Development of the first solid-medium deformation apparatus in Japan : A historical review. Mineo Kumazawa* and Ichiko Shimizu**

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1 .3 /+.,**0 Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No..3, /+.,,**0 Development of the first solid-medium deformation apparatus in Japan : A historical review *** Mineo Kumazawa* and Ichiko Shimizu** Abstract : The first solid-medium deformation apparatus (MK0/S) in Japan was developed at the Nagoya University in +30/. The apparatus was designed by one of the author (M. Kumazawa) to study the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of olivine, which was thought to the cause of the seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. MK0/S enabled us to deform a large volume cylindrical sample (+* mm in diameter) at high-temperature (over +***) and high-pressure (up to + GPa in confining pressure and, GPa in axial stress), and very low strain rate (as low as +* 1 sec 1 ). This apparatus has yielded a series of important contributions to the rheology and the CPO s of olivine and spinel-type minerals, and deformation and recrystallization microstructures in quartz as early as in +31* s+32* s. Key words : deformation experiments, solid-medium apparatus, crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), upper mantle, olivine, spinel +, +30/.* +322 MK 0/S MK0/S.*,**/ +*,0,**/ +,,, * Institute of Geoscience, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka.,, 2,/3, Japan ** Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo ++-**--, Japan MK0/S,** Bridgeman /** MPa -* mm Iida et al., +301 ; Iida and Kumazawa, +31* 5

2 + MK0/S +30*, + :,./.* 0 Boyd and England +30* Griggs et al. +30* Heard +30* Handin et al. +30* Solenhofen limestone Carter et al / +30-6

3 .3,** : : LD-,2.* ++ -* 7

4 - +,* +** MPa + +* mm ,* GPa,*** Kumazawa, +31+, +31- ; Kumazawa et al., +31, ; Masaki et al., +31/ 01* km Kumazawa et al., +31. ; Kato and Kumamzawa, +32/ a, b ; Sawamoto, +311, +320, +321 Sumino et al., +310 ; Ohno, +310 Hashimoto et al., +313 ; Kawakami et al., +32- b g Sawamoto et al., +32. ;Wiedner et al., * +. sec + +* 1 sec + +*** mm + +*** +* / *.*+ mm +* mm - + +* 1 sec + + GPa +,,** /* GPa 8

.3 +* mm,/ mm +,** +.* GPa, GPa.+*,,+* 2 mmsec +* 1 sec + / Griggs +301 - mm UCLA Griggs +31* /,**0 MK0/S +31+ 2** MPa, GPa 3**+***,./+* - 0.

5 .3 +* mm,/ mm +,** +.* GPa, GPa.+*,,+* 2 mmsec +* 1 sec + / Griggs mm UCLA Griggs +31* /,**0 MK0/S ** MPa, GPa 3**+***,./+* - 0.*+* 1 sec + +/ *kl +** Raleigh +302 /** MPa *kl +** Carter and Avé Lallmant +31* +31. ; Tsukahara, +31. Tsukahara et al., +310 X +-/* ++** Mg +,** homologous temperature 9

6 0 a a b -* 0* *+* +**,./ -* 0 GPa 2 GPa +330 b s + 0 b Kamb, +3/3 ; Kumazawa et al., +31+ *+* 0/* MPa +* 1 sec + 33*+*0* *.0 Feo 23*3** *.2 H, O b s + Avé Lallement and Carter +31* Kunze and Avé Lallement, +32+ ; Karato et al., +320 ; Karato, +322 ; Bussod et al., +33- ; Zhang and Karato, +33/ Karato +321 a b 0 Tsukahara etal Fig. +*a Fig. ++a +310 a /* mm HP : +*0* 0/* MPa +./+* 0 mmsec +* /.. HO-1 b mm 3** 0+* MPa +.2+* 0 mmsec,3 +3 F-+. +** + - / 1 10

7 .3 Tsukahara et al a b g MK0/S NiFe,O. g Fujimura et al., +313 ; Fujimura, +32., +323 ; +320 X ++* +** 1 Taylor-Bishop-Hill 1 go NiFe, O. Fujimura +32. Fig., a 2** +.0.+* / mmsec, dry b +*** +./-+* 0 mmsec +** go MA 2 b b- MnGe,O ; +320 ; Fujimura, +323 / GPa Green et al., +33* ; Bussod et al., +33- ; +330 ; Karato and Rubie, +331 Masuda and Fujimura, +32+ ; +32+ ; H,O wet S P Masuda, +32, Hirth and Tullis +33, Masuda and Fujimura +32+ Hirth and Tullis +33, Hirth and Tullis +33, TEM +332 P S Karato and Masuda, +323 ; Takahashi et al.,

