πταίω = to lose one s footing, stumble, trip; to experience disaster, be ruined, be lost under BDAG 894b.

Transcript

1 1 James 3:1-12 (3:1) διδάσκολος, ου, ὁ = teacher under BDAG 240a. γίνεσθε present middle imperative γίνομαι. εἰδότες perfect active participle οἶδα. μεῖζον comparative μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα = pertaining to exceeding a standard involving related objects, large, great; pertaining to being above average in quantity, great; pertaining to being above standard in intensity, great; pertaining to being relatively superior in importance, great; pertaining to being unusual, surprising under BDAG 623b. κρίμα, τος, τό = legal action taken against someone, dispute, lawsuit; content of a deliberative process, decision, decree; action or function of a judge, judging, judgment; legal decision rendered by a judge, judicial verdict; proper recognition of someone s rights, justice under BDAG 567a. λημψόμεθα future middle λαμβάνω. Grammatical note = Present State Perfect. This category applies to certain verbs that are stative in nature with no implication of a previous act that produces the state. Verbs found in this category include οἶδα, ἕστηκα, πετποιθα, an μεμνημαι. The reason why such perfects have the same semantics as presents is frequently that there is very little distinction between the act and its results. Or to put it differently the results have become the act. Thus this category is lexically influenced and verbs found in this category should be treated as virtual present tense-form verbs. For more examples of the present state perfect see James 3:1 (εἰδοτες). See KMP, 301 and n57. (3:2) πταίω = to lose one s footing, stumble, trip; to experience disaster, be ruined, be lost under BDAG 894b.

2 2 ἅπας, ασα, α = (intensive form of πας all, the whole ) (used with a substantive and the article) the totality of a mass o object, whole, all; (without a substantive) all, everybody, everything under BDAG 98b. τέλειος, α, ον = pertaining to meeting the highest standard, perfect; perfect, complete, expert; pertaining to being mature, full-grown, mature-adult; pertaining to being a cult initiate, initiated; pertaining to being fully developed in a moral sense, perfect, fully developed; (of God) perfect under BDAG 995b. δυνατός, ή, όν = pertaining to being capable or competent; pertaining to being possible (neuter) under BDAG 264a. χαλιναγωγῆσαι aorist active infinitive χαλιναγωγέω = (in our literature only figurative) bridle, hold in check under BDAG 1076a. σῶμα, ατος, τό = body of a human being or animal, body, dead body, corpse; the living body(plural) slaves; plant and seed structure, body; substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality; a unified group of people, body under BDAG 983a. Grammatical note = Verbs. Person and Number. The exclusive we includes both the author and one or more co-authors, co-workers, or cohorts but excludes the audience or recipients of the letter. For example in 1 Corinthians 3:9 Paul states, For we are God s co-workers. You are God s field, God s building. As the second half of the verse makes clear Paul was not including his readers with his use of the first person plural verb ending. In contrast the inclusive we refers to both the author(s) and the audience as when James notes we all stumble in many ways (3:2). See KMP, 192. (3:3) ἵππος, ου, ὁ = horse, steed under BDAG 480a. χαλινός, οῦ, ὁ = bit, bridle under BDAG 1076a. Rare. βάλλω = to cause to move from one location to another through use of forceful motion, throw; to force out of or into a place, throw (away), drive out; to put or place something in a location, put, place, apply, lay, bring; to bring about a change in state or condition; to entrust money to a banker for interest, deposit money; to move down suddenly and rapidly, rush down (intransitive) under BDAG 163a.

