Nutrient ratios in inland watersof the Balkansand possible controlling factors

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Action 869 Anavissos, Greece 17-19 September 28 N/P limitation and interactions between N and P in surface water

1 Action 869 Anavissos, Greece September 28 N/P limitation and interactions between N and P in surface water Nutrient ratios in inland watersof the Balkansand possible controlling factors Nikos Skoulikidis INSTITUTE OF INLAND WATERS

2 Major Balkan Rivers 83% of the total Balkan river runoff (85 km3/a) Geological zones Ecoregions (Illes) Climatic Zones

3 The geological background zone 1 Zone 1 acid silicate rock basins zone 2 Zone 2 mainly acid and mafic silicate rock basins Zone 3 carbonate basins zone 3

4 Hydrological characteristics Maximum Precipitation >55 mm (SW Montenegro) >3 mm (Dinarides) 24 mm (Pindos) Precipitation 25-5 mm less Specific discharge L s-1 km-2 Specific discharge L s-1 km-2 Evros Kamtchia Axios Pinios Strymon Aliakmonas Evrotas Nestos Sperchios Alfeios Acheloos Aoos Drin Neretva Arachthos l/sec*km2 Eιδική παροχή Specific discharge

5 Nutrient concentrations in major Balkan Rivers DIN, N-NH4*1, TP*1 Aoos Acheloos Neretva Alfeios Aliakmon Sperchios Arachthos Evrotas Nestos Strymon Vjose Pinios Axios Kamchia Evros Drin 83% of the total Balkan river runoff N-NH4*1 TP*1 DIN Zones 3 (+ 2) Zones 1 + 2

6 Nitrate levels in major Balkan Rivers Good/Moderate boundary (.6 mg/l) Bulk Prec. Agric. Bulk Prec. "pristine" upper [C] good stat European average Krathis MCNC-high MCNC-low headwaters Small medium R Anapodaris Evrotas Alfeios Sperchios Acheloos Arachthos Pinios Aliakmon Axios Strymon Nestos Arda Tundja Evros Vjose Aoos Kamchia Drin Neretva N-NO3 (mg/l)

7 Ammonium levels in major Balkan Rivers Good/Moderate boundary (6 µg/l) Bulk Prec. Agric. Bulk Prec. "pristine" upper [C] good stat European average Krathis MCNC-high MCNC-low headwaters Small medium R Anapodaris Evrotas Alfeios Sperchios Acheloos Arachthos Pinios Aliakmon Axios Strymon Nestos Arda Tundja Evros Vjose Aoos Kamchia Drin Neretva N-NH4 (µg/l)

8 TP levels in major Balkan Rivers Good/Moderate boundary (165 µg/l) Bulk Prec. Agric. Bulk Prec. "pristine" upper [C] good stat European average Krathis MCNC-high MCNC-low headwaters Small medium R Anapodaris Evrotas Alfeios Sperchios Acheloos Arachthos Pinios Aliakmon Axios Strymon Nestos Arda Tundja Evros Vjose Aoos Kamchia Drin Neretva TP (µg/l)

9 3, N/P ratios in major Balkan Rivers DIN (mg/l*1), P-PO4 (µg/l*5), N/P (molar) Axios Kamchia Drin Aliakmon Tundja Arda Nestos Pinios Evros Strymon Krathis Acheloos Vjose (Aoos) Neretva Evrotas Anapodaris Extreme P pollution P-PO4*5 DIN*1 N/P

10 Spatial N/P ratio variability N/P (molar) zone 2 zone 1 Zone 1 Zone Drin Zone 3 96 Vjosa 12 Aoos N /P r a tio (m o la r ) N/P % carbonates Redfield ratio zone 3 Arachthos Sperchios Alfeios zone 1 zone 2 zone 3 Eurotas

11 Seasonal variation of N/P ratio DIN*1 P-PO4*1 N/P Axios Enhanced N-leaching Selective P-pollution Enhanced N-leaching N/P (molar) JUL-98 AUG-98 SEP-97 OCT-97 NOV-97 DEC-97 JAN-98 FEB-98 MAR-98 APR-98 MAY-98 JUN-98

12 TP (mg/l) Axios Kamchia*1 Evros Strymon Nestos*1 Neretva N-NO3 (mg/l) Axios Kamchia Evros Strymon Nestos Neretva DIN/TP (molar) Axios Kamchia Evros Strymon Inter-annual N/P ratio trends Can not be drawn!

