( Rhinopithecus bieti)

28 4 2009 11 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol128,No14 Nov. 2009 ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 1,2 1,2,3, (11, 650092 ; 21, 650092 ; 31, 650092) : 2006 11 2007 12, ( Rhinopithecus bieti), 15 ( ) ( > 1 %) 10 ( < 1 %), 26 45, 19178 % 10128 % 8137 % 4193 % 4146 %,, 47199 %,, 75 % PΠF, PΠF ( P < 0105) : ; ; : K871111 : A : 100023193 (2009) 0420391210,, [1,2 ], [3 5 ],,, [1,3 ], ( Rhinopithecus bieti), (Primates) (Cercopithecidae) (Colobinae) ( Rhinopithecus),,, 25 ( IUCN,2004), (26 14 N 29 20 N), 3, 6 : [6 ], [7 ] [6,8 ],, : 2008211221 ; : 2009205220 : (2007C052M) ; ( 07Y11838) ; (30160017) : (19842),,, E2mail :bioconservation @1261com :,bioearth @sina. com

392 28, [9 ], 4 : [10,11 ] ; [12,13 ] ; [13 ] [14 16 ], 2006 11 12,2007 1 3 12, 1 111, 26 02 48 26 14 16 91 11 36 99 17 15,, 2260 363819m, 7845hm 2 8181, (1 ) 2136, (8 ) 14129 : (3 5 ) 9121 11168 ; (6 8 ) 13146 14129 ; (9 11 ) 11199 5102 ; (12 2 ) 2172 3199, 2600m,,,,, ( 4000m ) ( Betula sp. ) ( Lithocarpus dealbatus) ( Rhododendron sp. ) ( Pacea sp. ), ( 4015 ),, ; ( ) :, 3350 50m,,,, [9 ] 112 11211 2006 11 12,2007 1 3 12,,,, 30m 30m,, ( ),, ;,,,,, GPS,,, 84 492 11212, 10, 60 70 48h, 1mm ;

4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 393 100 (0115mm),, ( 015g), 8ml 10ml (10 %HNO 3 10 %H 2 CrO 4 1 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 10 10,,, [2,17 ] ;,, 3 %,,,, 3, 15 11213 [18 ] 100, 15,,, (F), (Fracker and Brischle,1994) : F = 100 (1 - e - D ) (D),D (RD), [2,18 ] : 11214 RD = 105, [14,26 ],Van Soest [14,20 ],Folin2Denis (FD) [13 ] 2 211 12, 220, 26 45 1 % 27 ( 1) 1 % 18, ( Sorbus prattii) ( Sorbus coronata) ( Malus hupehensis) ( Cerasus cerasoides) ( Philadelphus purpurascenb) ( Cerasus serrula) ( Viburnum kansuense) ( Viburnum nervosum) ( Sambucus adnata) ( Euonymus porphyreus) ( Euonymus sanguineus) ( Ilex latifolia) ( Helwingia japonica) ( Scurrula parasitica) ( Tsuga dumosa) ( Holboellia coriacea) ( Ligustrum sempervirens) ( P. Canadensis)

