Thermal Measurement and Monitoring on Volcanoes

// (*+*) - +// +0- *+* / 0 *+* / 2 Thermal Measurement and Monitoring on Volcanoes Akihiko T ERADA + (Yamamoto **3 et al +333 ) (Mori et al **2) (Takagi et al **0) (Fig + (b)) **0 MT (Kanda et al **2) (Tanaka +33-) - / +** +** m 0 (Fig + (b)) (Fig + (a)) + (Fig + (a)) 203 +* /2* Volcanic Fluid Research Center Tokyo Institute of Technology 0+ -0 Kusatsu Agatsuma Gunma -11 Aso Volcanological Laboratory Kyoto University /2* +1++ Japan Kawayo Minami-Aso Kumamoto 203 +* Japan -11 +1++ 0+ -0 Corresponding author: Akihiko Terada e-mail: terada@ksvotitechacjp

156 Fig + (a) Aerial photograph of the Nakadake Craters SWF : fumaroles within the south wall (b) Schematic model of mass flow (after Terada et al submitted) around the + st Crater of Nakadake Aso volcano during a non-eruption period Superscript numbers refer to the following references : [ + ] Yamamoto et al ( +333 ) ; [] Takagi et al (**0) ; [-] Tanaka ( +33- ) ; [] Kanda et al (**2) ; [/] Miyabuchi and Terada (**3) ; [ 0 ] Mori et al (**2) The topography data are from Kokusai Kogyo Co Ltd (Terada et al **2a; Terada et al submitted) (Polypropylene) (Fig (a)) Vandemeulebrouck et al **/ (Terada et al **2a) - - -+ +* +/* m ** (Fig + (a)) DSM Dig- ital Surface Model ; - - 0* m */ m

157 Fig (a) The automatic image recording system in operation at the crater rim site This figure is modified from Figure a of Terada et al (**2 a) (b) Photograph of a rope run around the + st Crater The main rope used in deploying the water telemetry buoys was stretched between sites on the western and eastern parts of the crater rim (c) Photographs of the temperature telemetry buoy The buoy descends to the lake surface under gravity along the main rope made of polypropylene (d) Photographs of the sampler used to collect lake sediments and dredged lake sediments This figure is modified from Figure + of Miyabuchi and Terada (**3) PTFE (Denatured polytetrafuluoroethylene) (Fig (c)) -- kg **3 **3 -+ - **3 (Fig -) Ohsawa et al **3 - * (Fig (c)) +/ m

158 -- /* m Fig - Observed temperature data and computed water temperature as a function of time using a numerical model (after Terada et al submitted) Five sets of calculation results are shown for enthalpy of ** g (Fig bottom input fluids of MJ/kg respectively +0 * 2 and - (d)) 1 wt / / +* kgday / White * +* kgday (Werner et al **2) (Terada et al submitted) /* +* Fig - * - 0 kgday MJkg / **3 - MJkg 2 MJkg / (Miyabuchi and Terada **3) - MJkg + -- +* * -* m (Terada et al submitted) Fig (a) (b) Miyabuchi and Terada **3 ; **3 3 - - +* kg -** m --+ - kg +/ 1 +* J + + 3 0 - +* m +/ (Fig (d)) 0 - +* m y (Miyabuchi **3) +1* MW PTFE (Terada mitted) et al sub- /

159 Fig Bar graphs of (a) yearly averaged mass and (b) energy budgets in Yudamari crater lake calculated based on the temporal variations of flux and enthalpy of the bottom input fluids from July **0 to January **3 (after Terada et al submitted) Evaporation (Fr) and (Fo) represent free and forced convective energy (c) Mass fluxes of liquid water and (d) high-temperature volcanic gas assuming temperatures of +** and 2** respectively (e) Monthly precipitation measured at Aso weather station (f) Daily mean amplitude of continuous volcanic tremors observed at a permanent JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) seismic station located 0** m west of Yudamari (Rowe et al +33 ) Fig (c) (d) **0 1 **3 + +3 (Fig (c)) 01 (Fig (d)) + **0 (Kanda et al **2) (Fig (d)) (Fig (e)) Costa Rica Póas (Rowe et al +33 ) (Takagi et al **0) Fig + (b) + (Terada et al submitted) * + (Terada and Hashi- + moto submitted)

