411 EVOTllTa: Eni~paOIlIJIl KaTaOTpocplKWV eatvxwv OTIl PIOlJllxavia Kal

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1 411 EVOTllTa: EnipaOIlIJIl KaTaOTpocplKWV eatvxwv OTIl PIOlJllxavia Kal, Tllv napaywyil. npo&poc;: nepocm:. Apxiel TI 5T1 ouve15piaot) TI 0 noia exel Sella: «EnilSpaOT) nov IlTl KaTaoTpoq>lKOlV e Myxwv OTTI I3lollTlxavla Kal TTIV napaywytt", Kal TI 0 noia Sa neplotpaq>ei yupw ana TO naaioto TWV eq>ap 1l0YWV TWV IlTl KaTaOTpoq>IKWV emyxwv. Sa TtSeAa va KaMow OTO I3Ttlla TOV npwto OIlIATlTTt, KUPIO UTO. 0 onolo Sa IllATtO&l uno TT1V l15l0ttlto TOU wc; IlTlxaVIKO TTI OAUllnLaKTtC; Aeponopiac; Il& Sella: "AvomuTI Il&S6lSwv Yla TOV eaeyxo PWYIlWV OTOU 15laIlTtKelC; apllouc; enlkoau'ptlc; TWV YTlpaOKOVTWV a& pookaq>wv - ilia KPITIKTt napouolaot)>>. 9tlJa: AvanTul1 e805wv Yla TOV e'aeyxo pwyoov OTOU 5lanKel ap OU enlka'au4jll, TWV Yl1paoKovTwV aepookaq>oov - la KplTlKn napouolaol1 ElOllYllTC;: M. cj)ijto, MM, OAUmaK Aeponopia. Eloaywyi} 01 aepoouykolvwvi&c; elval evac; TOllea, OTOV onolo OTIJ..!eIWSTlKav paylsaiec; eeaielc; OTIC; Aiyec; oekaetiec; TTlC; wttc; TOU: 1l0AAO[ an' ooou SUJ..!ouvTav TTIV mtt OTI TWV aoeaq>wv Wright, Sa npenel va nhaav OTTI wt; TOUC; J..!e eva Jumbo-Jet. npoypallllatiof.levec; mt; oelc; noaitikt;c; aeponopiac; (n.a.) opxloav oe AIlEPIKTt Kal EupwnTl KaTO TO lsloottllla TOU IlEoonOAellOu, Ile Tau TWV J..!eyOAwv noa&wv Kat TWV anoiklakwv Ke VTpWV. MeTa TO s naykooj..!io noaej..lo, evowj..iatwvovtal OTa alq>ti TT1 noaitikt;c; aeponopiac; TI OnLOSOKAIVt;C; mepuya Kat 0 OTpof'IAOKIVTlTTtpac;. 'ETOI, exoulle eva TE XVOAOYIKO Kat OIKOVOIlIKO naeovekttlilg, nou OUOKOAa f.lnopei va enavaatlq>sei: Evw IlEXPI TOTe TI!l.A. npooeq>epe SeoelC;, TaxuTEpec; Ilev, aaao akpll3otepec; Kat j..ie AtYOTePTI OveOT) Kat aoq>oaela an' O,TI Ta OAAa OU YKOIVWVlaKO Ileoa, noali ypt;yopa eylve ouvatov TI Ta XUTTlTa va OlnAaotaOTei, KaSwc; eniot)c; Kal va l3eatlw SOVV TI OVEOTI Kal TI ao<poaela, Kat OAa auto Ile Ilia e nll3opuvoti ElotTTlPiou TTlC; TOTlC; TOU 10% f.lovov. 6u OTUXWC;. Ta avallevoj..leva oq>eati ano TTl lsellteptl TE XVOAOYIKt; enavootaotl TI1C; n.a. - Eloaywyt; TWV alq>wv eupeiac; atpoktou (Wide-bodies) Kal TOU Klv/pa u'pti AOV l3asj..i0u napokaj..!'pi1c; (High bypass ratio turbofan engine) - eouoetepwetlkav ana auo ouvexof.levec; KpioelC; Kauoillwv. EmnAeov, TI anea&usepwot) (Deregulation) TWV aepoouykoivwviwv, OTIC; H.n.A. J..Ie TIC; pusllioelc; TOU 1978, Kat OTTIV EupwnTl Ile TIC; pus

2 Noe\J. - K TeXVlKO XPOVlKcl 61 Model Flight Cycles Hours Years a. Economic design life objectives ([4]). {l Number of Boeing Set transports exceeding 20 gears service. Supplemental fatique inspections Corrosion prevention and c!l!o!'!n"tr!!!!o'i!lpr!!!!o!'!!g!ra!'!m!!s!!llll Scheduled maintenancech:ecln"tervai:'s Fleet damage......_... rate,. Fleet actions for widespread fatigue damage...iiii!ili!. Mandatory S8 modification programs Repair assessments/inspections Exploration program nviromental deterioration and accidental damage Design b. Fleet damage and maintenance program phases. service goal ElKova 1.

3 WORLD WIDE JET FLEET DISnUTION BY REGION AS OF JUNE 30th 1190 u.s. ;< : ; ; " FlEET AVGE 13.5 VAS EUROPE FLEET AVGE 10.3 VAS ASIA/PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AFRICA :CANADA MIDDLE EAST FLEET AVGE 15.1 YRS FLEET AVGE 8.7 VAS AGE DISTRIBUTION 0 10 YEAAS r1%i'y19:r":" 'j i0 20 YEARS ;..; :\"l '&;1[o?";,;F.;;:;,...-;..: YEARS.. FLEET AVGE 15.6 YA, -...,." 25 YEARS FLEET AVGE 12.1 VAS FLEET AVGE 13.5 YRS )( "0 o < NUMBER OF AIRPLANES ElKova 2 [5}. z o 1= "'"' I?"... I

