν, ἐπεὶ κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐλύττησεν εἰς γὰρ τὸν Περεγρίνου βίον καθάπτεται τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸν βλασφημεῖ τὸν Χριστὸν ὁ παμμίαρος. διὸ καὶ τῆς λύττης ποινὰς ἀρκούσας ἐν τῷ παρόντι δέδωκεν, ἐν δὲ τῷ μέλλοντι κληρονόμος τοῦ αἰωνίου πυρὸς μετὰ τοῦ Σατανᾶ γενήσεται. 2

3 Eunapio, VS 454, p. 4 Giangrande 3

4 Fozio, Bibliotheca cod. 128, p. 102 Henry Ἀνεγνώσθη Λουκιανοῦ ὑπὲρ Φαλάριδος καὶ νεκρικοὶ καὶ ἑταιρικοὶ διάλογοι διάφοροι, καὶ ἕτεροι διαφόρων ὑποθέσεων λόγοι, ἐν οἷς σχεδὸν ἅπασι τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κωμῳδεῖ, τήν τε τῆς θεοπλαστίας αὐτῶν πλάνην καὶ μωρίαν καὶ τὴν εἰς ἀσέλγειαν ἄσχετον ὁρμὴν καὶ ἀκρασίαν, καὶ τῶν ποιητῶν αὐτῶν τὰς τεραώδεις δόξας καὶ ἀναπλάσεις, καὶ τὸν ἐντεῦθεν πλάνον τῆς πολιτείας, καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου βίου τὴν ἀνώμαλον περιφορὰν καὶ τὰς περιπτώσεις, καὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων αὐτῶν τὸ φιλόκομπον ἦθος καὶ μηδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν ὑποκρίσεως καὶ κενῶν δοξασμάτων μεστόν καὶ ἁπλῶς, ὡς ἔφημεν, κωμῳδία τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐστὶν αὐτῷ ἡ σπουδὴ ἐν λόγῳ πεζῷ. Ἔοικε δὲ αὐτὸς τῶν μηδὲν ὅλως πρεσβευόντων εἶναι τὰς γὰρ ἄλλων κωμῳδῶν καὶ διαπαίζων δόξας, αὐτὸς ἣν θειάζει οὐ τίθησι, πλὴν εἴ τις αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐρεῖ τὸ μηδὲν δοξάζειν. Τὴν μέντοι φράσιν ἐστὶν ἄριστος, λέξει εὐσήμῳ τε καὶ κυρίᾳ καὶ τῷ ἐμφατικῷ διαπρεπούσῃ κεχρημένος, εὐκρινείας τε καὶ καθαρότητος μετά γε τοῦ λαμπροῦ καὶ συμμέτρου μεγέθους, εἴ τις ἄλλος ἐραστής. Συνθήκη τε αὐτῷ οὕτως ἥρμοσται ὥστε δοκεῖν τὸν ἀναγινώσκοντα μὴ λόγους λέγειν, ἀλλὰ μέλος τι τερπνὸν χωρὶς ἐμφανοῦς ᾠδῆς τοῖς ὠσὶν ἐναποστάζειν τῶν ἀκροατῶν. Καὶ ὅλως, ὥσπερ ἔφημεν, ἄριστος ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ καὶ πρέπων ὑποθέσεσιν, ἃς αὐτὸς ἔγνω σὺν τῷ γελοίῳ διαπαῖξαι. Ὅτι δὲ αὐτὸς τῶν μηδὲν ἦν ὅλως δοξαζόντων, καὶ τὸ τῆς βίβλου ἐπίγραμμα δίδωσιν ὑπολαμβάνειν. Ἔχει γὰρ ὧδε «Λουκιανὸς τάδ ἔγραψα, παλαιά τε μωρά τε εἰδώς / μωρὰ γὰρ ἀνθρώποις καὶ τὰ δοκοῦντα σοφά, / κοὐδὲν ἐν ἀνθρώποισι διακριδόν ἐστι νόημα /ἀλλ ὃ σὺ 4 θαυμάζεις, τοῦθ ἑτέροισι γέλως».