160 a m Fig / b Fig / Values of water temperature T (color) and speed of dimensionless water level change (con- + /** tours) for which a lake system attains an equi- ** MW librium state in energy calculated by a numerical model (after Terada and Hashimoto submitted) Enthalpy and flux of bottom input fluid are defined by H* and m* respectively ; S* is characteristic area of lake surface In Section / + the behavior of water temperature and /+ water level are discussed with reference to arrows a and b In these calculations seepage output and precipitation inflow are negligible relative to the bottom input mass Crater topography is assumed to be cylindrical shape Matsushima **- (Italiano and Nuccio +33 ) Figure / e H m S Sekioka and Yuhara +31 ; * * m +32* * Fig / e m (IBC Ice Box Calorimetry) e e (Terada et al **2b) ( +323 ) White ( +303) e IBC m S IBC * Fig /

161 Fig 0 (a) Example of the placement of Ice Boxes To measure heat-discharge rate Ice Boxes were placed on the ground surface To correct heat flow due to sunlight and ambient air we placed an Ice Box on a thermal insulation mat close to the original measurement sites Temporal changes of (b) ground temperature at +* cm depth and (c) heat-discharge rate (kw/m ) obtained at Usu volcano on April **3 Small dots represent each measurement whereas the open circles represent areal means (d) Plot of heat-discharge rate (kw/m ) versus ground-surface temperature ( ) The dotted line indicates the best-fit line obtained using the least squares method taking all data into account (Fig 0 (a)) WEB IBC * **- * IBC *** Ther- +* mal Scorer +3/1 cm (Fig 0 (b)) +** IBC (Fig 0 (c)) **/ -*-* Wm **3 3* Wm (Terada and Ida **1) IBC (Fig 0 (d)) (Wilson and Shelf +32* ; Wood and Kienle +33 ) (Terada and Sudo submitted) (Terada and Ida **1) **3 / HO *** WEB ** m 0

162 ( +323) + +* * (Fig -) - -- * Italiano F and Nuccio PM ( +33 ) Volcanic steam output directly measured in fumaroles: the observed variations at Vulcano Island Italy between +32- and +321 Bull Volcanol / 0-0-* Kanda W Tanaka Y Utsugi M Takakura S Hashimoto T and Inoue H (**2) A preparation zone for volcanic (Terada et al **2a) explosions beneath Nakadake crater Aso volcano as inferred from electrical resistivity surveys J Volcanol Geotherm Res +12 - / Matsushima N (**-) Mathematical simulation of magma- hydrothermal activity associated with the +311 eruption (Miyabuchi and Terada of Usu volcano Earth Planets Space // //3 /02 **3) Miyabuchi Y (**3) A 3* ***-year tephrostratigraphic framework of Aso Volcano Japan Sedimentary Geology * +03 +23 Miyabuchi Y and Terada A (**3) Subaqueous geothermal activity of acidic crater lake revealed by lacustrine sediments Aso Volcano Japan J Volcanol Geotherm Res +21 +* +/ Mori T Sudo Y Tustsui T and Yoshikawa S (**2) Characteristics of isolated hybrid tremor (HBT) during 0* a calm activity period at Aso volcano Bull Volcanol 1* 1* (Terada et al submitted) +*-+ +* Ohsawa S Saito T Yoshikawa S Mawatari H Yamada M Amita K Takamatsu N Sudo Y and Kagiyama T (**3) Color change of lake water at the active crater m Fig / lake of Aso volcano Yudamari Japan : is it in response a to change in water quality induced by volcanic activity? Limnology doi: +* +**1 /s+**+-**3-*-*-0 (Terada and (**0) Hashimoto submitted) : /+ 3+ -*3 Rowe GL Brantley SL Fernandez M Fernandez J F Borgia A and Barquero J ( +33 ) Fluid-volcano interaction in an active stratovolcano : the crater lake system of Póas Volcano Costa Rica J Volcanol Geotherm Res 3 -/+ Scorer RS ( +3/1) Experiments of convection of isolated masses of buoyant fluid J Fluid Mech /2- /3 Sekioka M and Yuhara K ( +31 ) Heat flux estimation in geothermal areas based on the heat balance of the ground surface J Geophys Res 13 */- */2 Takagi N Kaneshima S Kawakatsu H Yamamoto M Sudo Y Ohkura T Yoshikawa S and Mori T (**0) Apparent migration of tremor source synchronized with the change in the tremor amplitude observed at Aso volcano Japan J Volcanol Geotherm Res +/ +2+ ** Tanaka Y ( +33-) Eruption mechanism as inferred from geomagnetic changes with special attention to the +323 +33* activity of Aso Volcano J Volcanol Geotherm ( +32* ) Res /0 -+3--2 +- 2 Terada A and Hashimoto Long-term sustainability of a