4 Not. - i1ek TexvlKO XPOVIKO 63 ORGANIZATION OF AIRWORTHINESS ASSURANCE TASK FORCE United/Boeing I Task Groups Task Groups t= 737 OC C-8, 747 OC Note: FAA observers also paricipate in Steering Committee and Working Group meetings Groups BritlSh Aircraft 1-11/U.S. Air Airbus/Pan Am Fokker/Piedmont L-1011/Eastern -CV -580/Northwest EtKOVa 3 [5}..tiaelC; TOU OlaTopae aol3apo TO OIKOVOIKO KAt a OTO onoio txpi TOTe eixav avamuxsei. 01 aeponoplktc; etalpei&c; anoousilkav a' tvav aywva &ntl3iwane; taw TT1e; anoktnanc; evoe;, oao TO OUvaTOv eyamt&pou eploiou tile; ayopoe;. 0 avtaywvlaoc; (noaeol vauawv. OIOq:lOpee; napoxtc; K.An.) &lval aveaentoe;, e anottaeaa Ta KOCJTTI TOUe; va au nttovtal E:XPI Ta T&AeUTaia Opla. 'ETal, 01 aepono PIKtC; &Talpei&e; xpnalonolouv Ta a/q:ln Kal ntpav Tne; OIKOVOIK11e; Z;W11C; OXEOlaaJ,10U, nou &ixe StaEI we; 130 an 0 KaTaaKEuaOTt;e;, (&IK. 1a), Kat 0 apisoe; TWV ynpaakovtwv a/q>wv npol3atnetal ott Sa auov&tal payaaia (ElK. 113 Kal &IK. 2). ME TT1v EmxelpnalaK11 En&lpia nou auyk&vtpwvovtav OTOUe; naaaiot&poue; TunoUe;, TO SE:a TWV VIlpaaKO VTWV a/q:lwv 0PXICJe va anaoxoa&i TOUe; KaTaaK&UaOTE:C; Kal TOUe; enonuuovt&e; opyavlaouc;: To 1978 n FAA ava9&wp&t TOUe; OX&TlKOUe; KavovlaOUe;. 01 KaTaaKEuaOTtc; avtanokpivovtal, Kal, n.x. n Boeing, EKOi OEI TO 1979 TO SSIO (Supplemental structural Inspection document) TOU B707. Kal TO 1984 Ta SSIO'S TWV B727, B737 Kal B747. ITa evx&lpiola auto npo I3MnovTal &IOIKOi ta&vxol Yla Ta VIlPoaKoVTa a/q>n, e nlnae:ov TWV EAtvxwv poutivae;. AKOn, &KnOVOUVTal CPCP'S (Corrosion prevention and control programs), &nei011 Ta q:lalvo&va OIO!3PWanc; Eq:laviovTal nom 010 auxvo an' O,TI n pwwo TWan Myw KonWane; (elk. 1y). To 1986 n Boeing au YKpoTllae elalk11 oma, n onoia napakoaoubna& TTl auvtijpnan VIlpaaKovTwv a/q:lwv OTIC; OIOq:lOp&e; a&p. etatpeiec;. untl3aae Ta aun&poaato Tne;. Kal Ta KOIvonoinaE Kal CJTTI FAA. To 1988 auvtl3n iawc; TO IoTuno atuxila OTIlV 1 OTopia Tile; n.a. TO atuxna Tnc; "Aloha» H Aloha &1 val ia IKPt; aepikavikrl aep. etalp&ia - 11 onoia TO Te Eixe OEKaTpia B737 - e topa TT1v noait&ia TT1e; Xa (30ne;, onou auvot&1 e OpooA6Yla Ta OIOq:lopa vnalo TOU auykpotijatoc;. AEITOUPYEi ae tva exsplko npoc; auto Ta a/q:ln nepl130aaov (TPOntKO KAia-uypaaia. ntlia enovw ana SoAaaaa), Kal & IKPrl OlopKela KUKAou. 'ETal, Tpia ano Ta a/q>n TT1e; &ixav auykevtpwa&1 TO &yamt&po apl9o KUKAwv naykoaiwe;. 'Eva ana auto (TO N73711) OTIC; 29/4/88 OTIC; evw & KT&Aoua& TO OpOOA6YIO AQ 243 ana Hilo (Hawal) npoe; Honolulu (Oahu), anwa&ae, ae Ullloc; Ft (nepinou 7.350m) tva &yqao Trla TOU ovw tpoue; Tne; atpoktou (niaw ana TnV npootivrl nopta, ae rl KOC; 4,5 m nepinou, Kat novw ana TTl yparl TOU na TWaTOe;). Ano TOUe; 89 ent(30t&e; Kat Ta 6 tan nanpwatoe;. ia aepoauvo06c; ekttvoxsnke EKTOe; AlC'b. Kal 7 Em!30ue;. KaSWe; Kat tva taoe; TOU nanpwa TOe;. TpaUJ.1aTiOTnKav ao!3apq. npoe; yevlkrl KaTOnAn n, TO a/q:l0e;. npoay&lw9nk& aq:laawe; - & tvav KIVntiJpa ae A&IToupyia! - OTO Kahului (Maul). To AlC'b auto eix& napa009ei TOV AnpiAlo TOU Kal eixe auykevtpwael KUKAoue;. To toio TO AlC'b. Kal oaa Ta OXeTlKO J.1e auto (nponyou ev&e; auvtilprla TT1C; Aloha. eatvxot TOU FAA K.An.). EE:TOCJTTIKaV &OVUXIOTIKO an' TOV apj.100lo aj.1epika VIKO q>opta NTSB (National transportation safety board). To noplaj.10 TOU (/3A. [7]), TO onoio &K06SnK& OTIe; 14/6/89. EVTomZ;e Ta aitla a& q:lalvoj.1evo KonWane; (I3A. napakotw), Kal Ola/3pwTIKrl OpOan. OX&TtOeva J.1e nanj.1j.1ea11 auvtijpnan (&IK. 5), Kat neplaaj.1l3ov&1 au OTnptc; auotoaelc;. Toao yta TT1v Aloha oao Kal Yla TTl

5 64 TeXVlKO XPOVlKO No J,l. - AeK '>.7 mnvici! DULLf!TIN MODU:ICATIONS Fon AIRPLANES EXCEDINC GOOOO FLIGI-ITS I 2S '....,,......u... u...u...nu...h..._..... i :1 '0... :.....,. :; :.:.:: :::...=.;;,.;=.=..... :.:> 1 n.-_...._...i ,l...--t_"-'.. II l'iq1l 101M1 S!iDII :liioil I'rndllcllnll tlllllll/er 737 Sl!nVICE OULLETIN MODIPICI\TIONS FOA AIAPLANI!S EXCEEDING '75000 FLIGHTS I 1G , i :s 'i! 10,."...!f.!!......:"... I! :. -=:::;::!-_:i= :=:.::=:: 1IL.-.. J..I_ l.._1. I I'--- II l I'rolllll:lInll LltllI Numllllf 7117 SI!RVICE OULLIITIN MODIFICATIONS roor AlArLANES EXCEEDING FLIGHTS i j'm ":::\.M..:......!!i l :I :so,... :'::::=::;:n;;::=," ị I/O..._... 1 U.... 0: 'l t-" GGr I.::.;:...;...:;:...:.;:.. ;.:... o. t._....11_ _..... o _ ElK. 4. [5}

