Dietary success of a new key fish in an overfished ecosystem: evidence from fatty acid and stable isotope signatures

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1 The following supplement accompanies the article Dietary success of a new key fish in an overfished ecosystem: evidence from fatty acid and stable isotope signatures M. G. van der Bank 1, A. C. Utne-Palm 2, K. Pittman 2, A. K. Sweetman 3, N. B. Richoux 4, V. Brüchert 5, M. J. Gibbons 1, * 1 Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa 2 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway 3 Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Regional Office Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53D, 5006 Bergen, Norway 4 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa 5 Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden *Corresponding author. mgibbons@uwc.ac.za Marine Ecology Progress Series 428: (2011) Supplement 1. Isosource model, and raw data for all individual and summary fatty acids analysed δ 15 N (permil) δ 13 C (permil) Fig. S1. Isosource model used for fish data collected at Stn B with apex source allocations as follows: (1) adult euphausiids, (2) shrimp, (3) Aequorea forskalea, (4) Chrysaora fulgida 1 and (5) C. fulgida 2

2 Table S1. Qualitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acids (FA, % of total fatty acids, TFA) of Sufflogobius bibarbatus and its potential prey items. Values are mean ± SE. x: a b, where x = number of C-atoms in the acyl chain, a = number of double bonds and b = position of double bond from the methyl end of the molecule. MZ : mixed zooplankton of sizes m; GS: small gobies (<57 mm); GM: medium-sized gobies (58 90 mm); GL: large gobies (>90 mm). Sample sizes are indicated in brackets FA (% TFA) pteropods(n = 9) amphipods (N = 2) euphausiids (N = 6) MZ 150 (N = 2) MZ 200 (N = 2) MZ 250 (N = 2) MZ 500 (N = 4) MZ 1000 (N = 5) GS (N= 24) GM (N= 20) GL (N= 14:0 7.44± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1 4.34± ± ±0. 15:0 1.17± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 17:0 1.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 18:0 6.64± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 19:0 0.33± ± ±0.03 0±0 0±0 0±0 0±0 0.06± ± ± ±0. 20:0 0.27± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 21:0 0.09± ±0.01 0±0 0±0 0±0 0.2± ± ± ± ± ±0. 22:0 0.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 24:0 0.06±0.02 0±0 0.09±0.04 0±0 0±0 0.09± ± ± ± ± ±0. i-15:0 0.39± ± ± ±0 0.51± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. ai-15:0 0.16± ±0 0.15± ± ± ±0 0.1± ± ± ± ±0. i-16:0 1.55± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 i-17:0 0.64± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 14:1_ ±0.04 0±0 0.08± ±0 0.07± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16:1_ ±0.15 0±0 0.09± ± ± ±0 0.12± ± ± ± ±0. 16:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 18:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1 4.43± ± ±0. 18:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 20:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ±0.07 3± ± ± ± ±0. 22:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.3 20:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 22:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16:2_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16:3_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16:3_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 16:4_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 18:2_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 18:3_ 3 0.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 18:4_ ± ± ± ±0 1.26± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 20:3_ ± ± ± ±0 0.1± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 20:3_ ± ±0 0.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 20:4_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 20:5_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 22:2_ 6 0.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 22:5_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 22:6_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1 2

3 Table S2. Qualitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acids (FA, % of total fatty acids, TFA) of Sufflogobius bibarbatus and its potential prey items. Values are mean ± SE. x: a b as in Table S1. PtSh: pteropod shells; AF: Aequorea forskalea; CF: Chrysaora fulgida. Sediment from Stns A (inshore) and B (offshore) shown separately. Sample sizes indicated in parentheses FA (% TFA) sediment-a (N= 8) sediment-b (N= 2) PtSh (N= 6) AF (N= 9) CF (N= 22) 14:0 8.73± ± ± ± ± :0 1.3± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± :0 1.39± ± ± ± ± :0 7.98± ± ± ± ± :0 0.24±0.11 0±0 0±0 1.27± ± :0 1.73±0.4 1± ± ± ± :0 0.54± ± ± ± ± :0 1.43± ± ± ± ± :0 1.29± ± ± ± ±0.05 i-15:0 1.88± ± ± ±1 1.19±0.1 ai-15:0 3.13± ± ± ± ±0.05 i-16:0 2.26±1 0.44± ± ± ±0.12 i-17:0 0.85± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ±0.24 0±0 0.26± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ±0.1 22:1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :2_ ± ± ± ± ± :3_ 3 0.1± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ± ± ± ± :4_ 3 0.5± ±0 0.07± ± ± :2_ ± ± ±0.14 1± ± :3_ ±0.32 0±0 0.81± ± ± :4_ ±1.71 0±0 1.28± ± ± :3_ ±0.81 0±0 0.31± ± ± :3_ ±0.53 0±0 0.19± ± ± :4_ ±0.67 0±0 0.9± ± ± :5_ ± ± ± ± ± :2_ ± ± ± ± ± :5_ ±1.1 0±0 1.02± ± ± :6_ ± ± ± ± ±0.7 3