3 3 πείθεσθαι present passive infinitive πείθω = to cause to come to a particular point of view or course of action; persuade, appeal to, (also in an unfavorable sense) cajole, mislead; win over, strive to please; conciliate, pacify, set at ease/rest; (the second perfect) to be so convinced that one puts confidence in something; depend on, trust in; be convinced, be sure, certain (followed by accusative and infinitive); (passive and middle, except for the perfect) to be won over as the result of persuasion, be persuaded, believe (absolute); obey, follow; (some passages stand between a and b and permit either translation with dative) be persuaded by someone, take someone s advice (or) obey, follow someone; (perfect passive) to attain certainty in reference to something, be convinced, certain under BDAG 791b. μετάγω = to direct or bring from one area/direction to another, guide; to cause to undergo a change in state or condition, move, remove under BDAG 638b. εἰ δε 1 Grammatical note = Infinitives. Purpose. A purpose infinitive communicates the goal or intent of an action or state expressed by the controlling verb. Students oftentimes have difficulty distinguishing between a purpose and a result infinitive. The main difference is that a purpose infinitive indicates an intended result, whereas a result infinitive indicates what has actually already resulted (or a conceived result). The function of a purpose infinitive is similar to ἱνα + infinitive. A purpose infinitive can be tested by adding the words in order to or for the purpose of directly in front of the infinitive. Purpose infinitives can be identified when they are the objects of prepositions. Although they can occur as simple infinitives they also occur with the article του or after the prepositions εις το and προς το. It is usually sufficient simple to translate the purpose infinitive with to + the verbal meaning. At times, it might be better to use that, so that, in order that or in order to. Purpose clauses often occur after verbs of motion (such as ἐροχομαι, -βαινω, and πορευομαι, sending (such as ἀποστελλω), giving (such as διδωμι), and choosing (such as ἐκλεγομαι). For more examples of the purpose infinitive, see James 3:3 (εἰς το πειθεσθαι). See KMP, and n22. 1 {C} εἰ δε B 2 Ψ א) 2 A B* K without accents, itacism for ἴδε?) 5 33 Byz pt [L] l 590 l 592 l 680 it ar, ff, s, (t) vg cop bo geo John-Damascus. ἴδε (C P without accent, itacism for εἰ δε?) 81 Byz pt Lect (l 1441 εἶδε) arm Ps-Ambrose. ει δε γαρ (without accents = ἴδε γάρ) *א syr p.

4 4 (3:4) τηλικοῦτος, αῦτη, οῦτο = (in reference to size) so great, so large; (in reference to degree) so great/important/mighty under BDAG 1001b. ὄντα present active participle εἰμί. ἄνεμος, ου, ὁ = a blowing atmospheric phenomenon, wind; (can also be) the four directions (or) cardinal points; a tendency or trend that causes one to move from a view or belief, wind under BDAG 77a. σκληρός, ά, όν = pertaining to being externally hard or rough, hard, rough; pertaining to being difficult to the point of being impossible, hard (implying an adverse force that is unyielding); pertaining to being unyielding in behavior or attitude, (of person, in dealing with others) hard, strict, harsh, cruel, merciless; (in response to a call for change of mind) (substantive) stubbornness (with genitive) under BDAG 930a. ἐλαυνόμενα present passive participle ἐλαύνω = to urge or propel along, drive (of the wind) under BDAG 314a. Rare. ἐλαχίστου superlative ἐλάσσων, ον = relatively small in quantity on any dimension, less; situated lower in status or quality, inferior; (used as comparative of μικρος) (smaller in age) younger under BDAG 313b. πηδάλιον, ου, τό = steering paddle, rudder under BDAG 811a. Very rare. ὀρμή, ῆς, ἡ = a psychological state of strog tendency, impulse, inclination, desire under BDAG 724a. εὐθύνοντο present active participle εὐθύνω = to cause something to be in a straight or direct line, straighten, make straight; to keep something on course, guide straight, (of a ship) steer under BDAG 406a. βούλομαι = to desire to have or experience something with implication of planning accordingly, wish, want, desire under BDAG 182a. Grammatical note = The Greek Language and Textual Criticism. Comparative forms are used to express the superlative idea. The superlative form is commonly elative in sense (such as James 3:4 by a very small rudder ). See KMP, 23.

5 5 Grammatical note = Common changes in Greek from Classical to Koine period. Change in meaning of comparative and superlative forms. They are guided by a very small rudder whenever the will of the pilot directs (James 3:4). See KMP, 36. Grammatical note = Superlative for Elative. As Wallace observes Apart from πρωτος and ἔσχατος the superlative is used about as frequently for the elative as it is for the superlative. They are guided by a very small rudder. The reference is to a very small rudder rather than to the smallest rudder in comparison to other, larger, rudders. See KMP, Grammatical note = Concession. With a concessive participle the state or action of the main verb takes place in spite of the circumstances related to the participle. In other words because of the situation described by the participle one would not normally expect the action of the main verb to be realized. In translation the terms although, even though or though are added to the beginning of the phrase to convey the concessive idea. Occasionally the particles καιπερ, καιτοι, or και γε are used to clarify the concessive force of the participle. Sometimes it is difficult to decide whether a particular particle is concessive or causal, though the meanings are very different. For more examples of concessive participles, see James 3:4 (ὄντα). See KMP, 333 and n35. (3:5) μέλος, ους, τό = a part of the human body, part, limb; a part as member of a whole, member under BDAG 628b. αὐχέω = boast under BDAG 154a. ἡλίκος, η, ον = how great under BDAG 436a. ὑλη, ης, ἡ = a dense growth of trees, forest (the tendency to use hyperbole in diatribe [the imagery that precedes: ship-tongue] suggests this meaning in preference to); the woody part of a tree, wood, pile of wood, wood used for building; the stuff out of which a thing is made, material, matter, stuff under BDAG 1027a. Rare. ἀνάπτω = kindle under BDAG 71a.