163 hot crater lake : implications from a numerical model / Bull Volcanol submitted +33 *2 Terada A Hashimoto T and Kagiyama T Volcanic Yamamoto M H Kawakatsu S Kaneshima T Mori lake system at Aso volcano Japan : fluctuations in the T Tsutsui Y Sudo and Y Morita ( +333) Detection of supply of volcanic fluid from the hydrothermal system a crack-like conduit beneath the active crater at Aso beneath the crater lake Bull Volcanol submitted Volcano Japan Geophys Res Lett 0-011-02* Terada A Hashimoto T Kagiyama T and Sasaki H (**) + (**2a) Precise remote-monitoring technique of water 1B volume and temperature of a crater lake in Aso volcano 2*-2*1 Japan : implication for a sensitive window of volcanic Vandemeulebrouck J Stemmelen D Hurst T and hydrothermal system Earth Planets Space 0* 1*/ 1+* Grangeon J (**/) Analogue modeling of instabilities Terada A and Ida Y (**1) Kinematic features of in crater lake hydrothermal systems J Geophys Res isolated volcanic clouds revealed by video records ++* doi: +* +*3 /**- JB**13 Geophys Res Lett - L *+-*/ doi: +* +*3 /**0GL Werner C Hurst T Scott B Sherburn S Christenson *021 BW Britten K Cole-Baker J and Mullan B (**2) Terada A Kagiyama T and Oshima H (**2b) Ice Box Variability of passive gas emissions seismicity and de- Calorimetry : a handy method for estimation of heat formation during crater lake growth at White Island discharge rates through a steaming ground Earth Planets Volcano New Zealand ** **0 J Geophys Res Space 0* 0331*- ++-B *+*doi: +* +*3 /**1 JB **/*3 (**-) Windows White DE ( +303) Rapid heat-flow surveying of geothermal areas utilizing individual snowfalls as calorimeters 2 / /3 J Geophys Res 1 /+3+ /*+ Terada A and Sudo Y Thermal activity within the west- Wilson L and Self S ( +32* ) Volcanic explosion clouds: ern slope geothermal zone of Aso volcano Japan : devel- density temperature and particle content estimates from opment of a new thermal area on a steam-dominate cloud motion J Geophys Res 2/ /01 /1 reservoir in **0 Geothermics submitted Woods AW and Kienle J ( +33 ) The dynamics and (**3) thermodynamics of volcanic clouds: theory and observation from the April +/ and April + +33* eruptions of -+ ++1 +2 Redoubt Volcano Alaska J Volcano Geotherm Res (**3) 0 1-33