6 Not!!_ - ek_ 1994 TeXVLKQ XpOVIKQ CONCLUSIONS Findings 1. The f1ightcrew was certificated and qualified for the flight and the- airplane was dispatched in accordance with company procedures and Federal regulations., er was not a factor in this accident. Aloha Air' ines operated according to the FAA certificate and perations specificattons, the 4. 'loha Airlin."."nance and inspection program \-. ell: fail" 'ure or.alfunction of +1on, pneumatic, or 5. The flig.. uf a target s.. to the fuselage speedbrake tne descent after the indicated they did not ccmstder the a... descent checkl f st which states. in part, l.. '<{AS and integrity is.1n doubt, airspeed should beh.., possible and high maneuvering loads should be '--ation avol Cl!ncy.: 6. The left engine became inoperative because the engine "1 cables separated due to an increase in cable ension cause cabin floor deformation, coupled with corrosion found in trl. area of cable separation The fuselage failure initiated in the.. lap joint along S-10l; the failure mechanism was a result- of IlUltiple site fatiyue cracking of the skin adjacent to rivet holes along the p joint upper rivet row and tear strap disbond which negated the fail-safe characteristics of the fuselage.. The fatigue cracking tnitiated from the tntfe edge associated with.the countersunk lap joint rivet holes; the knife edge concentrated stresses that were transferred through the rivets because of lap joint disbonding. The dtsbonding of lap joints and tear straps originated from manufaduri"9 di nicul t tes encountered wi th surface preparation. and/or bond..tertal processing during the construction of the airplane which resulted in lap joint bonds with low environmental durability or a lack of bonding. 10. Although a representative fuselage section of a Boeing 737.' tested to 150,000 cycles during cert1fication,.. the t... net reflect the fatigue performance of the act airraft because the test parameters did not cop' term effects of disbonding. rrosion, and f ' the lap joints as expe: 'irlip..,.rosion and 11. Disbanding 0'. Wh tned in Boeing probabl1',: , RE:... dated February 8, c:"'.,e serlous ilftp1ication of RlU1tiple site damage - real ized, permanent solution was not determined,..\i corrective actlon was relegated to repetitive visual inspections and damage repair.. There was s"-'icient info"".on availabl '" Iler+ the.,roble... ' l' E,Kova 5, [7J

7 66 TCXVIKQ XpOVIKQ Noel!. - ASK. 1994,-rs..., fui'..nl II '''11 III. 'II' LA,...i.." E'K6VQ 6.

8 NoetJ. - flek TEXVIKCt XPOVIKCt 67 S-14R lap splice t-. <Jo.ofl!'loWi "... t-i l Q. n IfW:/IH ptc.ll INial CIKtI demciioii.. "1.500 c, ifidiiil 6!I Cumulalive crack length. inches 4 ::l 2 I 7 year' damage deteclion pcfiod before hnkup I, 1,500 lights per year. 747-JOOSR Juselage lap splice test rsults - SUR, 30,000 40,000 Pressure cycles Edge 01 skin Up.J Fwd Jt,, 20 T_j Cumulaltve crack length, 10 inches.., Analysis- I (linkupi o..._x...,.ii.,. _===""'-_-'-_--' 40; ,000 Pressure cycles' f juseluge lap Splice tesl results - S44L. ElKOVQ 7. [9]

9 68 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO No&J,l. - ASK ' I! ""! c... ; c... - =! c - '11 1 r, iirl \1, L r.. "I 'of;... N Ip J :i ' h Ii u 11L.---1J.)))rpt..F- I I