6 6 (3:6) ἀδικία, ας, ἡ = an act that violates standards of right conduct, wrongdoing; the quality of injustice, unrighteousness, wickedness, injustice under BDAG 20b. καθίσταται present passive καθίστημι = to take someone somewhere, bring, conduct, take; to assign someone a position of authority, appoint, put in charge; (with accusative) authorize, appoint; cause someone to experience something, make, cause; marker of similarity under BDAG 492b. σπιλοῦσα present active participle σπιλόω = stain, defile (in our literature only metaphor) under BDAG 938a. φλογίζουσα present active participle φλογίζω = set on fire under BDAG 1060b. τροχός, οῦ, ὁ = wheel under BDAG 1017b. γένεσις, εως, ἡ = (the term is used in Greek literature of ancestry as point of origin but also of one s) coming into being at a specific moment, birth; state of being, existence; life, human experience; an account of someone s life, history, life; persons of successive generations forming an ancestral line, lineage, family under BDAG 192b. How is it being used here? φλογιζομένη present passive participle φλογίζω. γέεννα, ης, ἡ = Gehenna (there according to later Jewish popular belief, God s final judgment was to take place) under BDAG 190b. (3:7) φύσις, εως, ἡ = condition or circumstance as determined by birth, natural endowment/condition, nature; the natural character of an entity, natural characteristic/disposition; the regular of established order of things, nature; an entity as a product of nature, natural being, creature under BDAG 1069b. θηρίον, ου, τό = any living creature, excluding humans, animal, beast; wicked person, someone with a bestial nature, beast, monster under BDAG 455b. πετεινόν, οῦ, τό = any kind of bird (wild or domestic), bird under BDAG 809a.

7 7 ἐρπετόν, οῦ, τό = reptile under BDAG 393a. ἐνάλιος = belonging to the sea under BDAG 330b. Hapax. δαμάζεται present passive δαμάζω = to reduce from an uncontrolled to a controlled state, subdue, tame, control under BDAG 211b. δεδάμασται perfect passive δαμάζω. ἀνθρόπινος, η, ον = pertaining to being a person, human; (in contrast to human); (in contrast to the divine) under BDAG 50b. Grammatical note = Agency. The dative of agency denotes the person who carries out the action of the verb. As a result the dative will always be a personal agent which contrasts with the dative of means where the dative is always impersonal. The verbs involved will typically be passive. The dative of agency is not common as agency is normally expressed by the proposition ὑπο followed by the genitive. For more possible examples of the dative of agency see James 3:7. See KMP, and n49. (3:8) δαμάσαι aorist active infinitive δαμάζω. ἀκατάστατος, ον = unstable, restless under BDAG 35b. Very rare. μεστός, ή, όν = pertaining to filling up a space, full; pertaining to being thoroughly characterized by something, filled with something under BDAG 635b. ιός, οῦ, ὁ = poison, venom; corrosion, rust under BDAG 477b. θανατηφόρος, ον = death-dealing under BDAG 442b. Hapax in the NT. ἀκαταστατον 2 2 {B} ἀκαταστατον א A B K P 1175 it ar, ff, t vg cop sa, bo Jerome 1/2. ακατασχετον C Ψ 5 81 Byz [L] Lect syr h eth geo slav Epiphanius Cyril Flavian-Constantinople John-Damascus. Jerome 1/2 Speculum Cassiodorus BTI DHH.