8 Tsukahara and Yamazaki, +310 ; +320 ; Fujimura, Tsukahara et al., +310 ; Fujimura, +32. MK0/S +32* H,O Jung and Karato,,**+ ; Holtzman et al.,,**- EBSD EBSP MK0/S Masuda et al., +331 MK0/S,**0 +,**+ 2,-,/ Avé Lallement, H. G. and Carter, N. L., +31*, Syntectonic recrystallization of olivine and modes of flow in the upper mantle. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 2+,,,*-,,,*. Boyd, F.R. and England, J.L., +30*, Apparatus for phase equilibrium measurements at pressures up to /* kilobars and temperatures up-to +1/*. Jour. Geophys. Res., 0/, Bussod, G. Y., Katsura, T., and Rubie, D. C., +33-, A large volume multi-anvil press as a high P-T deformation apparatus. Pure. Appl. Geophys., +.+, /13/33. Carter, N. L. and Avé Lallement, H. G., +31*, Hightemperature flow of dunite and peridotite. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 2+,,+2+,,*,. Carter, N. L., Christie, J. M., and Griggs, D. T., +30., Experimental deformation and recrystallization of quartz. Jour. Geol., 1,, Green, H. W., II., Young, T. E., Walker D., and Scholz, C. H., +33*, Anticraack-associated faulting at very high pressure in natural olivine. Nature, -.2, 1,*1,,. Griggs, D. T., +301, Hydrolytic weakening of quartz and other silicates. Gephys. Jour. Roy. Astron. Soc., +., Griggs, D. T., Turner, F. J., and Heard, H. C., +30*, Deformation of rocks at /** to 2**. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 13, -3+*.. Fujimura, A., +32., Preferred orientation of silicate spinel inferred from experimentally deformed aggregates of trevorite. Jour. Phys. Earth, -,,,1-, ,*,,+2. Fujimura, A., +323, Preferred orientation of mantle minerals. In Karato, S. and Toriumi, M., eds., Rheology of solids and of the Earth, Oxford University Press, New York,,0-, b-mn, GeO. /0 +2/. Fujimura, A., Ohno, I., and Kumazawa, M., +313, Determination of preferred orientation of cubic crystals in the experimentally produced tectonites with a special reference to spinel 12

9 .3 type mineral. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 2/,,1./. Handin, J., Higgs, D. V., and O Brien, J. K., +30*, Torsion of Yule marble under confining pressure. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 13,,./,1.. Hashimoto, A., Kumazawa, M., and Onuma,, N., +313, Evaporation metamorphism of primitive dust material in the early solar nebula. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,.-, +-,+. Heard, H. C., +30*, Transition from brittle to ductile flow in Solenhofen limestone as a function of temperature, confining pressure, and interstitial fluid pressure. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 13, +3-,,0 Hirth, G. and Tullis, J., +33,, Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates, Jour. Struct. Geol., +., +./+/3. Holtzman, B. K., Kohlstedt, D. L., Zimmerman, M. E., Heidelbach, F., Hiraga, T., and Hustoft, J.,,**-, Melt segregation and strain partitioning : Implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow. Science, -*+, +,,1+,-*. Iida, K. and Kumazawa, M., +31*, Elastic anisotropy of crystalline schists and dunite. Rock Mech. Japan, +,,0,2. Iida, K., Sugino, T., Furuhashi, H., and Kumazawa, M., +301, Elastic dilatational wave velocity in crystalline schists from Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain, Shikoku, Japan. Jour. Earth Sci., Nagoya Univ., +/, ++, ,* Jung, H. and Karato, S.,,**+. Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine. Science,,3-, +.0*+.0-. Kamb, W. B., +3/3. Theory of preferred crystal orientation developed by crystallization under stress, Jour. Geology, 01, +/-+1*. Karato, S., +321, Seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferred orientation of minerals : Kinematic or dynamic? In Manghnani, M. H. and Syono, Y., eds., High pressure research in mineral physics, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C., Geophysical Monograph, -3,.//.1+. Karato, S., +322, The role of recrystallization in the preferred orientation of olivine. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., /+, +*1+,,. Karato, S. and Masuda, T., +323, Anisotropic grain growth in quartz aggregates under stress and its implication for foliation development. Geology, +1, 03/032. Karato, S. and Rubie, D. C., +331, Toward an experimental study of deep mantle rheology : A new multianvil sample assembly for deformation studies under high pressure and temperatures. Jour. Geophys. Res., +*,,,*+++,*+,,. Kato, T. and Kumazawa,, M., +32/ a, Stability of phase B, a hydrous magnesium silicate, to,-** at,* GPa. Geophys. Res. Lett., +,, /-. /-/. Kato, T. and Kumazawa, M., +32/ b, Garnet phase of MgSiO - filling the pyroxene-ilmenite gap at very high temperature. Nature, -+0, 2*-2*/. Kawakami, S., Mizutani, H., Takagi, Y., Kato, M. and Kumazawa, M., +32-, Impact Experiment on ice. Jour. Geophys. Res., 22, /2*0/2+.. Kumazawa, M., +31+, Multiple-anvil sliding system a new mechanism of producing very high pressure in a large volume. High Temperatures High Pressures, -,,.-,0*. Kumazawa, M., +31-, Theory of generation of very high static pressures by an external force. High TemperaturesHigh Pressures, /, /330+3.,**0 no Kumazawa, M., Helmstead, H., and Masaki, K., Elastic properties of eclogite xenoliths from diatremes of the east Colorado Plateau and their implication to the upper mantle structure. Jour. Geophys. Res., 10, +,-++,.1. Kumazawa, M., Masaki, K., Sawamoto, H., and Kato, M., +31,, Guide blocks and compressible pads for the practical operation of multipleanvil sliding system for the producion of high pressure. High TemperaturesHigh Pressures,.,,3--+*. Kumazawa, M., Sawamoto, H., Ohtani, E. and Masaki, K., +31., Postspinel phase of forsterite and evolution of the Earth s mantle. Nature,,.1, -/0-/2. Kunze, F. R. and Avé Lallement, H. G., +32+, Noncoaxial experimental deformation of olivine. Tectonophysics, 1., T+T+-. Masaki, K., Sawamoto, H., Ohtani, E., Kumazawa, M., Machida, M., Mizukusa, S., and Nakayama, N., +31/, High pressure generation by MASS -I 23* type apparatus. Rev. Sci. Instrum.,.0, Masuda, T., +32,, A microstructural sequence of schists in central Shikoku, Southwest Japan. Tectonophysics, 2-, -,3-./. 13