394 28 1 ( %) Tab. 1 Winter diet composition of Yunnan snub2nosed monkey,in Longma Mountains Plant species Browsed part 2006 2007 11 12 1 2 3 12 M Rosaceae 11 Spiraea japonica a 2148 2197 1146 T 1115 1116 2114 21 Photinia lindl. a 2178 2137 T 1147 1111 1149 2122 Ericaceae 31 Rhododendron yunnsnense a 4147 3173 1155 3133 3155 2162 3126 Caprifoliaceae 41 Leycesteria formosa a 1126 T T 1112 2147 1147 1134 Fagaceae 51 Lithocarpus dealbatus a,c 2128 2179 2104 2122 2122 3104 3125 61 Quercus aliena a 2101 3123 1179 2179 1137 2135 2126 71 Quercus semecarpifolia a,c 3176 3141 2116 2135 2133 2176 3130 Lauraceae 81 Litsea pungens a 1126 1131 T 1138 1137 T 1104 Poaceae 91 Fargesia papyrifera a 15187 13142 33161 13187 14151 23129 19178 101 Qiongzhuea rigidula a 5188 2181 5142 3173 5123 6150 4193 111 Fargesia pallens a 3185 5141 3137 5185 3122 5104 4146 Araliaceae 121 Northopanax delavayi a,c 2152 2183 2186 3134 4110 3169 3139 Aceraceae 131 Acer flabellatum a 1138 2168 2104 2107 2118 1135 1195 141 Acer sterculiaceum a 2150 T T 2161 1118 T 1114 Celastraceae 151 Euonymus tingens c 1125 T 1113 T 2147 1109 Cornaceae 161 Dendrobenthamia capita a 2168 1143 1167 1165 1163 1197 1184 Theaceae 171 Eurya carvinervis c T 1143 1138 1137 1147 1107 Aquifoliaceae 181 Llex dipyrena c 1138 1167 1191 1165 1163 T 1143 Saxifragaceae 191 Ribes glaciale a 5134 2198 1131 1112 3125 1123 2154 Usneaceae 201 Usnea longissima d 10145 9165 9116 10100 11104 11138 10128 231 Usnea florida d 6115 6129 9189 11119 8154 8115 8137 Asteraceae 211 Senicio scandens a,c 1102 1155 T T 1150 1173 1109 221 Inula cappa a 1138 2116 1155 1112 1137 2113 1130 Moraceae 231 Nica maxim c 1150 1119 1155 1138 1137 1197 1149 Betulaceae 241 Betula utilis a 1102 1119 T T 2147 T 1123 251 Betula alnoides a 1126 2103 1155 1163 1163 T 1148 Liliacea 261 Smilax elegans a T 1108 3195 T T 1102 Thymelaeaceae 271 Daphne papytaceae c T 3173 T T T 1106 1111 :T 1 % ;a : ;b : ;c : ;d :

4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 395,, 41159 %, 7123 %, 28142 %, 18130 %, 4161 % 19178 % 10128 % 8137 % 4193 % 4146 % 3169 %, 47199 %,, RD 24172,,RD 18159,,RD 8176, ( 1) 212 15 (RD > 1) 10 (RD < 1) CP CF CT, 2 2 Tab. 2 Phytochemical components of mainly food and secondary food items for R. beiti in Longma Mountains Plant species ( %) Dry matter content ( %) CP CF CT PΠF RD 11 Lithocarpus dealbatus 13121 19164 10102 0167 3125 21 Quercus aliena 18169 2218 13114 0181 2126 31 Quercus semecarpifolia 17163 23174 4136 0174 3130 41 Fargesia papyrifera 19110 19162 5130 0197 19178 51 Northopanax delavayi 1417 19164 9187 0174 3138 61 Rhododendron yunnsnense 15169 24111 11113 0165 2115 71 Usnea longissima 3107 4104 0109 0175 10128 81 Nica maxim 8136 24117 4182 0134 1149 91 Qiongzhuea rigidula 12150 15107 6145 0184 4193 101 Usnea florida 2190 5136 0110 0154 8173 111 Dendrobenthamia capita 18179 26194 1176 0169 1184 121 Leycesteria formosa 11135 23154 0160 0148 1134 131 Acer flabellatum 17162 33156 0182 0152 1195 141 Spiraea japonica 12158 20114 4124 0162 2114 151 Photinia 1517 21137 8103 0173 2122 161 P. Canadensis 16113 33182 12102 0147 0122 171 Scurrula parasitica 11155 26105 6140 0144 0139 181 Ilex latifolia 12111 24197 22197 0148 0168 191 Sorbus coronata 9142 22104 17124 0142 0135 201 Tsuga dumosa 13109 16151 36181 0179 0113 211 Viburnum nervosum 14154 29166 0168 0149 0119 221 Cerasus cerasoides 13150 12178 17129 1105 0128 231 Ligustrum sempervirens 12131 19149 13108 0163 0117 241 Helwingia japonica 9157 37142 16157 0125 0186 251 Euonymus sanguineus 10103 31163 14128 0131 0119, 13146 1168 20125 1195 % 5138 1111 %, 2 0168 014 (Mean SE,n = 15) 12123 0169 25144 219 15173 3105, 0154 0175 (Mean SE,n = 9) PΠF, ( 1) (19110