4 Table S3. Qualitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acid (FA) marker ratios (% of total fatty acids, TFA) of Sufflogobius bibarbatus and its potential prey items. x: a b as in Table S1. BAFA: bacterial fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; sum 3: sum of all fatty acids with a double bond on the third carbon from the terminal methyl end; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acids; P/S: PUFA/SFA; sum 16:1/16:0: monounsaturates with 16 carbon atoms / palmitic acid; sum 16/sum 18: sum of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms / sum of fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms; EFA: essential fatty acids; sum 22:1: sum of monounsaturates containing 22 carbon atoms; TFA: total fatty acids. Sample descriptions are as in Table S1 FA (% TFA) pteropods(n = 9) amphipods (N = 2) euphausiids (N = 6) MZ 150 (N = 2) MZ 200 (N = 2) MZ 250 (N = 2) MZ 500 (N = 4) MZ 1000 (N = 5) GS (N= 24) GM (N= 20) GL (N= 20) BAFA 4.99± ± ± ± ± ±0 2.97± ± ± ± ±0.24 sum-pufa 46.65± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.52 sum-_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.62 sum-mufa 18.53± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.59 sum-sfa 34.74± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.09 P/S 1.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1/16:0 0.47± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 sum16/sum18 1.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.05 sum-efa 37.73± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6_ 3/20:5_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5_ 3/22:6_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.04 sum22:1 0.54± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.31 sum22:1+20:1 2.24± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.31 _ 3/_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.37 4

5 Table S4. Qualitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acid (FA) marker ratios (% of total fatty acids, TFA) of Sufflogobius bibarbatus and its potential prey items. Sample descriptions as in Table S2; fatty acid summaries/ratio descriptions as in Table S3 FA (% TFA) sediment-a (N= 8) sediment-b (N= 2) PtSh (N= 6) AF (N= 9) CF (N= 22) BAFA 12.06± ± ± ± ±0.29 sum-pufa 22.43± ± ± ± ±0.97 sum-_ ± ± ± ± ±0.87 sum-mufa 22.44± ± ± ± ±0.38 sum-sfa 53.19± ± ± ± ±0.85 P/S 0.44± ± ± ± ± :1/16:0 0.33± ± ± ± ±0.01 sum16/sum ± ± ± ± ±0.04 sum-efa 8.02± ± ± ± ± :6_ 3/20:5_ ± ± ± ± ±0.1 20:5_ 3/22:6_ ± ± ± ± ±0.04 sum22:1 1.51± ± ± ± ±0.11 sum22:1+20:1 3.77± ± ± ± ±0.16 _ 3/_ ± ± ± ± ±0.3 5

6 Table S5. Quantitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acids (FA, g mg 1 dry weight, DW). Values are mean ± SE. x: a b as in Table S1. MZ : mixed zooplankton of sizes m; GS: small gobies (<57 mm); GM: medium sized gobies (58 90 mm); GL: large gobies (>90 mm). Sample sizes are indicated in brackets FA ( g mg -1 DW) pteropods(n= 9) amphipods (N= 2) euphausiids (N= 6) MZ 150 (N= 2) MZ 200 (N= 2) MZ 250 (N= 2) MZ 500 (N= 4) MZ 1000 (N= 5) GS (N= 24) GM (N= 20) GL (N= 20) 14:0 1.82± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.29± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 3.75± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.4 17:0 0.27± ±0 0.28± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 1.65± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.09± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.07± ± ± ±0 0.13± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.03± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.02± ±0 0.03± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :0 0.01± ± ±0 0.01± ± ± ± ±0.01 i-15:0 0.1± ±0 0.07±0 0.26± ± ±0 0.33± ± ± ± ±0.01 ai-15:0 0.04±0 0.04±0 0.04±0 0.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 i-16:0 0.39± ±0 0.19± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 i-17:0 0.16± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ±0 0 14:1_ ± ±0 0.01±0 0.03± ±0 0.14± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.1 18:1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.1 20:1_ ± ±0 0.06± ± ± ±0 0.24± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ±0 16:2_ ± ±0 0.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ±0 0.18± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ± ± ±0 0.08±0 0.16± ± ± ± ± ± :4_ ±0 0.02± ±0 0.04± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 18:2_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ±0 0.14± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ±0 0.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ±0 0.08± ±0 0.04± ± ± ± ± ± ± :3_ ± ±0 0.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5_ 3 4.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :2_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.2 6