13 N/P ratios in small/medium Greek Rivers N /P (m o la r) N/P in spring zone 1 zone 2 zone 3 N / P r a t i o ( m o l a r ) y =,491x + 1,481 R 2 =, % carbonates

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nutrient ratios in reference sites Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone3 Zone 3 Zone 1 N/P (molar) Fonias Tsivdogianni Arkoudoremma Prasinada Diavoloremma Poroia Vourkopotamos Ag. Germanos1 Ag.

14 Nutrient ratios in reference sites Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone3 Zone 3 Zone 1 N/P (molar) Fonias Tsivdogianni Arkoudoremma Prasinada Diavoloremma Poroia Vourkopotamos Ag. Germanos1 Ag. Germanos2 Gorgopotamos Nestorio a Nestorio b Pisoderi Pramoritsa Koromilia Vourino Venetikos Lala Platanistos Kastanies Dimosaris Miloi M. Peristeri Kalaritikos Matsouki Chaliki Melisourgou Anilio Aoos Stefani1 Stefani2 Athamania Krania Dipotama Negades Aroanas Acherondas

15 N/P (molar) N/P ratios in reference sites 9.1 Median values Redfield ratio zone1 zone2 zone3 D IN, P -P O 4 (m g /L ) "pristine" forested basins "pristine" not forested basins DON > 8% DOP > 9%! DIN*1 P-PO4*1 N/P

N/P ratios in Acheloos River(zone 3) 2 18 16 N /P (m olar) 14 12

irrigation canals rain Σ1 N /P (m olar) 45 4 35 3 25 2 15

16 N/P ratios in Acheloos River(zone 3) N /P (m olar) A1 river drilings wells springs drainage canals irrigation canals rain Σ1 N /P (m olar) Possible impact of upstream reservoir Redfield ratio Σ A1 Σ1 Σ2

17 N/P ratios in Evrotas River (zone 3) N /P (m o la r ) Evrotas main stem 1.5 Oinus trib N-limited

18 N /P (m o la r ) 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 N/Pratios in Evrotas River(zone 3) Evrotas - tributaries N-limited N-limited There are indications that unpolluted stream sites and/or silicate geologymay favour N-limited photosynthesis

Factors controlling N/P ratio variations P-retention and N-leaching/mineralization in river sediments cause a downstream N/P increase The pristine Krathis-river µg/l 25 2 15 1 TinN P-PO4*1 TinN/P-PO4

19 Factors controlling N/P ratio variations P-retention and N-leaching/mineralization in river sediments cause a downstream N/P increase The pristine Krathis-river µg/l TinN P-PO4*1 TinN/P-PO4 WATER N-increase due to leaching/mineralization P-decrease due to adsorption River mouth 5 headwaters upstream midway downstream % SEDIMENT suspended sediments (annual) suspended sediments (flood) surface sediments core sediments River mouth 4 2 N-release P-retention AFDM OC TN *1 TP *1

N/P ratios in major Greek Lakes Most of the lakes are eutrophic. The lakes show lower nutrient levels than major rivers (1-fold lowerdin and 4-fold lowersrplevels).

20 N/P ratios in major Greek Lakes Most of the lakes are eutrophic. The lakes show lower nutrient levels than major rivers (1-fold lowerdin and 4-fold lowersrplevels). P-storage in sediments may partly explain the generally low concentrations of SRP. CV-DIN: 81% - CV-P: 42% D IN, P - P O 4 (µ g /L ), N /P (m o la r ) DIN P-PO4 N/P N-limited V o lv i K o r o n ia M ik P r e s p a K a s to r ia T r ic h o n is V is to n is D o ir a n i Ilik i Data: Min. of Agricultural Development and Food A m v r a k ia M e g P r e s p a C h im a d itid a P e tr o n Io a n n in a Z a z a r i L y s im a c h ia V e g o r itis

21 Conclusions The majority of running waters in the Balkans are marked by P-limited photosynthesis. Rivers in zone 3 (W. Greece) show maximum N/P ratios, followed by zone 2 (central Greece) rivers. There are indications that carbonate geology cause increased N/P ratios in rivers: prevalence of carbonate rocks/sediments may favour P- retention and thus high N/P ratios (P-adsorption on calcite and Feoxides). P-pollution (e.g. Axios), undisturbed conditions and/or silicate geology may favour N-limited photosynthesis. In Greek lakes, photosynthesis is controlled by the N-inputs. More than the half of the examined lakes reveal low DIN and thus photosynthesis is N-limited.

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