396 28 01128 %) PΠF, (011 01003) Kruskal2Wallis H, (df = 1, 2 = 91308, P < 0101),PΠF ( 2 = 31988,df = 1, P < 0105), ( df = 1, 2 = 11772 11924, P = 01183 01165), PΠF PΠF ( 2) (,David, 1988), PΠF, PΠF (df = 1, P < 0101) Spearman, (RD) 2 1 Fig. 1 Means and standard deviation for the phytochemical components of primary food(n = 15) vs. secondary food (n = 11) items for Rhinopithecus beiti in Longma Mountains in winter. (PΠF) ( r = 0148, P < 0105), CF CT CP ( r = - 01451, P < ( P < 0101) CF means 0105) ; ( r = - 0152, P < 0105) ( r = 01329, P > 0105) ;, crude fiber, CT as crude tannin, CP as crude protein. Primary food had less tannin( P < 0101) than secondary. 311 3 (68173 %), (4161 %) [16 ],,,, [21 ] 3, 9 [16 ], ( 3) 6, 417, - 316, 4 [16 ],, ;,,,,

4 : ( Rhinopithecus bieti) 397 12 16 21 [11 ], ( 3) : 8 (Rosaceae), 1111 % ; 2, 915 % 3, ( RD) 818 %, 2, 915 %, 4 ( Caprifoliaceae), 817 %, [22 ] 2 PΠF, Fig. 2 Relationship of crude fiber to crude protein for primary, food and secondary food species of R. beiti for winter in Longma Mountains,, Site a Vegetation Type 3 3 Tab. 3 Comparison for winter diets of R. bieti at 3 typical sites (km) Elevation Family Genus Spieces Resource 1,2,3,4 2168 314 26 32 45 11213 217 317 12 16 21,2003 1,2 315 4125 9 12 12,2005 a 1. fir forest ;2. evergreen broadleaf forest ;3. mixed conifer forest ;4. deciduous broadleaf forest [9 ] (19174 %), 34, [9 ] 12,,,,,,,

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400 28 Winter Food Habits of the Yunnan Snub2nosed Monkey( Rhinopithecus bieti) Found at Mt. Longma, Yunnan LI Xue2you 1,2 1,2,3, YAN G Shi2jian (11 Engineering Center of Ministry Education of Bioenergy Sustainable Developmentand Utilization, Kunming 650092 ; 21 College of life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092 ; 31 Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Kunming 650092) Abstract : From November 2006 to March 2007, we studied the winter diets of the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) found living at Mt. Longma, Yunnan Province. Fecal components including their relative proportions were quantified by micro2morphological analysis. Phytochemical components of 15 primary food items (including two species of Usneaceae) and 10 secondary food items of R. bieti were analyzed. Winter diets of the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey included 45 plant species of 26 families. Fargesia papyrifera Yi (19178 %), Usnea longissima (10128 %), Usnea florida (L. ) Wigg (8137 %), Qiongzhuea rigidula Hsueh (4193 %), and Fargesia pallens Hsueh (4146 %) were the main components of the winter diet, totalling 47199 % of all utilized plants. Young leaves of woody plants and herbaceous plants constituted 75 % of the total quantity of forage. R. bieti preferred to choose food items with high PΠF ratios and low tannin content in winter. It was also noted that primary food items used by R. bieti had less fibire ( P < 0101) and tannin ( P < 0105) than secondary items. Key words : Rhinopithecus bieti ; Food habit ; Microhitological analysis technology of feces