7 Table S6. Quantitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acids (FA, g mg 1 dry weight, DW). Values are mean ± SE. x: a b as in Table S1. PtS: pteropod shells; AF: Aequorea forskalea; CF: Chrysaora fulgida, Sediment from Stns A (inshore) and B (offshore) shown separately. Sample sizes indicated in parentheses FA ( g mg -1 DW) sediment-a (N= 8) sediment-b (N= 2) PtSh (N= 6) AF (N= 9) CF (N= 22) 14:0 0.07± ± ± ± ± :0 0.01±0 0.01± ± ±0 0.04±0 16:0 0.17± ± ± ± ± :0 0.01±0 0.01± ±0 0.02±0 0.03±0 18:0 0.07± ± ± ± ± : ±0 0.04± :0 0.02±0 0.01±0 0.02± ±0 0.02±0 21: ± :0 0.01±0 0.01±0 0.02± ±0 0.04± :0 0.01±0 0.05± ± i-15:0 0.02±0 0.01± ± ±0 0.03±0 ai-15:0 0.03±0 0.03± ±0 0.01±0 0.01±0 i-16:0 0.02± ± ±0 0.03±0 i-17:0 0.01± ±0 0.02±0 0.03±0 17:1 0.01± ±0 0.03± :1_ ±0 0.01± ± :1_ ± ±0 16:1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ± ± ± ± ± :1_ ±0 0.01±0 0.37± ± ± :1_ ± ± ±0 0.02±0 22:1_ ±0 0.01± ±0 0.01±0 0.01±0 20:1_ ± ± ±0 22:1_ ± ± ±0 0.01±0 24:1 0.01± ± :2_ ±0 0.01± ± ±0 0.01±0 16:3_ ±0 0.01±0 16:3_ ±0 0.01±0 0.01±0 0.01±0 0.02±0 16:4_ :2_ ±0 0.01±0 0.05± ±0 0.03±0 18:3_ ±0 0.01± :3_ ± ± ±0 0.01±0 18:4_ ± ± ±0 0.03±0 20:3_ ± ± ±0 20:3_ ± ±0 0.01±0 0.01±0 20:4_ ± ±0 0.2± ± :5_ ± ± ± ± ± :2_ ±0 0.01± ±0 0.01±0 0.02±0 22:5_ ± ± ± ± :6_ ± ±0 0.28± ± ±0.02 7

8 Table S7. Quantitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acid (FA) marker ratios ( g mg 1 dry weight, DW). x: a b: as in Table S1. Fatty acid summaries/ratio descriptions as in Table S3. Sample descriptions as in Table S5 FA ( g mg -1 DW) pteropods(n= 9) amphipods (N= 2) euphausiids (N= 6) MZ 150 (N= 2) MZ 200 (N= 2) MZ 250 (N= 2) MZ 500 (N= 4) MZ 1000 (N= 5) GS (N= 24) GM (N= 20) GL (N= 2 BAFA 1.25± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 1± ±0.0 sum-pufa 11.78± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.4 sum-_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. sum-mufa 4.71± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. sum-sfa 8.67± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. P/S 1.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 16:1/16:0 0.47± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 0.2± ±0.0 sum16/sum18 1.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 sum-efa 9.51± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. 22:6_ 3/20:5_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 20:5_ 3/22:6_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 sum22:1 0.13± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0 sum22:1+20:1 0.57± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. _ 3/_ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0. TFA 25.19± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1 terrestrial 0.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 8

9 Table S8. Quantitative comparison of the concentrations of different fatty acid (FA) marker ratios ( g mg 1 dry weight, DW). Sample descriptions as in Table S6, fatty acid summaries/ratio descriptions as in Table S3 FA ( g mg -1 DW) sediment-a (N= 8) sediment-b (N= 2) PtSh (N= 6) AF (N= 9) CF (N= 22) BAFA 0.11± ± ± ± ±0.02 sum-pufa 0.2± ± ± ± ±0.08 sum-_ ± ± ± ± ±0.05 sum-mufa 0.19± ± ± ± ±0.02 sum-sfa 0.44± ± ± ± ±0.09 P/S 0.44± ± ± ± ± :1/16:0 0.33± ± ± ± ±0.01 sum16/sum ± ± ± ± ±0.04 sum-efa 0.07± ± ± ± ± :6_ 3/20:5_ ± ± ± ± ±0.1 20:5_ 3/22:6_ ± ± ± ± ±0.04 sum22:1 0.01±0 0.01± ± ± ±0 sum22:1+20:1 0.03± ± ± ± ±0.01 _ 3/_ ± ± ± ± ±0.3 TFA 0.85± ± ± ± ±0.18 terrestrial 0.02±0 0.01±0 0.08± ± ±0 9

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