5 De Dea Syr. 1 Lightfoot 5

6 Quomodo hist. conscr. 24 τὸ δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοὺς τόπους αὐτοὺς ψεύδεσθαι οὐ παρασάγγας μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ σταθμοὺς ὅλους, τίνι τῶν καλῶν ἔοικεν; εἷς γοῦν οὕτω ῥᾳθύμως συνήγαγε τὰ πράγματα, οὔτε Σύρῳ τινὶ ἐντυχὼν οὔτε τὸ λεγόμενον δὴ τοῦτο τῶν ἐπὶ κουρείῳ1 τὰ τοιαῦτα μυθολογούντων ἀκούσας, ὥστε περὶ Εὐρώπου λέγων οὕτως ἔφη, Ἡ δὲ Εὔρωπος κεῖται μὲν ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ σταθμοὺς δύο τοῦ Εὐφράτου ἀπέχουσα, ἀπῴκισαν δὲ αὐτὴν Ἐδεσσαῖοι. καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀπέχρησεν αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἐμὴν πατρίδα τὰ Σαμόσατα ὁ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ βιβλίῳ ἀράμενος ὁ γενναῖος αὐτῇ ἀκροπόλει καὶ τείχεσι μετέθηκεν ἐς τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, ὡς περιρρεῖσθαι αὐτὴν ὑπ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν ποταμῶν, ἑκατέρωθεν ἐν χρῷ παραμειβομένων καὶ μονονουχὶ τοῦ τείχους ψαυόντων. τὸ δὲ καὶ γελοῖον εἴ σοι νῦν, ὦ Φίλων, ἀπολογοίμην ὡς οὐ Παρθυαίων οὐδὲ Μεσοποταμίτης σοι ἐγὼ, οἷ με φέρων ὁ θαυμαστὸς συγγραφεὺς ἀπῴκισε. 6

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8 The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites, ed. R. Stillwell, W. L. McAlister MacDonald, M. Holland,. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press [ text?doc=perseus:text: :ent ry=samosata] Σαμόσατα 8

9 Samosata, Adriano, AD ΦΛA/ΣAMO/MHTPO/KOM. 9

10 Mellink, Machteld J., Samsat (Samosata), Turkey, Bryn Mawr Collections, 10

11 Mellink, Machteld J., Samsat (Samosata), Turkey, Bryn Mawr Collections, 11

12 Mellink, Machteld J., Samsat (Samosata), Turkey, Bryn Mawr Collections, 12

13 Mellink, Machteld J., Samsat (Samosata), Turkey, Bryn Mawr Collections, 13

14 The reader of the vast majority of Lucian s works would be wholly unable to tell from what part of the Greek world he came (Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East 31BC-AD 337, Princeton , 454) More recently, however, Lucian s Syrianness has come to dominate discussion of his work once again, as the postcolonial critique has caused scholars of the ancient world to embrace Lucian often productively but sometimes reductively as an early imperial paradigm of the ethnocultural hybrid. Syrianness and, by extension, barbarianness are, for Lucian, authorial strategies. (Daniel Richter, Lucian of Samosata, in D. Richter, W.A. Johnson (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic, Oxford 2017, ) 14

15 Anderson, G Lucian: Theme and Variation in the Second Sophistic. Leiden. Anderson, G Sage, Saint and Sophist: Holy Men and Their Associates in the Early Roman Empire. London and New York. Baldwin, B Studies in Lucian. Toronto. Betz, H. D Lukian von Samosata und das neue Testament. Berlin. Billault, A., ed Lucien de Samosate. Lyon. Bompaire, J Lucien écrivain: Imitation et création. Paris. Bowersock, G. W Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford. Bowie, E. L Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic. P&P 46: Branham, B. Unruly Eloquence: Lucian and the Comedy of Traditions. Cambridge. Deferrari, R. J Lucian s Atticism: The Morphology of the Verb. Princeton, NJ. Jones, C. P Culture and Society in Lucian, Cambridge, MA. Konig, J. P The Cynic and Christian Lives of Lucian s Peregrinus. In The Limits of Biography, edited by B.Mcging and J. Mossman, Swansea. Lightfoot, J. L., ed Lucian, On the Syrian Goddess. Oxford. Ní Mheallaigh, K Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks, and Hyperreality. Cambridge. Richter, D. S Lives and Afterlives of Lucian of Samosata. Arion 13: Swain, S Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD Oxford. Whitmarsh, T Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitation. 15 Oxford.