( Rhinopithecus bieti)

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1 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol128,No14 Nov ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 1,2 1,2,3, (11, ; 21, ; 31, ) : , ( Rhinopithecus bieti), 15 ( ) ( > 1 %) 10 ( < 1 %), 26 45, % % 8137 % 4193 % 4146 %,, %,, 75 % PΠF, PΠF ( P < 0105) : ; ; : K : A : (2009) ,, [1,2 ], [3 5 ],,, [1,3 ], ( Rhinopithecus bieti), (Primates) (Cercopithecidae) (Colobinae) ( Rhinopithecus),,, 25 ( IUCN,2004), (26 14 N N), 3, 6 : [6 ], [7 ] [6,8 ],, : ; : : (2007C052M) ; ( 07Y11838) ; ( ) : (19842),,, E2mail com

2 392 28, [9 ], 4 : [10,11 ] ; [12,13 ] ; [13 ] [14 16 ], , , 1 111, ,, m, 7845hm , (1 ) 2136, (8 ) : (3 5 ) ; (6 8 ) ; (9 11 ) ; (12 2 ) , 2600m,,,,, ( 4000m ) ( Betula sp. ) ( Lithocarpus dealbatus) ( Rhododendron sp. ) ( Pacea sp. ), ( 4015 ),, ; ( ) :, m,,,, [9 ] , ,,,, 30m 30m,, ( ),, ;,,,,, GPS,,, , 10, h, 1mm ;

3 4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) (0115mm),, ( 015g), 8ml 10ml (10 %HNO 3 10 %H 2 CrO ),,,,,,,,,,, 10 10,,, [2,17 ] ;,, 3 %,,,, 3, [18 ] 100, 15,,, (F), (Fracker and Brischle,1994) : F = 100 (1 - e - D ) (D),D (RD), [2,18 ] : RD = 105, [14,26 ],Van Soest [14,20 ],Folin2Denis (FD) [13 ] , 220, % 27 ( 1) 1 % 18, ( Sorbus prattii) ( Sorbus coronata) ( Malus hupehensis) ( Cerasus cerasoides) ( Philadelphus purpurascenb) ( Cerasus serrula) ( Viburnum kansuense) ( Viburnum nervosum) ( Sambucus adnata) ( Euonymus porphyreus) ( Euonymus sanguineus) ( Ilex latifolia) ( Helwingia japonica) ( Scurrula parasitica) ( Tsuga dumosa) ( Holboellia coriacea) ( Ligustrum sempervirens) ( P. Canadensis)

4 ( %) Tab. 1 Winter diet composition of Yunnan snub2nosed monkey,in Longma Mountains Plant species Browsed part M Rosaceae 11 Spiraea japonica a T Photinia lindl. a T Ericaceae 31 Rhododendron yunnsnense a Caprifoliaceae 41 Leycesteria formosa a 1126 T T Fagaceae 51 Lithocarpus dealbatus a,c Quercus aliena a Quercus semecarpifolia a,c Lauraceae 81 Litsea pungens a T T 1104 Poaceae 91 Fargesia papyrifera a Qiongzhuea rigidula a Fargesia pallens a Araliaceae 121 Northopanax delavayi a,c Aceraceae 131 Acer flabellatum a Acer sterculiaceum a 2150 T T T 1114 Celastraceae 151 Euonymus tingens c 1125 T 1113 T Cornaceae 161 Dendrobenthamia capita a Theaceae 171 Eurya carvinervis c T Aquifoliaceae 181 Llex dipyrena c T 1143 Saxifragaceae 191 Ribes glaciale a Usneaceae 201 Usnea longissima d Usnea florida d Asteraceae 211 Senicio scandens a,c T T Inula cappa a Moraceae 231 Nica maxim c Betulaceae 241 Betula utilis a T T 2147 T Betula alnoides a T 1148 Liliacea 261 Smilax elegans a T T T 1102 Thymelaeaceae 271 Daphne papytaceae c T 3173 T T T :T 1 % ;a : ;b : ;c : ;d :