10 Not",. - AeK T XVlKQ XpOVlKQ 69 O-SIGHT 1.2. a. APXT) AelToupyiac; ElKova 9.

11 70 TtXVlKO XpOVlKa Not. - 8tK FAA. H tualosrrronoltjol1 ';Tav atol1. 'HTJ nplv TIlV tko 011 TOU noploatoe;, TOV 10UVlO TOU 1988, lopyav<ij.. vttal ana TIl FAA Kal TIlV ATA TO npwto ltsvte; ou VMPlO Yla Ta Yl'JpOOKOVTa a/cptj OTTJ Washington. 8UO noav Ta KUPlOTtpa anotta&oata TOU ouvtplou au TOU: To npwto, OTI IPUSTJKt TJ AATF (Aging aircraft task force, apyottpa: Airworthiness assurance task force). H AATF XWpiOTTJKt Ot oate; tpyaoiae; (working groups) Kal autte; t TIl otlpa TOUe; ot oa te; tlikou tpyou (task groups), ia Yla KOSt Tuno a/cpoue;, OAte; t OUtTOxn KaTaoKtUaOTwv Kal atp. ttatptlwv, KaSWe; Kal napatllptjtwv TIle; FAA (tik. 3). IKonoi TWV oawv autwv tioav: - AvaStWPTJOl1 TOU paolkou npoypoatoc; ouvtfjptj 0l1e;. - Ava9twPTJOl1 TOU SSID. - AvaStWPTJOl1 TWV Service Bulletins (SB), TJAati a- no Ta S.B.'S nou IOXUOUV, tnlatyovtal Oplotva Yla UnOXpeWTIKn tkttatol1 TWV TPOnOnOlnOtWV. - AvomuTJ tvoe; unoxptwtikou CPCP. - AIOAOYl'JOl1 TIle; avtoxne; OTO Xpovo TWV Iacpopwv Tlmwv tntoktuwv. Ta ountpooata TOUe; unopatistjkav ouvtoa, 01 Ka TaOKtuaot&e; tmwoav tliko tyxtlpila (n x TJ Boeing ntpltaal3t TIe; OUOTOotle; Yla TO SB'S OTO Aging Airplane S.B. Structural Modification Program), KalTJ FAA tkav& TIlV tktta&oti TOUe; unoxptwtiki}, &KiovTae; unoxp&wttkte; T&XvIKte; otjyite; "Tl'JTtKrle; IKavo TIlTae; (Airworthiness dlrectlves-a.do's). To &UT&PO Ol1lJaVTIKO anotta&olja TIle; t&9voue; ouvavtl'jol1e; ';Tav TO on tkttljti9tjk& nwe; tnp&n& va a vamux90uv vt&e;. nto aiontot&e; IJt9001 M.K.E. nou OUTt 01 KaTaOK&UaOTte;, OUTt 01 atp. ttalp&ite; tlxav TIlV OtKOVOlJtKti uvatotllta va avampouv. 'ETOt, & TO..Aviation safety research ACT.. TOU 1988, TJ FAA - tvae; opyavl6c; IJtXPI TOTt anokatlotika KavovlOTIKOU xapakti}pa - tntcpoptiottjkt Kal IJt apoiotllt&e; tptuvae; OTOUe; M.K.E. To 1990 npoota.;cpstj we; OUlJl3ouAoe; (National resource specialist) tvae; tljntlpoc; ltwtile;. KaTOntV, tytvav OUIJPOOtle; & Iacpopa navtmotfjljla (Iowa State, Northwestern, Wayne, Tuskegee K.An.) Yla paotkti tptuva, Kat napclaatjaa, ayopaottjk& tva uno OTtyo Kat tva B737 Yla OKtte; (Sandia-Development and demonstration center). H tp&uva &ivat npooova TOAtOlJtVl'J ot autootonoitjljtv&c; &86oue;, IJ& IJt YclATJ IKaVOTllTa IOKpIOl1e; Kat uljltja.; aloniotia. Kat KaTclAATJAte; Yla a/cptj nou tupiokovtal 0& AtlToupyia. 'HTJ. YVWOTonOIOUVTOt KanOIO npwta anotta&oljata TOU npoypaljatoc;. Ae; &ntotptljlouij& OIJWe; OTO atuxtjlja TIle; Aloha. 'Eva ana Ta KUPIO anot&a&oljata TIle; 1&p&UvTJOl1e; titav, OTtTJ PMPTJ "apxlot OTOV apljo tnlkaauljltje; (Lap Joint) KOTcl tikoc; TIle; okiooe; S-10L» Kal..tiTav anotta&oa pwwatwol1e; AOYW KonwOl1e; 0& nomanate; 9tO&Ie;" (&IK. 5). EmKtVTpWSTJK&. hoi. TJ npoooxn ot tva OU IJmWlJa KonwOl1e;, TOU onoiou - nap' OTI OXI tvttawe; QyvWOTO oro nap&a80v - &V &ixt &KTITJ9&i opaa TJ Ol1lJaoia. To OUlJmWlJa auto tyivt YVWOTO IJ& Ta ap XIKO MSD (Multiple - Site Damage). Kal nop&i va n& plypacp&i we; &tie;: I& tvav apljo &nikclauijitje;, OTTJv 0 vw ottpa TWV KapCPlwv, Ot Tuxaite; 9to&te; (=onte;), &IJcpaviOVTat, av&optllt&e; IJtTau TOUe;, pwyljte;. OllJt Kpee;, nomonaee; autte; pwyljee; IJnopouv va..tvonoi TJSouv», Kal va anotta&oouv ljia &vlaia, tyclatj PWY IJti, IJ& KaTaOTpocplKEe; ouvtn&i&e;. To npol3atjlja &ival &alp&tlka OUVS&TO. nap' OAOV 0 TI ano TIl opcpti IJlae; OUYK&KpllJeVl'Je; KaTaOKtU';e; (otlpte; ano OIJOla KaTaOK&UaOTtKO OTOIx&ia, &KTtS&llJtva OTTJV ila KaTanOVl'JOl1) IJnop&i va &KTIIJTJS&i &OV autfj tival tntpptn.;e; 0& MSD, &ival amvatov va npopbcp9tl IJ& akpll3&la 0 apt81j0c;, 01 geo&ie;, Kat ot taota Otle; TWV pwyljwv. nomic; amtja&v&t&e; napo&tpoi &nnp&aouv TO cpalvotvo:.6&ut&poy&v KanuAO TTJTte;, OUOXtTIOOe; TWV IJTJxavIOwv IJ&TacpOpOe; TWV cpoptiwv (TpiPti, uvale; ouvacp&lae; tov unopx&1 KOA Aa OTOV apljo, IOTIJTJOl1 KapCPlwv K.An.), avoxte;-napaljopcpwo&ie; onwv, &ioe; KapCPlwv-TpOnoe; tiawol1e; K.An. AKolJTJ, IJ&TO TTJ O&IPO KapCPlwv A (&IK. 6y), tljcpavlttal MSD Kal OTTJ O&IPO B (&IK. 6y), OTO &OWT&PlKO eaoolja. Elval cpav&po, OTIIJOVOV IJt Konoia ufuliscale Tests.. 9a nopouoav va toxsouv yptiyopa Kanolo npaktiko ouljn&paoata. To 1987 TJ Boeing &ixt ayopootl eva B737 t KUKAOUe;. OTO onolo ylvovtav OUV&XWe; OKllJee; ouljnl&ol1e;/anoouljni&ol1e;. ITOUe; KU KAOUe; TJIJIOupvtiSTJK& IJla &vlaia pwyljti IJtiKoue; 80 & KaToOTwv n&pinou, TJ onoia otiyl'jo& 0& &A&VXOIJ&Vl'J anoouljnl&ol1. nopooioi EA&VXOI tylvav Kal 0& Mo B747. To npwto, tva B SR ayopoottjk& IJ& KUKAOUe;. Kal OKIIJOOTTJK& IJtXPI TOUe; KUKAOUe;. EIJCPaviOTTJ Kav KonOlte; nomanate; pwyljte; ano TOUe; K., amo IJOVOV ot IJla ntpioxti eylv&..&vonoitjol1" pwy IJWV, nou ecp9aot TO IJtiKoe; TWV 16 tkatootwv txpi TO TtAoe; TTJe; OKItie; (tik. 7a). AVTiOTOIX&e; OKllJee; tylvav OTO &ljnp00910 TlJtia &VOe; B an' TIl ypaljljti napaywvtie;. Ano TOUe; K. Kal &tie;. op Xloav va &1Jq>Qvil;oVTal pwwee;. 01 onoite; apxloov va &VOnOIOuVTal OTOUe; twe; K. ITOUe; K., OnOT& Kal OTalJOTllOOv 01 OKllJte;. TJ IJtYaAUT&PTJ CC&VOnOITJlJtVl'J" pwyti. &ix& tikoe; 48 &KaTOOTWv n& pinou (tik. 7(3). napclaatjaa, TJ Boeing KaTOOK&UaOt Mo &1IKte; ntlpaatikte; lato&ie;. ljia IJ& aktiva 74" (OT&vti atpa KToc;), KallJla & aktlva 127" (&uptla OTpaKTOe;), onou IJnopouv va yivovtal OKllJte; ouljni&ol1e; Ot ljia IJtyo ATJ noiklaio KaTaOK&UWV IJt apijoue; tntkclauijitje;. Ot t ptuv&e; Yla TO cpalvovo OUV&xiOVTal Kal ano claate; KaTaOK&UaOTIKEe; &Talp&i&e; ti cpop&ie;. BaolKo OUIJn&paolJa TIle; Boeing ano TIe; IOcpOpte; o KllJte;, titav TO OTI ono TIlv tljcpaviol'j TWV pwwwv IJt XPI Tt,V a&vonoitjoti" TOUe;, &OOAaP&i tva OX&TIKO IJ& YclAO XPOVIKO taottja. onou, & 1J&9Moue; M.K.E. &1 val uvat6e; 0 tykatpoe; &VTOmOlJoe; (Kat ouvtncijc; Kal TJ &ntok&ur,) TWV PWYIJWV, nplv va npokatj9&i Kivuvoe; Yla TO A1tJ). 'ETOt. ava9&wpf)9tjkav Ta OX&TlKO

