Base Metal + Alloying Elements

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1 , 3 + (+ ) Base Metal + Alloying Elements (+ Impurities) = Fe + C + Mn + i + P + = Al + i + Mg + Cu + Fe = Fe + Cr + Ni + C; Cr > 13% 2 - / (, ) (Component)- (Phase)- Homogenous Distinct Portion 4 1

2 + Alcohol + + Phenol Phenol Cu + Ni Bi + Cd Cu + Ag Al + i (Cu)+(Ag) (Al) + i () (Phenol) 7 (25ºC) 68% 80 g 20 g = 80% 68% + () g g?? 6-8 5

3 (Pure Metal) ( ) (iquid olution) (olid olution) (Interstitial olid olution) (ubstitutional olid olution), Fe 3 C, CuAl 2, AgCd,,, AgCd(), Ag 5 Cd 8 (), AgCd 3 () (Ag) (Cd) Ag Cd 100% Ag 0% Ag 0% Cd 100% Cd 11 (Interstitial olid olution) (ubstitutional olid olution) 10, Fe-1.0%C, Al-7.0wt%i 12 9

4 (One-component ystem) (Binary ystem) A+B %B (One-component ystem) (.. Cu-Ni) 14 16

5 ule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the # and types of phases present. Examples: A(1100C,60%Ni): 1 phase: B(1250 C,35%Ni): 2 phases: + Cu-Ni phase diagram Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991). 17 ule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the composition of each phase. Examples: T( C) liquidus TA (liquid) A (solid) + solidus TB TD B D Cu-Ni system tie line + ule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the amount of each phase. Examples: T( C) (liquid) (solid) wt% Ni 19 Co = 35wt%Ni At TA: Only iquid () C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni) At TD: Only olid ( ) C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni ) At TB: Both and C = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here) C = Csolidus ( = 43wt% Ni here) C C o C wt% Ni Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.) 18 liquidus TA A + solidus TB TD B D Cu-Ni system tie line + Co = 35wt%Ni At TA: Only iquid () =100%iquid C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni) At TD: Only olid ( ) =100%olid C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni ) At TB: Both and =?%olid +?%iquid C = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here) C = Csolidus ( = 43wt% Ni here) C C o C Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.) ever arm s ule Phase I Phase II I II Fulcrum I II I I = II II 20

6 C C C C C C If let =1, then, =/(+), =/(+) = 68% = 32% 23 Development of Microstructure 24

B: max. solubility of Ag in Cu G: max. solubility of Cu in Ag E: min. melting Temperature = Eutectic Eutectic T. Eutectic C. MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-II Co < 2wt%n esult: --polycrystal of grains.

7 B: max. solubility of Ag in Cu G: max. solubility of Cu in Ag E: min. melting Temperature = Eutectic Eutectic T. Eutectic C. MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-II Co < 2wt%n esult: --polycrystal of grains. T( C) : Cowt%n 200 TE : Cowt%n + (Pb-n ystem) Adapted from Fig. 9.9, Callister 6e. 0 Co (room T solubility limit) 30 Co, wt% n Co = CE esult: Eutectic microstructure --alternating layers of and crystals. 300 Pb-n system 200 TE T( C) MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-I C : Cowt%n + Eutectic Micrograph of Pb-n eutectic microstructure : 97.8wt%n : 18.3wt%n CE 97.8 Adapted from Fig. 9.11, Callister 6e Co, wt% n 160 m Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Fig from Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., Metallography and Microstructures, American ociety for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.) 27 MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-III 2wt%n < Co < 18.3wt%n esult: -- polycrystal with fine crystals TE 100 T( C) + : Cowt%n + : Cowt%n Pb-n system Adapted from Fig. 9.10, Callister 6e Co (sol. limit at Troom ) 18.3 (sol. limit at T E ) 30 Co, wt% n 29

Pb-n system 300 T( C) MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV 18.3wt%n < Co < 61.9wt%n esult: crystals and a eutectic microstructure + : Cowt%n T E 200 + T E = + T E = + MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV.

8 Pb-n system 300 T( C) MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV 18.3wt%n < Co < 61.9wt%n esult: crystals and a eutectic microstructure + : Cowt%n T E T E = + T E = + MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV. Pb-50%n primary crystal + Eutectic tructure Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 6e Co 61.9 Co, wt% n primary eutectic eutectic (Intermediate Phase) Mg 2 i = congruent phase transformation Hypoeutectic Hypereutectic 32 33

9 (Peritectic Phase Transformation) Peritectic Au 2 Bi = incongruent phase transformation 34 Eutectic Peritectic Eutectoid Peritectoid (Peritectic Phase Transformation) (0.09%C) + (0.53%C) (0.17%C) - (teel) Fe %C 35 Peritectic: + 37

10 Eutectic: + 38 Eutectoid: + 40 Peritectoid: + 39 Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diagram Fe 3 C 41

11 Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diagram %C 42 - Peritectic + Eutectic + Fe 3 C Eutectoid + Fe 3 C 2% 44 - (Ferrite) (Austenite) (Delta Ferrite) ( ) (Cementite) Fe 3 C 43 45

12 (Pearlite) = 46 (Pearlite) 48 () () 47 (Pearlite) 49

13 50 52 (Pearlite) %C Hypoeutectoid Eutectoid Hypereutectoid 53

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