10 +32-3,.3/ * ,*+. Masuda, T. and Fujimura, A., +32+, Microstructural development of fine-grained quartz aggregates by syntectonic recrystallization. Tectonophysics, 1,, +*/+, ,.-*. Masuda, T., Morikawa, T., Nakayama, Y., and Suzuki, S., +331, Grain-boundary migration of quartz during annealing experiments at high temperature and pressure. Jour. Metamorph. Geol., +/, -++-,,. Ohno, I., +310, Free vibration of a rectangular parallelepiped crystal and its application to determination of elastic constants of orthorhombic crystals. Jour. Phys. Earth,,., -//,13. Raleigh, C. B., +302, Mechanisms of plastic deformation of olivine. Jour. Geophys. Res., 1-, /-3+ /.*0. Sawamoto, H., +311, Orthorhombic perovskite (Mg, Fe) SiO - and constitution of the lower mantle. In Manghnani, M. H. and Akimoto, S., eds., High pressure research : Application in geophysics, Academic Press, New York,,+3,... Sawamoto, H., +320, Single crystal growth of the modified spinel (b) and spinel (g) phases of (Mg, Fe),SiO. and some gephysical implications. Phys. Chem. Minerals, +-, ++*. Sawamoto, H., +321, Phase diagram of MgSiO - at pressures up to,. GPa and temperatures up to,,**-phase stability and properties of tetragonal garnet. In Manghnani, M. H. and Syono, Y., eds., High pressure research in mineral physics, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C., Geophysical Monograph, -3,,*3,+3. Sawamoto, H., Weidner, D. J., Sasaki, S. and Kumazawa,, M., +32., Single crystal elastic properties of the modified spinel phase of Mg,SiO., Science,,,., 1.31/ no. /* ++,.,**0 MK0/S : no..3 +/,0. Sumino, Y., Ohno, I., Goto, T., and Kumazawa, M., +310, Measurement of elastic constants and internal frictions on single-crystal MgO by rectangular parallelepiped resonance, Jour. Phys. Earth,,.,,0-,1-. Takahashi, M., Nagahama, H., Masuda, T., and Fujimura, A., +332, Fractal analysis of experimentally, dynamically recrystallized quartz grains and its possible application as a strain rate meter. Jour. Struct. Geol.,,*,,03,1/ * Tsukahara, H., +31., Evaluation of e#ects of partial pressure of H,O on power low creep for ultrabasic rocks. Jour. Phys. Earth.,,,, -.--/2. Tsukahara, H. and Yamazaki, T., +310, Preferred lattice orientation in partially melted fayalite aggregate at high temperature. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 2,, 1/+1/0. Tsukahara, H., Yamazaki, T., and Ohno, I., +310, Preferred lattice orientation produced by deformation in natural olivine aggregate and synthetic fayalite under stress. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 2,, 1+-1,1. Weidner, D. H., Sawamoto, H., Sasaki, S., Kumazawa, M., +32., Single crystal elastic properties of the spinel phase of Mg,SiO.. Jour. Geophys. Res., 23, 12/,120* /-. 14

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