12 No&j..I. -.c.ek TeXVlKcl XPOVlKcl 71 object Harlic:opy 13. alaypalllla ).SlToupyiac;. a. APXTJ ).SlToupyiac; (TOIlTJ KScpa).TJC;). SINGLE SCANS (100X50mm) UPTO SOmm depth CORROSION 1 LAYERS UPT022 EIKova 10.

13 72 TexvtKo XPOVtKO Notf,t. - 6eK S.B.'S, K09ci>c; KOI Ot TeXvtde; TOU evxetpd5iou M.K.E. (Nondestructive test manual). Ot OXetlde; TeXvIKte; na POUotOOVTOI OUVTOf,tO 0T1'J ouvtxelo. napouoiaaq 1WV..t80M IuppaTIKic; pi806oi laiyxou Boolla'! f,ti900oe; eatvxou eivol Il OnTlKi): Eov TO OTeyaVCI)TlKO TOU Opf,tOU (Sealant) 1'1 Il KoMo txel onoou VTegei, elotpxetql uypooia f,tetou TCI)V Mo eaoof,t6 TCI)V KOI txouf,te 610r3PCl)a." f,ts ouvtnelo TIl f,tsicl)a., TOU noxoue; TOU eaoof,totoe;. Kot6 KOVOVO, TO npotovto TIle; 610r3PCl)a.,e;, (OTQXTIO OKOVl'1) 1'1 6t6cpopa CPOUOKWf,tOTO OTOV OPf,tO, K09we; KOI emeinovto KecpOAlQ KOPCPlWV K.An. elvoi Of,teaa ef,tcpavi). 'ETOt, 0 OnTlKOc; taevxoe; KO Toypacpel npwto TIlV KOTOOTOa., TOU Opf,tOU, os Olta., f,te TIlV npom ono 610r3a.,. KOTomv okoaou8ei taevxoe; f,te 1li8000 M.K.E. oe KO 8e tvo KOPCP yta vo 610mOTCI)8el eov txouv OPXiOSI vo ovoiyouv pci)yf,tte;. 01 OleTIKoi taevxol, nou TWPO nepia0f,tr30vovtoi OTO evxelpl610 M.K.E, (Part 6 - Eddy current), nopouoloovtoi f,te ouvtof,tio napokotci), KOI eivol 01 ei)e;: 5:f.30.03: LongItudIIllIIlp JalntI without...r nmi'lovii ( ) BOOIKi) npoon0gea., eivol vo cpoivetoi TO KecpOAI TOU K0p<pIOU. XPIlOlf,tonoaelTol tvo stencil OXE6taOf,tou: Em AtY TOI Il om'! f,te Tllv KOTOMIlAIl 610f,tSTPO, KOI KE VTPOPETOIOTO KOPCPi. ME TIl r30i)8e10 TOU stencil, 0 61lyeiToi Il pencil probe KUMlKO yu ono TO KecpciAl, KOI itoi Eivol 6uvOTi) Il ovlxveua., KonOlOe; pci)yf,ti'ie; nou Klva ono TIlv om'l, KOt npoxcl)pei oe OKTlVlKi) 61 eu8uva.,. To El61KO 60Kif,tlO r308f,tovof,tila.,e; txel Te XVl'lTi) PCI)Yf,tI'I f,ti)koue; 0.040" : Eddy current In.p.ctlon It count.r.llnk fllt.n.r. loeldom ProcIdure1: SlIdIng probe meihod (IlL.) XPIlOlf,tOnOlOUVTQI el6lkte; sliding probes, KOI OUOKEui) Tunou Impedance plane. H probe aupetol f,te TIl r3oi) 8El0 EVOc; XOpaKO, KEVTPIKO, novci) ono TO KOPCPIO TIle; OElpOe; nou nptnel vo eaevx80uv. To El6tKO 60Kif,tlo J!08f,tovof,tI1a.,e; txel TExvllTi) PCI)Yf,tI'I f,ti)koue; 0.100". ProcIdunt 2: Oftl'llu...meIhod (1111. Sa) Eivot K09' oao Of,tOIO npoe; TIl f,tt , f,ts f,tovl1 610CPOpa OTI TO 6oKlf,t10 il l T XVI1Ti) ytjil f,ti)koue; 0.100". Procedure 3: RotaIIng 1III'fIc. probe (IlL By) XPIlOlf,tOnoleiTOt el6lki) rotating probe, KOI ouokeui) Tunou Impedance plane. Enla.,e;, XPllotf,tOnOI ITol 1 61KOc; OOIlYOc;, nou nptnel npwto VO K VTpaPlOT [ oe K08E KOPCPi. To 60K[f,t10 txet PCI)Yf,tI'I f,ti)koue; 0.100". 'OTOV ETt811 TO 8tf,t0 OT1'JV OAiATY, unollli)cpl e; i)aav 01 1li KOI , PROC. 2. Ot AOYOI i)aav 01 ei)e;: - 'HTOV npayf,totonoli)olf,t C; f,te TO Ecp06ta nou 1'1611 Ei XE Il OAIATY. - Ym'lPXE tf,tf,tsa.,. nallv Of,tCl)e; aacpi)e; tv6eiil. OTI 1'1 aav okptotepee; (auf,tcpcl)vo f,ts TIe; 06IlyiEe;. Ev6eile; ono TIe; PROC. 1 1'1 PROC. 3, tnpene vo enaallgeu80uv f,te TIlv PROC. 2) KOI - To naeovtktilf,to TIle; KonOtae; f,teyaautepi1e; TOXUTll TOe; TCI)V PROC. 1 KOI PROC. 3, 6EV i)tov Kpiotf,tO ylq TIlV OA. ltie; 60Klf,tie;, one6elx8i'1 OTI Il , PROC. 2.i)Tov KOTO nom nto t6nlot1') ono TIlV AOyoe; ei VOl. OTI. enedsi) Il pci)yf,ti'i TOU 6oKlf,tlou eivol f,tokpute PIl (0.100" ovti 0.040"), Il f,ti) npoexel neploao TEpo. n po ono TO OPIO TIle; KecpaAi)e; TOU mpcpiou, KOt tot 11 probe 6 v yettvtql)1 - KOI Qpa 6ev en.,peq(ovtqt 01 ev6eile; - ono auto. Tte; opxlde; OUTte; CKTlfJi)oele; KOI 6tOmOTWOSIe; el6af,te VO Ener3olwvoVTOI f.l el61ki) OTOTtOTIKi) auykpttt Ki) f,tsattll TIle; Boeing. TO 1980 (r3a. [11], K08cilc; KOt elk. M). Eivot ef,tcpovte;, OTI YIO aep. etolpelee; f.l f,teyoaoue; 0 pi8f,toue; YI'IPOOKOVTCI)V alcpc.ov OTOUe; OTOAoue; TOUe;, eo eixov f,teyciao ev610cptpov, Konoaee; 0AAee;. KOTO KUPIO AOyo Toxunpee;, f,ti8000l eatvxou. 01 vtee; autte; f,tt 80001, nptnel npc.oto vo UAOnOl1180uV os 60Klf,tlO, vo yivouv onooektte; ono TOUe; KOTOOKeuoOTte;, TIe; oep. ETatpEiee; KOI TIe; un.,peoiee; n.a. KOI Il OlonlOTlo TOUe; VO EivOI '1 KaAUTEPIl ano TIe; OUf,tr30TIKte; f,te80 60ue;. MOVOV TOTe eo ouf,tneplallcp80uv ono TOUe; KO TQOKEUaOTte; OTQ Et61KO evxelpi6to. 01 f,tc80601 nou napouolol;ovtoi napokotw, r3piokovtoi oe 610cpopo OTo610 outi)e; TIle; lsi06ikoaioe;. npgfll8'1pivcc; pi...laiyxou D-IIght (ciifiracto LTD) H f,ti8oaoc; eivol K08ap6 OnTlKi), KOt onookonei vo f,tet WoEI KOTO noau TO XPOVO nou onolt itol f.l TO OVTI OTOIXO OUf,tTlKO f,ttaa. H 0PXil AeIToupyioe; ef,tcpgvll; Tol OT1'JV ElK. 90. H npoe; taevxo enlcpoveta cpwt{l;etal, KOI TO CPCl)«; OVOMOTOI npoe; f,tla e161ki) OVTovoMaOTIKi) 080Vl'1. H 080Vl'1 ou Ti) OVTQVOMO TO CPCl)«; KOI TO 6loxtel Alyo. To onott AeOf,tO eivol OTI onol06i)note ovwf,taa{o (pci)yf,ti'i. eo YKCI)f,tO) OT1'Jv npoe; taevxo mcpqvelo, ef,tcpgvll; Tol f.l f,teyaautepi1 tvtoa., CPWTOc; 0T1'J f,tia naeupo, KOI AlYo TePI1 (OKlO) OT1'JV OMIl. Me TOV TpOno OUTO 610Kplvo VTOI of,teoo KOI eukplvwc; lsaacpopee; OVCI)f,taAiee; oe emcpovelee; f,teycial1e; tktoa.,e;. naeovtktilf,to TIl'; f,te8o 60u ivoi OTI ivoi CP8l'1vi) KOI f,tetacpepof,tevi'i. H f,tt80 6oe; ivql OKOf,t11 uno ooaoyl'la.,. ComtcIn (PtIJllpaJ npokeltol Ylo f,tt8060 f,t QKTlvee; X, OT1'Jv onolo OVlxveueTol Il OKTlv0r30AlO nou npotpxetol ano TO CPOI VOf,t VO Compton. H opxi) AelToupyloe; ef,tcpovil;etoi OTI1V elk. loa. H KecpaAi) elvql ttot KOTooKeUOOf,ttVl'l. WOTE VO ekn f,tnet f,tia AenTi) KuAlv6plKi) a Of,t11 (pencil beam) OKTtVwV X. 'OTav 11 OKTlv0r30Ala outi) elaea8el OTO npoe; taevxo UAtKO. tvo f,ttpoe; TIle; onoppocpqtol AOyCl) TOU CPOIVOf,tiVOU Compton, f,te naai1 eknof,tm'! TIle; XGpaKTIlPlOTIKi)e; OKTtVor3oAlae; npoe; oaee; Tte; 6teu8uvO te;, OKOf,t11 KOI npoe; TO niocl). AuTi) ovlxveu