5 4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 395,, %, 7123 %, %, %, 4161 % % % 8137 % 4193 % 4146 % 3169 %, %,, RD 24172,,RD 18159,,RD 8176, ( 1) (RD > 1) 10 (RD < 1) CP CF CT, 2 2 Tab. 2 Phytochemical components of mainly food and secondary food items for R. beiti in Longma Mountains Plant species ( %) Dry matter content ( %) CP CF CT PΠF RD 11 Lithocarpus dealbatus Quercus aliena Quercus semecarpifolia Fargesia papyrifera Northopanax delavayi Rhododendron yunnsnense Usnea longissima Nica maxim Qiongzhuea rigidula Usnea florida Dendrobenthamia capita Leycesteria formosa Acer flabellatum Spiraea japonica Photinia P. Canadensis Scurrula parasitica Ilex latifolia Sorbus coronata Tsuga dumosa Viburnum nervosum Cerasus cerasoides Ligustrum sempervirens Helwingia japonica Euonymus sanguineus , % %, (Mean SE,n = 15) , (Mean SE,n = 9) PΠF, ( 1) (19110

6 %) PΠF, ( ) Kruskal2Wallis H, (df = 1, 2 = 91308, P < 0101),PΠF ( 2 = 31988,df = 1, P < 0105), ( df = 1, 2 = , P = ), PΠF PΠF ( 2) (,David, 1988), PΠF, PΠF (df = 1, P < 0101) Spearman, (RD) 2 1 Fig. 1 Means and standard deviation for the phytochemical components of primary food(n = 15) vs. secondary food (n = 11) items for Rhinopithecus beiti in Longma Mountains in winter. (PΠF) ( r = 0148, P < 0105), CF CT CP ( r = , P < ( P < 0101) CF means 0105) ; ( r = , P < 0105) ( r = 01329, P > 0105) ;, crude fiber, CT as crude tannin, CP as crude protein. Primary food had less tannin( P < 0101) than secondary (68173 %), (4161 %) [16 ],,,, [21 ] 3, 9 [16 ], ( 3) 6, 417, - 316, 4 [16 ],, ;,,,,

7 4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) [11 ], ( 3) : 8 (Rosaceae), 1111 % ; 2, 915 % 3, ( RD) 818 %, 2, 915 %, 4 ( Caprifoliaceae), 817 %, [22 ] 2 PΠF, Fig. 2 Relationship of crude fiber to crude protein for primary, food and secondary food species of R. beiti for winter in Longma Mountains,, Site a Vegetation Type 3 3 Tab. 3 Comparison for winter diets of R. bieti at 3 typical sites (km) Elevation Family Genus Spieces Resource 1,2,3, ,2003 1, ,2005 a 1. fir forest ;2. evergreen broadleaf forest ;3. mixed conifer forest ;4. deciduous broadleaf forest [9 ] (19174 %), 34, [9 ] 12,,,,,,,

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10 Winter Food Habits of the Yunnan Snub2nosed Monkey( Rhinopithecus bieti) Found at Mt. Longma, Yunnan LI Xue2you 1,2 1,2,3, YAN G Shi2jian (11 Engineering Center of Ministry Education of Bioenergy Sustainable Developmentand Utilization, Kunming ; 21 College of life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming ; 31 Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Kunming ) Abstract : From November 2006 to March 2007, we studied the winter diets of the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) found living at Mt. Longma, Yunnan Province. Fecal components including their relative proportions were quantified by micro2morphological analysis. Phytochemical components of 15 primary food items (including two species of Usneaceae) and 10 secondary food items of R. bieti were analyzed. Winter diets of the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey included 45 plant species of 26 families. Fargesia papyrifera Yi (19178 %), Usnea longissima (10128 %), Usnea florida (L. ) Wigg (8137 %), Qiongzhuea rigidula Hsueh (4193 %), and Fargesia pallens Hsueh (4146 %) were the main components of the winter diet, totalling % of all utilized plants. Young leaves of woody plants and herbaceous plants constituted 75 % of the total quantity of forage. R. bieti preferred to choose food items with high PΠF ratios and low tannin content in winter. It was also noted that primary food items used by R. bieti had less fibire ( P < 0101) and tannin ( P < 0105) than secondary items. Key words : Rhinopithecus bieti ; Food habit ; Microhitological analysis technology of feces