8 8 Grammatical note = Genitive Case. Other Uses. There are several other uses of the genitive that do not easily fit into the classification scheme (adjectival, verbal, adverbial) above. Many of these are infrequent in the NT and have been dealt with briefly in relevant footnotes attached to more significant uses above. The most important uses of the genitive in the NT are the genitive of apposition and the genitive of direct object. // Which may be an attributive genitive (other examples given are James 3:8). See KMP, 103 and n59. (3:9) εὐλογέω = to say something commendatory, speak well of, praise, extol; to ask for bestowal of special favor, especially of calling down God s gracious power, bless; to bestow a favor, provide with benefits under BDAG 407b. καταράομαι = to curse, execrate (someone) under BDAG 525a. ὁμοίωσις, εως, ἡ = state of being similar, likeness, resemblance under BDAG 708a. Hapax in the NT. γεγονότας perfect active participle γίνομαι. κυριον 3 Grammatical note = Genitive Case. Attributive. The attributive genitive is also called the Hebrew genitive or genitive of quality. It denotes an attribute of the head term, conveying an emphatic adjectival idea. This use of the genitive is common in Hebrew where a construct chain is used to describe an adjectival relationship If you can take the genitival modifier and place it in adjectival form in front of the head noun in your English translation (and that construction conveys the biblical author s meaning) then the genitive is rightly labeled as an attributive genitive. For more examples of the attributive genitive Wallace distinguishes the attributive genitive from the attributed genitive (see also James 3:9). [It is not clear exactly how James 3:9 is being described here.] See KMP, 90 and n24. (3:10) 3 {A} κυριον 20 א A B C P Ψ cop bopt arm Cyril. θεον Byz [K L] Lect it s vg cl, ww syr h cop sa, bopt, ac geo slav Epiphanius John-Damascus. Jerome Augustine.

9 9 εὐλογία, ας, ἡ = act of speaking in favorable terms, praise; (specifically of) words that are well chosen but untrue false eloquence, flattery; (of God s activity in blessing); (as benefit bestowed by God or Christ); (in a special sense of divine benefit bestowed in the Eucharist); (as benefit brought by humans); generous, bounty under BDAG 408b. κατάρα, ας, ἡ = curse, imprecation under BDAG 625a. χρή = (impersonal) that which should be/happen, it is necessary, it ought (followed by accusative and infinitive) under BDAG 1089a. γίνεσθαι present middle infinitive γίνομαι. Grammatical note = Pronouns. Identical ( Same ) Use. Ths third person personal pronoun (αὐτος, αὐτη, αὐτο) is used in the attributive position to communicate an identical relationship. It is usually translated as same in English. See KMP, 392. (3:11) μήτι = a marker that invites a negative response to the question that it introduces under BDAG 649b. πηγή, ῆς, ἡ = a source of something that gushes out or flows, spring, fountain, flow; the place of origin or the cause of a full abundance of something, fountainhead under BDAG 810b. ὀπή, ῆς, ἡ = opening, hole (with genitive) under BDAG 715b. βρύω = pour forth under BDAG 184b. Hapax in the NT. γλυκύς, εῖα, ύ = sweet (of water) under BDAG 201a. πικρός, ά, όν = pertaining to being bitter to taste, bitter; pertaining to being bitter in feeling or attitude, bitter, embittered, harsh under BDAG 813a. (3:12) συκῆ, ῆς, ἡ = fig tree under BDAG 955a.

10 10 ἐλαία, ας, ἡ = tree that produces olives, olive tree; fruit of the olive tree, olive under BDAG 313a. ποιῆσαι aorist active infinitive ποιέω ἄμπελος, ου, ὁ = vine, grapevine under BDAG 54b. σῦκα, ου, τό = fruit of the fit tree, fig under BDAG 955a. ἁλυκος, η, ον = salty (of salt water) under BDAG 48b. ποιῆσαι aorist active infinitive ποιέω. ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό = water; transcendent life-giving medium, water under BDAG 1024b. οὔτε ἀλυκον 4 4 {B} οὔτε ἀλυκον A B C* 1175 (2492 c add και after ἀλυκον) (cop sa ) arm. οὕτως οὐδε ἀλυκον א (C 2 Ψ οὔτε) (1735 οὔτε ἀλυκον και) (2492* οὕτως ἀλυκον και) (it ar, ff, t vg) syr p (cop bo ) geo Cyril. οὕτως οὐδεμια πηγη ἀλυκον και Byz [K L] Lect syr h with * slav. οὕτως οὔτε μια πηγη ἀλυκον και P.