14 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 73 ARCtIIf USE. TlST OIJIC'I' FIlIU m.,.,c CAlli.! :"...TIC "' IIA TOI o V I Btll tlliilloii.. SlIlIUOCIAPln IHACII PIIOCKSSO. a. Apxn AEIToupyiae;.,.., ':\14, ""'-!.'Jf, r '-... 1' -:-..\"'".L," "...:: },'; r,.,.j. r,. 1-.,\.', "'..:'. "l"'.l."l'l. t...- l'.... II '"., y. ElKOVa onne; IlE pwyilee; ELKova 11.

15 74 TeXVLKO XPOVLKO NOEll. -l\.ek InductIon Foil. UfIIJJoI./w ", i. Fl, dw MD'''''... OptieIEtldyC_w/_,.,...'f/uaiIM_,._",.TItU dool>l<.,/w 'I//<e,i.. ""liiiim..."....u,1rl_,... Wo"f/I tiw _/wi... r_ --" II!"'"""'. AI... "",...,.". oi"",.m::r. "",...", tlny_i1..."",tv_.a... 1W1IMd,.._rnullS Iotllmn_. 13. Eq>OPlJoyi} OE AI > Ma ao.opt", ",Iy on lin..ar sheet Clllftll( in<luai... C'''''..IIIivMI.tIdy._IU,..ItAi...ty... ajiliijjw...,._'mllcjldds. - '"...,_idal;"'/w"""p1a Impodwlc. dmiiljj ""1#. TIw _,M,_iel IiIdy.".,.. i...,u.,1pwiiiod _ _I'...t..,.i!. limar./wlt ew "., Utdoaioll urt:1tai,.., IOIMfMu onf-,""nelll 1M""{lcltb ptii'altlll,/w IlIIfoc 1_,.._,."."..wIw.""1#.,,,,/w,.,,,.. or Il0l.. d/vcn dw otiw... M/f_fl_ti.,..,rltt:._ lwrdwl/llf_""/w...piu TI!i.e'..._'..lie {lcltb /Hf',.,lIIIkaltv ",,/w IfII(tt«""/w.."pile,..,/ric. an,«1411, i_,tdill,..-b7 tiw _,,.,,...,,,..,lillri1e,,,,.,.,n,.,.siiic'.lfil1l11i11.,e il_,..,,,,,i..,/w...,ipu".""" Ilol/'"dw...,.1.1,. tlurl.,_a 1IIIlIf..,.1t tisppilld."..,. _ 1-..i. dw «",.,. t.tokmi. T1tIIt/Hfl<llU_w.ItIWI{Ii..,._.'iIoldwn,."_,ID,/w/luplClQrIlU.iIol II.,/wItIr ",Iv. a. APXi} EIToupy[ac; y. EIKova oni}e; IJE PWYIJi} ElKova 12.

16 NoelJ. - 6eK TeXVlKa XpovlKa 75 etal ano elikoue; KpUOlciMoue;, Kal elika lhacppayljata opil;ouv ano nolo pa90e;. 01 Ml1pocpoplee; ano TOUe; KpUOlciMoue; n t;epyal;ovtal oe computer, Kal O o90vil ljcpavl(ovtat etkovee; ano laoxlka entne 00, napciml1aa npoe; TIlv et;wtepuo; emcpavela. To naeovektillla TIle; lje90ou elval OTI napexovtae; laoxika SIKOV e; ano nlnea oe lacpopetiko pa 90e;, Ka910la nom eukoai1 TIl «00).) TIle; TPlO laolatlle; KaTaOlaOl1e; (ev uncip)(el cplaij, WOl va e XOUlJe enlkaaulilele; ocpaaijatwv ti OXI"IllaTwv ti ilia 1J0 vo IOlaOlaTll npopoati TOU npayllatlkou ocpcialla Toe;). Enelti ev XPl10l1l0nOl itai cplall, ev analteital Kal va unap)(el npooltotllta ana TIlV nlow naeupa. Cle; I.l I0V KTIllJa - nepav TIle; ullll1atie; TllJtie; Kal TOU pdpoue; nou Twpa xapaktilpi(ouv TIl ouokeuti autt; - IJnopet va gewpl1gei, OTl, enslti 11 emcpqvela oapw 0I1e; ival O)(etlKa IJIKPti (5 K.X10 K.), 111.lt900oe; txel OI1lJaoia 1l0VO Yla eatyxoue; TomKou xapaktt;pa, ti11 VTOmOIJEvWV npopal1ljatikwv neploxwv. Advlnced ''''Irogl'lpll, (IIHfItCII) npokeltal Yla OnTlKti 1l 900. lje XPtiOl1 aktivwv laser. HaPX1i AelToupylae; eljcpavll; Tal OTIlV elk. 11 a. H npoe; ea yxo neploxti cpwti(etal Il IJOvOXPWlJaTIKo CPWC; laser. 'Eva eliko OnTlKO OUOTIllJa I1IJIOupyei Mo IJS TaTOmOlJeva KQl aaal1aokaauntoij va etwaa (sheared Image) IJnpOOla oe evav KpuOlaAAO OnTlKtie; avixveu OI1e;, Tunou CCD. Eav OTIlv npoe; ta yxo emcpav la u napt;ouv Kanol e; avwljaatee; (pwyij e;, et;0ykwllata), EXOUlJe Kanol e; IJ TapoAte; 0TIl sheared Image, 01 0 noiee; KaTaypcicpoVTal ano computer, Kalil IKova eljcpavil;etal oe 090VI1. na OVEKTIllla TIle; 1J 90ou elval 11 lleycial1 TaxuTIlTa eaeyxou. Oc; 1J IOVEKTIllJa Ilnopel va gewpl1gei TO yeyovoe;, OTl, Yla va ylvouv nlo eukplv.; Ta eaattwljata, 11 uno eaeyxo mcpavela npen l va euplok Tal oe e vtatlkt; KaTaOlaOl1. ITOUe; apiloue; TWV alcpwv, auto enltuvxavetai ecpapllol;ovtae; oaee; TIe; O)(eTlKEe; Ia Tat;ele; oe Evav "Kwva-, Kal 111l10upYWVTae; Kevo navw ana TOV apllo. H 1.lt90oe; eival akolja uno l peuvilol1 "lgnethptlc 1l1li"...OwL (piwn1lnllmntldlon) na TIl IJE900 autt; Exauv aaakallpwgel Kal 111l00leugei 01 lepeuv.;oele; at;tomatiae;. An' TaUe; IJCVciAoue; KaTaOKeUaOlEe; aep. UAIKOU 01 Boeing Kal McDonell Douglas TIlv EXOUV oullneplaaj3el Ola eyxelplla TaUe; we; evamaktlkti npoe; TIe; OUIlI3aTlKte;. Kal OOVTOlla a ValJEVeTal TO llo Kal ano TIl Lockheed. H apxti MlToupyiae; TIle; ellcpavil;etal OTIlv elk. 12a. Me Eva eliko aywylljo cpu).).o ylvetal enaywvti I1AeKTPl KWV psuljatwv OlO uno Aeyxo avtlkeillevo. Onola i1note latapat;11 TOU nelou e"l1pea(el TO liko sensor, TO onoto I.l TIl O lpq lou empq OlO enineo TOU (noawljevou) CPWTOc;, (cpaivoi.l VO Faraday). 'ETOl, 11 latapat;11 TOU neiou «OnTlKOnOleiTal-. Kal elval uvatov va napouolaolei oe 090Vll. naeovsktt;ljata TIle; 1J 9Mou lvall1ll ycial1 TaxuTIl Ta Aeyxou, 11 ual08l1oia TIle;, Ka9Wc; Kal TO OTI sv e "I"Ipea(eTal ano TO OlpWlJa XPWllaTOe; K.An. Cle; ljelovektillja - KTO<; TIle; ullll1ai)e; TIlJtie; - IJnopsi va 9 w P119 i TO OTI sival KaTciMl1Al1llovo Yla O)(STlKa enine e; nupave:t e;, (I1Aai51i eljnol5i( Tal ana TuXaia Kapcpla l1KUKAlKO KSCPOAI nou npo t;exsl), Ka9we; eni 0I1e; Kal TO OTI "I"IPsa(eTal ana ol15i1pouxa KapCPla. Iupnipaopa OIKovoIlIKte; meoele; emtaooouv Tn xpnolllonoil1011 alcpwv, nepav TOU opiou TIle; OIKOVOl.IlKne; l;wile; 0)( laollou. na TIllleiwOI1 TOU mnpo09 TOU KOOlOUe;, nou 111l10upyelTal ana TOUe; ed5ikoue; Yla Ta Yl1pa OKOVTa alcpi1. emnatov eatyxoue; - llaitepa OlOUe; lalltikele; apiloue; mkciauijn1e; - 1l0Vll MOI1 eival n a vantut;n vewv TsxvoAoYIWV. 01 ouvuaol.ltvse; npoana9s1se; TWV Talp lwv KaTaoKsuile; OUOK UWV M.K.E. TWV asponoplkwv STalpelWv, TWV KaTaOK ua OlWV aeponoplkou UAlKOU Kal TWV KavovlOllKWV cpopewv. cpaiv Tal nwe; OOVToila 9a sival emtuxsie;, npciy I.lO nou npoaoka 0 Kagevae;. enelti TO onolo ocpeaoe; npokulilel ano aut;i1011 at;lomoliac;llleiwoi1 KOatOUe; sival Ka9apa unep TOU sml3atlkou KOlVOU. BIAloypa,io 1. P. Burgess: Technology for profitable transportation. Aeronautical Journal, Dec. 1984, p I. geoo0ol1e;: Deregulation - 01 getlkee; Kal apvlltide; empao OTle; I5ls9veie; aepol.letacpopee;. AeponoplKiI TeXvoAoyia, T. 9, MapTloe; 1990, oea I. geoane;: H q>taeaeugeponoinan TWV aepol.le Tacpopwv OTIlv Eupw"I"I. AeponoplKn TexvoAoyia, T. 10, 10UVlOe; oea N.E. Hennings: Aging airplanes. Boeing airliner, July - Sep. 1990, p Boeing Commercial airplane group - Airplane economics marketing Department: Direct Maintenance cost Impact of ageing airplanes. Aug J. Moxon: Aloha: Boeing concerned before accident. Flight International, 9, July 1988, p NTSB aircraft accident report. NR AAR 89/ ' J. SchlJve: Fatique of aircraft materials and structures. Proceedings of the specialists conference, dedicated to the 65th birthday of J. Schijve. p. 113, Delft U.G. Goranson: Elements of structuralintegrity assurance. Op. Cit.. p D. Hagemaier: Nondestructive inspection of aircraft structure; present and future trends. Paper presented at the 1991 ATA NOT forum. long beach CA, SEP M.C. Hutchinson: Results from lap splice inspection reliability study. Paper presented at the ATA-NDT forum Montreal Can., Sep J.P. Komorowski, R.W. Gould. W.J. Pastorius: A

17 76 T&XVIKcl XPOVIKcl NotlJ. - &K technique for rapid Inspection of composite aircraft structure for impact damage. Agard-C.P. 462, PP. 11 1: J.P. Komorowski: D-Sight applications for the aerospace industry. Paper presented at the 1991 ATA NOT forum. 14. W. Roye: The Compton backscatter technique - A new method of X-Ray inspection. 12th WCNDT, Apr ,1989, Amsterdam, proceedings, p E. Siegel: Advanced realtime radioscopic techniques for aircraft components. Paper presented at the 1991 ATA-NDT forum. 16. W. Niemann, W. Roye: Neuartlge anwendungen der Compton-rOckstreutechnlk "Comscan" In der archlologie und Denkmals-Pflege.Paper presented attheannual meeting ofthedgzfp, May 17-19, 1993, Garmisch-Partenklrchen. 17. J. Tyson: Advanced shearography Inspection of commercial aircraft structures.paper presented at the 1991 ATA-NDTforum. 18. J. Tyson: Applications of advanced shearography to current aircraft NDI concerns. Paper presented at the 1992 ATA-NDT forum, Clnclnnattl, OH., Aug , G.L. Fitzpatrick, E.Y.C. Shih, W.C.L. Shih, R.l. Skaugset, D.K. Thome: Aircraft Inspection with the magneto-optic/eddy current Imager - A new technology. Paper presented at the 1991 ATA-NDT forum. 20. G.L. Fitzpatrick, E.Y.C. Shih, W.C.L. Shih, R.L. Skaugset, O.K. Thome: Aircraft Inspection with the MOl-one year later. Paper presented at the 1992 ATA NOT forum. npoc6poc;: EuxoptotOUIJ& nom TOV KUP10 Cl>UTO V10 TrW noau &vl5toq>tpouoo KOt T&XVOAOV1Kcl clptto nopouoioarl TOU. o &n61j&voe; OIJlA.IlTne; 80 &ivoi 0 KUplOe; Avootoo6 nouaoe;. TSXV1K6e; 151su8uvTi)e; TIle; osponoplkne; ST01 p&loe; SEEA. 0 onoioe; txsi TO A6vo KOI 80 IJOe; ljla.nosi IJs 8tlJo:..Mil KOTOotPOq>IKOi ta&vxoi VLQ TOV tasvxo 150IJLKWV otolx&iwv aepookoq>wv». e'lia: MTJ KaTaarpOcplKOi EAEYXOl Yla TOV EAEYXO OOlllKWV arolxeiwv a, EpOOKacpWV. ElO1lYlln1: r. AvocnoaonouAoc;, lsp MM. nepiaq,q. 01 taevxoi O&POOKOq>WV IJS IJIl KOTOotpOq>IK&e; IJs86 150ue; XPllOlIJOn010UVTOL suptw<; V10 TIl151SPSUVl1011 TIle; nol6t1ltoe;, OK&PQI6T1lTOC;, 1i5loTJitwv KOI i51ootaoswv UAIKWV KOI &OPTlllJaTWV, xwpic; vo i5111j10upvsitoi KO TOotpOcpn Ii ovsnov6p8wtll Aa11 n oliuvoljio nspoi Ttpw satvxou KOI lilsvtpv&ioe; &nloksuwv TWV. loi5&lioljtvse; lje IJIl KOTOotPOq>lKWV satvxwv VIO taevxo 1501J1KWV otolxslwv O&POOKOq>WV SlVOI 01 ok6aou8se;: o. OmlK6q tasyxoe; (visual Inspection).,. POi5loVpocpio (radiography) V. Ynepllxol (ultrasonic)